analysis and presentation of gender statistics
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Presentation skills: Making gender statistics meaningful
Inter-Regional Workshop on the Production of Gender Statistics
New Delhi, India 6-10 August 2007
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Presentation of gender statistics
Goals:Reach a wide audienceHighlight key gender issuesFacilitate comparisons between women and
men Encourage further analysis Stimulate demand for more information
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Ways to present data
Tables
Graphs
Charts
Maps
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Common Statistical TablesTable 6-2. Population Aged 65 and Over, by Marital Status, Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 2003(In percent)
Men Women Men Women65 and over…………………………………. 71.2 41.1 14.3 44.3 Non-Hispanic White alone………………. 72.9 42.9 14.0 44.0 Black alone…………………………………. 56.6 25.4 19.3 50.8 Asian alone………………………………. 68.6 42.7 13.6 39.7 Hispanic (of any race)…………………………….. 68.8 39.9 12.3 39.565 to 74……………………………………... 74.3 53.5 8.8 29.4 Non-Hispanic White alone………………. 76.4 56.5 8.3 28.8 Black alone…………………………………. 59.2 33.4 14.3 36.2 Asian alone………………………………. 70.2 51.8 9.6 27.1 Hispanic (of any race)…………………………….. 72.5 48.4 7.6 25.975 to 84………...…………………………….. 69.8 33.7 18.4 53.3 Non-Hispanic White alone………………. 71.3 35.3 18.1 52.3 Black alone…………………………………. 54.9 19.3 23.2 62.7 Asian alone………………………………. 69.7 35.1 16.6 53.7 Hispanic (of any race)…………………………….. 65.7 31.4 17.1 53.585 and over………………………………… 56.1 12.5 34.6 78.3 Non-Hispanic White alone………………. 57.8 13.1 33.6 77.8 Black alone…………………………………. 39.7 4.2 47.7 87.2 Asian alone………………………………. 39.2 10.7 48.8 75.5 Hispanic (of any race)…………………………….. 49.8 17.4 33.2 74.2Reference population: These data refer to the civilian noninstitutionalized population.Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplement, 2003.
Married, spouse present WidowedAge, race, and Hispanic origin
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General rules for good presentation
Meaningful information Unambiguous information Convey message efficiently
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General rules for good presentation
Meaningful information Identify key message
Choose appropriate indicator (counts, percent, rates, ratios)
Highlight key gender issues
Facilitate comparisons between women and men
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General rules for good presentation
Meaningful information Unambiguous information
Include titles and headings
Include only relevant labels
Display scales
Include source
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General rules for good presentation
Meaningful information Unambiguous information Convey message efficiently
Convey one key finding or concept
Use simple display
Sort on most meaningful variable
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From ‘raw data’ to easily understood gender statistics To select tables, graphs and maps
Identify gender issue or differences
Consider underlying causes
Identify analysis needed
Prepare raw/basic data
Determine appropriate presentation formats
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Basic table for gender analysis
TitleWomen Men Sex distribution
N % N % %W %MABCTotal 100 100Source…
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Example: Tanzania
Gender issue: Poverty Cause: Differential access to means of economic
support Analysis: Economic situation of women and men
Economic activity status Reasons for not being economically active
Data sources: labour force surveys or population census
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Raw DataPopulation ages 10 and over by economic activity status and reasons for not economically active
Women Men TotalEconomically Active 5,674,626 5,620,301 11,294,927Not economically active 2,327,291 1,978,022 4,305,313of which Housework 366,997 142,350 509,347
Student 1,399,348 1,512,705 2,912,053Too old 211,826 90,376 302,202Sick 238,224 139,630 377,854Disabled 37,317 41,309 78,626Others 73,579 51,660 125,239
Total 8,001,917 7,598,323 15,600,240
Source: The Labour Force Survey, 1990/91. Tanzania.
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Basic Table 1Population ages 10 and over by economic activity status
Numbers in 1,000's, percentage distribution and sex distribution (%)Status Women Men Sex distribution
Number Percent Number Percent Women MenEconomically Active 5,675 71 5,620 74 50 50Not economically active 2,327 29 1,978 26 54 46
Total 8,002 100 7,598 100 51 49
Source: The Labour Force Survey, 1990/91. Tanzania.
