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Anatomy Boards Questions:
2004
1.
Tendonwhat kind of fiberso dense CT - organized
dense regular CT is found in muscles, tendons, etc
o Dense irregular CT This is found in the dermis! (not the epidermis)
o Loose
Aka areolar CTfound in lamina propria
2. Where does the middle cardiac veins empty into?
coronary sinus
Anterior cardiac vein drains directly into the right atrium whereas all others draininto the coronary sinus. All of the others include: small, great, oblique, and middle
cardiac veins. Coronary sinusdrains most of blood from the heart wall, opens into the right
atrium between the inferior vena cava and the atrioventricular orifice. It is acontinuation of the great cardiac vein. Small and middle cardiac vein are tributaries
to coronary sinus
The great cardiac vein runs in front alongside the anterior. The middle cardiac veinruns in with the posterior artery.
3. What is found in the villi of intestines?
Lamina propria
Other options: Submucosa
Villi: have lacteals, and that it is in the lamina propria and not in the submucosal. Inpast years, the villi has characterized the small intestine
4. Where is fat found?
Submucosa
CT layers
Dermis
5. Which immune structure is most isolated from blood
thymuscuz of t cell maturation
Adult thymus is isolated from parenchymablood thymus barrier. Barrier non-
existant in child Spleen, thymus, palatine and pharyngeal tonsils DO NOT have numerous afferent
vessels entering them as do lymph nodes
other options: spleen, lymph node, palatine tonsil
6. What kind of collagen do you find in dentin?
Type I collagen
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Types of Cartilage:
Hyaline cartilage (most common): contains many closely packed fine collagenousfibers. Covers and protects bone; precursor to bone and where strong support is
needed but some flexibility is desirable. Makes up the costal cartilages, the
cartilaginous rings of the trachea, joints, nose, and the main support of the bronchial
wall Fibrocartilage: most closely resembles dnse, irregular, CT (consists of dense matrix
of collagenous fibers) Withstands tension and compression. Found in
intervertebral discs (vertebra) knee joint, TMJ, and syphysis pubis
Elastic cartilage: similar to hyaline cartilage but the ifbers are not as closely packed.
More importantly, elastic cartilage contains many elastic fibers (elastin). Forms the
external ear and is also found in the epiglottis, the auditory meatus and the larynx
7. What organic substance is most common found in dentin
The answer should be TYPE I COLLAGEN!
In dentincollagen
cementumcollagen and praline enamelNO COLLAGEN! Only protein, and its rich in PROLINE!
8. What diffuses across membranes easily except?
Na
Glucose also requires GLUT transporters, and secondary active transport, but Na+
is least diffusible.
Other options: Na, Ethanol
O2, CO2 both diffuse across easily. Na and glucose both need an active primarytransport, while ethanal is polar and does not cross as easily
9.
What is only found in pancreas centro acini
other options: serous acini, zymogenenzyme precursors, not sure answer
Pancreaseboth exocrine and endocrineposterior to abdominal wall.Retroperitoneal organ, except for small portion of tail which lies in the lienorenal
ligament. Head and neck neslt in the curve of the duodenum, body is behindstomach tail extends to spleen.
Endocrine (Islets of Langerhanscells of pancreas)
Alpha cellsglucagon
Betainsulin, carb metabs
Deltasomatostatin which acts locally within the islets of Langerhans to depressthe secretion of both insulin and glucagon
Exocrine
Acinar cellspancreatic juices including lipases, carbohydrases and proteases todigest fats, carbs, and proteins
10.How does stomach take in more food
receptive relaxation
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gastrin
not sure answer
11.Which structure and tissue is matched correctly
know the type of epith in kidney (simple cuboidal in the tubules) and bladder
(transitional) gallbladder-simple columnar thin loop
thick loop
bowmans capsule
bladder
12.Know what the renal papilla empties into
minor calyx
Internal features of kidney:
Cortex: outer layer (glomeruli are located here)
Medulla (inner layer, consists of renal pyramids)
Renal columns: found between pyramids. Cortical tissue
Renal papilla: apex of pyramids, here the collecting ducts pour into minor calyces
Minor calyces: unit to form major calyces, which then unit to form renal pelvis
13.Where do you find oxyphil cells?
Parathyroid gland
Oxyphil cells have no known function. Chief cells of the PT gland secrete PTH
14.What vein joins the facial vein to the cavernous plexus?
Ophthalmic v.
Cavernous sinus: created by superior and inferior ophthalmic vein, the cerebral veins, and thesphenoparietal sinus.
Located on either side of the sella turcica of sphenoid bone in middle crainialfossa.
Empty by way of superior petrosal sinuses into the transverse sinuses whichbecome the sigmoid sinuses. Then empty to jugular foramen by becoming theinternal jugular vein.
These veins do not have valves and so can also drain anteriorly into
ophthalmic vein
15.
Where is the ulnar n. most likely to get damaged? At the elbow
Other choices : wrist, hands
Brachial plexus (C5C8 and T1)
Formed in the posterior triangle of the neck
Extends into the axilla supplying nerves to the upper limbe
Has three cords:
Posterior (axillary and radial nerves are main branches)
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Lateral (musculocutaneous nerve is main branch)
Medial (ulnar nerve is main branch)
- Median nerveforms its two heads (medial and
lateral from the medial and lateral cords)
Surgical neck of the humerus: axillary midshaft of humerus: radial. Dislocate
shoulder, The radial nerve is most commonly injured in a mid-humeral shaft fracture, because
it runs in the radial (spiral) groove of the humerus
16.What artery first branches off of the subclavian a?
vertebral a.
17.What does the sigmoid sinus empty into?
Internal jugular v
Internal jugular originates when sigmoid passes through the jugular foramen
18.Which vessel does a berry aneurysm damage?
Middle cerebral artery
Linticulostriate arteriesarteries of stroke penetrate basal nuclei and arebranches of middle cerebral (largest of internal carotid arteries)
Aneurysm in anterior communicating is most common place for it to occur
19.What do you not see in the carotid triangle?
Superficial temporal artery
Components of the carotid triangle include carotid arteries, internal jugular vein,vagus nerve
Superficial temporal vein: drains the scalp and side of head, descending anterior to
the ear and plunges into the substances of the parotid gland
It is not a part of any of the triangles, but does join with the maxillary vein tobecome the retromandibular
20.What is not found in the parotid gland?
Facial artery
Components found in the parotid gland include: external carotid artery, facial nerve,superficial temporal vein, auriculotemporal nerve, etc.
21.What innervates the lower lip and the labial mucosa?
Mental n.
It would have to be a division of V3, VII does musculature, not the labial mucosa,so this seems right
22.What innervates the mucosa over the sublingual glands?
Lingual n. (not sure)
the deep lingual artery supplies it and the lingual nerve innervates it????
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23.What innervates the buccal mucosa and the gingival over the mand molars?
Buccal nerve. (V3)
Not the long buccal nerve from facial VII
24.When you stick out your tongue and it deviates to the left which muscle is injured?
Left genioglossus If the genioglossus muscle is paralyzed the tongue has a tendency to fall back and
obstruct the oropharyngeal airway with risk of suffocation
All structures deviate to the side of the injury with the exception of the uvula withdeviates to the opposite side.
25.Which tract of the corticobulbar only innervates to the contralateral side of the face?
VII, only the lower half of the face below eyebrowsfor superior.
Corticobulbar is bilateral for everything except for facial andhypoglossus???
Other options: Hypoglossal n. (not sure)
26.What does the internal thoracic artery become?
Musculophrenic and superior epigastrica
Internal thoracicarises from first part of Subclavian artery and descends BEHIND
the first six costal cartilages just lateral to the sternum
Two terminal arteries of internal thoracic artery are superior artery (enters rectussheath and supplies the rectus muscle as far as the umbilicus) and the
musculophrenic arter (supplies the diaphragm and lower intercostal spaces
anteriorly)
27.The sympathetic system does not do which of the following?
Direct blood to the skin.
Sympathetic division: prepares body for intense physical activity in emergencies(fight or flight) through adrenergic effects.
HR blood glucose rises,
blood diverted to skeletal muscles.
Pupils dilate, bronchioles dilate,
and the adrenal medulla releases Epi and NE
28.What does sympathetic system have the most control over?
The vessels of the skin Vasomotor sympathetic fibers are thought to end on blood vessels
29.Where is the origin of the medial pterygoid muscle?
Pyramid part of the palatine bone
These arent the answers
Lateral of lateral plate
Medial of medial plate
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Medial pterygoid Origin: Lateralpterygoid plate and
tuberosity of maxilla
Insertion: Medialsurface of angle of
mandible
Elevates mandible andmoves mandible
laterally
30.
Where does the hamulus connect to? Medial pterygoid plate
the tensor veli palatine attaches to it
The medial pterygoid plate forms the posterior limit of the lateral wall of the nasalcavity and ends inferiorly as a hamulus. A small, slender hook that acts as a pulley
for the tensor veli palatine tendon to change its dirction of pull from vertical to
horizontal thereby tensing the soft palate
31.What do you find in the pterygoid palatine fossa?
V2
Pterygopalatine fossa communicates laterally with infratemporal fossa by way of
pterygopalatine (pterygomaxillary) fissure pterygopalatine fissurecommunicates
medially with nasal cavity through sphenopalatine foramen,
posteriorly through sphenopalaitne foramen,
posteriorly with the cranial cavity through the foramen rotundum,
32.If you cut midsaggitally, what do you NOT cut through?
