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dvances in Rockfill Structures
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N TO SI Series
Advanced Science Institutes Series
A Series presenting the results
of
activities sponsored
y
the NA TO Science Committee
which aims
t
the dissemination
of
advanced scientific
nd
technological knowledge
with view to strengthening links between scientific communities.
The Series is published by an international board o publishers in conjunction with the
NATO Scientific Affairs Division
A Life Sciences
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and Physical Sciences
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H Cell Biology
I Global Environmental Change
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Paris and Tokyo
The electronic index to the NATO ASI Series provides full bibliographical references
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The CD-ROM can be ordered through any member of the Board of Publishers or
through NATO-PCO, Overijse, Belgium.
Series E Applied Sciences - Vol. 200
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dvances n
Rockfill Structures
edited by
E aranha das Neves
Geotechnical Department
National Laboratory of Civil Engineering
Lisbon Portugal
Iit AI
PRINGER-SCIENCE BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.
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Based on the NATO Advanced Study Institute on
Advances in Rockfill Structures
Lisbon Portugal
18-29 June 1990
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
N TCl
Advanced Study Inst i
tute on
Advances in Rockf i II
Structures (1990
l 1 ~ t o n ,
Portugal)
Aavances in
rocktl II
s t ruc tu res eOlted by E, Maranha das Neves,
p,
cm, - - NATO ASI
serles ,
Series
E,
Applied sc iences ; v,
: 00)
Proceedings
of
the NATO
Advanced
Study Inst l tute on
Advances ln
Rockfi II Structures,
held
ln L'sbon,
Portugal, 18-29 June, 1990,
Inc
I
udes
b
1
b
Ii ograph
i ca I
references,
1,
Rockfills--Congresses,
2,
Earth
dams--Congresses,
I,
Neves,
E, Maranha
das
(Emanuel
Maranha),
1938-
II . THle,
I I I ,
Serles:
NATO ASI ser ies .
Series
E,
Applied sciences no, 200.
7A709. 37
1990
624.1'832--dc20 91-14610
ISBN 978-94-010-5414-0
Printed on acid free
p per
All Rights Reserved
©
1991
Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers
in
1991
Softcover reprint
of
the hardcover 1st edition
1991
o part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical including photo
copying recording or by any information storage and retrieval system without written
permission from the copyright owner.
Based on the NATO Advanced Study Institute on
Advances in Rockfill Structures
Lisbon Portugal
18-29
June
1990
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
NAT[)
Advanced
Study Inst
i
tute on Advances
in Rockf i Structures (1990
l 1 ~ t o n , Portugal)
Aavances
in
rockt ' s tructures eo' ted by
E, Maranha
das Neves,
p, cm, - - NATO ASI ser ,es , Series
E,
Applied
sciences
;
v,
:"00)
Proceedings
of the NATO Advanced
Study
Ins t tu te on Advances
,n
Rockfi Structures, held ,n L'sbon,
Portugal,
18-29 June,
1990,
Inc I udes
b,
b
l i
ograph
i ca
I references,
ISBN 978-94-010-5414-0 ISBN 978-94-011-3206-0 (eBook)
DOI
10.1007/978-94-011-3206-0
1,
Rockfills--Congresses,
2,
Earth
dams--Congresses,
I,
Neves,
E, Maranha
das
(Emanuel
Maranha), 1938- Ir . Tlt le ,
111,
Ser,es: NATO ASI ser ies . Series
E,
Applied
sciences
no,
200.
7A709. 37 1990
624.1'832--dc20
91-14610
ISBN 978-94-010-5414-0
Printed on acid free
p per
All Rights Reserved
©
1991
Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers
in
1991
Softcover reprint
ofthe
hardcover 1st edition
1991
o part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any means electronic er mechanical including photo
ccpying recording or by any information storage and retrieval system without written
permission from the copyright owner.
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CONTENTS
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
XXI
FOREWORD
XXIII
CH PTER 1
ROCKFILL STRUCTURES: THE PRESENT
ND
THE FUTURE
E M R NH
das
NEVES
CH PTER 2
PHYSICAL CHARACTERIZATION
ND SSESSMENT
OF ROCK
DURABILITY
THROUGH
INDEX PROPERTIES
J . DELG DO RODRIGUES
1
1
INTRODUCTION 7
2
BRIEF PRESENTATION
OF MOST
COMMON
ROCK
TYPES 8
2.1 .
s ign i f icance
of geologica l
c l as s i f i ca t ions 8
2.2 . Rock mater ia l s
in
general c l as s i f i ca t ions
9
3
PROPERTIES
OF ROCK M TERI LS 10
3.1 .
General
10
3 .2 . Rock masses
and rock
mater ia l s 11
3 .3 .
Br ief cons idera t ions about sampling
11
4
L BOR TORY
CHARACTERIZATION
OF ROCK M TERI LS 13
4.1 . General
13
4.2 .
