arranging for drum corps thesis
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ASPECTS FOR ARRANGING FOR DRUM CORPS:
IT'S ALL ABOUT THE MUSIC!!!
by
JOHN A. LEGGETT, B.M.
A THESIS
IN
MUSIC THEORY
Submitted to the Graduate Faculty
of Texas Tech University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for
the Degree of
MASTER OF MUSIC
Approved
Chairperson of the Committee
Accepted
Dean of the Graduate School
May, 2004
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thank You, LORD for granting me the strength to realize my
dreams, my destiny, and how I may serve others
Thank you Dr. Michael Stoune for your extreme patience, fatherly
advice and determination in the creation of this project. To Dr. Paul
Cutter, a professor that I admired ...I respect the both of you and will
always remember you with a smile on my face. There are no words to
express how the both of you influenced my life.
To Dr. Edward Pearsall, a music theorist with a Heart of Gold and
the passion of a true musician. Without your leadership and genuine
concern in my academic life, I would have never achieved my dream.
Thank You Drs. Peter Fischer and Thomas Hughes...for your
compassion, advice, and tutelage to help me "stay the course." I could
not ask for a better choice of advisors on this project.
To Joan Arlene Mueller (deceased) ...you taught me to believe in
and help others in a way that I will always treasure ...I will always miss
you.
To my daughter Tracy, you taught me to love and protect those
that are special to me and to go forth and make a difference. I will always
love you.
To my wife (deceased) Donna Jean ...as every day passes, I realize
how much you mean to me and what I meant to you. As my life goes on, I
patiently wait until we meet again under the arches of Vahalla.
To G-Angel....for showing me what is and what can be....I will
always love you and be your friend.
To those who participate (d) in the Summer Music Games, DCA and
Especially Syracuse Brigadiers....May the Contest Always Continue This
Project is for All of You.
Ill
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii
LIST OF TABLES vi
LIST OF MUSICAL EXAMPLES vii
CHAPTER
I. JUSTIFICATION 1
II. THE BIRTH OF DRUM CORPS INTERNATIONAL (DCI) 17
III. BRASS INSTRUMENTS USED IN DRUM AND BUGLE CORPS CIRCA 1976 38
IV. ASPECTS OF ARRANGING FOR A
DRUM CORPS HORNUNE 52
V. HOW THE CHANNEL ONE Sf/TE ARRANGEMENT WAS CREATED 72
VI. CH/4A//VEL0A/ESL//TE: MELODIC ANALYSIS 92
VII. BLUEPRINT OF CH/\/\//VEL0A/ESL//7E 118
VIII. HARMONIC ANALYSIS OF CHANNEL ONE SUITE 135
IX. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 146
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 150
IV
APPENDIX
A. PERMISSION LETTER FROM WARNER BROTHERS PUBLICATIONS 154
B. CHANNEL ONE SUITE SCORE ARRANGED BY JOHN A. LEGGETT 156
LIST OF TABLES
1: Distribution of Brass Instruments in DCI Sanctioned Corps 55
2: Distribution of the Battery
in DCI Sanctioned Corps 58
3: Channel One Suite Mvt. I 124
4: Channel One Suite Mvt. I 125
5: Channel One Suite Mvt. I 126
6: Channel One Suite Mvt. I 127
7: Channel One Suite MvL II 128
8: Channel One Suite MvL II 129
9: Channel One Suite Mvt. II 130
10: Channel One Suite Mvt. Ill 131
11: Channel One Suite M\n. Ill 132
12: Channel One Suite Mvt. Ill 133
13: Channel One Suite Mvt. Ill 134
VI
LIST OF MUSICAL EXAMPLES
1. Table of Octaves 45
2. Soprano Bugle Written and Sounding Ranges 46
3. French Horn Bugle Overtone Series 47
4. French Horn Bugle Written and Sounding Ranges 48
5. Mellophone Bugle Written and Sounding Ranges 50
6. Baritone/Euphonium Bugle Written and Sounding Ranges 52
7. Contra Bugle Written and Sounding Range 54
8. MM. 4-9: Channel One Suite, Mvt. Ill Arr. By John A. Leggett 62
9. MM. 31-36: Channel One Suite, Mvt. I Arr. By John A. Leggett 62
10. MM. 18-25: Channel One Suite Arr. By John A. Leggett 63
11. MM. 27-34: Channel One Suite Arr. By John A. Leggett 64
12. MM. 23-31: Channel One Suite, Mvt. II Arr. By John A. Leggett 64
13. MM. 99-100: Channel One Suite Arr. By John A. Leggett 65
14. MM. 10-13: Channel One Suite Arr. By John A. Leggett 66
vu
15. MM. 55-61: Channel One Suite, Mvt. II Arr. By John A. Leggett 69
16. MM. 3-7: Channel One Suite, Mvt. II Arr. By John A. Leggett 70
17. MM. 10-13: Channel One Suite, Mvt. I
Arr. By John A. Leggett 71
18. MM. 9-14: Original Com position, Channel One Suite 76
19. MM. 10-13: Channel One Suite Arr. By John A. Leggett 77
20. Bass Ostinato: MM. 15-16, Original Composition Channel One Suite 78
21. Bass Ostinato, Contra, MM. 14-15, Channel One Suite
Arr. By John A. Leggett 78
22. Saxophone Section: MM. 41-49, Channel One Suite 79
23. Mellophone Section: MM. 41-49, Channel One Suite Arr. By John A. Leggett 79
24. 3/4, 3/8 and12/8 Time Alterations, MM. 79-85, Original Composition, Channel One Suite 81
25. 6/8 Time Alterations: MM. 87-93, Channel One Suite Arr. By John A. Leggett 82
26. MM. 8-15, Channel One Suite Arr. By John A. Leggett 83
27. Trumpet Section: MM. 119-127. Original Composition, Channel One Suite 84
vni
28. Soprano I and II: MM. 23-31, Channel One Suite Arr. By John A. Leggett 85
29. Flute Section: MM. 128-133, Original Composition, Channel One Suite 85
30. Mellophone Section: MM. 32-37, Channel One Suite Arr. By John A. Leggett 85
31. Bass Guitar: MM. 128-131, Channel One Suite 86
32. MM. 32-35, Contra, Channel One Suite
Arr. By John A. Leggett 86
33. Bass Guitar: MM. 36-142, Channel One Suite 87
34. Rhythmic Alterations Contra, MM. 40-47, Channel One Suite Arr. By John A. Leggett 87
35. 1^' Tenor Sax Solo: MM. 143-151, Original Composition, Channel One Suite 88
36. Solo Mellophone: MM. 47-55, Channel One Suite Arr. By John A. Leggett 88
37. Saxophone Section: MM. 201-203, Original Composition, Channel One Suite 91
38. Mellophone Section: MM. 38-41, Channel One Suite Arr. By John A. Leggett 91
39. MM. 53-55, Contra, Channel One Suite Arr. By John A. Leggett 92
IX
40. Form: Mvt. I, Channel One Suite Arr. By John A. Leggett 94
41. Motive 1,MM. 2-3, MvL I, Channel One Suite 95
42. Motive 1, MM. 2-8, Mvt. I, Channel One Suite 95
43. Motive 2,MM. 10-13, Mvt I, Channel One Suite Arr. By John A. Leggett 96
44. MM. 10-13: Channel One Suite Arr. By John A. Leggett 97
45. Motive 3, MM. 14-15, MvL I, Channel One Suite 98
46. Theme A: MM. 18-21, Mvt. I Channel One Suite 99
47. Motive 4, MM. 27-28, Mvt. I, Channel One Suite 100
48. Motive 5, MM. 27-33, Mvt. I, Channel One Suite Arr. By John A. Leggett 101
49. Theme A1: MM. 40-49, Mvt. I Channel One Suite Arr. By John A. Leggett 102
50. MM. 57-58, MvL I Channel One Suite 103
51. Theme B: MM. 58-65, MvL I Channel One Suite 104
52. MM. 38-39, Mvt. I Channel One Suite 104
53. Theme C: MM. 79-82, Mvt. I Channel One Suite 104
54. Form: Mvt. II, Channel One Suite Arr. By John A. Leggett 105
55. Theme A: MM. 1-5, MvL II Channel One Suite 106
56. Theme A: MvL I Channel One Suite 106
57. Theme B: MM. 7-15, Mvt. II Channel One Suite 106
58. Theme C: MM. 15-23, Mvt. II Channel One Suite 107
59. Theme A1: MM. 23-31, MvL II C/7anne/One Suite 108
60. Section B: MM. 32-37, Mvt. II, Channel One Suite Arr. By John A. Leggett 108
61. Theme D: MM. 39-43, MvL II Channel One Suite 109
62. Theme B2: MM. 47-55, Mvt. II Channel One Suite 109
63. Theme CI : MM. 55-57, MvL II Channel One Suite 110
64. Ad. Lib. Soprano Solo, MM. 61-64, Mvt. II, Channel One Suite Arr. By John A. Leggett 110
65. Form: Mvt. Ill, Channel One Suite Arr. By John A. Leggett I l l
XI
66. Motive A: MM. 4-6, Mvt. Ill, Channel One Suite 111
67. Motive B: MM. 15-16, Mvt. Ill, Channel One Suite 112
68. Motive 4: MM. 27-28, Mvt. I, Channel One Suite 112
69. Theme A3: MM. 5-13, MvLIII, Channel One Suite 113
70. Motive B1: MM. 15-17, MvL III, Channel One Suite 114
71. Complex Call and Response: MM. 22-30, Mvt. Ill, Channel One Suite 115
72. Section A1: MM. 33-41. Brass Reduction, Mvt. Ill, Channel One Suite 116
73. Variant of Motive A: Motive A^ 117
74. Theme C: MM. 47-51, MvL III, Channel One Suite 117
75. Theme B1: MM. 62-67, Mvt. Ill, Channel One Suite 118
76. Section A3: MM. 69-72, Mvt. Ill, Channel One Suite 119
Xll
CHAPTER I
JUSTIFICATION
Within the past two decades, the drum corps movement in North
America (United States and Canada) has influenced its counterparts in the
United Kingdom ^England, Scotland), Europe ^(Belgium, Germany,
Sweden, France, the Netherlands), South Africa^ (Eastern Gauteg
Province, Western Cape, and Kwazulu-Natel Province) and Southeast Asia
^(Philippine Islands, Republic of China, Japan and Indonesia). The majority
of the corps use music arranged specifically for the Individual corps by
American composers/arrangers. The aspects of arranging music for a
drum corps detailed in this project can be utilized by any corps worldwide
whether it is large or small.
^ Steven Hars, "United Kingdom." A History of Drum and Bugle Corps. Vol. 2 (Madison: Sights & Sounds, Inc., 2003) pp. 132-139.
2 Hans Kloppert, "Europe." A History of Drum and Bugle Corps. Vol. 2 (Madison: Sights & Sounds, Inc, 2003) pp. 120-125.
^Retha Cillers, "South African Field Band Foundation." A History of Drum and Bugle Corps. Vol. 2 (Madison: Sights & Sounds, Inc., 2003) pp. 126-125.
''Christopher Atkinson, "Southeast Asia." A History of Drum and Bugle Corps. Vol. 2 (Madison: Sights & Sounds, Inc., 2003) pp. 128-131.
This project is designed to offer a method of arranging for the
drum corps hornline based on a logical thought process, using
comprehensive methods and techniques that have never before been
presented in an organized manner.
Review of Literatiir^
Publicationss
Over the past six decades, many different periodicals have been
published on the subject of drum and bugle corps in the United States,
Canada and Europe. This section will focus on those periodicals published
in America after the 1971 change in the activity from military emphasis
to more creativity and pageantry.
Though the periodicals (and websites) are devoted to various
aspects of drum corps, the concepts of arranging music for a drum corps
hornline have not been part of the discussion.
5 Steve Vickers, "Drum Corps Periodicals." A History of Drum and Bugle Corps. Vol. 2 (Madison: Sights & Sounds, Inc., 2003) pp. 92-99.
The general contents of the major periodicals remained consistent
throughout their lifetime. These periodicals covered current news about
various drum corps circuits and associations. Other articles included
reviews of previous drum corps shows and show scores. The repertoire of
the corps was also included in the articles.
Drum Corps America began publication in April of 1971, by Drum
Corps America Enterprises of Racine, Wisconsin. Edward Porcaro, director
of the Racine Kilties was the publisher. The magazine was moved to
Pennsylvania and renamed The Marching Musician in May of 1976. It
ceased publication in 1977 after eight issues.
In January 1965, Drum Corps Digest Association of Glenview,
Illinois, published its first monthly issue of Drum Corps Digest. The
publication used unusual page designs, black type on black background, a
variety of large headline typefaces to call attention to features. The
magazine dropped from circulation in 1973.
Drum Corps News began publication in 1961 by Raymond Samora
of Lynn, Mass. It was the second-longest-running drum corps publication
in the history of the activity. It sponsored the World Open Drum Corps
Championships from the early 1960's to the mid-1970's. Drum Corps
News ceased publication in 1985.
Drum Corps World was originally published in Denver, Colorado in
October 1971 .This first issue was distributed at the American Legion
Uniformed Groups Congress (the first Drum Corps International meeting)
in Indianapolis, Indiana. One of the founders of the newspaper was Jim
Jones, founder and director of the Casper Troopers. Drum Corps World
has existed for over thirty-two years and is the longest running drum
corps publication. Its current publisher is Steve Vickers of Madison,
Wisconsin.
Drum Corps Today is the only publication ever produced by Drum
Corps International (DCI). It began publication in 1974 under the name
Contest Guild and was printed quarterly until 1977. In 1978, the
publication title was changed to its current name. The tabloid newspaper
produced issues six times a year until 1995 when DCI ceased publication.
In 1996, Sight & Sounds, Inc. began to resumed publication under the
title, DCI Today on a schedule of three times per year.
A History of Drum and Bugle Corps is a two-volume compilation set
written and published by Steve Vickers, editor and publisher of Drum
Corps World. Volume One contains seventeen chapters covering all
aspects (with the exception of brass and percussion composition and
arranging) of the drum corps activity from 1920s to 2001. Volume Two
covers a brief history of field musicians from the wars in Ancient Greece
to the War between the States. Examples of other chapters discuss
United States, and Canadian Senior Corps, ^ the history of senior corps,
and drum corps in the armed forces. The remainder of the volume
presents the history of various drum corps from Canada, Europe, South
Africa, Southeast Asia and the United Kingdom.
Though the compilation is the chief source general information for
this project, it does not contain any material or articles for the subject of
arranging for a drum corps hornline.
6 Senior corps minimum age limit is 14 years of age with unlimited maximum age requirement. Drum Corps Associates has elected to drop the name Senior from its titles.
Information Superhighway
Since the advent of Internet, drum corps periodicals have almost
ceased to exist in hardcopy form. Drum Corps International changed its
information format from hardcopy to its current website,
WWW.DCI.Org.7 in 1995.
This website provides information about current corps news, drum
corps scores, event calendar, online store, various articles, and a
directory to DCI member corps websites.
Various drum corps have created their own websites to provide
information about their organizations, repertoire, instructional staffs, and
corps history. The sites may also include members' only sections for the
corps members to discuss issues or topics that are related to the corps
or the activity.