Arytenoids
Otheranswers: Cricoid, 2nd
trachea, thyroid
33.What innervates the inner larynx?
Recurrent laryngeal
I think she left out some of the question. If it refers to the any muscle of the larynxit would be the recurrent laryngeal, except the cricothyroid which is done by the
external laryngeal nerve
the recurrent laryngeal also does the cricopharyngeus as it comes out from under it
If the question is regarding sensory, as I think it is, then it depends on which part
The internal laryngeal nerve (along with superior laryngeal artery) pierce thethyrohyoid membrane and go to supply the larynx ABOVE the vocal folds
The recurrent laryngeal does it BELOW the vocal folds on its way up
34.Where does muscles of facial expression come from?
2nd
branchial arch
First arch cartilage (Meckels cartilage)
o closely related to the developing middle ear;
o becomes ossified to form the malleus and incus of middle ear
o Meckels cartilage characterized by being amodel for the mandible but
not participating in the formation of any part of the mandible
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o Fate is dissolution with minor contributions to ossification
Second arch cartilage (Reicherts cartilage)o closely related to the development of the middle ear,
o becomes ossified to form the stapes of the middle ear and
o
the styloid process of the temporal bone Third arch cartilageossifies to form part of the hyoid bone
Fourth and sixth arch cartilagesfuse to form the laryngeal cartilages, exceptfor the epiglottis
Fifth arch is absent
35.What characterize the nonarticulating tissues of the TMJ
Fibrocartilage The correct answer should be periosteum. Articulating surfaces havefibrocartilage or fibrous connective tissue.
If the answer choice said fibrous CT thats what I would go with! Unless if its anelder, then it would be fibrocartilage
Some years it is specified as dense regular connective tissues
36.What cytoplasm covers myofibrils?
Sarcoplasm
Other options
o Epimysiumis the CT layer that envelopes the entire muscle
o Perimysium: continuation of the outer fascia, dividing the interior of the muscle
into bundles of muscle cells. The bundle of cells surrounded by each perimysium is called a
fasciculus
Endomysium: CT surrounding each muscle fiber
37.What is in side of myofibrils
sarcoplasm.: cytoplasm of muscle cells is called
Sarcoplasm of each muscle fiber contains many parallel, threadlike structures calledmyofibrils.
38.What fails to fuse in cleft lip
medial nasal and maxillary processes
Cleft palate is most common oral defect, palatal shelves dont fuse. Later the nasalseptum fuses to top of shelves
o
Cleft lip and palate: Isolated cleft lip: more common males Palate: more common in males Cleft lip is more common on left side
39.Where is the tympanic membrane
lateral of middle cavity
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o Geniculate ganglion:
located within the facial canal (petrous portion of the temporal bones) and contains sensory neurons via the chorda typani of the facial nervethat innervate taste buds on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue
For taste! Solitary tract carries fibers of 7, 9 and 10!
Solitary tract: a slender, compact fiber bundle extending longitudinally through thedorsolateral region of the medullary tegmentum, surrounded by the nucleus of the
solitary tract, below the obex decussating over the canalis centralis, and descendingover some distance into the upper cervical segments of the spinal cord. It is
composed of primary sensory fibers that enter with the vagus, glossopharyngeal,
and facial nerves, and in part convey information from stretch receptors andchemoreceptors in the walls of the cardiovascular, respiratory, and intestinal tracts;
in rostral parts of the tract impulses are generated by the receptor cells of the taste
buds in the mucosa of the tongue. Its fibers are distributed to the nucleus of the
solitary tract.
45.
Where are the sensory neurons located in the spine? Dorsal root ganglion
The motor are found in the lateral horns
All spinal nerves are mixed:o Ventral roots contain motor neurons. Cell bodies are located in the spinal
cord
o Dorsal root contains axons of sensory neurons. Cell bodies are locatedoutside the spinal cord in dorsal root ganglia and arise from neural crest
cells
o The roots join to form mixed spinal nerves Posterior ramipass posteriorly to supply the skin and dep muscles
of the back Anterior ramisupply the rest of the body wall and the limbs Both are mixed nerves
46.What is a primary jaw closer
Masseter
the temporalis may be stronger, but only in the final parts of clothing, that lastcouple of cm, but the masseter does the bulk of the closing, so its the primary jawcloser in my mind
47.When you are in postural position and you close to ICP what muscle do you use
Temporalis See above
48.What ligament in TMJ prevents posterior and inferior displacement?
Temporomandibular ligament
The temperomandibular joint has an outer oblique portion which limits the extent ofjaw openings and initiates translation of the condyle down the articular eminence
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49.Which of the following temporomandibular joint ligaments restricts the movement of the
disc away from the condyle during function?
Discal
50.
You find all of the following between the medial pterygoid muscle and the ramus except? Lingual artery
Things you would find: masseter artery, inf alv n., lingual nerve
51.What does ansa cervicalis innervate?
Infrahyoid muscles: except thyrohyoid which is C1
o depressors of larynx and hyoid after they have been drawn up with pharynx
to swallow (deglutition),
olie btw deep fascia and visceral fascia over the thyroid gland, trachea, and
esophagus,
oinnervated by ansa cervialis from C1,2,3.
52.What innervates levator palpebrae superioris muscle?
Oculomotor
Nerve Site of exit from skull Functions
Trigeminal
V1 ophthalmic Superior orbital fissure S = cornea, skin of nose,
forehead, scalp
V2 Maxillary Formane rotundum S = nasal cavity, palate, max.
teeth, skin of cheek, upper lip
V3 Mandibular Foramen ovale S = tongue, mand. Teeth,
mandibule, skin of chin, floor ofmouth, TMJM = muscles of mastication
Abducens Superior orbital fissure M = lateral rectus muscle of theeye
Oculomotor Superior orbital fissure M = levator palpebraesuperioris and most of the
external eye muscles
PS = ciliary muscle of the lens
and sphincter muscle of thepupil
Trochlear Superior orbital fissure M = superior oblique muscle ofthe eye
M = Motor S = sensory PS = parasympathetic
53.What nerve originates from the dorsal midbrain
trochlear
o Trochlear nerve IV:
o supplies the superior oblique muscle
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o smallest cranial nerve
o only cranial nerve that emerges from dorsal aspect of the brainstem
54.Whats papilla of the tongue does not have taste buds
filliform.. . . .o
Taste buds:o Are associated with peg-like projections on the tongue mucosa called lingual papillae.
o Contain a cluster of 40 to 60 gustatory cells as well as many more supporting cells
o Each gustatory cell is innervated by a sensory neuron
o Kinds of Lingual papilla:
Filiform:
most numerous, small cones arranged in V shaped rows paralleling
the sulcus terminalis on the anterior two thirds of tongue.
Characterized by absence of taste budsand increased keratinzation
Fungiform:
knob-like in appearance, they are found on the tip and sides of the
tongue.
Most likely to be injured when someone bites their tongue
These taste are innervated by the facial nerve VII Circumvallate:
largest but fewest in number. Arranged in an inverted V shaped row
on the back of tongue.
Associated with the ducts of Von Ebners Glands.
Taste buds are inervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve IX
Foliate:
found on lateral margins as 3-4 vertical folds.
These taste buds are innervated by both the facial nerve and the
glosspharyngeal nerve
55.Which papilla do you find the most in ant 2/3?
Filiform
See above
56.What does CN 9 innervate?
Stylopharyngeus
o Glossopharyngeal nerve:
o Originates from the anterior surface of the medulla oblongata along withthe vagus nerve and spinal accessory nerve.
o Passes laterally in the posterior cranial fossa and leaves skull through the
jugular foramen
o Supply sensation to the pharynx and posterior third of tongue
o Cell bodies of these sensory neurons are located in the superior and
inferior ganglia of this nerve
o Descends through the upper part of neck along with the internal jugularvein and internal carotid artery to reach posterior border of the
stylogpharyngeus muscle to which it supplies somatic motor fibers
o Causes the gag reflex (innervates mucous membranes of the fauces)
57.What forms the ligamentum teres?
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Umbilical vein
Ductus venosusligamentum venosumonly fetal vessel to carry oxygenrich blood and nutrients
Umbilical veinplacenta to liver, forms major portion of umbilical cord,nutrient rich blood from placenta to fetus, forms the round ligament of the
liverafter birth Foramen ovalopening btw right and left atria to shunt flood passed the
pulmonary circuitry, closes at birth and becomes thefossa ovalis, a depression
in the ineratrial septum
Ductus arteriosumbetween pulmonary trunk and aortic arch to bypasspulmonary circuitry, closes shortly after birth, atrophies, and becomes the
ligamentum arteriosum
Umbilical arteriesarise from internal iliac arteries ass/with umbilica cord,transports blood from fetus to placenta
58.What does the right ventricle pump blood into?
Pulmonary trunk
59.What does the submandibular gland duct empty from?