In t r ins i c
proper t ies
14
4.3 . Index proper t ies 15
4.3 .1 . General 15
4.3 .2 . Some common
index
proper t ies
15
4.3 .3 . Est imat ion of r o c k f i l l charac te r
i s t i c s
through
index proper t ies
2
4 .4 .
Shape and
s ize
proper t ies 22
4 .5 . Durab i l i ty
23
4 .5 .1 . General remarks 23
4 .5 .2 .
Some
methods
of
rock durab i l i ty
assessment
4 .5 .3 . Assessment
of
rock durab i l i ty
through
index proper t ies
24
25
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VI
CHAPTER 3
ROCKFILL
MODELLING
A. K PARKIN
1
INTRODUCTION
2. ROCKFILL
IN
PLACE
3. TRIAXIAL TESTING EQUIPMENT
4.
M XIMUM PARTICLE
SIZE
TEST S MPLES
5.
MODEL
GR DINGS
6.
SOME
PARTICULAR
ISSUES
RELATING
TO
THE
OEDOMETER
TEST
6 1 Oedometer dimensions
6 2 Side f r i c t i o n models
6 3 E f f ec t s o f
i n i t i a l
s t r e s s
7.
A C SE HISTORY
8. CONCLUSIONS
CKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 4
L BOR TORY
SHE R STRENGTH TESTS ND THE
STABILITY OF
ROCKFILL SLOPES
J
A. CH RLES
1
INTRODUCTION
2. L BOR TORY TESTS
3. STRAIN CONDITIONS
4.
INITIAL POROSITY
5.
CONFINING PRESSURE
35
36
36
36
39
40
40
42
45
46
8
49
49
53
54
54
55
55
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5 1 Curved
f a i l u r e
envelope
5 2 Rela t ionsh ip between
~ and
cr
6 DILATANCY
6 1 A bas ic angle of shea r ing r e s i s t ance
6 2 A
component due
to d i l a t ancy
7
PARTICLE SIZE
8 SLOPE STABILITY
9 STABILITY
CH RTS FOR ROCKFILL SLOPES
10 STABILITY
OF
SUBMERGED
ROCKFILL SLOPES
11 DESIGN OF ROCKFILL SLOPES
11 1
Determinat ion
of t he r o c k f i l l
shea r s t r eng th parameters
11 2 Se lec t ion of an appropr ia te f ac to r
of
sa fe ty
11 3 Ca lcu la t ion of the magnitude of t he
s t a b i l i t y number
11 4
Determinat ion
of the s lope
angle
12 EX MPLES OF
USE
OF
STABILITY CH RTS
12 1
Example;
100
m
high
embankment
1 2 2 Example;
10
m
high
embankment
12 3 Discuss ion
13
CONCLUDING REM RKS
CKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
CH PTER
L BOR TORY
COMPRESSION TESTS ND THE DEFORM TION OF
ROCKFILL STRUCTURES
J A
CH RLES
vii
56
57
60
60
60
60
62
63
64
67
67
67
69
69
69
69
69
69
70
70
70
1 INTRODUCTION
73
1 1
Changes
in
appl ied s t r e s s
1 2
Increase
in mois ture conten t
1 3
Vibra t ions
assoc ia ted with dynamic
loading
73
74
74
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viii
2
L BOR TORY ONE
DIMENSIONAL COMPRESSION TESTING 74
3 FIELD PROPERTIES 80
4 FIELD MONITORING
OF
DEFORM TIONS 81
5
CONSTRUCTION DEFORM TIONS OF EMB NKMENTS
81
6
MOVEMENT
OF UPSTRE M MEMBR NE
EMB NKMENT
D MS
DUE TO RESERVOIR IMPOUNDING 83
7
MOVEMENT
OF CENTR L CORE
EMB NKMENT
D MS
DUE TO
RESERVOIR IMPOUNDING 87
8
MOVEMENT
OF
ROCKFILL STRUCTURES
DUE TO
COLLAPSE COMPRESSION
87
9 CREEP SETTLEMENT
OF
ROCKFILL STRUCTURES 89
10 CONCLUDING
REM RKS
CKNOWLEDGEMENTS
APPENDIX A
CONST NT EQUIVALENT CONSTRAINED MODULUS
APPENDIX B
STRESS
P THS DURING
CONSTRUCTION
ND
RESER
VOIR IMPOUNDING
FOR UPSTRE M MEMBR NE
D MS
REFERENCES
92
92
93
93
94
CHAPTER 6
COLLAPSE:
ITS
IMPORTANCE
FUND MENT LS
ND
MODELLING
J L JUSTO
1 INTRODUCTION
2 THE FUND MENT LS OF
COLLAPSE IN ROCKFILL
3 COLLAPSE
MODELLING
4 ONE-DIMENSIONAL COLLAPSE DURING
W TER
RISE
IN
A
GR NUL R
MATERIAL.