One message: economic activityExact numbers rounded to 1,000, percentages to integers
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Simplified Table 1Population ages 10 and over by economic activity status
Deleted column with numbers, added totals in 1,000’s
Numbers in 1,000's, percentage distribution and sex distribution (%)
Status Percentage Distribution Sex distribution
Women Men Women MenEconomically Active 71 74 50 50Not economically active 29 26 54 46Total, per cent 100 100 51 49
numbers in 1,000's 8,002 7,598
Source: The Labour Force Survey, 1990/91. Tanzania.
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Basic Table 2Population not economically active ages 10 and over by reasons
One message: Reasons for not being economically activeExact numbers rounded to 1,000, percentages to integers
Reason Women Men Sex distributionNumber Percent Number Percent Women Men
Housework 367 16 142 7 72 28Student 1,399 60 1,513 76 48 52Too old 212 9 90 5 70 30Sick 238 10 140 7 63 37Disabled 37 2 41 2 48 52Others 74 3 52 3 59 41
Total 2,327 100 1,978 100 54 46Source: The Labour Force Survey, 1990/91. Tanzania.
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Simplified Table 2Population not economically active ages 10 and over by reasons
Deleted column with numbers, added totals in 1,000’s
Reason Percentage distribution
Women Men Women MenHousework 16 7 72 28Student 60 76 48 52Too old 9 5 70 30Sick 10 7 63 37Disabled 2 2 48 52Others 3 3 59 41
Total, per cent 100 100 54 46
numbers in 1,000's 2,327 1,978
Source: The Labour Force Survey, 1990/91. Tanzania.
Sex distribution
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Simplified Table 2: Highlights gender issuePopulation not economically active ages 10 and over by reasons
Reasons sorted after percentage of women in group
Reason Percentage distribution
Women Men Women MenHousework 16 7 72 28Too old 9 5 70 30Sick 10 7 63 37Others 3 3 59 41Student 60 76 48 52Disabled 2 2 48 52
Total, per cent 100 100 54 46
numbers in 1,000's 2,327 1,978
Source: The Labour Force Survey, 1990/91. Tanzania.
Sex distribution
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Chart can help visualize
Population not economically active ages 10 and over by reasons
0 20 40 60 80
Student
Housework
Sick
Too old
Others
Disabled
Per centMen Women
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Selecting an appropriate format
Tables Graphs
Charts
Maps
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When to use tables
Lists –one variable Incomplete data Data that vary greatly in
magnitude
Multiple statistics (annex tables)
Sub-Saharan Africa %Burkina Faso 51Benin 50Guinea 50Senegal 46Mali 44Togo 43Nigeria 41Chad 39Liberia 38Niger 38Cote d'Ivoire 37Cameroon 33Uganda 30Central African Republic 29United Republic of Tanzania 29Ghana 28Mozambique 27Comoros 25
A significant proportion of women are in polygynous unions in many countries of sub-Saharan AfricaPercentage of currently married women 15-49 who are in polygynous unions, 1992/1998
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User-friendly tables
Round-off numbers Round-off percentages Delete counts and total
Sort by most meaningful variable
Highlight key values
Title with clear message
Region W MEurope 46 26Asia 34 16Other developed regions 32 22Latin America 31 17Caribbean 26 20Africa 24 18
More than one fourth of women heads of household are aged 60 or overPercentage of household heads aged 60+, 1985/1997
Source: The World's Women 2000: Trends and Statistics
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User-friendly tables:Clear titles
More than one fourth of women heads of household are aged 60 or overPercentage of household heads aged 60+, 1985/1997
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Example 1: Good table?
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Example 2: Good table?
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Example 2: Good table?