Sublingual caruncle
Whartons ducts: drains submandibular gland, arises from deep portion of gland andcrosses the lingual nerve in the region of the sublingual gland to terminate on the
sublingual caruncle (papilla) adjacent to the base to the base of the sublingualfrenulum
60.What separates the two sections within the TMJ
Articular disc (meniscus)
o
Consists of fibrocartilagenous tissue, which resembles dense, irregularconnective tissue. It is capable of providing smooth articulating surface
o Meniscus is a biconcave oval plate and divides the joint into superior andinferior spaces. The superior joint space is bounded by the articular fossa
and the articular eminence. The inferior joint space is bounded below by the
condyle Meniscus varies in thickness, the thinner, central intermedia zone
separate the thicker portions called the anterior and posterior bands.
(the posterior band is the thickest) Posteriorly the meniscus is continguous with the posterior
attachment tissues called the bilaminar zone which is vascular,
innervated tissue that plays an important role in allowing the condyleto move forward
61.What is the superior portion of the TMJ borders?
The mandibular fossa and the superior of the disc
62.Hyaline cartilage serves what function?
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Serves as a covering for most joints, All of them, except the TMJ and the kneejoint, which are fibrous!
Articular cartilage: thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the smooth articularbone surfaces. No blood vessels or nerves (TMJ CONTAINS FIBROU-
CARTILATE NOT HYALINE CARTILAGE)
63.What forms the floor of the mouth
Mylohyoid
64.Which sheath is the submandibular and the parotid gland continuous with?
Deep cervical
Not sure some choices: Prevertebral, Buccopharyngeal, No clue and I dont haveinternet to look this up, but this is what I would put deep cervical, Neck muscles
65.What is not found in the posterior mediastinum
phrenic n.
It loops ABOVE the root of the lungs while the vagus goes under vagus?? Inferior mediastinum:
o Anterior mediastinum: part of the thymus gland, some lymph nodes,branches of the internal thoracic artery
o Middle: pericardium and heart, the phrenic nerve and its accompanying
vessels
o Posterior: descending (abdominal aorta, thoracic duct, esophagus, azygos
system of veins, vagus nerves, splancnice nerves, and many lymph nodes
66.What is found behind the arch of the azygos vein?
Right vagus nerve
This continues its way DEEP to the arch, thus its the answer! Other options:
Hemiazygos
- No this merges way before the arch of the azygou
Thoracic duct
- It wouldnt be this as the thoracic duct courses over to the left to get into the
superior mediastinum to get into the junction of the left internal jugular vein
and left Subclavian
67. What kind of epithelia is found in the maxillary sinus?
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epi:
Surface layer of mucous membrane of the nasopharynxo also lines the nasal cavity, the paranasal sinuses, the nsaopharynx, the trachea,
and the bronchial tree (except the lining of the respiratory bronchioles, which
lose their cilia and change to cuboidal and then to squamous)
68. Epaxial? Ramus comunicans, anterior body..Jared thinks it is ventral rami.. . Epaxial =
Above or behind any axis, such as the spinal axis or the axis of a limb
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Inferior meatusreceives the opening of the nasolacrimal duct which drainslacrimal fluid from the surface of the eye into the meatus for evaporation
during respiration
74. Posterior border of pterygopalatine fossa?
Options: Pterygo process of sphenoid (and greater wing of sphenoid), verticalpalatine plate, or post max?
Pterygopalatine foss communicates laterally with infratemporal fossa by way ofpterygopalatine fissure
pterygopalatine fissurecommunicates
o medially with nasal cavity through sphenopalatine foramen,
o posteriorly through sphenopalaitne foramen,
o posteriorly with the cranial cavity through the foramen rotundum,
75. What does not open into the infratemporal fossa:
rotundom
Other options: Rotundom (V2), Ovale (V3), Ptergomax (pterygopalatine foramen),petrotympanic (chorda tympani)
Boundaries of Infratemporal fossa:
o Anterior wall: posterior surface of maxilla
o Posterior wall: tympanic part and styloid process of temporal bone
o Medial wall: lateral pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone
o Lateral wall: ramus of the mandible
o Roof: infratemporal surface of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone.
contains foramen ovaletransmits V-3
o Floor: point where the medial pterygoid muscle inserts into the medial
aspect of the mandible near the angle
Contents of infratemporal fossa:o Lower portion of temporalis muscle
o Medial and lateral pterygoid
o Maxillary artery and most branches
o Pterygoid plexus of veins
o Mandibular nerve and branches
o Chorda typani
o Otic ganglion (PS ganglion associated with glossopharyngeal nerve)
76. What week do teeth start developing:
6 wks
77. Post pituitary arises from which structure?
Diencephalons
o Diencephalon, a major autonomic region of the forebrain, is almost completely
surrounded by the cerebral hemispheres of the telencephalon. Its chief
components include the thalamus, hypothalamus epithalamus, and pituitarygland. The third ventricle forms a midplane cavity within the diencephalons
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Right atrium
Crista terminalis: vertical muscular ridge that runs along the right atrial wall from theopening of the SVC to the IVC. Provides origin fro the pectinate muscle. Represents
junction btw the sinus venosus and the heart in the developing embryo. Also
represented on the external surface of heart by the vertical groove called the sulcus
terminalis
86. Where does ductus arteriousus occur?
Between the pulmonary trunk and the aortic arch
Patent ductus arteriosus:
Lung resistance decreases and shunt becomes left to right with subsequentright ventriculal hypertrophy and failure
Associated with continuous machine-like murmur. Patency maintained byPGE synthesis and low O2 tension
Indomethacin is used to close patent ductus arteriosus, and PGE is used tokeep it open to sustain life in case of transposition of greater vessels
87. Thymus is associated with which of the following structures?
Hassals corpuscle
Thymus: no afferent lymphatics of lymphatic nodulesblood from the internalthoracic and inferior thyroid arteries, innervated by vagus and phrenic nerves. Has
double embryologic originlymphocytes derived from hematopoietic stem cells,
while Hassalls corpuscle epithelium derived from endoderm of THIRD pharyngealPOUCH with an unknown function
88. In which mediastinum is the thoracic duct located?
posterior mediastinum
Posterior: descending (thoracic aorta, thoracic duct, esophagus, azygos systemof veins, vagus nerves, splancnice nerves, and many lymph nodes
89. Ansa cervicalis innervates which of the following suprahyoid muscles?
geniohyoid
Suprahyoid muscles:
o Stylohyoid pulls hyoid superiorly and posteriorly during swallowing, fixes hydoid bone for infrahyoids
innervated by VII
o Digastric:
(anterior) Opens mouth by depressing mandible. Innervated byV3
(posterior) fixes hyoid for infrahyoid action. Innervated by VII
o Mylohyoid elevates hyoid,
raises floor of mouth for swallowing, depressed mandible when hyoid is fixed innervated by V3
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o Geniohyoid
elevates tongue, depress mandible, works with mylohyoid innervated by ansa cervicalis, which is a loop formed by
branches from the cervical plexus (C1, C2, C3)
90. Know difference between skeletal, smooth, cardiac (at least 4 questions about!)
91. Contract lead to the shortening of which of the following areas?
I band shorten
92. Which muscle wraps around the hamulus?
Tensor veli palatine
Tensor veli plati: tenses the palate and opens the mouth of the auditory tube duringswallowing and yawning. Curves around the pterygoid hamulus. If hamulus was
fractured the actions of this muscle would be affected
The medial pterygoid plate forms the posterior limit of the lateral wall of the nasalcavity and ends inferiorly as a hamulus. A small, slender hook that acts as a pully
for the tensor veli palatine tendon to change its direction of pull from vertical tohorizontal therby tensing the soft palate
93. Where does the inferior head of the lateral pterygoid insert?
on condyle,
Other areas of insertion include: Neck of mandible (condyle) and articular disc
Origin Lateral pterygoid plate and the greater wing of the sphenoid bone
94. To which component of muscle does calcium bind to displacement of inhibitorbefore
contract Troponin C
Calcium binding to muscle
o Calcium binds to troponin C on the thin filaments, causing a conformational
change in troponin that permits the interaction between actin and myosin
o After calcium binds with troponin, tropomyosin moves from its blockingposition permitting actin and myosin to interact
o High energy myosin bin weakly to actin subunits, however, when inorganic
phosphate is released from the myosin, the mhyosins bind tightly to the actin
subunits.
o Energy stored in the high-energy myosin is discharged, and the myosin head
swivel, pulling on the thin filaments.o This repeated pulling of the thin filaments past the thick filaments toward
the centers of the sarcomeres draws the Z lines closer together, and the
muscle fiber shortens (contracts)
o This process is repeated as long as calcium ions are bound to troponin and
ATP is available.
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o Once calcium ions are returned to the sarcoplasin reticulum, tropomyosin
moves back into its blocking position and prevents further interaction
between high-energy myosins and actin subunits
o Contraction ceases and the muscle fibers relax
95.
A successful IA injection only penetrates the buccinator muscleo During inferior alveolar nerve block injection, the needle passes through the
mucous membrane and the buccinator muscle and lies lateral to the medial
pterygoid If needle passes posteriorly at level of mandibular foramenpenetrate
parotid and have facial paralysis. If needle tip passes well below the foramen, you will penetrate the medial
pterygoid
96. In which bone does trigeminal ganglion lie in?
Sphenoid bone In the middle cranial fossa
97. Which nerve represents the terminal branch of the opthalmic nerve?
supraorbital n.