BUOY NCY
ND
CREEP
5 COLLAPSE
PRODUCED CR CKS
6
COLLAPSE ND POST-CONSTRUCTIVE SETTLEMENTS
OF
ROCKFILL D MS
97
99
100
121
127
132
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6.1 . Centra l core
dams
6.2 .
Martin
Gonzalo
Rockf i l l
dam
6.3 . Post Cons t ruct ive se t t l ements
of
roc k f i l l
dams
ix
132
135
137
7. CONCLUSIONS
14
REFERENCES
141
APPENDIX
1:
PARAMETERS
OF CONGLOMERATE IN
YEGUAS DAM ASSUMING OEDOMETRIC
CONDITIONS FIG.25 AND 26)
143
APPENDIX 2: PARAMETERS OF ROCKFILL IN MARTIN
GONZALO
DAM
ASSUMING OEDOMETRIC
CONDITIONS 146
CHAPTER 7
TEST FILLS AND IN SITU TESTS
J . L. JUSTO
1 .
W Y IN SITU TESTS?
2. TEST FILLS
3.
PLATE LOADING TESTS
4.
IN
SITU DENSITY
5. PERMEABILITY TEST
6.
TENSION TESTS URIEL
AND
PEREZ, 1981)
7 .
SHEAR STRENGTH
TESTS
8. CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
APPENDIX 1: INFILTRATION FROM A SHALLOW
EXCAVATION
APPENDIX
2:
INFILTRATION FROM
CASED HOLES
153
154
158
167
17
176
178
182
188
19
193
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CH PTER
8
L BOR TORY
TESTING
ND QU LITY CONTROL OF
ROCKFILL
GERM N
PRACTICE
J
BR UNS
ND
K.
K ST
1 .
INTRODUCTION
195
2.
GENER L ASPECTS 195
3. ASPECTS OF
L BOR TORY
TESTING
3 1
Rock
qua l i ty and
grada t ion
3 2 True r oc k f i l l samples
3 3 Sample dimensions
3 4
Layout
of devices
fo r
oedometer
t e s t s
3 5
Layout
of
devices
f o r t r i a x i a l
t e s t s
3 6 Direc t
shear
t e s t s
4.
ASPECTS
OF QU LITY CONTROL
5. CONCLUDING
REM RKS
REFERENCES
CH PTER
9
CREEP OF ROCKFILL
A. K. PARKIN
204
204
204
207
207
209
212
213
218
219
1
INTRODUCTION
221
2. R TE METHODS
APPLIED TO
SETTLEMENT
ANALYSIS
222
3.
ROCKFILL
CREEP
IN
OEDOMETER
COMPRESSION
224
4. APPLICATION TO FIELD
SETTLEMENT
RECORDS
225
5.
CREST
SETTLEMENT
OF
D MS
228
6. LO D
TESTS ON
L RGE BORED PILES 232
7. CONCLUSIONS 234
CKNOWLEDGEMENT 236
REFERENCES
236
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CHAPTER 10
FILTERS ND DRAINS
J
BR UNS
1 . INTRODUCTION
2. PRESENT PRACTICE OF
FILTER
DESIGN
2 1
Geometr ical c r i t e r i a
2 2 Sca t t e r i ng of grada t ions
2 3 Fines t
f r ac t ion in f i l t e r mate r i a l s
2 4
F i l t e r s
fo r cohes ive s o i l s
2 5 Hydrau l ic c r i t e r i a
3
RECENT INVESTIGATIONS
ON
THE PROBLEM OF
FILTER
STABILITY
4
DRAINS
5
CONCLUDING
REM RKS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER
11
STRESS STRAIN L WS ND P R METER
V LUES
D.
J
N YLOR
1 INTRODUCTION
2
HYPERBOLIC
ND
Ec Ko
MODELS
2 1
2 2
2 3
2 4
Background
Hyperbol ic
model:
formula t ion
E K model: fo rmula t ion
co
Hyperbol lc
and
Ec Ko
model:
parameters
3. K G
MODEL
3 1
Background
3 2
Formulat ion
3 3
K G
Parameters
3 4
K G Model
An
a l t e rna t ive
4. CRITICAL STATE MODEL
xi
239
241
241
242
246
247
248
252
261
265
266
269
271
271
271
272
273
274
274
274
275
275
279
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xii
4 1 Background
4 2 Basic formulat ion
4 3
Var ia t ions
on
the
theme
4 4
C S
Parameters
5 CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
CH PTER 12
FINITE ELEMENT METHODS FOR
FILLS
ND EMB NKMENT
D MS
D.
