ap biology at bensalem high school with ms. gallagher ap biology at bensalem high school with ms....

AP Biology at Bensalem High School With

Ms. Gallagher

AP Biology at Bensalem High School With

Ms. Gallagher

A Little about Advanced Placement

Courses are designed by “The College Board” To emulate freshman college courses

AP Test covers the entire year of work

AP BIOLOGY is an 8 credit course. That is two semesters of college-level work

Most colleges and universities award students 8 credits if they achieve a 4 or 5. Some colleges accept a 3 for nonscience majors

The Exam

May 13, 2013

63 Multiple Choice Questions

6 “Grid” Answer Questions

2 Long “FRQs”

4 Short “FRQs”

Free Response Questions

3 hour exam

Cost: Approx. $85.00

AP BIO AT BHS

Laboratory-intense, Inquiry-based

We will perform 24 freshman college laboratories

Text: Campbell’s Biology, 7th/9th ed. Entire text is available online at “ The Campbell Place

AP Review Books: Wait until January when the updated versions will be available.

Additional resources

Campbell’s Biology on-line has animations, self quizzes, and lecture outlines.

College Board: Previous FRQs available on the college board web site

Wikispace: Tutorials, Quizzes, WebSites, and our Calendar are all available to you on-line at :

bhsgallagher.wikispaces.com

Grading

Homework/Classwork – 15%

Laboratory Work and Lab Quizzes – 30%

Tests and Essays – 55%

The AP TEST will count as your final. If you are not taking the test, you will need to take a first and second semester final exam

EXTRA CREDIT: Students who participate in PJAS will receive extra credit in the third marking period.

WORK LOAD

Students are expected to spend at least one hour every night on AP BIO.

And more time to prepare for the exam in May.

Contacting me:

kgallaghe@bensalemsd.org

Or 215-750-2800 ex: 3054

Wikispaces:

http://bhsgallagher.wikispaces.com

Field Trip

Suggestions?

We’ve done the Zoo for the last several years.

Covalent

Double covalent

Nonpolar covalent

Polar covalent

Ionic

Hydrogen

van der Waals forces

Chemical Bonding

Covalent Bonding

Sharing pair of valence electrons

Number of electrons required to complete an atom’s valence shell determines how many bonds will form

Ex: Hydrogen & oxygen bonding in water; methane

Polar/nonpolar covalent bondsElectronegativityattraction

for electrons

Nonpolar covalent •electrons shared equally

•Ex: diatomic H2 and O2

Polar covalent

•one atom more electronegative than the other (charged)

•Ex: water

Ionic bondingHigh electronegativity

difference strips valence electrons away from another atom

Electron transfer creates ions (charged atoms)

Cation (positive ion); anion (negative ion)

Ex: Salts (sodium chloride)

Ionic bonds

Hydrogen bonds

Hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom (oxygen or nitrogen)

Chemical Bonding: Importants points are ???

Ionic Bonds Covalant Bonds Polar Nonpolar Hydrogen

van der Waals interactions

Weak interactions between molecules or parts of molecules that are brought about by localized charge fluctuations

Due to the fact that electrons are constantly in motion and at any given instant, ever-changing “hot spots” of negative or positive charge may develop

Water

Polar: opposite ends, opposite charges

Cohesion: H+ bonds holding molecules together

Adhesion:H+ bonds holding molecules to another substance

Surface tension: measurement of the difficulty to break or stretch the surface of a liquid

Special Characteristics of Water

•Specific heatSpecific heat: Amount of heat : Amount of heat absorbed or lost to change absorbed or lost to change temperature by 1temperature by 1ooCC

•Heat of vaporizationHeat of vaporization: Quantity of : Quantity of heat required to convert 1g from heat required to convert 1g from liquid to gas statesliquid to gas states

•DensityDensity:Solid state less dense than :Solid state less dense than liquidliquid

Density

Less dense as solid than liquid

Due to hydrogen bonding

Crystalline lattice keeps molecules at

a distance

Acid/Base & pHDissociation of water into a hydrogen ion and

a hydroxide ion

Acid: increases the hydrogen concentration of a solution

Base: reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution

pH: “power of hydrogen”

Buffers: substances that minimize H+ and OH- concentrations (accepts or donates H+ ions)

pH Determination:

Water : Mostly HOH molecules

Very few H+ ions and OH- ion

More H+ = Low pH = Acidic

More OH- = High pH= Basic

pH scale is exponential ( Like seismic waves )

pH + pOH = 14

pH = - log [H+], pOH = - log [OH]

pH = exponent in the [H+]

Complete the Chart

[H+] [OH-] pH Acidic/Basic/Neutral ?

10-7 10-7

4

10-8

11

Review Questions

1. How does water stabilize global temperature ?

2. How does sweating help maintain your temperature?

3. Temperature is a measure of ? ______________

4. How much more acidic is a solution with a pH of 2 versus one

with a pH of 4 ? _______________

5. What is a buffer? Why are they important?

6. How would you make a 0.1 M solution of glucose?

7. Sketch a water molecules showing its shape and the electron shells

with the covalently shared electrons. Indicate the areas with slight

negative and positive charges that enable a water molecule to form

hydrogen bonds.