ap world history chapter 28 the new power balance 1850-1900
TRANSCRIPT
AP World History
Chapter 28
The New Power Balance
1850-1900
The New Power Balance
Producing lots of steel at low cost.
New chemicals & synthetic dyes.
Alfred Nobel – dynamite for engineering & explosives
The New Power Balance
Industrial chemistry -science and technology interacted daily.
German chemical & explosives industries most advanced by 1900.
The New Power Balance
1870s - efficient generators for industry.
Alleviated pollution.
Huge demand for copper.
The New Power Balance
Advances in shipbuilding
Developed shipping lines
Submarine telegraph lines
The New Power Balance
Railroads expanded between 1850-1900 for industry, business and government. Used wood but opened new areas for agriculture, mining, etc.
The New Power Balance
Between 1850-1913 world trade expanded tenfold as freight expense dropped.
Interdependence made them vulnerable to swings in business cycles.
The New Power Balance
Between 1850-1914 – rapid population growth.
European ancestry now at 1/3 of world population.
Why?
The New Power Balance
Drop in death rate
Improved crop yields
Farming newly opened lands in North America
Canning & refrigeration
The New Power Balance
After 1850, cities grew @ tremendous rate . Technology changed quality of life. Cities were divided into zones.
Air quality worsened.
The New Power Balance
Labor unions developed from the workers’ “friendly societies” & sought better wages, improved working conditions & insurance for workers.
The New Power Balance
Socialism – questioned the sanctity of private ownership.
Karl Marx – International Working Man’s Association
The New Power Balance
Victorian Age (r. 1837-1901)
Separate spheres
Education
Legal discrimination
The New Power Balance
Language crucial for national unity.
Until 1860 – Nationalism = liberalism. National identity built on education, colonial conquests, & military.
The New Power Balance
Prussia took the lead due to its industrial base & military.
Otto von Bismarck – Franco Prussian War victory led to German unity.
The New Power Balance
Used press and education to build nationalism.“Natural selection” and “survival of the fittest” justified conquests of foreign & domesticate society.
The New Power Balance
International relations revolved around a united Germany – loose alliances with Austria-Hungary and Russia. Bismarck fired.
Wilhelm II - wanted colonies.
The New Power Balance
France – 2nd to Germany nationalism was hidden.
Britain – ignored Germany, busy with the Irish, Crimean War, Indian rebellion & Opium War in China
The New Power Balance
Nationalism weakened A-H & Russia.
Ethnic diversity added to instability of Russia
1861 –Tsar Alexander II freed peasants from serfdom
The New Power Balance
State industrialization
Middle class remained weak
Temporary constitution and the Duma ineffective as Nicholas II reverts to despotism of the past.
The New Power Balance
U.S. emerges as world’s leading industrial power.
Growth came at expense of Amerindian, African-Americans, working women, & the environment.
The New Power Balance
China denied western technologies –slowed intrusion. Japan adopted western technologies and progressed.
The New Power Balance
Japanese gov’t encouraged industrialization. Developed a constitutional monarchy & expanded sphere’s of influence to include Korea, Manchuria, & parts of China.
The New Power Balance
Japan defeated China in 1894
Japan defeated Russia in 1905
Japan annexed Korea in 1910.
Conclusion
1850 -1914 “Golden Age” for Europe & North America. Made improvements in health, sanitation, advances in technology, & reforms that made life better for all.
Conclusion
The framework for all these changes was the nation-state. Only a few countries exercised economic, political, & cultural dominance in the world.
Conclusion
The success of the great powers rested on their ability to extract resources from nature & from other societies including Asia, Africa and Latin America.