J
N YLOR
1
INTRODUCTION
2
NUMBER
OF
L YERS CTU L ND
ANALYTICAL
3 DEFORM TION IN
A
RISING FILL
4 BASIC FINITE
ELEMENT
PROCEDURE
5 INTERPRETATION
OF FINITE ELEMENT
DIS-
PL CEMENTS
1D
C SE
6
NEW
L YER STIFFNESS
REDUCTION
7 MODELLING COMP CTION
8 FINITE ELEMENT
EFFECTIVE STRESS TECHNIQUES
8 1
Undrained
e f fec t i ve
s t r e s s
analys i s
8 2
Known
pore
pres su re
change analys i s
9
FIRST
FILLING ND
OPERATION
GENER L
10 LO DING DUE TO
IMPOUNDING
1 0 1 upst ream membrane dam
1 0 2
In t e rna l
membrane dam
1 0 3 Zoned
embankment dams
11
ANALYSIS
OF
FIRST
FILLING
ND
OPERATION
11 1
F i r s t
f i l l i n g
11 2 Steady
seepage
cond i t ion
11 3
Fin i t e element cons ide ra t ions
12
COLLAPSE SETTLEMENT
279
280
285
286
289
290
291
292
292
292
294
296
300
302
302
305
306
308
308
308
312
312
312
314
314
314
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12 1 Nobari and Duncan s method
12 2 Ge neral i sa t ion
of
Nobari and
Duncan s method
12 3
One-dimensional
example
13. APPLICATIONS
13 1 cars ington dam
13 2
Beliche dam
13 3 Monasavu dam
REFERENCES
APPENDIX DERIVATION OF EQUIV LENT L YER
STIFFNESS
CH PTER 13
CONCRETE F CE ROCKFILL
D MS
NELSON L. DE S. PINTO
xili
317
319
320
323
323
325
330
335
332
1 INTRODUCTION 341
2. CURRENT DESIGN PRACTICE
343
2 1 Evolut ion 343
2 2
Embankment 344
2 2 1 General comments
344
2 2 2 Zone
1 . Impervious
blanke t 345
2 2 3 Zone 2. Processed
smal l
rock
t r ans i t i on 345
2 2 4 Zone 3.
Main
r o c k f i l l embankment 347
2 2 5
F i l l
cross sec t ion 348
2 3
Pl in th 349
2 4
Concrete
face
351
2 4 1
Slab th ickness 351
2 4 2
Concrete 351
2 4 3 Reinforcing
351
2 4 4
Jo in t s 351
2 4 5 Jo in t de ta i l s
351
3. CONSTRUCTION FE TURES 356
3 1
Embankment 356
3 2
Concrete works 359
3 3
River handl ing
aspects
363
4.
MONITORING
ND
BEH VIOUR 366
4 1 Dam movements 366
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dv
4 .2 . Performance
under
se ismic load
368
REFERENCES
371
CHAPTER 14
STATIC
BEH VIOUR OF
EARTH ROCKFILL
D MS
E. M R NH das
NEVES
1 .
INTRODUCTION
2.
GEOMETRIC L
PHYSICAL
ND
MECH NIC L D T
OF
A SERIES
OF
EARTH ROCKFILL
D MS
3.
STRUCTUR L BEH VIOUR ND
EXPERIENCE
375
377
386
3.1 . Construct ion mater ia l s 388
3.2 .
Placement
t echniques
389
3 .3 . St ruc tu ra l concept ion 389
3 .3 .1 . Core
s lenderness
389
3 .3 .2 .
Inc l ina t ion of
the
dam
s lopes
390
3 .3 .3 . Ponti on
of
the core
391
3 .3 .4 . Deformabi l i ty of the
d i f f e ren t
zones of the dam
394
3 .3 .5 .
Fi l t e r s
395
3 .3 .6 .
Shape
of
the
va l ley 409
3 .3 .7 .
Configura t ion
in plan 414
3 .4 .
Final remarks
415
4. MODELLING THE STRUCTUR L
BEH VIOUR
4 .1 . Dam with a v e r t i c a l core
4.2 .
Dam with a s loping core
4.3 .
Inf luence of
the
dam height
4 .4 .
Deformations
4 .5 . Final
remarks
5. S FETY
EV LU TION ND
THE LIMIT STATES
CONCEPT
416
419
423
424
426
428
428
5 .1 . Methods fo r evaluat ing dam sa fe ty 429
5.2 . Brief notes about l imi t s t a t e s design 429
5.3 . Overal l
sa fe ty fac to r and probab i l i ty
of
f a i l u re
431
5.4 . Pa r t i a l
sa fe ty
fac to rs and l imi t s t a t e s 432
5 .5 . Use of
p a r t i a l
sa fe ty fac to r s in sa f e ty
ana lys i s
of
an
ea r th rockf i l l dam 435
5 .5 .1 .
Linear e l a s t i c model
435
5 .5 .2 . Non l inear
e l a s t i c model
437
5.6 . Final
remarks
439
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6. CONCLUSIONS
CKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
CH PTER 15
DYN MIC
BEH VIOUR OF ROCKFILL D M
E.