Other websites include group or forum formats where drum fans
and members may discuss current issues of the activity. These sites
include www.drumcorpsplanet.com ^ ar\ti Recreational Arts: Marching Drum
Corps (RAM-D) ^ located through Google.com.
^ Drum Corps International Monday 08 Dec 2003 WWW.DCI.Org ' Drum Corpsplanet.com Monday 08 Dec 2003 www.drumcorpsplanet.com 5 Rec.Arts. Marching Drum Corps Monday 08 Dec 2003 WWW.google.com, Recants.
Marching Drum Corps.
The search engines, Google, First Search, WorldCat, and keywords:
Drum Corps-Music-arranging produced no articles for drum corps brass
arranging.
Scores
The arrangements used by drum corps are the property of the
writer and are used by the corps. No copies of any arrangement are
available for study unless the requesting individual(s) is on staff with the
said corps and their position entitles them access to any scores.
There are no models or requirements for arranging for a drum corps
hornline.
Aspects of Arranging
Though the drum corps media has evolved with the activity, the
author has been unable to find articles published on the subject of
arranging music for the drum corps horn line.
Arrangers learn their craft through observation, score study,
experimentation with voicing, and information passed on from one
arranger to another. Since corps arrangements have become more highly
valued by school music teachers, a discussion of the techniques is needed
which is the principal purpose of this project.
Sample Arrangement
The arrangement to be used is William Reddle's Channel One Suite.
The piece is in three movements: Fast-Slow-Fast. The arrangement will be
analyzed using traditional and contemporary techniques.
Graphic illustrations will be used to demonstrate the effects of
texture, dynamics, and tessitura of the arrangement. Samples of various
tonal colors will also be presented in support of the arrangement.
Analvsis of the Three Movements
The analysis of the movements of the arranged score will include
harmonic analysis and chord functions. In addition, any ostinatos,
polyphony, and any unique harmonic devices (i.e., chord planning) will be
discussed. Any motives, motivic fragments, themes and variants of
themes will be identified and discussed.
Blueprint of Channel One^ .q/f/f
The writer may elect to create a flowchart of the composition
before the start of the arrangement. The flowchart or blueprint serves
several functions:
1. It can be used as a guide in the analysis of the
composition to determine the composer's intent.
2. It may be used to map out the arrangement in graphic
form, which makes it easier to assemble or rearrange
various sections in the arrangement.
3. It may be used as a musical storyboard for the percussion,
visual and auxiliary designers. It is a tool that other
designers may use to support the musical program
through their medium.
4. In order to use the flowchart, the writer must understand
its makeup. There are seven (7) basic components of the
flow chart^°:
^° Robert Garofalo. Blueprint for Band. (Ft. Lauderdale: Meredith Music, c.1983) pp. 32-38.
A. Form Scheme-
i. Used to determine if the composition
belongs to a standard form (i.e., sectional,
variational, developmental, imitative, dance,
free, multi-movement or a combination
(hybrid) of the aforementioned forms).
ii. Used to determine sections, periods and
phrases in relationship to melodic and
harmonic materials.
ill. Other considerations within form are balance,
continuity, variety, number and relationship
of movements, and total length of movements
and sections.
B. Melodic Design-Used to indicate, identify, and
locate main themes, subordinate themes and
counter-melodies.
10
C. Rhythmic Elements-Used to indicate tempo as a
factor for general moods (Slow- tragic, majestic,
heavy), identify and locate various meters, special
rhythmic devices (ostinatos, hemiolias, polyrhythms,
syncopation, etc.).
D. Bandstration(*)-used to indicate instrumentation of
thematic materials and harmonic accompaniment
materials.
E. Harmonic Structure-Indicates tonal (key) or pitch
centers, and important cadences, modulations and
chord progressions.
F. Texture-lf desired, indicate the basic textures of
sections and subsections.
G. Dynamic Curve-Indicate important dynamics,
especially climaxes. It may be helpful to include a
graphic curve illustration of the overall dynamic
scheme.
*Term developed by Garofalo.
11
The writer may construct a flowchart using any additional
components that she (or he) feels necessary. For this project, the author
has modified Garofalo's flowchart for the bugle instrumentation. Tempo
markings and meters are located in the form section where they occur in
the music. Bandstration has been replaced by Primary Contrapuntal
Instrumentation (which is defined in the next section). Harmonic Structure
has also been replaced by Harmony and is defined in the next section. The
identification of the types and styles texture replaces the basic texture
format. The format for the Dynamic Curve has been re-defined and is
discussed in the next section.
This modified format allows musicians and non-musicians the
opportunity to intimately study the arrangement and work toward
coordination of all elements (brass, percussion, visual, and auxiliary) with
the aural presentation of the program.
12
Interpreting the Flowchart
The author suggests reading the flowchart as follows:
1. Form-The double bars mark the movements. The vertical
bars of shorter lengths mark the sections. The
horizontal brackets and numbers indicate in the
number of measure within the section. The
sections are identified with a capital letter at the
beginning of the brackets.
2. Melody-Indicates the location of the main themes,
subordinate themes and countermelodies in
correlation of the measures.
3. Rhythmic Elements-Primary rhythmic/special devices
or ideas of the melody are located in this area in
(correlation of the measures).
4. Primary Contrapuntal Instrumentation—Primary
rhythmic/special devices or ideas of the
accompaniment located in this area (in correlation
of the measures).
13
5.Harmonic Structure-(Though chord progressions would be
listed in this section, for this project they will be
discussed in the next chapter). The various types of
voicing and rhythms used in correlation of the
measures are presented in this location.
6.Texture-The various styles and types of texture are
presented in correlation of the measures and
instrument(s) it affects.
7. Dynamic Curve-Graphic illustration indicating dynamic
markings, texture density and aural shaping of the
arrangement in correlation of the measures.
Graphics will illustrate the density of texture (thick, thin; bottom, middle
or top heavy); volume (loudness, softness) and instrumentation (soprano,
mellophone, baritone, euphonium, contra or combination there of) used in
the arrangement. These graphics are based upon Robert Garofalo's book
entitled, Blueprint For Band.^^
^^ Robert Garofalo, Blueprint for Band. (Ft. Lauderdale: Meredith Music, c. 1983).
14
Creation of the Arrangement
There are several methods an arranger may choose to become
familiar with a composition before she (or he) begins to put "ink to
paper." The arranger may:
1. Listen to a recording of the original composition. This will
establish a base for tonal colors, type of textures, and
the variety of styles (if any) the composer may have
used.
2. Listen to various arrangements of the composition to
determine how the arrangement(s) differ from the original
composition. Some factors to consider might be tone
color, texture, rhythm, style, interpretation and
instrumentation.
3. Obtain a copy of the original composition to compare
and/or contrast various arrangements. In addition to
determining chord structure and function, the arranger
may begin to formulate ideas about the arrangement of
his (or her) own score.
15
4. The author suggests a combination of the above-
mentioned methods.
The arranger will usually elect to make changes to the original
composition in the arrangement. Because of time constraints, the
arranger/writer must determine the following:
1. What sections can be omitted from the score (i.e.,
repeats with multiple endings, incidental phrases). This is
based upon their artistic value and interpretation.
2. What additions to the harmonies and/or melodic lines
would enhance the arrangement. What additions to tone
color, texture and instrumentation strength or reduce the
character of the score.
3. What way(s) can changing the meter and/or rhythm(s) of
the composition enhance the performance of the
arranged score.
4. Since omissions and additions to the arranged score are
ongoing, the arranger must be prepared to have
subsequent changes in mind.
16
CHAPTER II
THE BIRTH OF DRUM CORPS INTERNATIONAL (DCI)
The history of Drum Corps International (DCI) began the summer of
1970 at a locally sponsored drum corps show in Delevan, Wisconsin. The
Chicago Cavaliers, the Midwest powerhouse, were in competition with the
Casper Troopers, the western powerhouse. The Cavaliers' 1960s record
included 192 state and local 1^' place awards out of 240 contests. They
also earned six Veterans of Foreign War (VFW) National Titles, three
American Legion (AL) National Titles between 1948 and 1960. The
Troopers 1960s record was six VFW National Titles and three AL National
Titles, three World Open Titles, three Catholic Youth Organization (CYO)
National Titles, and two North American Open National Titles (NAO). This
meeting of the two corps would forever change the history of drum
corps.
Don W. Warren, founder and director of the Chicago Cavaliers and
Jim Jones, founder and director of the Troopers from Casper, Wyoming,
leaders of these two icons of the drum and bugle corps activity-
happened to be standing next to each other in the men's restroom. Both
men discussed problems facing even the most successful and powerdrum
17
corps in the activity. They quickly realized that no drum corps was the
master of its own destiny.^
They realized that the inherent power of drum corps, its
entertainment value, was in the control of the veterans (VFW and AL)
organizations and major show sponsors (CYO and NAO).
Problems with the Activity
Among the problems that Warren and Jones wanted to overcome
were the numerous inconsistencies throughout the drum corps activity
administered by the VFW and the AL Drum Corps Committees. Some
examples of these inconsistencies were:
1. The VFW Drum Corps Committee required corps to march
128-132 beats per minute; the AL Drum Corps Committee
had no such requirement.
^^William Howard, "Masters of Their Destiny—DCI is Established," A History of Drum and Bugle Corps, Vol.1 (Madison: Sights & Sounds, Inc., 2003) 319.
18
2. The AL allowed the use of marching tympanis while the
VFW did not. This meant the corps had to change their
programs to accommodate the veteran-organization-
sponsored VFW or AL event in which they were
competing.
3. There was no agreement on any rules between the VFW
and the AL.
4. The corps that placed first and second were offered
substantial prize money donated by local sponsors while
third place and lower corps received miniscule payments.
5. The contest organizers kept most of the money
generated from ticket sales and application fees, while the
corps saw very little revenue.
6. Corps made no money from the sale of "live" vinyl
recordings sold to fans.
7. The Drum Corps Committees of the AL, VFW, CYO, and
other major show sponsors made no effort to ease or
eliminate scheduling conflicts of the corps.
19
8. At AL and VFW National contests, drum corps were
required to go through haircut and uniform inspections as
part of the military aspect of the activity. Since most
competitions were in the summer while corps members
wore wool battle jackets, the exercise was very stressful.
9. Each AL and VFW National contest required corps to carry
the respective VFW or AL flag and the name of the
sponsoring post painted on one of calfskin head of one of
the bass drums. The insignia would crack or peel if the
bass drum head was played, rendering it unusable.
10. The VFW National contest mandated a 13 to 15 minute
time limit. The AL National contest mandated an 11 to 13
minute time limit. There was a required minimum amount of
time that the entire corps had to be moving and a
maximum time that the corps was not in motion. A required
maximum time limit of five minutes was used to enter the
football field and stand on the starting line (left end zone
line) as well as a maximum of one minute for the entire
20
corps to cross the finish line (right end zone) once any
corps member stepped over this line.
11. The required format for a show was rigidly adhered to: an
opening tune, American Flag presentation, concert tune
(standstill), out-of-concert or production tune, a drum solo,
and an exit piece.
12. Both organizations required a color presentation with the
American Flag. All color guard sections of the corps were
susceptible to American Flag Code violations. These
regulations prohibited certain drill moves causing major flag
code violations.
13. All corps members were strictly forbidden to "ground
equipment" or place any piece of equipment on the ground.
All equipment had to be carried onto the football field and
used by the corps members.
14. There were restrictions on what constituted legal drum
equipment placed upon the percussion sections. The uses
of accessory percussive instruments was not permitted
such as temple blocks, maracas, shakers, gurus, etc.
21
15. All performers were assessed a penalty for any dropped
pieces of equipment. The penalized performer would
continue the show without the equipment.
16. There were mandatory VFW and AL requirements on the
state and national level, i.e. every VFW or AL sponsored
corps would participate in state and national convention
parades. The state parades were typically 6-7 miles in
length and lasted about four hours; however, the national
parades average 12 miles of stop-and-go movement and
last for a minimum of five hours.
Anton Schlechta and the All-American Judges Association
The major obstacles to the growth of drum corps were the actions
of Anton Schlechta. Schlechta, a World War I veteran, was the
administrative "bandmaster" of the Chicago Fire and Police Band. Though
he was not a trained musician, Schlechta was one of the founders of the
All-American Judges Association whose principal duty was to adjudicate
drum corps contests. World War I veterans dominated the All-American
22
Judges Association and placed emphasis on the military aspect of drum
corps.
By the late 1940s, Schlechta had become chair of the VFW
National Drum Corps Committee and had absolute control of all parades,
competitions, and contests. He was the dominant figure in the world of
competitive drum corps judging before he retired in 1972.
Bob Bray, (VFW chair contest committee 1973-1984) stated^^
The All-American [Judges Association] supplied all
the judges for everything and Schlechta selected all the judges in All-American. He was a dictator and nobody dared to cross him. He really set the tone for competitive drum corps from World War I era onward and he exerted tremendous power, both in the All-American and in his role as chairman of the contest committee of the VFW. (p.47)
The All-American Judges Association refused to acknowledge that
the activity needed change. The Association upheld the idea that old
drills (movements), company fronts, American Flag presentations,
military haircuts, and other items of the past were still important. In
essence, Schlechta controlled all aspects of the drum corps venue.
" Raphael Osheroff and Robert Zinko, "The Big Parade-The Veterans Organizations and the Drum and Bugle Corps Movement," A History of Drum and Bugle Corps^^o\.^ (Madison: Sights & Sounds, Inc., 2003) 46.
23
According to former Drum Corps Associate Senior Corps President Mickey
Petrone, "If Schlechta didn't like you, you were in trouble."^^
Military appearance was Schlechta's philosophy of judging, not
musicality or drill design. You could judge linear forms only; musical
expressions were far less important than military bearing. "Uniformity" of
movement, timing, angles of equipment, were the order of the day. The
lack of consistent rules between VFW and AL was another issue. The VFW
and the AL Drum Corps Committees were run by individuals who never
marched in a drum corps within these organizations and were deciding
how the corps would judged.^
1" Steve Vickers, "The Big Parade -The Veterans of World War I form a Unique Organization," A History of Drum and Bugle Corps, Vol.1 (Madison: Sights & Sounds, Inc.
2003) 47. 15 Rick Beckham, "The Birth, Growth, and Metamorphosis of Competitive
Rudimental Drumming," A History of Drum and Bugle Corps, Vol.2 (Madison: Sights & Sounds, Inc. 2003) 57.
24
Another issue was the corps' instructional staffs wanted to expand
the creative envelope; from the military judged system where execution,
inspection, and precision marching were the deciding factors, to one that
allowed more creativity and expression.^^ Schlechta, the All-American
Judges Association, and the lack of consistency between the VFW and
the AL Drum Corps Committees, plus more creativity and expression were
the main reasons that Warren and Jones felt drum corps needed to go in
a new direction.
The Development of the Combine
Jim Jones and Don Warren sought other corps directors from the
midwest and western regions who had the same management qualities
they themselves possessed. Jones founded his own construction
company in Casper, Wyoming as well as founding the Troopers. Warren
was the Vice President of Finance for Kemper Insurance Company in
Chicago. They believed the ideal corps director should have the ability and
16 Rick Beckham, "The Birth, Growth, and Metamorphosis of Competitive Rudimental Drumming,"/\ History of Drum and Bugle Corps, Vol. 2 (Madison: Sights & Sounds, Inc., 2003) 57.