98. Which nerve innervates the buccinator muscle?
Facial nerve
Buccinator muscle:
o Innervated by the facial nerve:
o Origin:
Maxilla: Mandible Pterygomaxillary ligament Pterygomandibul[ar raphe: a thin, fibrous band running from the
hamulus of the medial pterygoid plate down to the mandible
o Inserts: orbiuclaris oris and skin at the angle of the mouth. It is tranversed
by the parotid duct
o Does not move jaw
o Proprioceptive fibers are derived from the buccal branch of V3
o Actions: Move boluses of food out of vestibule of mouth and back towards
molar teeth Tense the cheeks during blowing and whistling Assist with closure of mouth
o Facial and maxillary arteries supply blood
99. Which nerve provides sensory information about the buccinator muscle?
V3
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100.Nucleus solitarius = taste (not inf. Salivatory nuc)
Superior salivatory nucleus: a group of preganglionic parasympathetic motorneurons situated rostrally and laterally to the inferior salivary nucleus it governs
secretion of the lacrimal, sublingual, and submaxillary glands by way of the facialnerve and the sphenopalatine and submandibular ganglia
Inferior salivatory nucleus: a group of preganglionic parasympathetic motorneurons situated rostrally and laterally to the inferior salivary nucleus it governs
secretion of the lacrimal, sublingual, and submaxillary glands by way of the facialnerve and the sphenopalatine and submandibular ganglia
101. From which nerve does the parotid gland receive parasympathetic innervation?
Auriculotemperal from otic ganglion, not submand ganglion
However, the PS comes from the lesser petrosal out of the VII from the middle ear
Otic ganglion:
o Small PS ganglion that functionally associated with the glossopharyngeal
nerve
o
Situated below foramen ovale and is medial to the mandibular nerveo Tympanic and lesser petrosal branches of the glossopharyneal nerve supply
pre-ganglionic parasympathetic secretomotor fibers
o Postganglionic fibers leave the ganglion and join the auriculotemporal nerveparotid
102. Hyoid bone arises from branchial arch?
Third arch cartilageossifies to form part of the hyoid bone
103. Which muscles is responsible for medial rotator of glenohumeral joint?
teres major
the pectoris major, latissiumus dorsi, and teres major all medially rotate the arm the teres minor rotates the arm laterally
104. Which nerve pierces throhyoid membrane?
Internal laryngeal:
travels withsuperior laryngeal arteryand pierces the thyrohyoid membrane.
Supplies mucous membranes of the larynx above the vocal folds withsensory sensation.
External laryngeal: travels withsuperior thyroid arteryand supplies thecricothyroid muscle
105.Smooth muscle property: muscarinic, nicotinic, and adrenergic effect muscarinic
106. Cerebral aqueduct is from which part of the brain?
midbrain
Four ventricles:
o Two lateral ventricles are hollow C shaped spaces within the right and left
cerebral hemispheres
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o Third ventricle forms a median cavity within the diencephalong (forebrain)
the two interventricularforamina of Monroare oval openings which provide
communication between the third and lateral ventricles. The cerebralaqueduct in the midbrain connects the third and fourth ventricsl
o Fourth ventricle: located in the metencephalong (hindbrain). Contains two
openings in its walls called lateral apertures (foramina of Luschka) and asingle opening in its roof called the medial aperuture (foramen of Magendie)These apertures connect the ventricular system with the subarachnoid space.
After circulating throughout the subarachnoid space the CSF is returned to
the circulatory system by filtration through arachnoid villi that protrudemainly into the venous drainage sinuses of the cranial cavity
Obstruction of cerebral aqueductcause enlargement of the two lateral and thirdventricles (not the fourth) This is referred to as a non-communicating
hydrocephalus because the lateral ventricles are notin communication with the
subarachnoid space
107.
Emissary sinus drain dural sinuso Emissary veins connect the venous sinuses of the dura mater with the extracranial
veins (2000)
Veins of vein are direct tributaries to the dural sinuses (cerebral sinuses or thesinuses of dura mater)
Emissary veinsvalveless connect the dural sinuses with the veins of scalp.Found in foramen ovale is a means
108. Which anatomic structure is the last thing to disappear down respiratory tract?
Smooth muscle
It goes down all the way the alveolar ducts until right at the alveolus
Other options: cartilage, cilia, or SM- I think SM)
109. All glucose resorbed in proximal tubule
110. Attached gingival lack which of the following?
No submucosa in attached ging (given all the options are the lining mucosas)
Free gingival groove is the line of demarcation between the attached gingival andthe free gingival
111. Collateral ligaments (discal ligaments) hold disc in place with condylar movement
Articular disc seated on condyle and held in place by the collateral ligaments that are
attached to the medial and lateral poles of the condyles
112. Oblique make up most of PDL
Oblique fibers: insertions in cementum and extending apically in alveolus.Compose 1/3 or all fibers. Resist forces along the long axis of tooth, masticatory
forces. Found in middle third of tooth.
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113. Diff b/w tuft, spindle, lamella, perikymata, in enamel
Enamel tufts: fan shaped, hpocalcified structures of enamel rods that proect from thedentinoenaml junction into the enamel proper (unknown function)
Enamel spindles: elongated odontoblastic processes (hair like) that traverse ht DEJfrom the underlying odontoblasts. May sere as pain receptors
Enamel lamellae: defects in the enamel resembling cracks or fractures which traversethe entire length of crown from surface ot DEJ. Contain mostly organic material and
may provie an area for decay (bacteria) to enter
114. Enamel rod parallel at heads, deviate by tails
115. Which of the following is not in pulp:
Cementoblasts
116. The dentin of the crown of a tooth and that of root differ in that the primary curvature of
the tubules decrease in the root dentin
117. The subclavian vein runs where in relation to the anterior scalene muscle
Anterior
Subclavian vein crosses the first rib anterior to the anterior scalene muscle; itstributaries are: external jugular on the left side at the angle of its junction with theinternal jugular vein It receives the thoracic duct. On the right side it receives right
lymphatic duct at the same location.
118. If bad sensory on face and cant close mouth and ringing in ear? Then damage to?
trigeminal and vestibulococh as exit brain stem?
119.Fracture of condyle inferior to pterygoid fovea, but mandible doesnt undergonecrosiswhy not?
Innervation from lat pterygoid art or from IA art
120. Superior orbital fissure b/w which 2 bones
lesser and greater wings of sphenoid
121. Which foreman doesntlie in middle cranial fossa
I thought jugular foreman
122. Which is a branch of 3rd
part of max art
either infraorbital, sphenopalatine is the other terminal branch
other option: ant deep temporal
123. Which nerve supplies erector spinae muscles in spine
Dorsal rami
124. Which nerve supplies posterior arm
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radial.
Arm
125. Which part of brachial plexus runs in axillary sheath
cords and axillary vein
axillary sheath is a continuation of the prevertebral fascia and it goes between theanterior and middle scalene
126. Whats in carotid sheath?
Vagus
127. Which nerve supplies esophagus
phrenic
128. Which artery supplies parathyroids
inferior thyroid from thyrocervical
Parathyroido four superior (superior thyroid artery from external carotid) and inferior
(inferior thyroid artery from thryocervical trunk) pairs on posterior ofthyroid.
PTH regulates calcium and phosphate metabolism of body. ESSENTIALfor LIFE. Innervention by superior cervical ganglion
129. Which isntsupplied by 3 unpaired branches off aorta
adrenal glands
other options: appendix
other correct options: could be testicular, middle super renal, lumbar
130. Vagus supplies ascending colon (not the other parts distal to left colic flexure)
131. How does pterygopalatine fossa open into nasal cavity
sphenopalatine foreman
132. 2 questions about nerve of pterygoid canal
which is parasympathetic (deep petrosal) and something else
133. Where is cell body of nerve in pulp
trigememinal gang
134. Which nerve innervates buccal mucosa
long buccal from facial
buccal of V3 provides sensory
135. Which muscle plays an important role in moving mandibule but is not a muscle ofmastication
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either mylohyoid or digastric
posterior digistric is responsible for the initial rotation of the condyle about its axis
136. Where does anterior jugular vein originate?
Submental
Other options: muscular or digastric triangle I think
137. What do parotid and pancreas have in common
serous cells
138. Whats unique about mixed glands?
Demilunes
139. Striated ducts have mitochondria in basement membrane folds
True
Striated ducts of the salivary glands are lined by a single layer of tall, columnar
epithelial cells with radially arranged mitochondria Composed of simple low columnar epithelium
140. Where are crypts of lieberkuhn located?
Lamina propria, mucosa only
Other option: submucosal
Colon epitheliumsimple columnar with microvillous border to increase surfacearea for absorption of water from lumen.
Goblet cells mucus lubricates dehydrating fecal mass.
CRYPTS OF LIEBERKUHN (intestinal glands) invade lamina propria (not thesame as goblet cells). No villa formed in large intestines
peyers patches are also located in submucosal, Aurbachs is between muscularisexternal (Myenteric), the other is supervicial at the border of the submucosal and
the internal cicrcualr.
Find mucous glands in submucosou. Brunners and esophageal.
141. Know the different types of CT
know where reticular fibers are (see question 1)
Principal fibers of the PDL demonstrate collagen fibers, NOT reticular or othertypes of fibers
142.
