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Building consensus on a generic water scarcity indicator for LCA-‐based water footprint:
preliminary results from WULCALCA Food, San Francisco (USA), 2014
Anne-‐Marie Boulay, Jane Bare, Lorenzo Benini, Markus Berger, Inga Klemmayer, Michael Lathuilliere, Philippe Loubet, Alessandro Manzardo, Manuele Margni, Montserrat Núñez, Bradley Ridoutt, Sebastien Worbe, Stephan Pfister
HumanHealth
EcosystemQuality
Resources
Toxic Impacts
Respiratory effects
Ionizing radiation
Ozone layer depletion
Photochem. oxydation
Acidification
Eutrophication
Land use
Abiotic ressouce use
Biotic ressource use
Global warming
Pesticide
Crude OilIron Ore
Phosphate
CO2
Irrigation Water
Outputs
Inputs
DieselCu
…
…
Problems Areas of protection
WHAT ARE THE IMPACTS ASSOCIATED WITHWATER?
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Water FootprintWater availability
ISO DIS 14046: Water footprint: Principles, requirements and guidelines
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Developed in an international consensus-‐based process 2009 – 2014Approved in May 2014Published in August 2014
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Should be life-‐cycle basedCould be “stand-‐alone” or part of a full Life Cycle Assessment Results should include impact assessment (volumes not sufficient) and address regional issuesBoth quantity and quality should be consideredComprehensive impact assessment related to water (not only water use but all impacts related to water)
Can result in one or several indicators
ISO 14046 WATER FOOTPRINTIMPORTANT CONCEPTS
Water Footprint types as per ISO 14046
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Water availability
Water degradation
MIDPOINTProfile of midpoint indicators
-Water scarcity footprintOR
- Water availability footprint
-Human toxicity-Ecotoxicity-Eutrophication-Acidification
ENDPOINTHuman health -‐ Malnutrition and/or
water related diseasesHuman toxicity
Ecosystems -‐ Terrestrial ecosystems- Aquatic ecosystems
-Ecotoxicity-Eutrophication-Acidification
“qualified” water footprint (ex: “degradation” WF, “scarcity” WF, etc)
Water footprint
WULCA Working groupWater Use in LCA -‐ International initiative for LCA (2007)Goal
– Provide guidance to practitioners and researchers on the topic of water use impact assessment in LCA
– Transition into Phase 3 and official acceptance from Life Cycle Initiative in Spring 2013
– Identified in Glasgow as a Flagship category from the Global Guidance Flagship categories from UNEP SETAC Life Initiative
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Anne-‐Marie BoulayProject Manager, Chair
Stephan PfisterDeputy Manager, Co-‐Chair
www.wulca-‐waterlca.org
Laying the ground work
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Framework on how to assess water use in LCA
Qualitative comparison of existing methods
Quantitative comparison of existing methods
Development of a
consensual method
Development of several new methods
2009 20132012
Water Inventory (Surface water,
renewable groundwater,
fossil groundwater)
Impact on human health
Impact on Ecosystems
Impact on Resources
Inventory from compensation processes
Compensation processes
Human health specific midpoint
Volume of water to be obtained through
compensation
Ecosystem specific midpoint
Resource specific midpoint
Stress-‐based generic midpoint
Generic stress-‐based midpoint
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No true common midpoint for human health and ecosystems
Consistent (proportional) results cannot be obtained between a midpoint indicator and the endpoint indicators
à Regionalization affects both midpoint and endpoint models
Desire to develop a stress-‐based midpoint indicator ànot necessarily correlated to HH and EQ, àProvides a simple single indicator to support decisionà In compliance with ISO 14046
Generic stress-‐based midpoint
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Anthropocentric scarcity
Ecocentricscarcity
Rank correlation: 99%
Hydrocentric scarcity approach
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Rank correlation with anthropo-‐ or ecocentric: 84-‐85%
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Next steps: Classification of the concepts of current indicators à The right indicator for the right question
1-‐ Questions: “To which extent are humans using the available water in this region?”, “What is the potential
of affecting water availability for human uses?”
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Indicator: Based on consumption-‐to-‐availability ratio (CTA) or withdrawals-‐to-‐availability ratio (WTA) This indicator represents the intensity of human use with respect to the availability of water but disregards the potential harm on ecosystems (actual or future).