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Selecting an appropriate format
Tables
Graphs Charts
Maps
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When to use graphs
For continuous, interval variables
Show trends or changes
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User-friendly graphs
Accurately show facts
Y axis should start at zero
Use same scale when comparing graphs side by side
Colours or patterns show differences
Title and minimal labels provide clear message
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Example 1: show facts
A. Literacy rate by age in Vietnam 1989
Women
Men
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60 andabove
Age Group
Literacy rate
Source: Women and Men in Vietnam. Statistical Publishing House, Vietnam 1995.
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Example 1: show facts
B. Literacy rate by age in Vietnam 1989
Women
Men
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60 andabove
Age Group
Literacy rate
Source: Women and Men in Vietnam. Statistical Publishing House, Vietnam 1995.
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Example 2:Same Scale
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Selecting an appropriate format
Tables
Graphs
Charts Maps
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When to use charts
For categorical variables
Ordinal
Nominal
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User-friendly charts Accurately show facts
Avoid unnecessary three dimensional charts that can distort the information
Colours or patterns to show differences Title and minimal labels Minimal lines, usually only horizontal grid Minimal frames (only for scatter charts)
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User-friendly charts
010203040
Perc
ent o
f al
l wom
en
Nec
essi
ty
Sat
isfa
ctio
n
Nec
essi
ty
Sat
isfa
ctio
n
Homemaker Full-time job
19781999
Reasons why women work or stay at home, US 1978-1999
1978
1999
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User-friendly chartsWomen are increasingly working out of
necessity, US 1978-1999 (percent of all women)
0
10
20
30
40
Necessity Satisfaction Necessity Satisfaction
Homemaker Full-time job
1978
1999
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Picking the right chart
Makes difference between strong message and confusion
Choice depends on:
Kind of data used in analysis
Key point to be emphasized
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Example: Picking the right chart
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Example: Picking the right chart
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Example: Picking the right chart
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Example: Picking the right chart
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Picking the right chart:Vertical bar charts Data that do not vary in magnitude too greatly Few data points Few categories
Often used for: Rates, percentages, ratios
Regional variations
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Example: Vertical bar chart
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Example: Vertical bar chart
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Example: Vertical bar chart
Both charts have a clear message. The choice depends on the desired emphasis
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Picking the right chart:Stacked bar charts Most effective for categories adding to 100
percent Women and men are shown either as:
X-axis with one stacked bar for each
Different colour segments of each bar with multiple values on the x-axis
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Example: stacked bar charts
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Example 2
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Picking the right chart:Horizontal bar charts For one variable with many categories When Y-axis labels are long To plot two variables against each other
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Example 1: Horizontal bar charts
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Example 1: Horizontal bar charts
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Example 1: Horizontal bar charts
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Example 1: Horizontal bar charts
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Example 2: Horizontal bar charts
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Picking the right chart:Pie charts To show distribution of categorical components of a
single variable Always show shares that total to 100 per cent Best for showing one segment as percentage of the
whole Men and women can be shown either as:
Two segments of the pie Separate pies
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Example: Pie charts
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Picking the right chart:Scatter plots To show grouping around a trend line
To show outliers
To show many data points
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Example: Scatter Plots
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Picking the right chart:Box plots To plot the median and quartiles To compare distribution of one variable for two
or more groups or time points To compare single cases to the overall
distribution
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Example: Box plots
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Example: Box plots
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Key points to remember
Presentation of gender statistics involves analysis to highlight key message
Choosing the right presentation format is key for clear and accurate interpretation of data
Format chosen should present meaningful and unambiguous information efficiently
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Exercise Using labour market segregation exercise, do
the following: Identify key gender issue(s) Determine key message(s) to be highlighted Prepare basic tabulation table(s) Choose appropriate presentation format(s) Present the results using the chosen format(s)
Draft title Include needed headings, labels, scales, sources
Draft a short paragraph explaining key message(s)
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Acknowledgements Statistics Sweden
Engendering Statistics: A Tool for Change
United Nations Statistics DivisionHandbook for Producing National Statistical Reports on Women and Men
UNECE/WBI Regional Training of Trainers Workshop on Gender Sensitization of NSS
UNESCO Gender sensitive education statistics and indicators: A practical guide
Gary Klass (Illinois State University) Presenting Data: Tabular and graphic display of social indicators
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