What is in tunica adventitia of medium sized artery made of? Collagen or reticular fibers
Reticular fibers stain different
143. Origin and insertion of spenomandibular ligament
Lingulais tongue shaped projection of bone that serves as the attachment for thesphenomandibular ligament
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144.Nerve supply to facial mucosa of mandi. post teeth
Buccal of V3
145. Which artery of external carotid artery you can't find in carotid triangle
Superficial temporal
146. Histo. related to articular cartilage
147. Know where the Corticobulbar tract ends? Ask Jared
The muscle nucleus of the facial muscles
If ventral horn is option choose it, but it might also be the somatic muscle, or
something to do with the motor aspect of cranial nerves
Options: ie tectum (caliculi, superior and inferior are part mid brain. Superior: isvision, inferior is auditory).. something peduncle.. etc..
148.Nerve that innervates the mucosa of floor of mouth under floor of mouth, side of tongue?
Lingual nerve
149.Not invested by deep vertebral fascia?
Platysma
150. Know what structure lies immediately lateral to medial pterygoid
Lingual nerve IS NOT PRESENT
Inferior alveolar vein, artery and nerve and the lingual nerve are found in spacebetween the medial pterygoid muscle and the ramus of the mandible
151.Nuclei
mesenchephal: proprioception, solitarius (in medulla): taste VII, IX, and X (geniculate is in thalamus)
spinal: pain
principal (chief): normal touch
152. What crosses over the midline in the corticle bulber tract?
o CN VII, and XII
153. Facialparotid & submandibular
154. Origin of superior head of medial pterygoid muscle
Pyramid part of the palatine bone
155. Epithelium of masticatory mucosa of hard palate
Orthokeratinized
Parakeratinized is mainly for attached gingiva
Someone wore a malfitting denture. The change is from unkeratizine
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156. What characteristics of articular cartilage:
vascular, blood supply, perio.., easily
157. What cranial nerve that crosses over the midline (CN6in the brain???)
VII and XII are the two that synapse on the corticobulbar
Facial is coricobulbar tract crosses over, but it depends V cross over after synapsing ipsilaterally in the pons
158. What innervates the epaxial portion of dermomyotome:
primary dorsal????
ventral rami , rami communicans (sympathetic that connect from spinal cord to thesympathetic trunk, sympathetic chain ganglia), 1 other
159. Somatic afferent cell bodies are found where
DRG
a.
Other options: Dorsal horn, Ventral horn, SC
160. What runs with azygos?
right vagus
161. Death from Hep C is:
Inhibition of urea synthesis
Proprioception goes straight to mesencephalic it is the only three neurons
1storder: trigeminal: 2ndcell body: Principal nucleus: regular touch, Spinal: pain in the brain stem,3
rdare in the thalamus 4
thorder are cortex.
2003
1. Jaw-jerk reflex goes through what ganglion?trigeminal, etc
2. Pterygoid plexus something about a specific vein.deep facial and maxillay
o Pterygoid plexus of veins surrounds the maxillary artery occupying the infratemporal fossa
associated with pterygoid muscles. Receives veins that correspond to the maxillary artery.
Terminates posteriorly in the maxillary vein and anteriorly in the pterygoid plexus drainsvia the deep facial vein into the facial vein
3. Nerve that innervates thumbmedian nerve
4. Nerve that innervates diaphragmphrenic n.
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5. Fibers in pterygoid canal?parasympathetic & sympathetic
6. superior thyroid and external laryngeal run together
7. Retroperitoneal structurespancreas, spleen, ?
8. What causes formation of Protocord plate: ecto and endoderm
9. What makes anterior fauces?palatoglossus
10.What palatal muscle is not innervated by X?tensor levi palatini
11.What does ectomesenchyme give rise to?dentin, cementum, bone, alveolar process
12.bud stage, cap stage, bell stage
13.
Where do gomphosis (tooth in a socket) occur? Jaw, spine, etc
14. What lies in the deltopectoral triangle: basilica vein, cephalic
vein, musculotaneous nerve
15.Cigarette smoking does not contribute to the cancers in: larynx, stomach, esophagus, pancreas,
bladder, (the other it does not contribute to is colon)
16.Where are pituicytes: neurohypophysis
17.Nissl Substance - rER
18.Mucosa of the anterior 2/3 of tongue is from the: Rathke pouch, tuberculum impar (posterior
1/3), lateral lingual swelling
19.Salivary glands are located: circumvallate (von Ebners)
20.Taste buds: have a turnover rate of 30 days, are located on the ventral and dorsal surface of
tongue
21.The pterygopalatine fossa is bordered by:
o palatine (medial wall: opening to the sphenopalatine foramen to nasal cavity, with the same
artery and the nasopalatine nerve) and sphenoid (posterior wall: foramen rotundum tomiddle cranila cavity, pterygoid canal to foramen lacerum, and palaotvaginal canal to
choana; and the roof being formed by the greater wing and body)
22.Jaw reflex nerves located in Semilunar = Trigeminal ganglion
o Semilunar ganglion = gasserian ganglion: large, flattened, sensory ganglion of the
trigeminal nerve, lying close to the cavernous sinus in the middle cranial fossa
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23.Bundle bone cementum (Sharpeys fibers)
24.Alpha 1 receptors vasoconstriction
25.IgG is activated where? Myoepithelial, Striated, etc
26.Superior part of carotid triangle Posterior belly of digastric muscle
27. Lateral border of retropharyngeal space Carotid sheath
28.Pterygoid Plexus and Maxillary vein drain into what? External Jugular vein, Retromandibular
vein
29. Abductor of vocal fold posterior cricoarytenoid
30. Damage to abducens nerve? right abductor of right eye; raise __ eye, lower eye
31.Nerve to thumb median
32. Sickle Cell Anemia? 33%, 61, 75, 78 oxygen carrying capacity
78% is the oxygen carrying capacity, or the oxygen content. Hematocrit in sickle cellanemia is 35%, you would divide it the normal of 45%
33.lingual artery relation to hyoglossus muscle deep (located btw the hyoglossus and
genioglossus)
34.which muscle depresses lateral borders of tongue? Genioglossus, hyoglossus, etc
35.which nerve fibers travel throughout the course of the lingual nerve to receive sensory input
from ant 2/3 of tongue? Chorda tympani
36.which vessel is outside the portal triangle? Portal v, central v,hepatic a, bile duct
37.the parotid duct pierces which muscle? Buccinator
38.If something enters lymph in GI area, where will it first reach bloodstream? Brachiocephalic v
39.Where are submucosal glands located? Duodenum(ie Brunners glands), stomach
40.Whats the fxn of gastroesophageal sphincter? Prevents reflux of stomach contents
41.L coronary artery exits the aorta where? Superior to aortic valve, inf to aortic valvecongenital
42.Malformation that causes shunting of blood from left pulmonary artery to aorta? Ductusarteriosus
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43.Dermis has CT that is? Dense and regular (this is cornea and ligaments and tendons), dense
and irreg, reticular, areolar, loose
44.Haversian canals are oriented in which direction w/respect to long axis of long bone? Parallel,
perpend, oblique
45.Haversian canals? Communicate w/volkmanns canals
46.when odontoblastic processes disintegrate, they leave? Dead tracts
47.something about transeptal fibers of PDL
Transseptal fibers: extend from tooth to tooth, coronal to the alveolar crest and areaembedded in the cementum of adjacent teeth. Not found on the facial aspect, and have no
attachment to alveolar crestal bone. They maintain the integrity of the dental arches
(sometimes classified as principal fibers of the PDL)
48.
Epith cell rests derived from what? hertwigs epi root sheath
49.Enamel formation depends on? Stratum intermedium
50.the anterior 2/3 mucosa of tongue is derived from? Lateral lingual swellings
51.difference b/n coronal and root dentin? Granular layer of Tomes (its in root dentin)
52.What can be damaged when dissecting the parotid gland. facial n, retromd vein, ext carotid a,
superfic temp art, > auric n. branches, Mx arteries, auriculotemp
53.
H. pylori- #1 cause ofpeptic ulcer; #1 cause of chronic gastritis = chronic gastritis (chronicgastritis / ulcer)
54.know contents of deltopectoral trianglecephalic (or thoracoacromial a)for sure cephalic v
55.know origin and insertion of trapezius: spine of scapula;
56.kidney: whats incortex and pyramid: Medullalooprenal papilla minor calyx; renalpapilla = end of pyramid
57.contents of middle cranial fossa (II VI), pterygo fossa: rotundum, Medial perpendicular
of PALATINE Boneo Middle cranial fossa: formed by sphenoid, temporal, and parietal bones
Temporal lobes of cerebrum
Hypophysis cerebri (pituitary gland)
Optic and carotid canal
Superior orbital fissure
Trigeminal impression for trigeminal ganglion
Separate the middle ear cavity and sphenoid sinus
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58.know hypobranchial / hypopharyngeal eminence = copula; 3rd
arch post 3rd
of tongue;
(middle cranial fossa) = copula = 3rd
pharyngeal arch
Posterior one-third of tongue is formed by two elevationsthe copula (from second arch)and the hypobranchial eminence (from the third arch)
59.what is gomphosus? Tooth and socket
60.ligamentum teres- remnant of umbilical vein; round ligament of liver; R lobephysically
bigger; Lfxnly
61.platysma innervated by facial nerve
62.pigmentation of oral mucosa: Addisons disease, pigmentation of mouth doesnt go away
63.whats secrete gastrin? Gastrin: enteroendocrine; ( H secr; tightens LES, relaxes pyloric
sphincter, outflow), in calcitonin
64.G cell; CCK: I cell; Secretin: S cell; Gastric inhib peptide: K cell (all in duodenum)
65.Acid / fatssecretin release / CCK which --| outflow (secretin bicarb, CCK glucagons;GIP insulin secr
Gastrin:
o Enteroendocrine cells (gastrin or G cells) of the pyloric glands of the stomach
mucosa secrete the hormone gastrin.