25
authority to commit his corps to managerial and financial changes. He had
to be able to make hard decisions and stick to them. He had to contribute
to the philosophy that the center of power should be the unity of all the
corps organizations.
Warren and Jones selected three such directors to help further
their concept: David Kampschroer, Director of The First Federal Blue
Stars of LaCrosse, Wisconsin, Assistant Superintendent of Schools for the
city of LaCrosse, William Howard, Director of the Madison Scouts from
Madison, Wisconsin. Howard was part owner and vice president of a
construction company and Gail Royer, a music educator from Sunnyvale
School District of Santa Clara County, California. Royer was the director of
The Santa Clara Vanguard. The Blue Stars, Drum Corps wasformed in
1965, and was relatively new to the drum corps activity. Under
Kampschroer's leadership, they were financially sound and highly
competitive. The Madison Scouts was rescued from peril by Howard after
the death of its founder, C. H. Beebe. Howard, an alumnus of the corps,
successfully reconstructed the Scouts organization and restored it to its
popular status. Jones chose Gail Royer because he was a former
marching member of the Troopers and the majority of his instructional
26
staff were former members or instructors of the Troopers. Kampschroer,
Howard, and Royer agreed to join Warren and Jones under the group
name, "The Combine." The group chose the name Combine to disguise
any negative connotations of their activities to any outsiders. The
Combine's overall plan was to market the five highly competitive corps as
one package directly to the show sponsors.
The plan had six tenets:
1. The sponsors would be required to take all five corps or
none at all.
2. The allocation of prize money would be on an appearance
schedule.
3. This schedule would be in $100 increments from first
place to fifth place.
4. The Combine established a set price to the sponsors for
all five corps. This fee would cover fuel and mileage from
the previous show site to the current site for the corps'
convoy.
27
5. The Combine agreed to cancel certain dates if the
sponsors tried to bully any of the five corps in the
combine or contact any of the corps privately.
6. They also agreed to sponsor their own shows. The first
Combine Show was held on July 7 1971 in Michigan City,
Indiana. The Santa Clara Vanguard wor\ the event.
The plan had a very high risk. Should the sponsors not go for such a
plan. Troopers, Cavaliers and Scouts could cease to exist. The three corps
could lose their VFW and AL post sponsorships. This meant the loss of
renvue for the corps. The corps could be severely penalized by their
respective drum corps associations. Penalties might include being invited
to fewer shows.. Without sustained income, the corps could lose their line
of credit with their financial institutions. The corps would be forced to
shut down and sell their inventory to satisfy the banks. Blue Stars and
Santa Clara being new would be able to sun/ive such a disaster.
The impact of the plan on show sponsors proved to be favorable.
At a set cost, a sponsor receives a package of five highly competitive
corps at a slightly higher cost than one highly competitive corps and four
mid-range corps. The additional cost was to be passed to the drum corps
28
fans. This meant more revenue of ticket sales, commissary and town
profits supporting the shows.
An example of town profits was food. There were no food trucks
during this time. Each corps consisted of 128 hungry teenagers,
approximately 12 people on the instructional staff, drivers for three
buses, and an equipment truck all had to have three meals a day for each
day in town. Laundry service for personal clothes and corps uniforms was
needed as well as bus or truck repair, and recreational opportunities. This
meant additional money for the small town retailers. In addition, the drum
corps fans spent additional money on hotel rooms, meals, sightseeing,
besides the admission fee to attend a show where any of the five corps
could win on any given night.
The East Coast Version of the Combine
The corps on the east coast formed their own alliance after hearing
of the Combine. The top five corps aligned themselves as the United
Organization of Junior Corps (UOJC). The founding members were George
Bonfiglio, Director of the 2 7"" Lancers oi Revere, Massachusetts, and
Hugh Mahon, Director of the Garfield Cadets from Garfield, New Jersey.
29
The remaining three east coast corps directors to join were Joe Dowling,
Director of the Crusaders from Boston, Massachusetts; Dominic Sciarra,
Director of Blue Rock from Wilmington, Delaware, and Fred Dooley,
Director of the Blessed Sacrament Golden Knights from Newark, New
Jersey. The drum corps community now had two organizations united
under the same philosophy.
Protests against the Combine
Even though the competition season progressed smoothly for the
both organizations, this was not the case for the cigar smoking Warren.
Warren became the focal point of hostility for the Illinois Drum and Bugle
Corps Association (IBDCA). The IBDCA was one of the strongest circuits
within the community with over 60 member corps in Illinois alone. The
members felt threatened that the Combine could replace them at any
show site causing a loss of what little revenue the corps earned. Since
Jones was in Wyoming and Kampschroer, Royer, and Howard were new to
the activity, Warren was therefore the likely focal point of the frustration
in regards to the Combine. In one incident, Warren was trying to explain
the reasons and motivation of the combine to the other members of
30
IBDCA; he was ushered out of the meeting. Another incident was the
cartoon of a grain combine operator with a cigar in his mouth crushing a
corps member. The caption read, "Drum Corps is dead."
The Theme and Total Show Concept is Created
The 1971 season for the Combine was the beginning of "theme"
and "total show" concepts. A central idea was the basis of the theme
show, while entertainment was the concept of the total show program.
The 1971 Madison Scout program was the first theme show ever
presented. It was entitled, "Scouts in Fantasyland." The central theme
was Alice in Wonderland meets the white rabbit, Pinocchio, and the seven
dwarfs. This was the only time a girl marched in the corps. Bonnie, William
Howard's daughter, portrayed "Alice." Other examples of this show
included the presentation of the American Flag with rifle line acting as toy
soldiers while the corps played March of the Toys by Victor Herbert. The
closing number was Ding, Dong, the Witch is Dead by Harold Arlen and
E.Y. Harburg along with a dancing color guard.
The 1971 Cai a//er program was the unofficially entitled, "The
Circus Show" as a total show concept.
31
The original definition of the total show concept was a program
that had no related themes in its production. Each selection was an
independent theme within itself. The philosophy was to perfectly
integrate all elements (brass, percussion, marching & maneuvering, and
colorguard) so each element enhanced the others to such a degree that
the whole equaled more than the sum of it parts.^^ (Dr. Sward defines the
total show concept as "implying that the entire show was created to
convey a single story or set of related ideas,thus marking the beginning
of a trend toward a musical and visual theme show that allowed the
production to be tied together by a single idea or concept rather than a
program of totally unrelated music selections."^^) It was initiated in the
latter half of the 1970 season by percussion instructor Larry McCormick.
McCormick studied Madison's 1970 performance which included Ding,
Dong, the Witch is Dead as the closer. He presented his idea to Warren
and the staff at the end of the 1970 season.
i^Dr. Rosalie Sward, "The Evolution of Musical and Visual Design," A History of Drum and Bugle Corps, Vol.1 (Madison: Sights & Sounds, Inc., 2003) 115.
18 Dr. Rosalie Sward, "The Evolution of Musical and Visual Design," A History of Drum and Bugle Corps, Vol.1 (Madison: Sights & Sounds, Inc., 2003) 118.
32
The opening number was a series of Irish tunes entitled, A Salute to the
Green arranged by Ray Baumgradt, the Madison Scout's brass arranger.
The high point of the opener was the Guard Sergeant dancing a solo Irish
Jig followed by the rifle line also dancing.
The flag presentation was the march, Americans We by Millard
Fillmore. Between the musical "dogfight" or interlude before the final
section, a soprano/snare drum duet played Yankee Doodle while the
hornline ran to a company front set by the flag line.
The corps stepped off the front to a ritardando to the final strain.
In the concert set, the corps played Eleanor Rigbyby the Beatles, while
the performers for the next production changed into costumes. The rest
of the program was the actual circus show. The out-of-concert
production. The Greatest Show on Earth introduced a three-ring circus, a
ringmaster and acts of a juggler, an acrobat, and a clown. During the
circus acts, the corps played the songs Man on a Flying Trapeze by
George Leybourne and Alfred Lee and There's No Business like
ShowBbusiness by Walter Lang. The drum solo featured the four marching
tympanis playing the Theme to Peter Gunn by Henry Mancini. The closer
was I'm Always Chasing Rainbows by Howard E. Johnson and Somewhere
33
Over the Rainbow by Harold Arlen. The visual strong pointof this tune was
four expanding arcs of the hornline and guard representing a rainbow. The
clown in a sea of green, white, and black paneled flags as the corps left
the field heightened the impact. The bass drum line played the piece Gym
Shoes in a Dryer by Jim Russell (the Cavalier street beat) underneath the
horns. Russell wrote this piece after listening to a pair of gym shoes
tumbling in a dryer at the corps hall above Ferrera's Laundromat. The
Cavaliers members had tee shirts made with the caricature of the clown
dancing next to a headstone with the inscription, "Drum Corps, R.I.P."
Underneath the by-line read, "1971: The Year Drum Corps Died." It was
their response to the cartoon criticizers.
The Madison Scouts and the Chicago Cavaliers had several
characteristics in common while performing these shows:
1. They were all male corps.
2. The strong reputation of their male rifle lines enhanced their
performances.
3. They were the only corps performing these types of programs.
4. Both shows were extremely successful.
34
1971 VFW Nationals. Dallas. Texas
The stage was now set for the conflict between VFW Drum Corps
Rule Committee (Schlechta), the Combine and United Organization of
Junior Corps (UOJC) to come to a head at VFW Nationals held at the end
of the 1971 drum corps season. Madison had elected to participate in the
VFW Nationals in Dallas, Texas. The Cavaliers opted to go further south to
AL Nationals in Houston. Schlechta remained in Dallas at the VFW
Nationals. Every contest is preceded by a drum corps manager's meeting
to discuss the field condition, the judges' assignments or changes, and to
field any questions. Neither the VFW nor the AL National Drum Corps Rule
Committees had strict rules on the definition of a uniform. Schlechta was
in charge of the meeting at Dallas, and since he viewed costumes as non-
military wardrobe, he announced that no corps would be permitted to use
costumes. If any costumes were used, a two-point penalty for each
costume was to be assessed by the timing and penalty judge. This meant
that if Madison were to perform with costumes, they would lose 20 points
in penalties. The corps directors viewed this edict as an affront and an
attack on the drum corps activity. Madison opted to go on without the
costume changes than to lose 20 points before the contest began.
35
The Combine and UOJC directors immediately held an impromptu
meeting and determined that the time was right to abandon the VFW and
the AL and start their own organization. They also agreed to invite three
additional corps directors to join the newly formed alliance of Combine
and UOJC. The final three corps were: Robert Cobham, Director of the De
La Salle Oaklands from Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Glen Opie, Director of
the Argonne Rebels from Great Bend, Kansas, and Donald Porter, Sr.
Director the Anaheim Kingsmen of Anaheim California.
DCI 1$ Created
The next meeting was held in November at the AL Uniformed Group
Congress in Indianapolis, Indiana. As the alliance instructors met in the
rules sessions, the directors met in secret to work up the details to
establish the new organization. The first item was to create a name for
the organization. Within a short amount of time, someone suggested
"Drum Corps Nationals" but before congratulations were in order, Cobham
asked, where did that leave De La Salle? Since the Oaklands were the only
Canadian corps invited to join, the name "National" did not seem
36
appropriate. The name "International" replaced National. Drum Corps
International (DCI) was born.
37
CHAPTER III
BRASS INSTRUMENTS USED IN DRUM AND BUGLE CORPS CIRCA 1976
Two-Valve Ri ig l f i -1976 to 1989
In 1975, l/anguarof Director Gale Royer and Madison Scouts Director
Bill Howard submitted a proposal entitled. No. 1035, to the Drum Corps
International (DCI) Brass Caucus^^to allow the use of a two-valve vertical
piston bugle. The proposal stated:
Each bugle shall be pitched in the key of G and may have two piston valves or one piston valve and one rotary or two rotary valves used freely to play in two additional keys (Keys not mentioned). Any other variation of these types of instruments and all other types of instruments are illegal. No two -piston soprano bugles may be utilized before the 1977 season. No two-piston bass baritones may be utilized before the 1978 season. No two-piston mellophone, French horns, flugles (no longer used, sic), or contra bass bugles may be utilized before the 1979 season. Note: DCI would like to go on record as being permanently opposed to any three-valve instruments. ^°
13 The Brass Caucus is a panel of brass instructors and composer/arrangers elected by the DCI member corps directors and brass instructors to set policy for the brass caption. Other caucuses include percussion and visual for their policy-making agendas.
^°Drum Corps News, 26 November 1975, p. 13.
38
As brass instrument manufacturers began retooling their assembly
lines for the vertical two-valve piston bugle, instrument designers such as
Ziggy KanstuI, Jr. (of the E.F. Olds Music Company) and David Peterson
(of the Dynasty Bugle Corporation) submitted two and three-valve piston
design amendments to the proposal for the Brass Caucus to consider. The
manufacturers felt that a three-valve instrument would eliminate the two-
valve phase and would be more in line with common bell-front brass
instruments. This concept gained approval from local band directors and
small corps directors. This was countered by opponents of the three-
valve instrument amendment and the lack of finances of smaller corps to
afford such instruments.21 The DCI Brass Caucus pushed the proposal
through fearing that the three-valve amendment would fail. In 1977, DCI
authorized the use of the two-valve soprano. Each following year, DCI
permitted a new two-valve voice to be used.
21 Zigmant KanstuI, Letter to Steve Vickers. 20 March 1996.
39
Three-Valve Bugle-1990 to Present
In 1990, DCI legalized the use of three-valve bugles. European drum
corps had been using three-valve bugles shipped from the United States
since 1979. A new proposal (name unknown) for the legalization of three-
valve instruments was submitted to the DCI Rules Congress in 1985. An
additional amendment attached proposed the use of electronic equipment
such as electronic keyboards/synthesizers and amplification equipment
(these devices were successfully used by some high-school bands in the
California Band Circuit). The proposal was soundly defeated and returned
to the Brass Caucus. Since the Rules Congress met every two years, the
1985 proposal was amended in the fall of 1989 for three-valve
instruments only. This gained gradual acceptance by the corps directors.
The corps that were ready to upgrade their brass instrument inventory
had to decide whether to purchase two-valve instruments or wait for DCI
to legalize three-valve instruments. This caused the manufacturers to be
put in an unstable climate. Purchases of new instruments would have to
be made in early fall in order for the corps to have instruments for the
winter rehearsal. Again, DCI allowed the corps to upgrade their instrument
stock by adding a new three-valve voice every year.
40
The Switch to Any Keyed Three Valve Instrument(s)
The DCI Brass Caucus approved the switch to any keyed three-valve
brass wind instrument in 2001. By permitting instruments of different
keys, the middle horns could be lowered to the key of "D" or "C" and
according to some, be permitted to truly bridge the gap between the
soprano and baritone voice. 2
Modern Day Instruments
The Table of Octaves s shows the range of octaves the
instruments to be discussed will play (as shown in Example 1).
22 Bobby Pirtle, "An Interview with Mike Dennis," Tfie Middle Horn Leader (March,
1993) 5. 23 Stephen D. Burton, Orchestration (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc.,
1982) 567.
41
Example 1. Octave Register Notation
Table of Octaves
cc c CO c1 c1 c2 c3 c4
Same R ch
Soprano Voice
The Soprano
The modern day soprano bugle is similar in design to the trumpet;
however, there are several differences between the two instruments:
1. The soprano is two inches shorter than the trumpet.
2. It has a slightly larger lead pipe and tubing than the
trumpet.