Consumption-‐to-‐availability (CTA)(scale is 5 equal groups of regions)
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2-‐ Questions: “What is the potential of depriving another user from water, with no specification of who
the user is (i.e. humans or ecosystems)?”
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Depriving: using water that is being used by another user, which means that if they do not have this water, they will actively adapt/change and/or suffer consequencesIndicator: based on human and ecosystem demands, divided by available water (Demand-‐to-‐Availability, DTA)
à This indicator represents the intensity of the water demand in comparison with availability in a region, which means that the higher the demand is in comparison to what is available, the more likely a user will be deprived by an additional demand. Actual effects of this deprivation (adaptation, change or consequences) are not included.
Demand-‐to-‐Availability (DTA)preliminary
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Scale is 5 equal groups of regions
3-‐ Questions: “How much water is available in this region?”, “What is the risk of running out of water?”, “how dry is the region?”, “how critical is the water
availability in this area and how much will an additional use affect it?”
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Indicator: based on (available water per area)-‐1
This indicator, when multiplied by inventory, provides the fraction corresponding to the water consumed compared to available.
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Available water per area
(Available – consumed) water per area
Conclusions and ongoing work
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At this point, an indicator based on the DTA ratio seems preferred, but expert workshops are still ongoing
It is recognized that desert areas should be considered with careà LCA hypothesis of “marginal contribution” may not apply for water consumption in these regions
Current discussions on other modeling aspects (thresholds, data source, regional and temporal resolution, etc)
Results expected in Spring 2015!à Follow us: www.wulca-‐waterlca.org
and Linked In group WULCA
SPONSORS
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QUESTIONS?
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Anne-‐Marie Boulay, PhDCIRAIG – Ecole Polytechniquede Montreal
anne-‐marie.boulay@polymtl.ca
www.wulca-‐waterlca.org
Link with ISO water footprint processThere is no official link between ISO DIS 14046 on Water footprint and WULCA, however:
-The convener and several delegates of the ISO working group are members of WULCA- The work of WULCA has served as a basis in the development of the Standard-The standard does not propose one specific method, but rather Principles, Requirements and Guidelines- WULCA can propose this method as the result of a consensus which could be integrated in the next review of the standard
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Goal of the flagship project
• Establish a consensual set of environmental impact category indicators
• For use in – Environmental product information schemes– Corporate reporting of multinational companies– International and/or national environmental policies– Common LCA work commissioned by governments and companies
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General outline• Task 1: Scoping phase (2012-‐2013)
Establish short list of impact category indicators and themes for first and second stageà Yokohama 2012 & Glasgow 2013 scoping workshopsà Stakeholder feedback at events worldwide
• Task 2: Consensus finding, stage 1 (2013-‐2015)à Pellston workshop 1 (with output being an agreement)
• Task 3: Consensus finding, stage 2 (2015-‐2017)à Pellston workshop 2
• Task 4: Dissemination (2018)
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Global Guidance on LCIA indicatorsChairs: Olivier Jolliet and Rolf
Frischknecht
WULCAChair: Anne-‐Marie BoulayCo-‐chair: Stephan Pfister
• Consensus on global warming indicator • Consensus on
water use indicator
• Education and training
• Guidance to practitioners and researchers
• Scientific support to other initiatives and events (e.g. ISO TR 14073)
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• Consensus on other indicators
Current General Framework
Water Inventory (Surface water,
renewable groundwater,
fossil groundwater)
Volume of water
unavailable to other users
Volume of water
deprived causing health
damages
Impact on human health
Impact on Ecosystems
Impact on Ressources
Inventory from compensation processes
InventoryMidpoint impacts
Endpoint Impacts
Compensation processes
ScarcitySocio-
economic para-meter
Volume of water to be obtained
through compensation
Distribution of water
deprivation
Water deprived for domestic users
Water deprived for fisheries
Water deprived for agriculture
Water-related diseases effect per m3 deprived (dom)
Malnutrition effect per m3 deprived (agri)
Malnutrition effect per m3 deprived
(fish)
Disruption of water balance
Change in flow quantity Terrestrial species
loss per m3
deprivedAquatic species
loss per m3
deprived
Overuse assessment
Change in flow regime
Change in groundwater table
level
Loss of water quality
Overuse of renewable water
bodiesfossil groundwater
depletion
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