Y N GIS W
x
439
440
441
1 .
INTRODUCTION
449
2.
D M GE
TO
FILL D MS
DUE TO
STRONG
E RTHQU KES 450
2 .1 .
Damage
to ill dams by s t rong
shaking
450
2 .2
Soi l
l i que f ac t i on 451
3 .
DYN MIC PROPERTIES OF
FILL
D M M TERI LS 452
3 .1 . Dynamic deformat ion c ha r a c t e r i s t i c s
of ill dam
mater ia l s
452
3 .2 . Dynamic s t r eng th of
s o i l s
455
4 .
RESPONSE N LYSIS OF FILL D MS 456
4 .1 .
Shear beam theory 456
4 .2 .
Response
analyses o f
r o c k f i l l
dam 458
5 . LIQUEF CTION N LYSIS 461
5 .1 .
The cons t i t u t i ve
equat ion fo r un
dra ined shear
behavior
of sands 461
5 . 2 . Pore pressu re
genera ted dur ing
ea r th
quake
463
6 . E RTHQU KE
RESIST NT DESIGN
OF FILL
D MS
IN J P N 466
6 . 1 . Factor o f sa fe ty 466
6 . 2 . Dynamic analyses
466
7. CONCLUSIONS 467
CKNOWLEDGEMENT
468
REFERENCES
468
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XVI
CH PTER
16
MONITORING ND S FETY
EV LU TION
OF
ROCKFILL
D MS
A. VEIGA PINTO
1 INTRODUCTION
2 TYPE
OF ME SUREMENTS
3 MONITORING SCHEME DESIGN
3 1
Select ion
of
moni tor ing equipment
3 2 Se lec t ion of ins truments
loca t ions
3 3 Ins t a l l a t i on
plans
and procedures
subsequent
to
cons t ruc t ion phase
3 4
Monitoring
f requencies
3 5 Plan of f i r s t f i l l i n g
4 MONITORING
EQUIPMENT
4 1 Triangula t ion and t r i l a t e r a t i o n
networks
4 2
Precis ion
l eve l l i ng
4 3
Inc l inometer
4 4 Fluid l eve l se t t l ement gauge
4 5 Horizonta l displacements device
4 6
Tota l
pressure
c e l l s
4 7 Piezometer
4 8
Seepage moni tor ing
4 9 Earthquake
e f fec t monitoring
471
473
475
475
477
479
479
479
481
482
483
483
487
488
490
492
495
497
5
READINGS PROCESSING ND ANALYSIS
OF
RESULTS
497
5 1 Data co l lec t ion 497
5 2 Data t ransmiss ion 499
5 3
Data
process ing and information s to rage
499
5 4 Data
presen ta t ion
500
5 5 Performance evaluat ion 500
6
VISUAL INSPECTION
7 S FETY
EV LU TION
B SED ON DETERIORATION
7 1 In t roduct ion
7 2 s t a t i s t i c a l
ana lys i s
7 3 Remedial measures
501
502
502
503
503
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8.
D M
S FETY REGUL TIONS
9 . STR INS OBSERVED IN ROCKFILL D MS
9 .1 . In t roduc t ion
9 .2 . Cons t ruc t ion phase
9 .3 . After
cons t ruc t ion
9 .4 . After ear thquakes
10.
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
CH PTER 17
PRINCIPLES OF ROCKFILL HYDR ULICS
R. M RTINS
1. INTRODUCTION
1 .1 . Def in i t ion of r oc k f i l l hydraul ics
1 .2 .
Complements
to the
former de f in i t i on
1 .3 . Scope of r o c k f i l l hydraul ics
1 .4 .
Subjec ts
d e a l t
with
in
t h i s
chap te r
2.
CH R CTERIZ TION OF ROCKFILL
2 .1 . Pre l iminary hypotheses
2 .2 .
Size
2 .3 . Shape
2 .4 .
Dispos i t ion
2 .5 .
Spec i f i c grav i ty
2 .6 .
Fr ic t ion
angle
2 .7 .
Fina l comments
on sources
of uncer -
t a i n t y
in
r o c k f i l l hydrau l ic s
3. FRICTION HE D LOSSES IN OPEN CH NNELS
3 .1 .
Pre l iminary remarks
3 .2 .
Resis tance
laws
3 .3 . Funct ion
f
£ )
in
case
of
high
r e l a t i ve roughness
3 .4 . Data fo r
the
use
of
the Gauckler -
Manning
express ion
3 .5 .
Conclusions
xvii
508
510
510
511
512
515
518
520
523
523
524
525
525
526
526
526
527
529
530
531
532
533
533
535
536
537
538
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XVllI
4.
STABILITY
OF
ROCKFILL SUBJECT
TO
FLOW
4 .1 . Prel iminary remarks
4.2 .