3. The bore size of the pistons and tones holes is
bigger than the trumpet.
4. The soprano sounds a minor third lower than
concert pitch.
42
The soprano has three and one-half octave written/sounding range from
f# to c' (as shown in Example 2).
Example 2. Soprano Bugle Written and Sounding Ranges
Sopiano ^
m Written Range Soundhg Range
The timbre of the instrument in the low register is rich in overtones
but the sound will not travel as far as in the upper register. The middle
register is bright and full of overtones with the sound cutting through any
other instrument(s). In the altissimo register, the soprano tone quality is
more focused yet, with fewer overtones.
Alto Voice
The French Horn
Before 1957, there was no need for alto voicing in the drum corps
horn line. The soprano voicing consisted of the soprano, tenor soprano,
and baritone soprano horns.
43
Though the French Horn bugle has mainly been replaced by the
mellophone, some east coast corps still use them.^"
In 1941, Whaley Royce Company Limited (Ltd.) of Toronto,
Ontario, Canada began manufacturing French Horn Bugles. The French
horn was the first alto or "middle voice" instrument used in drum corps.
The French horn quickly became popular for its ability to sound
more notes than any other bugle using the lower portion of the overtone
series s (as shown in Example 3).
This allowed composers/arrangers an additional voice in which to
write and create a more realistic four-part harmony.
Example 3. French Horn Bugle Overtone Series
2'* Larry Kerchner, Arranger Hawthorne Muchachos Drum Corps. Conversation with Author. 29 Dec 03.
25 Bobby Pirtle, "The Evolution of the Bugle," A History of Drum and Bugle Corps. Vol.1 (Madison: Sights & Sounds, Inc., 2003) 75.
44
By the 1990s, when DCI announced the legalization of the three-
piston bugle, the French horn was phased out of the alto voice setting in
the majority of the corps; however, it is still in the horn line of some east
coast corps.
The French horn sounds an octave lower than written pitch and has
a written range from f# to e (as shown in Example 4).
Example 4. French Horn Bugle Written and Sounding Ranges
French Horn ^
Unwritten Range Sounding Range
Its timbre is like the concert horn: fairly even throughout the range
of the instrument. Below g the notes become weak dynamically and
unfocused. The altissimo range can be played effectively at forte. The
best tone quality occurs between g and g . The main reason for the
demise of the French horn was that it was difficult to control the partials
in the mid to upper registers.
45
The Mellnphnnp
In 1957, C. G. Conn Ltd. of Elkhart, Indiana, produced the first bell-
front mellophone called the Mellophonium. The body of the instrument
was a circular design like the French horn but the instrument is played
using a trumpet mouthpiece. This design was similar to the custom-made
bell-front instrument used by jazz artist Don Elliott. The Stan Kenton
Orchestra used the Mellophoniums both in 1960 and 1963. However,
Kenton and his arranger Johnny Richards were not involved in the initial
design of the instrument. The Mellophonium received such great success
in marching bands that it was inevitable that the concept would be
utilized by drum corps.^^
In 1963, Whaley Royce Ltd. introduced the forerunner of the
modern day mellophone. The Imperial Mellophone was developed and
designed by Dominic Delray, the music director of the Interstatemen
Drum and Bugle Corps of Pittsfield, Massachusetts. Delray created the
prototype and had Whaley Royce manufacture it in the fall of 1963."
26 Bobby Pirtle, "The Stan Kenton Mellophonium," The Middle Horn Leader May 1993.
27 Whaley Royce Co. Ltd. Drum and Bugle Corps Accessories Catalog, January 1967.
46
The Imperial Mellophone design was similar to that of the flugel
horn without the tuneable leadpipe. It was one and half times the size of
the soprano. The instrument used a straight bell front as the French horn.
In comparison with the French horn bugle, the mellophone is an easier
instrument to play. Though the instrument is played with a trumpet
mouthpiece, later models of the instrument could be played with a French
horn or cornet mouthpiece and a mouthpiece adapter. The modern day
mellophone is considered the workhorse of the horn line. It is used as a
color instrument, a middle voice solo instrument, and a supporting
instrument for lower soprano or middle baritone parts. The register of the
Mellophone is the same as the soprano. It sounds a perfect fourth below
as the written pitch. It has a three-octave written/sounding range
extending from f# to e (as shown in Example 5).
Example 5. Mellophone Bugle Written and Sounding Ranges
Melophone
^ r 1* Written Range Sounding Range
47
The timbre of the instrument is rich in the low range but not very loud.
The best quality of tonal color occurs in the middle register. The upper
register produces a bright sound with fewer overtones.
Tenor Voice
The Bass Baritone
In the mid 1950s, the Frank Helton Company of Elkhorn, Wisconsin
is said to have produced the first bass baritone bugle.28 The bass baritone
bugle (now referred as the baritone bugle), is three times the size of the
soprano. The design of the modern day baritone bugle is similar to the
baritone horn used in concert band. The main difference between the two
instruments is that the valve casing is mounted vertically between the
lead pipe and the bell crook. The instrument is played from behind the bell
crook like a trumpet. The mouthpiece receiver accepts any trombone or
baritone mouthpiece. The baritone sounds one-octave below written
pitch. Its written range is three octaves from f# to e and a sounding
range from F# to e (as shown in Example 6).
28 "A History of the G Bugle," WWW. Anchormen.org.uk/
48
Example 6. Baritone/Euphonium Bugle Written and Sounding Ranges
Baritone/Euphonum
m f VWitten Range Soundhg Range
The baritone can be written in bass or treble clef. The timbre of the
baritone is a dark tenor sound in the low and middle register. The tone
quality is bright and full in the upper range and becomes lighter and
focused in the altissimo range.
Bass Voice
The Euphonium
The euphonium bugle specifically designed for drum corps use was
invented by Whaley Royce, Ltd. in 1964. Its intended purpose was to add
a darker tone quality to the low brass section of the hornline. It is three
and half times the size of the soprano.
The euphonium (like the baritone) sounds one-octave below written
pitch. Its written/sounding range is that of the baritone.
49
Contra Bass
The contra bass bugle was first fabricated in 1959 by Whaley
Royce, Ltd. was similar to concert Eb or BBb tuba. The difference
between the two instruments was that the contra bass bugle used the
piston/rotor system with a lead pipe designed to play the instrument over
the shoulder. The concert tuba is designed to be played upright while
sitting. The left hand operated the piston on the contra bass while the
right hand operated the rotor and provided additional support to hold the
instrument in place. The modern day contra bass (sometimes referred as
"Contra") uses a three-valve system (some models have an optional
fourth valve) and is pitched two octaves below written pitch. Like the
baritone and euphonium, the contra can be written in treble or bass clefs.
The written range of the contra is three-octaves from f# to e while its
sounding range is from F F# to e (as shown in Example 7).
50
Example 7. Contra Bugle Written and Sounding Ranges
Contra
m ixr
Written Range Soundhg Range
The timbre of the contra is very dark and rich in the low register.
As the instrument moves up the scale, the tone quality becomes lighter.
51
CHAPTER IV
ASPECTS OF ARRANGING FOR A DRUM CORPS HORN LINE
Before the composer/arranger (referred as the writer), can begin to
write music for the horn line, several factors must be determined:
1. The style of music to played by the drum corps (i.e., jazz,
swing, contemporary, or orchestral) and the selection of
appropriate musical piece(s). These are determined by the
design team of the instructional staff.
2. The writer must know how many horn players the
composition going to composed or arranged for and
distribution of horns within each section. To prevent the
sound of an overbalanced hornline, the author
recommends a one to two ratio of mellophones to
sopranos, one to one ratio of baritones to sopranos, and a
one to two ratio of contras to sopranos (refer to Tablel.).
3. The capabilities of the lead soprano and lead baritone
players are a factor in arranging. If the notes are out of
the playing range, then re-writes are in order. The writer
52
must decide if split lead (altissimo /upper lead and lower
lead) soprano and baritone parts are warranted. Other
considerations are the technical ability of the horn players.
Are the horn players familiar with all the major scales? Do
they have an understanding of the pitch tendencies of their
instrument?
4. The writer must decide on the texture(s) of the piece to
be written. The choices are a thick texture, thin texture, or
a combination of both where the melody may be one
texture and the harmony another.
5. The complexity of the arrangement is another
consideration of arranging. The writer must consider the
choices between composing easy, medium-easy, medium,
medium-advanced, or advanced arrangements in terms of
rhythm, chordal, and metrical factors.
6. Other choices include various tonal colors to be displayed
in the composition, any horn doubling(s) and special
effects (i.e., composing a choir within a choir).
Examples will be provided of each texture identified in #4 above.
53
How Manv Horn Playprs
The writer needs to know the composition of the group before
beginning. This is to insure that the music written is size appropriate for
the corps. Overwriting a score for a horn line would cause over-blowing,
distortion, and over-taxing the musicians to make up for additional
players. Underwriting a piece entertains ideas that the music is too easy,
boring, and has no challenge to its content.
The writer also needs to know the approximate breakdown of horn
players. Each of the three divisions of Drum Corps International has
different size classifications. Division III has a size limit of 8 to 60 total
marching members (Drum majors, front line ensemble, battery, horn line
and colorguard). The Division II limit is 61 to 89 total marching members.
Division I limit is 90 to 135 total marching members. The hornline
constitutes one-half to three-quarters of the total marching members of
the corps). The following is an average distribution of horns in each
division based upon the observation and teaching experience of the
author Table 1. Distribution of Horns in DCI Sanctioned Corps.
54
Table 1: Distribution of Brass Instruments in DCI Sanctioned Corps
Min Ave fntai d Horns
Sopranos (Total)
Lead
Altissimo
Lower Lead
2"'* Soprano
3'^ Soprano
Mellophones Total
1='Mello
2nd Mello
Baritones Total
Lead
Altissimo
Lower Lead
2"" Baritone
3'"* Baritone
Euphonium
Contra
Division III
30
10
4
N/A
N/A
3
3
6
3
3
10
4
N/A
N/A
3
3
N/A
4
Division II
54
16
6
3
3
5
5
12
6
6
16
4
3
3
4
4
4
6
Division 1
64-72
24
7
3
4
8
9
12
6
6
24
7
3
4
8
N/A
9
12
55
Capabilities of Lead Players
The range and strength of the lead soprano and lead baritone
players is the next concern of the writer. How high can these individuals
play and at what strength? This will determine if parts can be doubled at
the octave, lead parts above C can written and sustained, or altissimo
solo work can be written.
Most writers lean toward composing "split lead" parts for lead
soprano and baritones. The lead players have the opportunity to trade off
duties in the high or altissimo range. This allows the players to rest and
recuperate. It also allows the lower lead players the opportunity to play
upper lead parts with more frequency this also places less mental,
psychological, and physical stress on lead players.
Distribution of Percussion (Batterv)
Though composing for the battery is not the focus of this project,
it is an intergal part of the total music compostion/arrangment process.
The specification of the battery is important to the writer in order to
achieve balance within the battery and horn line. The distribution of the
56
battery is based upon the DCI sanctioned total size requirements of all
the marching members in three divisions of DCI.
The battery constitutes one-eighth to one-quarter of the total
marching members of the corps. The following is an average distribution
of battery personnel in each division based upon the observation and
teaching experience of the author. The author recommends the following
battery instrumentation for the aforementioned horn lines (Table 2,
Distribution of the Battery in DCI Sanctioned Corps).
The size of the battery is dependent upon not only on the size of
the horn line, but also on the overall strength of volume of the horn line.
A 30-member horn line can overbalance one snare drum if sound
projection is not apparent. The ratio of multiple drums to snare drums is
one to two. Anything more would constitute an imbalance in the
percussion section. The number of bass drums is also dependent on the
depth of the snare and multiple drums. An excessive number of bass
drums will cause the percussion to become bottom heavy in sound
projection causing entire musical ensemble to be bottom heavy causing
an overbalance issue.
57
Table 2. Distribution of the Battery in DCI Sanctioned Corps
Min Ave Tntal nf
Battery
Snare Drums
Multiple Drums (*) Bass Drums
Marching Cymbals {+)
Division III
8-1 1
3-4
2-3
3-4
2-3
Division II
12-15
5-6
3-4
4-5
2-3
Division 1
16-21
8-10
4-5
4-6
4-5
(*) Multiple drums or tenor drums is defined as a series of three-seven multi-dimensional drums on a carrier played by one percussionist.
(+) The number of marching cymbal players is usually dependent upon the number of snare drummers. The ratio of cymbal players to snares is one to two.
58
Texture
The writer must be creative in terms of devising different
techniques to make use of the various textures available with five or six
voices in a composition. There are four differentJypes of texture within
the three styles of texture that a writer may use.
Stvles of Texture
The writer may choose from three styles of textures in the
arrangement. The styles are arranged in order of most common usage to
least common usage:
1. Combination style: Thick/thin texture is where the
harmonic line may be of thick texture while the melodic
line is a thin texture. In addition, thick/thin texture is
where the melodic line may be of thick texture while the
harmonic line is a thin texture.
2. Thick texture: The harmonies include three or more voices.
3. Thin texture: The harmonic/ melodic lines covers one or
two voices only.
59
As in normal part writing, all harmonic structures may be open or
closed.
Tvpes of Texture
The author has developed four types of textures a writer may use
with the styles of textures in a composition.
1. Top Heavy- A thick or thin texture in which the soprano
voice mainly carries the harmonic or melodic lines as in
Example 8 shows soprano top-heavy-thin texture and
Example 9 shows soprano top-heavy-thick texture.
60
Example 8. MM.4-9: Channel One Suite, Mvt. Ill Arr. By John A. Leggett
Sop I
SopU
SopUI
Reprinted with Permission by Warner Bros., Inc.
Example 9. MM.31-36: Channel One Suite, Mvt. I Arr. By John A. Leggett
A > > > t * " ' ^ _ > ^ > i & Lih, MPff^^i I ^
^ ^ ^m Sop I
Sop II
Sop III
^^fr \>—o ~~^ " ^ *-> ^ .» ^ .» ^ ^
> > - - * ^ m»»» »m
^ ^ ^ a
^ B
A > > > > A >
^ ^ ^ S ^ ^S ^ ^ ^ ^
s • ^ ^ — ' > - ' > / - • >
Reprinted with Permission by Warner Bros., Inc.
61
2. Middle Heavy- A thick or thin texture in which the
mellophone (and/or French horn) voice mainly carries the
harmonic or melodic lines. Examples 10 show mellophone-
middle-heavy-thin texture with mellophones in unison and
lead baritone sounding one octave below.
Example 10. MM.18-25: Channel One Suite Arr. By John A. Leggett
Mdlo
Reprinted with Permission by Warner Bros., Inc
3. Bottom Heavy—A thick or thin texture in which the lower
brass (baritone, euphonium, and/or contra) voice(s)
mainly carries the harmonic or melodic lines. Example 11
shows lower voice bottom-heavy-thick texture of
baritones in a triadic open harmony, and Example12 shows
lower voice bottom-heavy-thin texture with voices in
thirds.
