ap world history chapter 28 the new power balance 1850-1900

AP World History

Chapter 28

The New Power Balance

1850-1900

The New Power Balance

Producing lots of steel at low cost.

New chemicals & synthetic dyes.

Alfred Nobel – dynamite for engineering & explosives

The New Power Balance

Industrial chemistry -science and technology interacted daily.

German chemical & explosives industries most advanced by 1900.

The New Power Balance

1870s - efficient generators for industry.

Alleviated pollution.

Huge demand for copper.

The New Power Balance

Advances in shipbuilding

Developed shipping lines

Submarine telegraph lines

The New Power Balance

Railroads expanded between 1850-1900 for industry, business and government. Used wood but opened new areas for agriculture, mining, etc.

The New Power Balance

Between 1850-1913 world trade expanded tenfold as freight expense dropped.

Interdependence made them vulnerable to swings in business cycles.

The New Power Balance

Between 1850-1914 – rapid population growth.

European ancestry now at 1/3 of world population.

Why?

The New Power Balance

Drop in death rate

Improved crop yields

Farming newly opened lands in North America

Canning & refrigeration

The New Power Balance

After 1850, cities grew @ tremendous rate . Technology changed quality of life. Cities were divided into zones.

Air quality worsened.

The New Power Balance

Labor unions developed from the workers’ “friendly societies” & sought better wages, improved working conditions & insurance for workers.

The New Power Balance

Socialism – questioned the sanctity of private ownership.

Karl Marx – International Working Man’s Association

The New Power Balance

Victorian Age (r. 1837-1901)

Separate spheres

Education

Legal discrimination

The New Power Balance

Language crucial for national unity.

Until 1860 – Nationalism = liberalism. National identity built on education, colonial conquests, & military.

The New Power Balance

Prussia took the lead due to its industrial base & military.

Otto von Bismarck – Franco Prussian War victory led to German unity.

The New Power Balance

Used press and education to build nationalism.“Natural selection” and “survival of the fittest” justified conquests of foreign & domesticate society.

The New Power Balance

International relations revolved around a united Germany – loose alliances with Austria-Hungary and Russia. Bismarck fired.

Wilhelm II - wanted colonies.

The New Power Balance

France – 2nd to Germany nationalism was hidden.

Britain – ignored Germany, busy with the Irish, Crimean War, Indian rebellion & Opium War in China

The New Power Balance

Nationalism weakened A-H & Russia.

Ethnic diversity added to instability of Russia

1861 –Tsar Alexander II freed peasants from serfdom

The New Power Balance

State industrialization

Middle class remained weak

Temporary constitution and the Duma ineffective as Nicholas II reverts to despotism of the past.

The New Power Balance

U.S. emerges as world’s leading industrial power.

Growth came at expense of Amerindian, African-Americans, working women, & the environment.

The New Power Balance

China denied western technologies –slowed intrusion. Japan adopted western technologies and progressed.

The New Power Balance

Japanese gov’t encouraged industrialization. Developed a constitutional monarchy & expanded sphere’s of influence to include Korea, Manchuria, & parts of China.

The New Power Balance

Japan defeated China in 1894

Japan defeated Russia in 1905

Japan annexed Korea in 1910.

Conclusion

1850 -1914 “Golden Age” for Europe & North America. Made improvements in health, sanitation, advances in technology, & reforms that made life better for all.

Conclusion

The framework for all these changes was the nation-state. Only a few countries exercised economic, political, & cultural dominance in the world.

Conclusion

The success of the great powers rested on their ability to extract resources from nature & from other societies including Asia, Africa and Latin America.