S t a b i l i t y
in
bid imens ional channels
with
hor i z on ta l
o r
qua s i -ho r i z on ta l
bed and
non high r e l a t i ve roughness
4.3 . Case
of
high
r e l a t i ve
roughness
4.4 . Channels
with
non-hor izon ta l
bed
4.5 . S t a b i l i t y
in
t r apezo ida l channels
4.6 .
S t a b i l i t y
in bends
4 .7 . E f fec t s of
l i n ing
th ickness
grada
t i o n shape and spec i f i c gr av i t y
4 .8 . Conclus ions
5.
SEEPAGE
FLOW
5 .1 . Prel iminary remarks
5 .2 . Mean hydrau l ic
r ad ius
of
t he
voids
and mean
ve loc i t y
in
the
voids
5.3 . Turbulent seepage f low
5.4 . Trans i t ion zone
5.5 . Conclus ions
539
539
540
542
543
544
545
545
547
549
549
552
553
555
557
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 558
REFERENCES
558
ANNEX 1:
EXAMPLES
OF
CALCULATING
THE
CARACTERISTIC. DIMENSIONS OF
BLOCK SETS.
564
ANNEX 2: HIDRAULIC
GRADIENT
565
ANNEX 3: A REASON FOR
APPARENT
-
LINEARITY IN
LAMINAR
SEEPAGE
FLOW CONCEPTUAL EXAMPLE)
567
ANNEX
4:
TESTS FOR THE QUADRATIC ZONE 568
ANNEX 5: COMPARISON
OF
RESULTS FROM EQ.
35
AND FROM THE
EXPRESSIONS
OF
WILKINS
AND
JAIN ET AL.
570
CHAPTER
18
THROUGH
AND
OVERFLOW
ROCKFILL
DAMS
A. K. PARKIN
1 .
INTRODUCTION
571
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xx
7 CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGR PHY
CHAPl ER 20
SPH LTIC CONCRETE F CE
D MS
J L
JUSTO
l
INTRODUCTION
2
REVETMENT
STRUCTURE
3 CONSTRUCTION
4
THE
DEFORM BILITY
OF
SPH LTIC
CONCRETE
REL TED TO THE STR INS SUFFERED BY
THE
F CING
5 PLINTHS
6
FINITE ELEMENT
COMPUT TIONS
7 UPSTRE M SLOPE
8
PERFORM NCE
OF SPH LTiC CONCRETE F CING
ROCKFILL
D MS
9
THE
FUTURE OF SPH LTIC CONCRETE F CINGS
REFERENCES
CWSING
SESSICN
LIST
OF
P RTICIP NTS
608
609
6 l l
623
625
629
633
638
642
642
646
648
65l
657
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LIST OF CONTRI UTORS
A PARKIN
Senior LeclIIrer, Monash Universiry Clayton, Melbourne, \lic Jria
3168,
Australia.
A VEIGA PINTO
Senior Research Officer, Lab. Nac. Eng. Civil, Av. do Brasil 101, 1799 Lisboa Codex,
Portl.g,i/.
D
NAYLOR
Senior Leclllrer, University College of Swansea, Depart. of Civil Engineering, Single
ton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, U K
E ivlARANHA
das
NEVES
Head
Geotechnical Department, Lah. Nac. Eng. Civil, Av. do Brasil 101, 1799 Lisboa
Codex, PorIl/gal.
E YANAGISAWA
Professor, To/wku University, Depart. of Civil Engilleering, FaCility of EnRineerillg,
Aoha, Sendai 980, Japan.
If EVRARD
Head of
the
Rock
Mechanics Group, Laboratoire Regional des Ponts et Chaussee,
CETE de Lyon ] )9, Avenue Salvador-Allende CSE
No 1
- 69674 Broil Cedex, France.
J.
BRAUNS
Head
of Section of Soil
and
Rock Mechanics, Karlsruhe University, Post/llcll 6980
D - 7500 Karlsruhe, Germany.
xxi
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xxii
J
CHARLES
Geotechnics Division Building Research Establishment Garston Watford WD2 7JR
U K
1
DELGADO RODRIGUES
Principal Research Officer Lab. Nac. Eng. Civil Av. do Brasil 101
1799
Lisboa
Codex Portugal.
1 JuSTO
ALPANES
Senior Lecturer
E T
S Arquitecture Av. Reina Mercedes sin 41012 Seville Spain.
N.
SOUSA PINTO
Consulting Engineering Av. Vicente Machado
2340 80430
Curitiba PR Brasil.
R
MARTINS
Principal Research Lab. Nac. Eng. Civil Av. do Brasil 101
1799
Lisboa Codex
Portugal.
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FOREWOR
On
1990 June
18-25,
an Advanced s tudy In s t i t u t e ASI) on
Rockf i l l
s t ruc tu re s
was held
in
Lisbon PORTUGAL a t the
Laborator io Nacional
de
Engenharia c i v i l
LNEC),
having the
NATO
S c ien t i f i c
Affa i r s
Divis ion
as
main
sponsor,
and
the
LNEC the Junta
de
I n v e s t i g a ~ a o
Cient i f ica
e Tecnologica, and
the u n d a ~ a o do
Oriente as co-sponsors .