62
Example 11. MM.27-34: Channel One Suite Arr. By John A. Leggett
Bar! I
Bari II
Euph Y^' i I'gU- [J 11 I I hg^. ^ |i|J IJ |7g.^^-^| r r i h g g - ^ ^ 2 8 29 30 31 32 33
Reprinted with Permission by Warner Bros., Inc
Example 12. MM.23-31: Channel One Suite, Mvt.ll Arr. By John A. Leggett
Lead
Bari II
Euph
Reprinted with Permission by Warner Bros., Inc
4. Unison/Octave Equivalent-A thick or thin texture in which
any combination of voice(s) in unison or octaves may
carry the harmonic or melodic lines. Example 13 shows
soprano top-octave equivalent-thin texture.
63
Example 13. MM.99-100: Channel One Suite Arr. By John A. Leggett
" > ^ - > 5 . ,l\KJ/pJ..m I Sop I
Sop II
7 I M ff 7 > p ^ ^ ^ p
(|> ^K ( p 7 J M p 7 i ' 7 7 J'7 K7 I ^ ^
( , 'l ( P 7 J' 7 p 7 i ' 7 7 J'7 K7 ^ Sop III r^y r}' 99 >
100
Reprinted with Permission by Warner Bros., Inc
5. Choir within a choir-Usually a moving thick textured
voicing of a specific instrument within thick or thin
textured voicing of other instruments. It is usually in
prolongation of chord intervals or counter-melody.
Example 14 shows a four-part-moving mellophone voicing
in thirds surrounded by intervals of an E chord.
64
Example 14. MM.10-13: Channel One Suite Arr. By John A. Leggett
Split Lead Sop
Mello
Split Lead
Contra
Reprinted with Permission by Warner Bros., Inc
Complexitv of Arrangement
As in the types and styles of textures, the writer has five different
levels or grades of difficulty to compose an arrangement/composition.
The level chosen must not be over or under the level of musicianship for
the players. It must be attainable and set a new standard of musicianship
in the long run. These levels from most complex to least complex are:
65
1. Advanced level: will include complex advanced
rhythms, complex meters, various keys, and an overall
range of three octaves.
2. Medium advanced level: incorporates a combination of
compound and simple meters, poly-rhythms, along with
items from the medium level.
3. Medium level: includes compound meters, major/
minor keys, semi-complex rhythms, i.e.:
J. ^J iJXJ^DJJJ
and a range of two half octaves.
4. Medium-easy level: includes simple (4/4, 3/4, 2/4) and
simple-compound (9/8, 6/8) meters, major and minor
scales, modes, simple dotted rhythms and an overall range
of 1-2 octaves.
5. Easy level: contain simple meters, basic major keys/scales
and basic rhythms. An octave and a half may be the
overall octave range.
66
Tonal Colors
Voice Cnmbinatinn.ti
The writer has several tonal color options at his disposal to create
various tonal colors.
The soprano/mellophone would be useful in generating a mellow
lyrical color in the middle to upper register for a melodic line in ballads,
because the mellophone voice tends to temper the bright tone quality of
the soprano.
The mellophone/baritone is good for melodic lines in ballads in the
lower register, because the mellophone voice brightens the dark tonal
quality of the baritone.
The baritone/soprano combination is extremely powerful for impact
phrases (especially when the lead baritones are at octaves with the lead
sopranos) as the euphonium/baritone combination presents a very dark
color for the lower brass line.
The contra/baritone/euphonium combination can be used to create
darker contrast of the lower voice line.
67
Part Writing
The writer may use various part-writing techniques, such as four,
five, or six voice parts. One example is the four-voice-top-heavy
technique. This technique uses the split lead soprano, 2"'' soprano, third
soprano, 1^' mellophone (doubling the lower split lead soprano), and the
2"- mellophone (doubling the 3" soprano) as shown in Example 15.
Example 15. MM.55-61: Channel One Suite, Mvt. II Arr. By John A. Leggett
-]—. >
Sop I
Sop II
SopUI
Mello I
Reprinted with Permission by Warner Bros., Inc
68
Another example is the four-voice-bottom-heavy technique, where
the split-lead baritone, 2" baritone and 3" baritone with contra providing
counter-melody as shown in Example 16.
Example 16. MM.3-7: Channel One Suite, Mvt. II Arr. By John A. Leggett
Split Lead Bari
Bari II
Euph
Contra
' " I * r
^ ^
I! u '
i s ^
ig
^ ^ ^
sS 3 ^ 2 33=
Reprinted with Permission by Warner Bros., Inc
Choir within a Choir
Creating a "choir within a choir" is another tonal combination that is
used by some writers. It is used to thicken musical arrangements by
chord extensions or chord tones of one instrumental voicing creating a
moving mini-choir with the horn line. The distinction between choir within
a choir and melody-countermelody is the supporting voices of the choir
are usually sustained.
69
This technique is used sparingly to: (1) introduce a theme and (2) to
heighten the effect of an impact point. An example of this technique is
shown in the mellophone parts 1 and 2 in Example 17.
Example 17. MM.10-13: Channel One Suite, Mvt.l Arr. By John A. Leggett
Split Lead
Mellon
Split Lead
Contra
Reprinted with Permission by Warner Bros., Inc
Playing Time of Arrangement
The writer is usually expected to compose/arrange music that is
eight to ten minutes in length within a required show format. The format
70
of modern day drum corps shows usually consists of an opener, a
production piece (usually a ballad with percussion being tacit), a
percussion feature, another ballad and a closing production. While this
format is not mandated by DCI, it has become the standard design. It is
up to each corps to develop a format for their program and to determine
how to present the music to the audience. Some may choose to present
a ballad immediately after the opening production, while others may elect
to combine the ballad with the opening piece, or choose not to present a
ballad at all.
The average playing time for the opening production is 1:30
-2:30(minutes) the average performance time for a ballad is 2:00
minutes, while the closing production may be 1:00 to 2:00 minutes.
71
CHAPTER V
HOW THE CHANNEL ONE SUITE ARRANGEMENT WAS CREATED
The arrangement selected for this project is William Reddie's big
band straightahead (or mainstream^^) jazz composition, Channel One
Suite. (Circa 1966-1968). 3° (This piece, made famous by Buddy Rich and
His Orchestra, appears on the "previously un-issued live recording" of
their Europe '77 tour on compact disc (DAWE60-Produced in 1995).
Various drum corps have performed arrangements of this piece since
1971 (De La Salle Oaklands (Toronto, Ontario) 1971-74; Argonne Rebels
(Great Bend, Kansas) 1976; Blue Devils (Concord, California) 1976, 1977,
1986, and 2002, Capitalaires (all girl corps: Madison, Wisconsin.) 1992,
and Tarheel Sun (Phoenix, Arizona) 2000. ^
29 Sadie, Stanley. The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. V.12, 2"" Edition (London: MacMillan Publishers, Limited.2001) P917.
Straightahead or mainstream jazz is a genre of jazz based upon improvised solos over cyclical, repeating chorus forms, using popular songs, blues or short original compositions with a swing feeling as the basic units of structure. It is reliant on functional harmony within a tonal system with emphasis on individual improvisation than on pre-set composed material)
3° Bill Reddie. "Channel One Suite," Warner Brothers Publications. (Miami: Warner Music Group Copyright 1969).
3 De La Salle Oaklands, Argonne Rebels, Capitalaires and Tarheel Sun failed to make the cutoff position of 12 place in order make any DCI recording s during the years the piece was played. This information is on the website, www.corpsreps.com.
72
The original instrumentation is for 1=' and 2"- Alto Sax, 1^' and 2"" Tenor
Sax, Eb Baritone Sax, 1^', 2"^ 3rd & 4" Trumpet, 1=', 2"^ 3 ^ g^ 4th
Trombone, and Rhythm section (guitar, bass guitar, piano and trapset
drums).
The piece in its entirety is 25:15 and arranged in three sections in a
fast-slow-fast form. The level of difficulty for jazz band performance is
advanced.
For the purpose of this project, the focus will be the first draft of this
piece.
There several methods an arranger may choose to become familiar
with a composition before she (or he) begins to put "ink to paper." The
arranger may:
1. Listen to recording of the original composition. This will
establish a base for tonal colors, type of textures, and
the variety of styles (if any) the composer may have
used.
2. Listen to various arrangements of the composition to determine
how the arrangement(s) differ from the original composition.
73
The factors to consider would be tone color, texture, rhythm,
style, interpretation and instrumentation.
3. Obtain a copy of the original composition to compare
and/or contrast various arrangements. In addition to
determining chord structure and function, the arranger may
begin to formulate ideas to the arrangement of his (or her) own
score.
4. The author suggests using a combination of all the above-
mentioned methods.
The following is a comparison of Reddie's original three-movement jazz
band composition and the author's drum corps hornline arrangement. This
comparison is based upon the author's changes and additions of the
original composition to the arranged score.
74
Movement I
MM. 1-8 is arranged in a pyramid sequence from contra/lower brass
(baritones/euphonium), mellophones to sopranos. MM.9-14 of the original
composition has been changed to a one-measure rest followed by a
mellophone choir within the brass choir at mm. 10-13 of arranged score
(as shown in Examples 18 and 19).
Example 18. MM. 9-14: Original Composition, Channel One Suite
AltoSscophone 1
AltoS9[ophone2
Tmor S acophone 1
Toior S iKophone 2
Baitone Saxophone
TninpetinBtl
TnjnpetinBk2
Trumpet inSkS
TnjnpetinBt4
Reprinted with Permission By Warner Bros., Inc.
75
Example 19. MM.10-13: Channel One Suite Arr. By John A. Leggett
Split Lead Sop
Sop II
Sop III
Mello I
Mello II
Split Lead Bari
4'''"!, jJ-O'gj ^ m 6 a • II
Euph
Contra
Reprinted with Permission By Warner Bros., Inc.
The two-measure rest at mm.13-14 of the original composition has been
omitted and replaced by the bass ostinato of m.15 of the composition
(m.14 of the score. Examples 20 and 21).
76
Example 20. Bass Ostinato: MM. 15-16, Original Composition Channel One Suite
Guitar
Bass
Reprinted with Permission By Warner Bros., Inc.
Example 21. Bass Ostinato, Contra, MM. 14-15, Channel One Suite Arr. By John A. Leggett
Contra I i ^ ^ t ; = ^ 14
^ m > i i
15
Reprinted with Permission By Warner Bros., Inc.
The bass ostinato played by the contra (mm.14-17), is the
introduction to saxophone section of mm. 19-26 played by the
mellophones and lead baritone (mm. 18-26). MM.27-35 of the score is the
same as the original composition with the exception of the saxophone
section, which is played in thirds by the mellophones at mm.29-35 of the
arranged score. The section ends on the first beat of m.36 while the bass
ostinato is elided to the ending.
MM.36-49 of the arranged score is similar to the original
composition (mm.36-49). The major difference is that the saxophone
77
section at mm.41-49 (original composition) has been re-written for
mellophone to include a four-part harmony on the sustained passages at
mm.41-49 of the score (as shown in Examples 22 and 23).
Example 22. Saxophone Section: MM.41-49, Channel One Suite
Reprinted with Permission By Warner Bros., Inc.
Example 23. Mello phone Section: MM.41-49, Channel One Suite Arr. By John A. Leggett
Mello I
Mello
42 43 44 45 48 49
Reprinted with Permission By Warner Bros., Inc.
The percussion break of both manuscripts remains in the same
location (mm.52) however in the arranged score, the break ends one
measure earlier (m.56) than the original composition (m. 57).
78
The meter of 12/8 at mm. 58-70 of the original composition is
changed to 6/8 in the arranged score (mm. 57-78). The author believes
it is easier to read in this meter. MM. 79-86 returns to 4/4 time in the
arranged score as well as mm.71-78 of the original composition.
MM. 79-83 of the original composition is an alternation of 3/4 and
3/8 time signatures with m. 84 as a12/8 time signature that has been
changed to 6/8 time signature in the corresponding measures of 87-93
in the arranged score (refer to Examples 24 and 25).
79
Example 24. 3/4, 3/8 and12/8 Time Alterations, MM.79-85, Original Composition, Channel One Suite
Reprinted with Permission By Warner Bros., Inc.
80
Example 25. 6/8 Time Alterations: MM.87-93, Channel One Suite Arr. By John A. Leggett
Reprinted with Permission By Warner Bros., Inc.
Again, readability is the major factor for this change. This section
also ends on the first beat of m. 93 of the score, while the bass ostinato
of mm. 93-105 is elided to the ending.
MM. 93-105 of the score is the final similarity of the movement to
the original composition (mm. 85-96) the pyramid returns in the same
sequence as the beginning. In mm. 99-105 of the score, the instruments
play eighth notes instead of the staccato quarter notes as written in the
original composition (mm. 85-96).
81
Movement II
MM. 1-7 of the arranged score is the same as the original
composition (mm. 97-103).
The tenor saxophone solo at mm. 103-119 is played by solo
soprano at mm. 7-23. The intervals played by the piano comping
(harmonic improvisation by chord symbols) from mm. 104-111 are
written in random arpeggiation in the lower sopranos, mellophones and
lower brass voices from mm. 8-10 in the score (see Example 26).
Example 26. MM. 8-15, Channel One Suite Arr. By John A. Leggett
Solo
Contra
10 11 12 13 14 15
Reprinted with Permission By Warner Bros., Inc.
82
MM. 11-15 returns to the formal chord structure in the
aforementioned supporting voices. The flute part is omitted at mm. 112-
119, while the lower brass plays the trombone parts (mm. 16-23 of
arranged score).
The pick-up sixteenth notes at mm. 119-127 of the composition
(the trumpet parts) have been reduced to a lead and second soprano
sectional duet at mm. 23-31 in the arranged score. MM. 124 and 127 of
the composition has been re-arranged to an altered rhythm of mm. 28
and 31 of the score (as shown in Examples 27 and 28).
Example 27. Trumpet Section: MM. 119-127, Original Composition, Channel One Suite
Tnunpetin & IV
Trptl&n
Trpim&rv
Reprinted with Permission By Warner Bros., Inc.
83
Example 28. Soprano I and II: MM. 23-31, Channel One Suite Arr. By John A. Leggett
Sop I
Sop
Sop I
Sop I
Alered Rhythm
Reprinted with Permission By Warner Bros., Inc.
The continuing tenor saxophone solo at mm. 128-135 is omitted
from the arranged score while the mellophone section (mm.32-37 of
arranged score) plays the flute melodic line in fifths (of mm. 128-133 of
the composition, see Examples 29 and 30).
Example 29. Flute Section: MM. 128-133, Original Composition, Channel One Suite
FlutEl
Flute II
Reprinted with Permission By Warner Bros., Inc.
84
Example 30. Mellophone Section: MM. 32-37, Channel One Suite Arr. By John A. Leggett
Melo I
Mello
Reprinted with Permission By Warner Bros., Inc.
The bass part at m. 128 has been altered to reflect a slight
counter-melody in the contra part at m. 32 of the arranged score
(Examples 31 and 32).
Example 31. Bass Guitar: MM. 128-131, Channel One Suite
Bass Guitar V ' J^ {3- ^ M 0.
^ ^
Reprinted with Permission By Warner Bros., Inc.
Example 32. MM. 32-35, Contra, Channel One Suite Arr. By John A. Leggett
Cont B
Change fom original
Reprinted with Permission By Warner Bros., Inc.