o Gastrin is absorbed in the blood and carried to the oxyntic glands (gastric glands)in the body of the stomach. There itstimulates the parietal cells to secrete HCL
o
relaxes the pyloric sphincter, activates the pyloric pump, and contracts theesophageal sphincter
66.pituicytespars nervosaPOST lobe; glial cells from the post pitutary
67.pericyte can fibroblast, M, SM (outside of post cap venule)
68.herring bodiesdilated end of nerve, they store oxytocin and prolactin in the posterior
pituitary, made in supraoptic and paraventricular and decent the
69.infratemporal fossamajor artery = maxillary artery
70.3 musc, 3 ns, IA, chorda tympani + Lingual; 2 vs: Mx artery
71.carotid sheath is lateral border of retropharyngeal space
72.retroperitoneal space = pancreas Rocker Kids Party Down c AC/DC Records (rec, kid, panc,
duod, ascending / descending colon; R
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73.extractionsee nail hemorrhage = infective endocarditis (janeway lesions (palm - macule)
osler nodes (nodular)
74.OSHAprotect what? Pt, employees, health care workers
75.
third-order neuron for pain of face = thalamustrigem spinal thalamus cortex
76.herpes latency is where? Trigeminal ganglion
77.drainage of carcinoma of larynx = cervical nodes
78.opens the vocal cords = lat posterior cricoarytenoid, cricothyroid tenses; relaxes:
thyroarytenoid
79.greater palatine nerve innervates posterior hard palate
80.
lateral lingual swelling - ant 1/3 of tonguemucosa made from lat lingual swelling;overtakes; 1starch
81.lateral clefting cleft palate = intermaxillary and maxillary; all the way backlateral palatine /
Mx shelves
82. Edinger-westfall nucleus:preganglionic para motor neuronsCN III, ciliary gang
sphincter / ciliary muscle; destrxn dilation
83.sup / inf salivatory; dorsal motor nuc 4 vagus
84.N. to pterygoid = sympathetic and parasympathetic
85.J chain = secreted in mucosaIgAprotects IgA from cleavagesecretory portion
86.Mast cell content = histamine and Eosinophilic chemotactic factor
87.Extrapyramidal =postureGross mvmt; = extrafusal; posture / muscle spindle
88.Main component of enamel = 99% inorganic
89.WHAT INNERVATES THE PALMAR ASPECT OF THE THUMB (CUTANEOUS)?Median
90.Carpul tunnel:
Captain of the carpul tunnel: capatus, Three muscles go through it: flexor palmaris,digitorum profundus and superficialis (flexor policis longus?????), AND the median nerve.
91.INNERVATION OF LEFT FACE GOES TO RIGHT CORTEX (CROSSES OVER, EGDECUSSATES TO OPPOSITE SIDE)
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92.THYROGLOSSAL DUCT REMNANT CAN CAUSE A MIDLINE CYST IN THE NECK.
Thyroglossal duct cyst
93.CARTILAGE IS AN AVASCULAR / non innervated TISSUE. Chondroitan sulfate / keratin
sulfate in cart / cornea;
94.heparin sulfate in Type IV collagen
95.Types of collagen????I: everywhere, bone, dentin, tendons
II:
III: reticular fiber
IV: basal lamina
96.WHAT PART OF TEMPORAL BONE CONTAINS THE INNER EAR? SQUAMOUS,
TYMPANIC OR PETROUS?
97.What is the superior border of the carotid triangle? Post digastric
98.What are the contents of the deltopectoral triangle? A: cephalic vein. Not basilic vein!
99.Which papillae of the tongue do not contain tastebuds? Valate (circumvallate), fungiform,foliate have; filiform dont
100. What structure is located immediately distal to the terminal bronchioles? A: respiratory
bronchioles.
101. 60% oxygen and 40% nitrous oxide gas mixture why will person stop breathing? B/c of
stimulation to carotid body b.c of increase oxygen. IXbody, by itself; IX / Xsinus (sumof ns)
102. REFLEX: Hering-BreuerLung stretch; X medula spinal cord; Frank-Starling = contractility; Bainbridge - HR; Haldane Reflex release O2higher affinity 4 CO2 --
hystheresisinhale / exhalediff path
103. ionotropiccontractility; chronotropicHR; Dromotropycondxn velocity
104.What must be cut in order to expose the submd duct from an intraoral approach.
Floor of mouth, mucous memb
105. What structures pierce the thryohyoid membrane? Int laryngeal n, Sup laryng art from sup
thyroid a
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106. Know that central chemoreceptors are sensitive to carbon dioxide and not oxygen. CO2/ H+
ions
107. What nerve innervates omohyoid? Ansa cervicalis
108.
Embryogenesis of neural plate: PROCHORDAL PLATEprecursor to stomatodeum /buccopharyngeal memb
109. Deltopectoral region veincephalic v., basilic v., some other choices
Superficial Veins: The main superficial veins in this area are the cephalic and basilic veinsthat originate from the dorsal venous arch in the hand.
The cephalic veinascends in the superficial fascia along the lateral border of the wrist andalong the anterolateral surface of the forearm and arm. Superiorly the vein passes between
the deltoid and pectoralis major muscles and enters the deltopectoral triangle where it joins
the axillary vein.
The basilic veinruns in the superficial fascia on the medial side of the forearm and the
inferior part of the arm. It then passes deeply and runs superiorly into the axilla, where itjoins deep brachial veins to form the axillary vein.
The median cubital veinis the communication between the basilica and cephalic veins inthe anterior part of the elbow region (cubital fossa).
113. Where does syphilis aneurysm occur? Ascending aorta
Descending aorta, ascending aorta, right ventricle, left ventricle, circle of willis
Syphilitic aneurysmIn people with untreated syphilis, the infection can spread to theportion of the aorta nearest the heart (Ascending aorta?), producing a thoracic aortic
aneurysm 15 to 30 years after the first signs of syphilis.
114. Contents of infratemporal fossamaxillary a. Infratemporal fossa is deep and inferior to the zygomatic arch and posterior to the maxilla.
The boundaries of the fossa are:
o -Laterally: ramus of the mandible
o -Medically: lateral pterygoid plate
o -Anteriorly: maxilla
o -Posteriorly: condylar process of mandible and styloid process of temporal bone
o -Superiorly: inferior surface of greater wing of sphenoid
o -Inferiorly: where medial pterygoid attaches to mandible near its angle
Contents:
o -Inferior part of temporalis muscle
o
-Medial and lateral pterygoid muscleso -Maxillary artery
o -pterygoid venous plexus
o -mandibular, inferior alveolar, lingual, buccal nerves
o -chorda tympani
o -otic ganglion
115. Pterygopalatine fossaforamen rotundum
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Pterygopalatine fossa: small pyramid of space inferior to the apex of the orbit.
Contents of the fossa:
o -terminal branches of maxillar artery
o -maxillary nerve (CN V2)- enters via the foramen rotundumand in fossa gives
rise to:
the zygomatic nerve -nerve of pterygoid canal -pterygopalatine ganglion
116. Blood supply to nosesphenopalatine a., PSA a., other choices
The blood supply of the medial and lateral walls of the nasal cavity is from:o -branches of the sphenopalatine artery
o -the anterior and posterior ethmoid arteries
o -the greater palatine artery
o -the superior labial artery
o -lateral nasal branches of the facial artery
117. What innervates posterior palatine?greater palatine. . . what about the lesser palatine,
which innervates mostly the soft palate?
The sensory nerves of the palate are branches of the pterygopalatine ganglion. The greater
palatine nervesupplies the gingivae, mucous membrane and glands of most of the hard
palate.
118. Whats common about salivary glands & myoepithelial cells?
Myoepithelial cells= contractile epithelial cells that are located on the surface of some of
the salivary gland acini to facilitate the flow of saliva out of each lumen into the connecting
ducts.
119. The presynaptic cell body of eye thing, where is it?Edenger-Wesphal nucleus
The preganglionic cell bodies of the oculomotor nerve (CN III) parasympathetics lie in theEdinger-Westphal Nucleus of the midbrain. The preganglionic fibers course ventrally in themidbrain with somatic fibers of the oculomotor nerve and emerge from the ventral aspect
of the midgrain within the oculomotor nerve. They join the inferior division of the
oculomotor nerve and enter the ciliary ganglion.
Edinger-Westphal nucleus = A small group of preganglionic parasympathetic motorneurons in the midline near the rostral pole of the oculomotor nucleus of the midbrain; the
axons of these motor neurons leave the brain with the oculomotor nerve and synapse on the
cells of the ciliary ganglion which in turn innervate the sphincter muscle of the pupil and
ciliary muscle. Destruction of this nucleus or its efferent fibres causes maximal paralyticdilation of the pupil; also demonstrated to project fibres to lower levels of the brainstem
and all spinal levels.