The objec t ive of t h i s ASI was
the d iscuss ion and updat ing
of
concepts r e l a t ed
to
the
design, cons t ruct ion, operat ion, and
monitoring
of
r ock f i l l
s t ruc tu res .
In
recent years , an increas ing use has been
made
of
r ock f i l l s in the cons t ruct ion indus t ry . This
t r end r e su l t s
from the grea t progress
made
in a l l technologies
re la ted to
the
quarrying,
t r anspor ta t ion , and
placement
of rock
mater ia l s , from the s ign i f i can t advances
in
the performance
shown
by
r ock f i l l
s t ruc tu res ,
and,
l a s t
but not
l e a s t ,
from
the
abundance
and low cos t of
the
rock mater ia l s .
The ch a rac t e r i s t i c problems
of
r ock f i l l
cons t ruct ions
have
been occas ional ly dea l t
with
a t
some
meetings
conferences ,
symposia, workshops, e t c . and
in
odd
chapters
of books
devoted to several types of works.
I t was
there fore f e l t t ha t
the mat ter should
be
tackled on an overa l l
bas i s ,
covering the
var ious poin t s of view from which r ock f i l l s may be regarded.
The ASI was at tended by 57 par t i c ipan t s ,
from
18 d i f f e r en t
count r i es ,
and the l essons given are the bas i s of the 20
chapters of
t h i s
book. A s t a t e -o f - a r t of the concerned
subjec t s
has thus been obtained. All these r esu l t s were only
poss ib le due
to
the highly
esteemed
suppor t of the NATO
S c ien t i f i c
Affa i rs
Divis ion which i s s t rongly acknowledged and
thanked.
xxiii
The organiz ing Committee
E. Maranha
das
Neves
Direc tor)
J .
Andrew Charles
J . L.
Jus to
Alpanes
A. Veiga Pinto
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1 A CHARLES
2
D NAYLOR
3 J
ALPANES
4
E
MARANHA
DAS
NEVES
5
R
OLIVEIRA
6
A VEIGA PINTO
7
J
MATEUS
DA SILVA
8 C
QUADROS
9 B SIYAHI
10
A 9ELEBI
P
SECO E PINTO
12
M.
EMILIA BORRALHO
13
A PARKIN
14 J
BARROS GOMES
15 J
DELGADO
RODRIGUES
16
J LOUREIRO
17 F FEDERICO
18 A
CORREIA
19
A
TAN
20 F ALMEIDA
21 H YILDIRIM
22
M. SIYAHI
23
o. FILHO
24
L
ALMEIDA
25 F
LUCAS
26 RUI MARTINS
27 M. CEDERSTROM
28
N. JOHANSSON
29 DA MANG LEE
30
C SANTOS
PEREIRA
31
D. GUIMARAES
32
A
SILVA
33
V
JESUS
34 L CARTAXO
35
L
VIRGEN
36
J
COUTO
MARQUES
37 J CAVILHAS
38
ERNESTO
DOMINGUES
39 N KOLFF
40 J
AZANEDO
41 M.
PACHAKIS
42 J
CORDOVA
43 M.
ZACAS
44 D MATTAR
JUNIOR
45
J
MATEUS DE
BRITO
46 A
MOFFAT
47
E
YANAGISAWA
48 1
PYRAH
49
ARMINDO
FERREIRA
50 Mrs B
FILHO
51
MOZART
B
FILHO
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OP NING
SESSION
E MARANHA
das
NEVES
As
was
announced
in
the f i r s t
bul l e t in
of t h i s
N TO Advanced
s tudy
In s t i t u t e i t s aim i s the dissemination of advanced
s c i e n t i f i c knowledge
concerning
r ock f i l l
s t ruc tu re s
which has
not found i t s way in to un ivers i ty
cur r i cu la
and to
fos t e r
in te rna t iona l
contac t s among s c i e n t i s t s .
This i n i t i a t i ve i s the consequence of a grea t e f fo r t as
regards research in to r ock f i l l s made by
LNEC
the r esu l t s of
which
became evident when prac t i ca l
appl icat ions
were
envisaged in Portugal . Mill ions
of cubic meters of
r ock f i l l
have
been used
in dams,
motorways,
a i rpor t s
harbours
and
embankments
in
genera l
and
cer ta in ly
in
the fu ture
we
wil l
see an increas ing
use
of t h i s mater ia l with
which
Por tugal
has been so well provided by Nature.