8 5
The arranged score continues with the original composition at mm.
135-143 as mm. 39-47 of arranged score with rhythmic alterations in the
bass line at mm. 138 and 141 of the original composition (mm. 42 and
45 of the score Examples 33 and 34).
Example 33. Bass Guitar: MM. 136-142, Channel One Suite
Bass Guitar *J' L ' {* \ f I E
137 140 141 142
Reprinted with Permission By Warner Bros., Inc.
Example 34. Rhythmic Alterations Contra, MM. 40-47, Channel One Suite Arr. By John A. Leggett
Contra i ^ 40
^ P ,42 . 4 3
Change from original
z=z
45 ^ W Z C
46
Change from original
Reprinted with Permission By Warner Bros., Inc.
The second tenor saxophone solo at mm. 143-151 is played by
solo mellophone at mm. 47-55. The eighth to sixteenth note rhythms on
beats three and four at m. 147 of the composition is replaced by the
quarter note triplets in the corresponding measure of the arranged score
(m. 51) (see Examples 35 and 36).
86
Example 35.1«» Tenor Sax Solo: MM. 143-151, Original Composition, Channel One Suite
1st Tenor Sax
Reprinted with Permission By Warner Bros., Inc.
Example 36. Solo Mellophone: MM. 47-55, Channel One Suite Arr. By John A. Leggett
•J 47 ^ ^ 3 4S 49 50
Solo Mello
Reprinted with Permission By Warner Bros., Inc.
Both manuscripts retain the shout chorus or the main section of
the movement. In the original composition, this begins with the pick-ups
to mm. 152 to the downbeat of m. 157 (in the score, this is the pick-ups
to m. 56 to the downbeat of m. 61).
87
The final tenor saxophone solo (mm. 157-162) of the original
composition is omitted from the arranged score. A four-measure ad lib.
soprano solo replaces the tenor saxophone cadenza (mm. 61-64 of
arranged score). Finally, mm. 163-165 (as mm. 65-67 of the arranged
score) completes the movement as written.
Movement III
The last measure of movement II (the ballad) is elided to the
tympani break at the beginning of movement III. MM. 1-14 of the
arranged score is the same as mm. 165-168 of the original composition
without the repeat. MM. 15-22 of the arranged score are the same as
mm. 187-194 of the composition. MM. 195-207 is presented later in the
movement while mm. 208-218 is omitted from the arranged score.
However, mm. 219-227 is used in the arrangement but is displaced in the
score. The arrangement continues with the pick-ups to m. 230-237 of
the composition and is labeled as mm. 24-30 in the arrangement. This is
followed by the first of two optional percussion breaks.
88
There are two options for the placement of an extended percussion
break within movement III. The percussion break serves several functions:
1. It allows the brass players a break from playing.
2. The battery and front line ensemble have the opportunity to
perform in a solo environment.
3. The audience has the opportunity to observe and listen to the
percussion section.
The first optional percussion break (Option A) occurs after m. 30
and is approximately twenty-five measures in length. The second optional
percussion break (Option B) occurs at m. 46 and is also approximately
twenty-five measures in length. The design team has the option of
determining which percussion break would best serve the audio/visual
program.
MM. 195-200 of the original composition is presented in the
arranged score as mm. 33-38. MM. 201-207 is the next segment
presented in the score as mm. 39-45. This section contains a rhythmic
change in the mellophone part from the original composition as beat one
has been changed from two eighth notes to a quarter rest in mm. 201-
203 (mm. 39-41; arranged score as in Examples 37 and 38).
89
Example 37. Saxophone Section: MM. 201-203, Original Composition, Channel One Suite
1 St Alto Sax
2nd Alto Sax
1st Tenor Sax
2nd Tenor Sax
Baritone Sax
Reprinted with Permission By Warner Bros., Inc.
Example 38. Mellophone Section: MM. 38-41, Channel One Suite Arr. By John A. Leggett
Mellophone I & 11= 4 ''i M n^ff^rju J^^rjffl^|l fr ''i'r'' ri': • 39 ^ ^ J^ > I — ' — I — I J\
Reprinted with Permission By Warner Bros., Inc.
As previously stated, the second optional percussion break (Option
B) occurs at m. 46 and extends for twenty-five measures.
The arranged score continues with the pick-ups to mm. 47-55
(mm. 220-227 of composition) as the shout chorus or main tutti section
of the movement.
9 0
The contra part at m. 55 includes an octave doubling on beats
three and four to increase the depth of the bass line at m. 55 (Example
39).
Example 39. MM. 53-55, Contra, Channel One Suite Arr. By John A. Leggett
$ Contra fM f r
53 J'jj,jj^^
Change from original
Reprinted with Permission By Warner Bros., Inc.
MM. 195-200 returns as mm. 56-61 of the arrangement and
mm.256, 257 and 259-264 (as mm. 61-69 of the score) completes the
penultimate segment of the movement. MM. 265-270 (mm. 70-75) of
the original composition is the final segment of composition and ends the
composition and the score.
91
CHAPTER VI
CHANNEL ONE SUITE. MELODIC ANALYSIS
Movement I
Each movement analysis begins with a form structure diagram to
illustrate the author's intent on constructing the movement for the
arrangement. Example 40 is the form for Movement I.
Example 40. Form: Mvt. I, Channel One Suite Arr By John A.
Leggett
Tempo: J=120
4^ Intro
Motive 1 MM. 2-3 Motive 2 MM.10-13
J=164
Motive 3 Theme A Motive 4 rain.27-28 Motive 5 mm 27-3 3
Measure:
Key: C Minor
1-13 14-26 27 36
A Al
Motive 3 mm.36-52
Theme A mm. 40-49
Call/Response
Motive Frag 3 mm 57-58
ThemeB. mm. 58-65
D Motive 6 itmi 81-82
Theme C ram.79-82
51 57-75 79-86
I Development of i k C Motive 6mm.87-92
A2
Motive 3 nmi.93-105
87 93 93-105
The first movement is based upon a blues scale of 1-''3-4-''5-5-7 (C-
B-F-F'-G-B"). This is introduced in quadruple time as a part of motive 1 in
92
the lower brass from m. 2 to the first beat of m. 3 as shown in
Example 41.
Example 41. Motive 1, MM. 2-3, Mvt. I, Channel One Suite
Contra f.'H'frrrirrno Reprinted with Permission By Warner Bros., Inc.
The motive is completed with the eighth-note triplet to the G half note.
Motive 1 is imitated in the middle voice and upper voices, respectively, to
complete a pyramid sequence as shown in mm. 2-8 in Example 42.
Example 42. Motive 1, MM.2-8, Mvt. I, Channel One Suite
Lower Voices
Reprinted with Permission By Warner Bros., Inc.
93
The melodic line continues in mm. 10-13 with a development of
motivel in the mellophone parts. Though the parts are written in thirds,
the upper-split mellophone I part is the development of motive I.This
motive is labeled motive 2 (Example 43).
Example 43. Motive 2, MM. 10-13, Mvt. I, Channel One Suite Arr. By John A. Leggett
Motive 2
Split Mello I V ;jfffli'^
10 LJ "^
^
^
m f S:
12 13
Reprinted with Permission By Warner Bros., Inc.
The triadic harmony of the mellophones functions as the choir within
a choir of the other voices and serves to introduce this new motive as
shown in Example 44.
94
Example 44. MM. 10-13: Channel One Suite Arr. By John A. Leggett
Split Lead Sop
Contra
Reprinted with Permission By Warner Bros., Inc
Section A (mm. 14-26) begins with a two-measure bass ostinato in
the contra, developed from motive 1 in the form of a blues scale. This
ostinato (now referred as motive 3 see Example 45) functions as a bridge
to connect all the sections in the first movement.
95
Example 45. Motive 3, MM. 14-15, Mvt. I, Channel One Suite
-f-H^ ^-t-i Contra /g^ b I, I* *-Zrz - \ f f l a—5-:
p^^P ptff r 1^ P P ^ f pi |^y 1
15
Reprinted with Permission By Warner Bros., Inc.
Theme A is presented in MM. 18-25 using the mellophones and lead
baritones in octaves for a middle-voice-heavy texture (as shown in
Example 46). This is played over the bass ostinato.
Example 46. Theme A: MM. 18-21, Mvt. I Channel One Suite
' f H > ^ Mello I
Mello II
Bari I
Contra
i-"i. n i : V Lcr ^ ^
:' u Lf''-^' m ^
_> m. ^ i- [> ( \
^ m ^
> ^ > ^ j >
^ > . ] > s
Reprinted with Permission By Warner Bros., Inc.
96
Section B (mm. 27-36) is in simple triple meter and introduces
two new motives. The baritone/euphonium sections established a two-
measure motive (labeled motive 4) over a recurring contra F/C pedal as
shown in Example 47.
Example 47. Motive 4, MM. 27-28, Mvt. I, Channel One Suite
Motive 4
- A > . . > >
Bari I
Bari II
Euph
Contra
^'uhfrrrrr
^
— — A
*j I* I* I* ["O*
i ^
A >
't^yLT LS
^ 27 ^
^
£ ?^r ^
> > >
iP 28
Reprinted with Permission By Warner Bros., Inc ,
97
Motive 3 is imitated in the sopranos at mm. 31-33. The
mellophones play an ornamentation section written in minor thirds to the
conclusion of section B, where the entire ensemble plays the
ornamentation.
Motive 5 is new counter-melody material played by the mellophones
at mm. 27-33. Though, originally written as unison, it has been re
arranged at m. 29 into minor thirds as shown in Example 48.
Example 48. Motive 5, MM. 27-33, Mvt. I, Channel One Suite Arr. By John A. Leggett
Motive 5
Mello I
Mello II
Reprinted with Permission By Warner Bros., Inc.
Section A (mm. 36-51) marks the return of motive 3 in the contra
and Theme A (at mm. 40-49) in a soprano call and an altered response in
the mellophones as shown in Example 49.
98
Example 49. Theme A l : MM. 40-49, Mvt. I Channel One Suite Arr. By John A. Leggett
Mello II
Contra
Sop III
Mello I
Contra
Reprinted with Permission By Warner Bros., Inc.
99
Section C (mm. 57-78) originally in 12/8 time has been re
written in 6/8 for readability for the players. While fragments of motive 3
(Partial Motive 3-Example 45) are played by the upper and lower brass,
the mellophones play theme B in a middle voice thin texture (Example 50).
100
Example 50. MM. 57-58, Mvt. I Channel One Suite
Partial Motive 3
> >
Split Lead ^ i ^ „ 7 J ] J ^ S o p l ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
Sop II
Sop III
Mello I
Mello II
Bari I
Bari II
Euph
i) ^ w^Uh^ ^ ' • ' i ' ^1 rrr^
Theme B
i ^
te Partial Motive 3
^
- - > f > m^^ m^ -rf ^ rrr # ^ — > >
*J 57 i ^
j . - ^ TT
^
^
fe£
^
>
±± f ' •> ?
^
>
^ ^
> > > 58
Reprinted with Permission By Warner Bros., Inc.
101
Reprinted with Permission By Warner Bros., Inc.
Example 51. Theme B: MM. 58-65, Mvt. I Channel One Suite
Reprinted with Permission By Warner Bros., Inc.
Section D (mm. 79-92) is a combination of the rhythmic idea of
m. 38 (Example 52) of the baritone/euphonium and new material (labeled
motive 6) presents Theme C (Example 53).
Example 52. MM. 38-39, Mvt. I Channel One Suite
$
i > > > > l ^ l, (* ^ ft ^ Bari II r P r ': F - M
38
Reprinted with Permission By Warner Bros., Inc.
Example 53. Theme C: MM. 79-82, Mvt. I Channel One Suite
Motive 6
Rhythmic ideafrotti M.38
Mello I
Reprinted with Permission By Warner Bros., Inc.
102
MM. 87-92 is a short development of the new material in 6/8time.
MM. 93-105 marks the final return of motive 3 in a pyramid sequence
similar to mm. 2-8 in form only.
Movement II
The following illustrates the form structure diagram of the author's
intent in constructing the second movement of this arrangement. Example
54 is the form for Movement II.
Example 54. Form: Mvt. II, Channel One Suite Arr. By John A. Leggett
Tempo: J, 76
Intro A Al R L' ff Theme A | Theme B mm 7-14 Theme C mm 15-23 | Theme Al mm 23-31 | Motive 7 mm 32-33 ] Theme D mm. 39-43
"^Meas"^e : 1-7 I 8-23 I 23-31 I 32 - 38 , 39-47
Key: F Major
A2 D Theme B2 mm 47-55 | Theme CI mm 55-66 i 47-55 I 55-66
The introduction to movement II (labeled Theme A, Mvt. II), is the
re-statement of Theme A of movement I with several distinct differences
(as shown in Examples 55 and 56, respectively):
103
1. It is written a major second higher to establish the key of F
Major.
2. Theme A, Movement II is based upon triplets.
3. Theme A is used as a bridge to the second movement.
Example 55. Theme A: MM. 1-5, Mvt. II Channel One Suite
> •»
Sop I (Solo) ^ ^
ZE:
Reprinted with Permission By Warner Bros., Inc.
Example 56. Theme A: Mvt. I Channel One Suite
^-, r rVl^ ^ a ^ j i r L i j - i J ^ Mello I ^ I>"|, r, ^
Reprinted with Permission By Warner Bros., Inc.
104
Section A is based upon two combined themes. Theme B is a
new eight-measure material from mm. 7-15 (as shown in Example 57).
Example 57. Theme B: MM. 7-15, Mvt. II Channel One Suite
Reprinted with Permission By Warner Bros., Inc.
Theme C begins in the second half of m. 15 to m. 23 and is eight
measures in length (shown in Example 58).
Example 58. Theme C: MM. 15-23, Mvt. II Channel One Suite
M±fz h ^i^n-^b. fP^^ ,5- r r ,_ffPPf Mello I A.^" it i ' 16
*
LiT TtTr r
Reprinted with Permission By Warner Bros., Inc.
105
Section Al contains Theme Al a variant of Theme A. The
second soprano part is written entirely in major thirds to the lead soprano
as a sectional duet (shown in Example 59).
Example 59. Theme A l : MM. 23-31, Mvt. II Channel One Suite
Euph
Reprinted with Permission By Warner Bros., Inc.
Section B is new material (labeled Motive 7) in which the mellophone
section duet plays the melodic line of in response to the sectional duet of
the sopranos (see Example 60).
Example 60. Section B: MM. 32-37, Mvt. II, Channel One Suite Arr. By John A. Leggett
Reprinted with Permission By Warner Bros., Inc.
106
Section C (mm. 39-47) contains new material (labeled Theme
D, mm. 39-43) in response to theme B and is repeated an octave higher
(see Example 61).
Example 61. Theme D: MM. 39-43, Mvt. II Channel One Suite
fc ^m t=^k^i: Sopi /LV ji ^ \
^ * 39 40
8r-
^ ^ ^ ^
^ P 45
Reprinted with Permission By Warner Bros., Inc.
Section A^ (mm. 47-55) is a mellophone solo in a slight variation of
theme B. Labeled as Theme B , it is similar to theme B without harmony
(as shown in Example 62).
Example 62. Theme B2: MM. 47-55, Mvt. II Channel One Suite
Mello Solo
Reprinted with Permission By Warner Bros., Inc.