120.. What does the abducens n. do?abduct right eye, etc, etc
The abducens nerve(CN VI) innervates the Lateral Rectus muscle of the eye andparticipates in the abduction of the eyeball.
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2002
1. What happens when you puncture your left lung?
-left lung collapses
-right lung collapses-both lungs collapse
2. During endochondral ossification, you see parallel rows of enlarged chondrocytes. What isoccurring there?
-hypertrophy and calcification
-proliferation
3. zygmaticotemporal and zygomaticofacial are branches of what nerve?
-v1
-v2according to BRS
-v3-facial
4. As a tooth undergoes attrition, it maintains contact with the opposing dentition. This is a result
of
-secondary dentin
-apical cementum-alveolar bone
-coronal enamel
-bundle bone
5. Know that calcitonin is made by parafollicular cells of thyroid
6. Which of the following can be used to differentiate between arch of aorta and brachial artery?-Tunica media
-tunica adventitia
-epithelium
7. Tap masseter?
-initiate stretch reflex
9. The thenar muscles are innervated by the
-radial-median-ulnar
-axillary
10. If you damage the coracoid process, which muscles are damaged?
-pec minor and short head of biceps brachii; could also have answered with thecoracobrachialis
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11. Most inferior branch of external carotid
-superior thyroid
12. The inability to move the diaphragm because of a complete spinal section at
-C2-C6-C7
-C8
13. Spinal cord lesion at T2
-same side below T2 is affected
corticospinal-- motormedulla
spinothalamicpaint and temp: S.C
medial lemniscusproprioception: medulla
spino cerebral: unc. Proprio: same side???
14. What is an enamel spindle
-elongated odontoblastic process
15. Which muscles close the nasopharynx?
-tensor veli palatini and levator veli palatini; palatoglossal closes oropharynx
16. Which of the following bones is NOT part of the calavaria? (skull base)
-zygoma
-frontal-occipital
-temporal
-parietal
17. If there is a deficiency of sensation on the left side of the face where is the deficit in the brain?
-right parietal
18. Which pair of muscles are innervated by V?
-Medial and lateral pterygoid
19. Where is the cell body of a somatic afferent located?
-dorsal root ganglia
20. What type of muscle has intercalated discs?
-cardiac
21. If you touch a person's right cheek, which lobe gets stimulated?
-left parietal
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10.Injection through greater palatine foramen into pterygopalatine fossa will cause what? Too
much could cause numbness to eye, nose and other facial structures???
11.What is the primary function of gastroesophagueal sphincter? Prevent reflux
12.
Basilar artery is formed by what? 2 vertebral arteries coming together
13.Intercostal arteries are between what muscles? Internal and innermost intercostal muscle
14.Nasopalatine nerve goes through what foramen? Incisive forament\
15.What artery supplies the upper lip? Superior labial artery of facial
16.What mastication muscle does not contract when mandible is elevated and closing?Temporalis? Myelohyoid
17.
What nucleus innervated the muscle derived from branchial arches? Nucleus ambiguous The neurons of the central nervous system that innervate muscles derived from branchialarches are found in nucleus ambiguous (CN 9 and 10)
18.Pain carried by glossopharyngeal nerve goes to what nucleus? Superior ganglion of IX
Pain fibers in the glossopharyngeal nerve synapse in the spinal nucleus of thetrigeminal nerve
19.What does long thoracic nerve innervate? Serratus anterior
20.The striated muscle of the tongue is derived from? First or second branchial arch, myotomes
21.Injury to spinal accessory nerve will lead to what? Inability to raise scapula. Accessoryinnervates the trapezius which elevates the scapula, draws head back, adducts scapula, braces
shoulder, and draws scapula down.
22.What is the epithelium of gallbladder? Simple columnar, Simple cuboidal, simple squamous,
ciliated pseudostratified squamous
23.Submucosal glands can be seen in what? Duodenum Brunners glands
24.What organs are retroperitoneal? Rocker Kids Party Down c AC/DC Records (rec, kid, panc,
duod, ascending / descending colon; R
25.What are the branches of Subclavian artery? Internal thoracic, vertebral, thyrocervical trunk
26.Spheno-occipital synchondrosis is what type of cartilage? Hyaline
27.TMJ is innervated by? Auriculotemporal, also sees messeteric and one other that I always
forget
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28.Which muscle has tendon that wraps around pterygoid hamulus? Tensor veli palatine
29.If dentin formation occurs AFTER the breaking up of root sheath of Hertwig, what forms?
Lateral cannal???
Accessory root canals are formed by a break or perforation in the root sheathBEFORE the root dentin is depositedStraight from Decks
After first root dentin is deposited, the cervical portion of Hertwigs epithelial rootsheath breaks down and this new dentin comes in contact with the dental sac.
30.What is the component in enamel? Enamel spindle, tuft, lamelle, calcified rods. All of them
31.Buccinator muscle originates where? Buccopharyngeal raphe (pterygomandibular raphe), as
well as the maxilla, mandible, ptergomaxillary ligament
32.What veins drain into cavernous sinus? Ophthalmic artery (internal carotid), and CN VI
What goes through sinus and what is on the wall: oculomotor, abducens, trochlear, and ophthalmicnerve all lie in the wall of sinus.
33.Right lymphatic duct drain what structures? Right side of head and neck, right upper extremity
and right side of thorax
34.What is the pressure of large veins at right atrium? Lowest pressure, vena cava is 4 mm Hg,
atria must be lower
35.What is constant throughout the cardiovascular system? Endothelium, smooth muscle, vasavasorum
36.Skeletal muscle differs from cardiac muscle in what way? Skeletal muscle can hypertrophyso can cardiac, has shorter action potential,
37.Facial nerve exists where? Stylomastoid foramen
38.Where is the lumbar puncture usually done? L3L5
39.Which is NOT found in pulp cavity nerve fibers? lymphatics, blood vessels, cementoblasts
40.Which is derived from neural crest? Parasympathetic preganglionic cell bodies, sympathetic
preganglionic cell bodies, sypathethic postganglionic cell bodies (97 test)
41.Anterior pillar of fauces? Palatoglossus
42.All of the following are innervated by hypoglossal nerve except what? Palatoglossus
43.What is the depression on the upper lip called? Philtrum
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44.What kind of fibers are found in large numbers in the middle third of the root? oblique
45.Which is not the reason pulp cavity gets smaller? Caries, thermal shock, normal mastication,age
46.
What is the dark band on skeletal muscle? Myosin
_______________question in more recent year
______________stuff to still go over
______________ not positive on the answer
2000
1. The mylohyoid is not considered a primary elevator of the mandible and the lateral pterygoid is
in rare instances.
2. The vertebral artery is most often a branch of the subclavian artery
3. The maxillary sinus and the nasal cavity is situated in the middle nasal meatus at the semilunar
hiatus
4. A branch of the ansa cervicalis supplies the innervation for the sternohyoid muscle
5. Principal fibers of the PDL demonstrate collagen fibers, NOT reticular or other types of fibers
6. Melanocytes migrate to the lamina propria of the oral mucosa from the neural crest
7. The left recurrent laryngeal nerve passes beneath the ligamentum arteriousum
8. Unilateral cleft lip results from the failure of the fusion/merging of the maxillary process and
medial nasal process
9. The pre-ameloblasts and pre-odontoblasts correspond best to the epidermis and dermis
10.LOCATIONS OF WHERE THE PAIN AND TEMPERATURE AS WELL AS THE
CONSCIOUS PROPRIOCEPTION travel in the spinal cord
11.There are no capillaries in the epidermis. However, there are eleiden, desmosomes, mitotic
cells, and free nerve endings
12.The secondary center of ossification is found in the epiphysis, not the epiphyseal plate, or the
diaphysis. Grows radially. The primary ossification is in the diaphysis
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13.Lymph from the superior quadrant of the mammary gland drains first to the nodes that are
adjacent to the axillary veins
14.The teres major is responsible for the medial rotator at the gleno-humeral joint
15.Testosterone is elaborated from the sertoli cells. It is produced by the Leydig cells
16.The root sheath (Hertwig) must be broken for cementum to be deposited
17.Hassalls corpuscles are characteristic of the thymus
18.Which of the following histological describes oral mucosa found on the floor of the mouth:
nonkeratinized epithelium with a lamina propria and a submucosa
19.Muscle found in the wall of the arteriole has fibers with single, centrally placed nucleus
(smooth muscle)
20.The left coronary artery arises from the ascending aorta
21.The NUCLEOLUS is most directly involved in synthesis of ribosomal RNA
22.The lingual nerveis located directly on the lateral surface of the medial pterygoid
muscle
23.The carotid sheath contains the vagus nerve, the internal jugular vein, and the common carotid
artery, BUT NOT the ansa cervicalis
24.The oral part of the pharynx communicates directly with the oral cavity, the laryngopharynx,
and nasopharynx, NOT, the trachea, esophagus, maxillary sinus, larynx, tympanic membrane,
or nasal cavity
25.Foramen:
a. The mandibular nerve passes through the foramen ovale
b. The optic nerve passes through the optic canal
c. The maxillary artery passes through the infratemporal fossa
d. Middle meningeal artery passes through the foramen spinosum
26.The nerves of the anterior abdominal wall lie immediately deep to the internal oblique muscle
27.Glycocalyx are located extracellularly
a. At the apical surface, microvilliform finger-like processes called the brush border.