Rockf i l l s t ruc tu re s are
used a l l o v e r
the world,
but
t he i r
ro l e and
importance are
not genera l ly
recognised. For
ins tance
when re ference i s made to
dams, the publ ic in
genera l immediately th inks
in
terms of
concre te dams,
ignorant
of the fac t
t ha t
embankment
dams
are
by
fa r the most
numerous; and the su rp r i se i s t o t a l when t i s sa id t ha t the
h ighes t dams
in
the world
more
than
th ree
hundred meters)
are
ear th - rockf i l l dams.
Never theless , progress in t h i s area i s r e l a t i ve l y recent
and
i s centered
in th ree
domains:
- cons t ruc t ion technology,
where
compaction by vibra t ion
has
a leading
ro le ;
- cons t i tu t ive laws, subjec t to
which fundamental
research on
p a r t i cu l a t e
media, l abora tory
and
f i e l d
t e s t s
as
well
as monitoring, have
made important
cont r ibut ions;
numerical
methods, because they
al low
the appl i ca t ion
of
cons t i tu t ive
laws, and thus the
forecas t ing
of
r ock f i l l
s t ruc tu re
behaviour.
xxvii
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xxviii
It
i s important
to
s t r e s s t h a t r o c k f i l l s ,
when compared with
s o i l s , presen t addi t iona l d i f f i cu l
t i e s ,
when
a
t heo re t i ca l
approach
to t h e i r
behaviour
i s at tempted.
One of the
most
s ign i f i can t ,
i s
t h a t
fo r t he
range
o f
s t r e s s e s
found
in
c i v i l engineer ing problems, p a r t i c l e s o f
granular
mate r i a l s undergo important
breakage,
even fo r very
low
s t r e s s l eve l s . This
means
t h a t when
t r a v e l l i n g
a long t he i r
s t r e s s paths , ro ck f i l l s a re
cont inuous ly
changing not only t he
void r a t i o
-
as
i s
t he case with so i l s
-
but
a l so
the g ra in
s i ze .
For each
new s t ep in
t h i s
path , a new mate r i a l i s
obta ined . It therefore
becomes c lea r
how hard it
i s
to
des ign
a ro ck f i l l
s t ruc tu re when
we
aim to t ack le
a l l
t he sa fe ty
problems involved. Never the less , it i s our hope
t h a t a t
t he
end of t h i s Course a con t r ibu t ion wi l l have
been
made
towards
a
c l a r i f i c a t i o n
of
these
problems.
Though
t h i s
Course i s in tended pr imar i ly
for N TO count r ies ,
t echnic ians
non-NATO
coun t r i e s may
a l so
a t t end it
We
t he re fo re have
l ec tu re r s
and
par t i c i pan t s
from
such
d i f f e ren t coun t r i e s as Angola, Aust ra l i a , Braz i l , Cape
Verde,
France,
Germany, Greece,
I t a l y , Japan, Mexico,
Mozambique,
Spain,
Sweden, Turkey,
t he un i t ed Kingdom,
the un i t ed
Sta t e s
and,
of course , Por tugal .
The t o t a l number of l ec tu re r s i s twe lve , and t he number of
par t i c i pan t s
i s about
seventy.
The course
l a s t s
fo r
two
weeks, with fo r ty - two hours of
l ec tu res , and
discuss ions
per iods devoted to t he
con t r ibu t ions
of
par t i c i pan t s ;
a
panel
on discuss ion of t he
fu ture
of
ro ck f i l l s
an
e d i t o r i a l meet ing , and two t echn ica l
v i s i t s : one
to
t he LNEC
next
Wednesday and
the
o the r , to a sec t ion o f
the Lisbon-opor to motorway, where ro ck f i l l s a re be ing used
in
road embankments.
The ob jec t ive of t h i s course i s not only to con t r ibu te
to
the
advancement of sc ience and dissemina t ion of
advanced
knowledge, but a l so
to
encourage t he c rea t ion
o f
pro fess iona l
and persona l
l inks among t he
sc i en t i s t s
in t h i s
i n t e rna t i ona l
meet ing .
Keeping t h i s ob jec t ive
in
mind,
we
have t r i e d hard
-
and
we
vJi
t r y
in the
next two weeks
-
to
achieve an atmosphere
which wi l l he lp to
a t t a i n
t h i s
goal . ce r t a in ly we
wi l l
have
the
valuable he lp of t he l e c tu re r s , t he pa r t i c ipan t s , t he LNEC
s t a f f
and a l so of a l l those very many aspects
with which our
count ry
and
our
people, always
su rp r i se
those who
come
from
abroad and wish to know us.
On t he behal f
o f
the Organizing Committee I wish
to thank
t he Lecturers coming from abroad for t he i r e f f o r t s and good
w i l l ,
and t he N TO Sc ien t i f i c Affa i r s Divis ion and
the LNEC
fo r
t h e i r
l o g i s t i c a l
suppor t .
To
everyone t ak ing pa r t , we
of fe r our bes t wishes fo r
a
p r o f i t a b l e course
and
a p leasan t
s t ay
in Por tugal .
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