107
Section D (mm. 55-61) is the shout chorus or the main section
of movement II. It is based upon theme C of this movement. This variant
of theme C is labeled Theme C (as in Example 63).
Example 63. Theme CI : MM. 55-57, Mvt. II Channel One Suite
I MM 55 56 57
Reprinted with Permission By Warner Bros., Inc.
The movement concludes with an ad lib. soprano solo (mm. 61-64,
Example 4).
Example 64. Ad. Lib. Soprano Solo, MM. 61-64, Mvt. II, Channel One Suite Arr. By John A. Leggett
Ad. Lib. -.-.
Sole Sop: ;^^^t^ friCa-toJ^jiJ]j%h-
* 61 T2 63
rit.
#-^<s^
64
Reprinted with Permission By Warner Bros., Inc.
108
Movement III
This analysis begins with a form structure diagram of movement
three. It is based upon the author's reconstruction of the movement for
the arrangement. Example 65 is the form for Movement III.
Example 65. Form: Mvt. Ill, Channel One Suite Arr. By John A. Leggett
Tempo: 144
Intro
JF I P I n ^^ Tympani Ostmato
Theme A mm, 5- 13
Motive Amm 5 - 6 Motive B mm 12-13 Bass Ostinato mm 5-14
B ThemeB mm 15- 22
Motives m 15 MotiveB mm 15-16 Walking Bass Lme mm 15-22
Measure: 1-4
Key: F Minor
5- 13
Al
i Call/Response Motives mm 23-30
I I Call. Motive A mm. 23-24 Call Motive A2 mm 27 - 28 I,**! P Res Motive A mm 25-26 Response Motives mm 27-30
15-22
A2
Theme A mm 33-38 Theme B2 mm 39-41 Motive BI mm 39-41
23 -30 33-44
Theme C mm.47 - 51 ShoutChorus mm 47-55
L I Motive A3 mm 47-48 Motive 9mm 49-51 Ln P Walk] ns Bass Line mm 48 - 55
A3
ThemeAmm,56-61 Motive 32 mm 62-66
47-55 56-68
J- 88 Codetta
i t ^ Theme Al mm.70-72
Sequntial Dotted quarter notes mm 70 - 72
69-75
109
This movement is in f minor and is based upon two motives.
The first motive (labeled motive A) is the foundation of this movement
(see Example 66).
Example 66. Motive A: MM. 4-6, Mvt. Ill, Channel One Suite
$
^ > >
(* - ^ ^ # 0 mP
^\[^^y pi p
Reprinted with Permission By Warner Bros., Inc.
The second motive (labeled Motive B, Example 67), is derived from
motive 4 of movement I as shown in Example 68.
Example 67. Motive B: MM. 15-16, Mvt. Ill, Channel One Suite
Mellophones m ^ ^ ^m Reprinted with Permission By Warner Bros., Inc.
110
Example 68. Motive 4: MM. 27-28, Mvt. I, Channel One Suite
Mellophones • 'I''.','' i liuTJ Reprinted with Permission By Warner Bros., Inc.
Section A (mm. 5-13) is composed of Theme A inwhich motive A is
repeated and ends with motive B. This section is played by the sopranos
and mellophones while the contra plays an Fm7 arpeggiation (see Example
69). This theme re-occurs throughout the movement.
Example 69. Theme A3: MM. 5-13, Mvt. Ill, Channel One Suite
Motive A
Reprinted with Permission By Warner Bros., Inc.
11 1
Section B (mm. 15-22) is composed of Theme B. The first half
of the measure consists of new material while the second half of the
measure is motive B and is repeated at mm. 19-21. The walking bass line
of the contra completes section B as shown in Example 70.
Example 70. Motive B1: MM. 15-17, Mvt. Ill, Channel One Suite
Motive 8 I —
_ j a l_i m
Sops
Mellos
Motive B
fe^^ ^ ^ = ^ ^ ^ KS:
Contra fL h-|," ( i k^ » • r 5 ^ a=«: Walking Bass Lne
Reprinted with Permission By Warner Bros., Inc.
Section A (mm. 23-30) consists of two call and response motives.
In the first motive, the mellophones call with motive A and the sopranos
respond, in strict imitation of motive A to this two-measure phrase. Motive
A^ is immediately followed by a complex call-and-response passage (mm.
27-30). The baritones call to a series of ordered responses, mellophones,
sopranos, mellophones and sopranos/baritones (as shown in Example 71).
112
Example 71. Complex Call and Response: MM. 22-30, Mvt. Ill, Channel One Suite
Ftesponse Molh/e A Response »2 Response *4
> Split Lead
Sop
Reprinted with Permission By Warner Bros., Inc.
Section A2(mm. 33-44) marks the return of section A with lower
voice harmony and a slight variation of Theme B (labeled Theme B ). The
first half of theme B is now shortened to only the eighth-note figures
which is played by the. The second half of the motive is extended to
include eighth-note figures before and after the sixteenth-note figure.
Example 72 shows a horn line reduction of section A^from mm. 33- 41.
113
Example 72. Section A l : MM. 33-41. Brass Reduction, Mvt. Ill, Channel One Suite
Reprinted with Permission By Warner Bros., Inc.
Section C (mm. 47-55) is the shout chorus or the main section of
the movement. It is based upon a variant of motive A labeled Motive A
(Example 73) when combined with new material (labeled Motive 9), it
forms theme C (Example 74). Theme C is played tutti over a walking bass
line of the contra from mm. 48-55.
114
Example 73. Variant of Motive A: Motive A
Sop I
*J 7l ^ 48
Reprinted with Permission By Warner Bros., Inc.
Example 74. Theme C: MM. 47-51, Mvt. Ill, Channel One Suite
Motive 9
Split Lead Jf [,P| [• Sop (tT) " 1 * ^
Motive A3
> >.—. > > i\> M^\ip- ^ ^ f^ ^ ^ 1 k''^ ^ •
Reprinted with Permission By Warner Bros., Inc.
MM. 56-68 constitutes Section A where Theme A returns in the
mellophone with no harmony other than the Fm7 arpeggiated chord in the
contra part.
Another variant of motive B (labeled motive B^as in Example 75) is
presented as a displaced call by the sopranos and baritones/euphoniums
against the extended response of the mellophones over a syncopated
quarter note pedal point in the contra.
115
Suite Example 75. Theme B1: MM. 62-67, Mvt. Ill, Channel One
Pedal Point
S o p R e d u c t i o n
Me l lo I
M e l l o II
Bar i / Eupin F teduot ion
C o n t B
^m
^"''•' -1.1 J J P^r^r p: ^
# t?fe= ^m ^^m m
^ ^ J' J-' J ^
"(LTir't ^
Reprinted with Permission By Warner Bros., Inc.
Section A3 (mm.69-75) concludes the movement. Theme A (mm.
69-72) is presented a final time (in augmentation-labeled theme Al)
within the soprano line.
116
This is supported by the sequential dotted quarter notes of
the mellophone, baritone, euphonium and contra as shown in Example 76.
Example 76. Section A3: MM. 69-72, Mvt. Ill, Channel One Suite
Theme Al
Reprinted with Permission By Warner Bros., Inc.
117
CHAPTER VII
BLUEPRINT OF CHANNEL ONE SUITE
The writers/arrangers are increasingly electing to create a
flowchart of the composition before the start of the arrangement. The
flowchart or blueprint serves several functions:
1. It can be used as a guide in the analysis of the
composition to determine the composer's intent.
2. It may be used to map out the arrangement in graphic
form, which makes it easier to assemble or rearrange
various sections in the arrangement.
3. It may be used as a musical storyboard for the percussion,
visual and auxiliary designers. It is a tool that other
designers may use to support the musical program
through their medium.
In order to use the flowchart, the writer must understand its
makeup. There are seven (7) basic components of the flow chart^^;
32 Robert Garofalo. Blueprint for Band. (Ft. Lauderdale: Meredith Music, c.1983) 32-38.
118
1. Form Scheme-
A. Used to determine if the composition
belongs to a standard form (i.e., sectional,
variational, developmental, imitative, dance,
free, multimovement or a combination
[hybrid] of the aforementioned forms).
B. Used to determine sections, periods and
phrases in relationship to melodic and
harmonic materials.
C. Other considerations within form are balance,
continuity, variety, number and relationship
of movements, and total length of movements
and sections.
2. Melodic Design-Used to indicate, identify, and
locate main themes, subordinate themes and
counter-melodies.
119
3. Rhythmic Elements-Used to indicate tempo as a
factor for general moods (Slow-tragic, majestic,
heavy), identify and locate various meters, special
rhythmic devices (ostinatos, hemiolias, polyrhythms,
syncopation, etc.).
4. Bandstration (*)-Used to indicate instrumentation
of thematic materials and harmonic accompaniment
materials
5. Harmonic Structure-Indicates tonal (key) or pitch
centers, and important cadences, modulations and
chord progressions.
6. Texture-lf desired, to indicate the basic textures of
sections and subsections.
7. Dynamic Curve-To indicate important dynamics,
especially climaxes. It may be helpful to include a
graphic curve illustration of the overall dynamic
scheme.
(*) Term coined by Garofalo.
120
The writer may construct a flowchart using any additional
components that she (or he) feels necessary. For this project, the author
has modified Garofalo's flowchart for the bugle instrumentation. Tempo
markings and meters are located in the form section where they occur in
the music. Bandstration has been replaced by Primary Contrapuntal
Instrumentation (which is defined in the next section). Harmonic Structure
has also been replaced by Harmony and is defined in the next section. The
identification of the types and styles texture replaces the basic texture
format. The format for the Dynamic Curve has been re-defined and is
discussed in the next section.
This modified format allows musicians and non-musicians the
opportunity to intimately study the arrangement and work toward
coordination of all elements (brass, percussion, visual and auxiliary) to the
aural presentation of the program.
121
Interpretinn The Flowchart
The author suggests reading the flowchart as follows:
1. Form-The double bars mark the movements. The vertical
bars of shorter lengths to mark the sections. The
horizontal brackets and numbers indicate in the
number of measure within the section. The
sections are identified the capital letter at the
beginning of the brackets.
2. Melody-Indicates the location of the main themes,
subordinate themes and countermelodies in
correlation of the measures.
3. Rhythmic Elements-Primary rhythmic/special devices
(e.g., ormentation, asymmetrical rhythms, special
effects) or ideas of the melody are located in this
area (in correlation of the measures).
4. Primary Contrapuntal Instrumentation-Primary
rhythmic/special devices or ideas of the
accompaniment located in this area (in correlation
of the measures).
122
5. Harmonic Structure-(Though chord progressions would
be listed in this section, for this project they will be
discussed in the next chapter). The various types of
voicing and rhythms used in correlation of the
measures are presented in this location.
6. Texture-The various styles and types of texture are
presented in correlation of the measures and
instrument(s) it affects.
7. Dynamic Curve-Graphic illustration indicating dynamic
markings, texture density and aural shaping of the
arrangement in correlation of the measures.
123
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134
CHAPTER VIII
HARMONIC ANALYSIS OF CHANNEL ONE SUITE
Movement I
The key of the first movement is B'' major though it is played in C
minor (the Dorian scale or minor ii of B" major). By using the C Dorian
Mode, the composer has outlined the traditional jazz harmony of B": ii-V-
Fm: i as the keys of the three movements in the composition. The formal
structure of this movement is the Introduction-A-B-A^-C-D-A^.
The Introduction is thirteen measures in length and is based upon a
Cm triad (or ii). Motive 1 is introduced in pyramid form (mm. 2-8) over a
chordal structure of Cm-Gm-F^-Eb9-B''-Gm^-A^-Gm^-B'' -A'' It concludes
with the presentation of motive 2 as a "Choir with in a choir" chord
planning device in the mellophones over a sustained C#°^ played by the
rest of the ensemble [Cm -Fm -Gm -B -A^ -Gm -Fm -E' -Cm -Fm -
Bm^|C#°^
135
Section A introduces the walking bass line as melodic material
(motive 3) in mm. 14-17. This motive outlines the blues scale of 1-^3-4-
#4-5-(''7)-1 on Cm. MM.18-26 introduces the parallel period of theme A
over motive 3.
Section B, though only nine measures in length and in simple triple
time, is the first contrasting section presented over the bass pedal. The
section contains E ' -Dm^ {D^-Cm''-F)-E^^-F^ (F-E' -F) E' s-Dm (D7-F^ -F"7)
B^-F over an F pedal in the contra. The parenthetical chords indicate the
use of passing and/or neighboring chords within this parallel period ending
with an F (added4) chord. The section uses motive 4 and motive 5 as part of
the polyphonic form.
Section A returns to quadruple time with motive 3 supporting
theme A in a call/response structure over the lower brass
accompaniment. The call/response sub-form is presented in the soprano
/mellophone lines with the concept repeated in movement III. The chordal
structure is basically Cm -F-Cm^ with phrase endings on B ^ (i^-V/VII-i^-
Vl|3) with VIP as a substitute dominant.
136
Section C is played in compound duple time in a polyphonic chord
structure over a fragmentary motive 3 F pedal within the contra part
while theme B (mm. 57-64) is played by the mellophones being
supported by the immediate outer voices (sopranos/baritones) in a
syncopated accompanying line. This occurs as part of a four-measure
sequential phrase as part of a sequential parallel period. The latter half of
this period (mm. 65-69) occurs over an A'' pedal of the contra with a
chord structure of E^m -Fms-D' -E' m -D^ -E 'm -Emtt -Fm^
MM. 72-74 introduces several hybrid scales that resolve to an E" ^
chord that ends the section. The first hybrid scale is located in the
mellophone part at m. 72 and is based on an F whole-tone scale with
minor 2" ^ between the notes B-C and D-E" (F-G-A-B-C-D-E' -F-G). The
preceding two scales of mm. 74-75 are in outer contrasting motion of
each other. The upper scale (played by sopranos) is another whole-tone
pattern centered on F with minor 3 = between B-D, E-G and major 3=
between G-B (F-G-A-B-D-E-G-B). The lower scale pattern (played by the
lower voice line) is a layered harmonic hybrid octatonic scale with a whole
step between A' -Ftt (F-E-D-D^-B-B' -A^-Ftt-F).
137
Section D is the "shout chorus" or main tutti section of the
movement. The rhythmic lines are linear with homophonic content over
the walking bass line of the contra. Each phrase of the first parallel period
consists of chord planing.under a hint of tonality and little overall tonal
progression. The following short three-phrase period is the elaboration of
the previous chord stream and elides the ending to the next section.
Section A2 (mm. 93-98) marks the return of original motive 3 in
pyramid form throughout the ensemble. A reverse pyramid form of
motive 3 (mm. 99-105) is based upon the sequential movement of fifths
(C-G), to end the section and the movement.
Movement II
The second movement is based upon F major (or the V of B'' major)
of the overall key structure of ii-V-i. The formal structure of this
movement is A-A(i)-B-C-A(2)-D.
The solo soprano plays theme A at the introduction of this
movement, which is motive 3 of movement, I transposed up a major
second.