They have a core of microfilaments and a glycocalyx coat. Actin filaments anchor
the microvilli in the exoplasmic zone of the cell (cytoskeleton
b. On all cell surfaces recall there is a plasma membrane and on the outer surface of that
are carbohydrates and lipids called a glycocalyx. Plant cells have a thick cellulose
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covering. Animals have a less rigid carbohydrate covering that is responsible for blood
grouping ABO antigens. Antigenicity is imparted by the glycocalyx. That
glycocalyx is particularly well developed in the intestinal absorptive cells of the kidney
where its components are involved in absorption.
28.Lysosomes, microtubules, tonofibrils, and karatohyalin granules are all located intracellularly
29.The sublingual caruncles are elevations that are located on both sides of the lingual frenum
30.The platysma is supplied by the facial nerve
31.The inferior parathyroid gland develops from the fourth pharyngeal arch
32.The retromandibular vein is formed within the parotid gland by the union of the superficial
temporal and maxillary veins
33.The greater splanchnic nerve consists of sympatheit fibers from vertebral spinal levels T5T9
34.The bifurcation of the trachea lies at the level of the sternal angle
35.Proprioceptive information related to muscles of mastication is conveyed by neurons located in
the mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve
36.The articulating surface of the adult mandibular condyle is covered by collagenous connective
tissue
37.Fibrocartilage normally occurs in intervertebral discs
38.Touch receptors are most numerous per unit area in the tip of the tongue
39.The apical third of the root has the thickest layer of cementum
40.The esophagus has stratified squamous epithelium
41.In a histologic section through the epiphyseal plate of the femur of an 18 year old male, the
zone of hypertrophy and maturation show cartilage lacunae swollen and chondrocytes enlarged
42.In erythropoiesis, there is an increased cytoplasm acidophilia from the proerythroblasts
43.Initially the developing heart is between the prochordal plate and the notochord
44.Pharyngeal tonsils are characteristically covered by ciliated pseudostratified columnar
a. This is the distinguishing feature Histologically from the palatine tonsils
b.
Palantine tonsil has squamou
c. Tonsils are the only ones that dont have crypts
45.Urinary bladder differs from gallbladder in that urinary bladder is lined with transitional
epithelium and gallbladder is lined with simple columnar epithelium
46.Epithelium with microvilli is most often associated with absorption
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47.The maxillary nerve passes through the foramen rotundum
48.An apical abscess of a mandibular second molar can reach the floor of the mouth by
contiguous spread due to the lingual attachment of the mylohyoid muscle
49.Apical granules in parenchymal cells of the salivary gland represent secretion precursors, not
large mitochondria or primary lysosomes
50.The ascending aorta differs from the superior vena cava in that the aorta has more elastic tissue
in the tunica media
51.Sharpeys fibersfrom the PDL insert into the bundle bone and the cementum, not the cortical
plates
52.The lingual nerve receives temperature sensation from the tip of the tongue
53.Enamel rods converge as they pass from the DEJ toward the surface in the area of fissures,
NOT incisal edges, or cervical lines
54.The V shaped demarcation that separates the anterior 2/3 of tongue from the posterior is the
sulcus terminalis
55.Meckels cartilage is responsible fro the directional growth of the mandible
56.Emissary veins connect the venous sinuses of the dura mater with the extracranial veins
57.Parietal cells produce gastric intrinsic factor
58.A deviation of the tongue, when protruded, away from the midline results from damage to the
CN XII
59.An outer fibrous coat and an inner osteogenic cellular layer is found in periosteum
60.The lingual nerve innervates the mucosa of the floor of the oral cavity
61.Free gingival groove is the line of demarcation between the attached gingival and the free
gingival
62.Blood vessels are not found in cementum, but cells, lacunae, canaliculi, and collagen fibers are
found in cementum
63.The maxillary artery is the major artery in the infratemporal fossa
64.The nasolacrimal duct drains into the inferior meatus
65.Postganglionic fibers from the pterygopalatine ganglion are not found in the parotid gland, but
are found in the lacrimal, palatal, nasal septal mucosa, and lateral nasal mucosa
66.The splenic artery is a branch of the celiac trunk
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11.Muscles and their arches:
a. First: mastication
b. Second: facial expression
c. Third: stylopharyngeous, IX
d. Fifth: trapezius/SCM and CN XI
12.Bowmanscapsule has what type of epithelium has simple squamous and on the visceral it has
podocytes
13.An infection spreading by way of the lymphatic system from the vermiform appendix first
enters the blood stream at the junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins
(brachiocephalic vein)
14.The internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve pierces the thyrohyoid membrane
15.Cells of the stratum granulosumin the keratinized portion of the oral mucosa are
characterized by the presence of numerous keratohyalin granules.
16.Preganglionic PS fibers that synapse in the pterygopalatine ganglion travel in the greater
petrosal nerve (which is from the facial)
17.The phrenic nerve provides the major sensory supply to the parietal pericarcium branches
18.The articular eminence represents the anterior boundary of the mandibular fossa of the
temporal bone
19.Microglia exhibit phagocytic activity in the central nervous system
20.The hypoglossal nerve travels from the carotid triangle into the submandibular triangle of the
neck
21.In the temperomandibular joint, a very dense collection of organized elastic fibers is found in
the posterior inferior lamina of the bilaminar zone
22.Stimulation of the lesser petrosal nerve in an adult causes secretion in the parotid gland
23.The greater petrosal nerve causes secretion in the lacrimal gland
24.The internal thoracic artery gives rise to the superior epigastric and musculophrenic
25.The branches of the maxillary artery supply:
a. Nasal septum: sphenopalatine/lateral nasal
b. Mandibular incisors: lingual artery
c. Hard and soft palate: greater palatine
d. Muscles of mastication: 2nd
segment of maxillary artery
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e. BUT NOT supraorbital area: which is supplied by the ophthalmic of the internal carotid
26.The parotid and von Ebners are pure serous
27.The palatine is the only pure mucous
28.The following venous channels has direct connection with the pterygoid venous plexus:
a. Maxillary vein
b. Deep facial vein
c. Intraorbital vein
d. Posterior superior alveolar vein
e. BUT NOT the vertebral artery, nor internal carotid artery, which is represented by
superior ophthalmic
29.Buccal mucosa has nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelia
30.The frontal bone forms the roof of the orbit
31.Mature dental pulp contains loose connective tissue
32.Simple columnar epithelium is normally associated with the internal lining of the majority of
the gastrointestinal system
33.There is a distinct change in the type of surface epithelium at the junction of the stomach and
esophagus
34.In mammalian skeletal muscles, the T tubules are found at the junction of the A and I bands
35.The lingual raphe is not located at the boundary between the bodyand the root of the tongue
36.The thyrocervical trunk is comprised of the inferior thyroid, the transverse cervical artery and
the suprascapular artery
37.Lymphatic vessels in the upper limb follow veins
38.Basophils and mast cells each secrete heparin and histamine
39.Ameloblasts will form enamel if the stratum intermedium is present
40.The middle cardiac vein drains into the coronary sinus, which then drains into the right atrium
41.The presence of collagen fibers differentiates between cementum and enamel
42.Peritubular is the most highly mineralized type of dentin
43.The anterior pillar of the fauces is composed of the mucosal fold containing the palatoglossus
44.The retroperitoneal organs consists of the:
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45.The oldest enamel in a fully erupted first molar is located at the DEJ under a cusp
46.In an adult, a Babinski sign indicates damage to the upper motor neurons
47.The posterior aspect of the condyle can be palpated by way of the external auditory meatus
48.During the life span of a multirooted tooth, dentin continues to form most rapidly on the roof
of the pulp chamber
49.The articular disc of the temporomandibular joint consists in dense fibrous connective tissue
containing some chondrocytes
50.Proteins for extracellular use can be synthesized from rough endoplasmic reticulum
51.Intelligence and sensory motor functions of a patient appear to be intact. However, the pt lacks
self discipline and is unable to plan for the future or to organize behaviors into logical
sequences. A lesion is most likely from the frontal lobe
52.The primary function of cementum is to serve as an attachment to the PDL
53.The posterior belly of the digastric is supplied by the facial nerve
54.Rupture of the middle meningeal artery is likely to lead to subduralhematoma
55.The mylohydoid ridge line is found on the body of the mandible
56.An abnormal increase in blood pressure in a healthy person will result in an increased number
of impulses traveling to the heart over the Vagus
57.During fetal development a shunt from the pulmonary artery leads to the aortic arch. This is
called ductus arteriosus58.The amount of fibrous CT increases in the pulp with age
59.The phrenic nerve is in direct contact with the prevertebral fascia (and anterior scalene)
(maybe infrahyoid fascia)
60.Cell bodies of neurons mediating proprioception from the face lie in the mesencephalic (jaw
jerk reflex)
61.Mucosa from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue develop primarily from the lateral lingual
swellings
62.Type II pneumocytes produce surfactant
63.Sphenomandibular ligament is the one most damaged following inferior alveolar nerve blocks
64.Endochondral ossification occurs in formation of the long bones
65.The junction of the tooth surface and the cervical epithelium is composed of basal lamina-like
structure
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66.Upper motor neuron paralysis of the facial nerve most commonly affects the contralateral face
below the eyeballs.
a. Lower motor neurons would effect ipsilateral of the whole face
67.The pharynge
top related