The supporting material of the first three measures of theme B
section A (mm. 8-10) is a polyphonic random appreggiation of the chords
138
Gm7-C9-F(6/9) (or IP-V^-P.the first presentation of the basic traditional
jazz harmony). M.11 consists of two-chord turnabout (Am^-Ab°^)
designed to lead back to part of the previous chord progression [Gm -C^
(ii^-V^)]. This is followed by a downward chromatic chord progression (B^-
B'' - Am^- A^ (*9)) modulating to the key of A^ The second half of section
A (mm. 16-23) is homophonic in nature with a progression of ii -V^-ii -IV-
l-IV'S-Vr (or W =F:V) with the VI chord modulating back to the key of F
Major.
Section Al (mm. 24-31) is a variant of the first half of section A
(mm. 8-16). MM. 27-30 includes a linear chromatic progression with
common tones (A, E, G within the first two chords and G, F for m. 28)
Am -A-A^o -Gm-Gm^ ("s) _C9 (ttiD-B -B^ -Am -A^Mhis progression also
includes turnabouts with the first four chords (Am^-A-A''°^-Gm) and the
last five chords (C^ (*")-B -B'' -Am -A^ ) to return to Am^that is
modulatory to A*" Major.
Section B (mm. 32-39) is in the key of A" Major exhibits the second
occurrence of the traditional ii-V-l jazz harmony at mm. 32-34.
Section C (mm. 39-46) continues in Ab major and is polyphonic
with four distinct lines played simultaneously. The three harmonic lines
139
are a repeated progression of ii-V within mm. 40-43 to set up the
dominant chord at mm. 44-45 before resolving to an augmented IV ^ on
D".
The final A section returns as A^with theme B (in slight variation
of the melodic line of sections A and A ) in the key of F major and is
played by solo Mellophone. This melodic line occurs over the same bass
line as in Sections A and A [ii^-V^-P'^/s'-iii^ (subV^)-[P"*]-ii7 ^'^^^-y^-W/y-
IV7-iii7(sub V^)].
Section D is a short shout chorus of the movement. The first six
measures are polyphonic yet, homo-rhythmic in the structure. The section
also modulates back to A" Major from F Major. M. 4 includes an A'' major
scale in the contra supporting a sustained Fm^ chord played in the other
voices. M. 59 contains bitonality within the latter part of the quarter note
triplet to the resolution in the dotted quarter-note (C''|A''-A''m|A''-E''").
* P=Passing chord. In this case, passing diminished seventh chord.
140
IVM. 61-64 is the final solo (played by soprano) in this movement
and is a loosely structured form of the previous solos presented eariier in
the movement. This phrase is the final modulation of this movement
returning to F major. The final two measures of the movement are based
upon dual sequential movements of the bass notes in the contra
(sequence 1: in downward fifths: F-B^ E'' -A^ D -G^ sequence 2: in upward
fourths: B''-E^ A -D* ). This idea was taken from the sequential movement
ending of movement I.
Movement III
The third movement is based upon F minor to complete the overall
key structure of ii-V-i. The formal structure of this movement is a hybrid
seven-part rondo form ending with a codetta (A-B-A( )-A(2)-C-A(3)-
Codetta).
The introduction (mm. 1-4) of the movement is played by a 4-piece
tympani set outlining the Fm^ bass ostinato of the contra.
The first A section (mm. 5-14) consists of the phrase group A-A -B
in which Theme A and Motive A dominate the section. The harmonic
progression (supported only by the contra) is Fm^ for each of the two
measure periods A and A\ Period A ends on a iv-l [Plagal Cadence (PC)]
141
while period A ends on an inverted PC. The four-measure B period though
contrasting material has a harmonic progression based upon Fm^ and
continues with an incomplete Cm ^ progression for the last two measures
before concluding with the Fm^ bass ostinato of the contra.
Section B (mm. 15-22) is made up of a single period of two three-
measure phrases separated by a one-measure bridge and ending with a
one-measure tag in support of theme B, motive 8 and motive B.
The downward progression of the first phrase is as follows: Fm-E" -
D''^ Within each measure of the first phrase is a related chord to this
progression: Fm-Gm, E ^ -Dm^ and D'' -E'' (with the E'' as a chord
substitute of a V^ chord). The bridge consists of A'• B"", A ^ and B ^ and
links the next phrase by a half-step downward progression. The second
phrase is similar to phrase one in rhythmic form and tonal quality however
with different the chord progressions. This phrase uses B'' -E'' A'' -D''m^
and B^m -Go^
Section A (mm. 23-30) is an eight-measure phrase based upon
motive A in a call and response form from the idea of section A,
movement I. This chord progression is also consistent with the traditional
jazz harmony of i-ii-v-i.
142
The A motive deviates from the original composition with the addition of
an implied Cm^ chord at the motive's end over the chord structure of
Fm -C -Fm-Gm -Cm^ (i7.v7.j.ii7.v9).
Section A2(mm. 33-45) is a repeat (the third time) of the melody
(played by the mellophones) of section A. The phrase group for this
section is differs slightly from the original A section: A-A^-B-C. Though
the bass ostinato remains the same as the original A section it is joined
with a sequential rhythm played by the lower brass thus changing the
chord structure to primarily outline a B^ -Cm^ deceptive move. Again the
period A ends on with iv-i and period Abends on an inverted lAC.
The initial two-measure melodic line of period B is also the same as
its counterpart in section A. It is also supported by a lower brass
accompaniment outling a progression of B^ -Fm -B^m^ E^^-A^^-E^m^\ The
last four measures of period B are based on the mellophone theme as
FM/C (V/IV|v). The B section concludes with a linear chromatic scale
(from B' -E) played by the sopranos with the second sopranos in
contrasting motion to the tonic Fm^ chord.
Section C (mm. 48-55) is an immediate departure from the key of
Fm up a half step to the key of B m and is also the shout chorus or main
143
tutti section of this movement. The highlight of this section is the two
four-measure phrases of a parallel period based upon chromatic chord-
planning over a walking bass line in the contra.
The chord streaming in the A phrase begins on an A" or VViii while the
chord streaming of the A phrase starts a major second higher on 6"^
Section A^ (mm. 56-69) marks the return of phrase group A-A -B-C
of section A ' in the key of F minor with the original Fm bass ostinato of
section A while melodic line is again played by the mellophones. The major
difference of phrase C of this section as compared to phrase C of section
A^ is the mellophone theme is an inverted form of section A^ over a
syncopated quarter-note pedal rhythm within the lower brass line. The
harmonic structure of these seven measures outlines an Ab -Cm-C°"A'' -
GPm progression.
The codetta (mm. 70-75) begins with a chromatic eighth-note
triplet played by the contra to present theme A (played by the sopranos).
This motive serves as the original compositional form for which the third
movement is based upon. This is supported by a dotted quarter-note
sequence of descending fifths within the bass line of the contra under a
144
chord progression of (Dm-B -Do -D" ^ C^ -G^m). The movement concludes
on an F Major chord.
145
CHAPTER IX
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
The North American drum corps movement has made its mark on
other continents of the worid. The majority of music used by these corps
are mainly composed or arranged by American writers.
Techniques for arranging music for drum corps is traditionally based
upon the writers' word of mouth, apprenticeship, or by trial and error
method. Thoughout the past sixty years, drum corps publications have
recorded changes in the activity from a military emphasis to its current
state of creativity and pageantry. However, there have been no articles
written on arranging for a drum corps hornline.
The purpose of this project is to offer a variety of comprehensive
methods and techniques on arranging for a hornline.
In order to understand how to arrange for a drum corps hornline, a
brief history of the birth of Drum Corps International (DCI) and the brass
instruments (circa 1976) used within a drum corps has been presented in
Chapters II and III.
146
The aspects of arranging specifically for this unique family of
instruments is based upon several factors as outlined in Chapter IV:
1. Style of Music,
2. Number of horn players,
3. Distribution of the horn players within the sections,
4. Musical strength of the horn players,
5. Texture and complexity of the composition to be arranged.
To demonstrate how this comprehensive method is applied, the
author has chosen William Reddie's Jazz Band composition, Channel One
Suite as a sample arrangement. In Chapter V, the author describes how
the drum corps arrangement was made from the jazz band composition.
In Chapter VI, the author introduces the melodic analysis of the
three-movement composition. This is presented in the form of a
structural diagram followed a comparison of motives between the
original composition and the arrangement.
Chapter VII is an introduction of a blueprint or flowchart based upon
Robert Garofalo's Blueprint for Band. The seven basic concepts of
Garofalo's flowchart have been modified to reflect a visual representation
of the arrangement.
147
The project concludes with Chapter IX as the harmonic analysis
section of the arrangement. Though the harmonic structure of the original
composition and the arrangement are complex, the formal analysis
consists of the primary chordal structure and its function as it relates to
the traditional ii-V-i jazz harmony.
Conclusion
The method of arranging for the hornline of a drum corps presented
in this project is one of several that may be used by any
composer/arranger. In the medium of drum corps arranging, it is one of
the most approaches to the arrangement of the music.
The author's intent in this project is to present a logical approach
to composition and arrangement for the instructor and student of music
for the drum corps. The hoped for outcome is to present a unified
method or "sketch pad" technique, that can be retained as a technique
arranging or compositional ideas to be used in future musical selections.
In no way is the author advocating any standardization of music
arranging within drum corps. To do so would undermine the musical
creativity of the activity. It is the author's desire to recognize the
148
approach to arranging any musical composition to the five major voices of
drum corps brass instrumentation and the creative genius of those who
write for them.
149
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Atkinson, Chris. "The Drum Corps Activity takes to the Ainwaves." A History of Drum and Bugle Corps. Vol.1. Madison: Sights & Sounds, Inc., 2003.
"Southeast Asia." A History of Drum and Bugle Corps. Vol. 2 Madison: Sights & Sounds, Inc., 2003.
Beckham, Rick. "The Birth, Growth, and Metamorphosis of Competitive Rudimental Drumming." A History of Drum and Bugle Corps, Vol. 2. Madison: Sights & Sounds, Inc., 2003.
Bilik, Jerry H. "The Corps Versus The Band." The Instrumentalist 29, No.11 June 1975:41-43.
Burton,Stephen D. Orchestration, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1982
Cillers, Retha. "South African Field Band Foundation." A History of Drum and Bugle Corps. Vol. 2 Madison: Sights & Sounds, Inc., 2003.
Duganne, W.T. The Army Bugler. W. D. No. 1019. Washington D. C: War Department, Government Printing Office. 1920.
Garofalo, Robert. Blueprint for Band. Ft. Lauderdale: Meredith Music c.1983.
Hars,Steven."United Kingdom." A History of Drum and Bugle Corps. Vol. 2 Madison: Sights & Sounds, Inc., 2003.
Howard, William. "Masters of Their Destiny—DCI is Established," A History of Drum and Bugle Corps. Vol.1. Madison: Sights & Sounds, Inc., 2003.
150
Kerchner, Larry. Arranger Hawthorne Muchachos Drum Corps. Conversation with Author. 29 Dec 03.
Kloppert, Hans. "Europe." A History of Drum and Bugle Corps. Vol. 2 Madison: Sights & Sounds, Inc., 2003.
Ludwig, Jr., William. Letter to Steve Vickers. 05 December 1995.
Neidig, Kenneth L. "Bands of America Summer Workshop." Band Director's Guide No. [sic]4 (May/June 1990):2-5.
Norman, Kenneth. Arranger (knorman@rootcom.net) E-mail with author. January 2004.
Pirtle, Bobby. "The Evolution of the Bugle." A History of Drum and Bugle Corps. Vol. 1. Madison: Sights & Sounds, Inc., 2003.
. "The Stan Kenton Mellophoniums." T/ie M/c/of/e Horn Leader. May 1993.
Osheroff, Raphael and Robert Zinko. "The Big Parade-The Veterans Organizations and the Drum and Bugle Corps Movement." A History of Drum and Bugle Corps. Vol.1. Madison: Sights & Sounds, Inc., 2003.
Reddie, Bill. "Channel One Suite." Warner Brothers Publications. Warner Music Group, Miami. Copyright 1969.
Sadie, Stanley. " The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians." London: MacMillan Publishers, Ltd. 1980.
. " The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians."2"'' Edition London: MacMillan Publishers, Ltd.2001.
Sward, Rosalie Dr. "The Evolution of Musical and Visual Design."_/\ History of Drum and Bugle Corps. Vol.1. Madison: Sights & Sounds, Inc., 2003.
151
Tarr, Edward. TheTrumpet. (Portland: Amadeus Press. 1988. p.20).
Vickers, Steve. "The Big Parade -The Veterans of Worid War I Form a Unique Organization."/\ History of Drum and Bugle Corps. Vol.1. Madison: Sights & Sounds, Inc., 2003.
"Drum Corps Periodicals." A History of Drum and Bugle Corps. Vol. 2. Madison: Sights & Sounds, Inc., 2003
Whaley Royce Co. Ltd. Drum and Bugle Corps Accessories Catalog. January 1967.
United States Marine Corps. Manual for Field Music. Washington, D.C.: 1935.
Websites
A History of the G Bugle. WWW. Anchormen.org.uk/
Drum Corps International 08 Dec 2003 WWW.DCI.Org.
Drum Corpsplanet.com Monday 08 Dec 2003 www.drumcorpsplanet.com
Madison Scouts Monday 08 Dec 2003 http://madisonscouts.org/
Phantom Regiment Monday 08 Dec 2003 www.regiment.org
Rec.Arts. Marching Drum Corps Monday 08 Dec 2003 WWW.google.com, Rec.Arts. Marching Drum Corps
Santa Clara Vanguard Monday 08 Dec 2003 WWW.scvanguard.org/community_programs/index.php
Spirit from JSU Monday 08 Dec 2003 www.spiritdrumcorps.org/
The Cadets Monday 08 Dec 2003 www.yea.org/cadets
152
Discography
Reddie, Bill. "Channel One Suite" Rich, Buddy. Europe 77. DAWE60 Magic Compact Disc. Middlesex, England: Submarine 1995).
153
APPENDIX A
PERMISSION LETTER FROM
WARNER BROTHERS PUBLICATIONS
154
WARNER BROS. PUBLICATIONS U.S. INC. 15800 Northwest 48* Avenue
Miami, Florida 33014
January 13, 2004
John A. Leggett 1001 University Avenue #348 Lubbock, TX 79401
Dear Mr. Leggett:
This letter serves as your permission to reprint musical excerpts from CHANNEL ONE SUITE, by Bill Reddie, published by United Artists Music Co., Inc/EMI U Catalog Inc., within the Master's thesis you are writing, at Texas Tech University in Lubbock, Texas, entitled ""ARRANGING FOR DR UM CORPS: IT'S ALL ABOUT THE MUSIC!!T.
This permission is limited to the terms of your request dated January 6, 2004, and does not authorize the inclusion of the material in any other form for distribution, free or for charge, excluding microfilming. It is, however, understood by us that University Microfilms may supply single copies on demand.
This permission is granted on a non-exclusive basis, and you shall afford all credits as they appear on the source material. The fee for this permission shall be $25.00 payable in U.S. funds.
The Copyright Notice should appear on your copies, along with the words "Duplicated by Permission".
Please acknowledge acceptance of the permissions by affixing your signature, on BOTH copies, in the space provided below. Please retain one copy, returning the second to this office.
Thank you for your interest in our publications. We wish you well with this project.
Sincerely, WARNER BROS. PUBLICATIONS U.S., INC.
Juliette Perez, Coordinator Copyright/Licensing Administration
Accepted and Agreed to:
155
APPENDIX B
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