aug 5, 2014, mnla pollinators and pesticides a 360 degree perspective, an entomological perspective,...
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Aug 5, 2014, MNLA Pollinators and Pesticides a 360 Degree Perspective, An Entomological Perspective, Neonicotinyl and bees
Vera Krischik, Associate Professor, Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota and others
Arbo study: Nursery/greenhouse bedding plants compared to native plants are not visited by bees
Arbo study: Nursery/greenhouse bedding plants compared to native plants are not visited by bees
Native Landscape Bedding Plants Statistics: F, df, P
Insect taxa Total Mean ± SEM Total Mean ± SEM
Cantharidae
4,8886 9.58 ± 0.72 221 0.39 ± 0.10 166.44, (1,364), 0.0001
Syrphidae
343 0.52 ± 0.12 359 0.62 ± 0.06 0.49, (1,364), 0.4845
Bombus spp.
336 0.68 ± 0.10 91 0.16 ± 0.02 26.95, (1,364), 0.0010
True bugs
275 0.52 ± 0.16 73 0.13 ± 0.03 5.86, (1,364), 0.0160
Other bees
185 0.38 ± 0.07 71 0.12 ± 0.02 12.19, (1,364), 0.0005
Totals
6,252 971 21.04,(1,364), 0.0001
Observations
189 191
Arbo study: Nursery/greenhouse compared to native plants are not visited by beesAlternatives to systemic insecticides are contact insecticides, which are available to professional applicators. For the last 10 years the EPA has been registering selective insecticides that conserve beneficial insects and pollinators.
pymetrozine, Endeavor, stops mouthparts from feeding/working;flonicamid, Aria, stops mouthparts from feeding/working;pyriproxifen, Distance, diflubenzuron, Adept, Dimilin, or novaluron, Pedestal, IGR, insect growth regulator, stops larval growth;Beauveria bassiana, Botanigard, microbial;s-kinoprene, Enstar II, juvenile hormone mimic;spinosad, Conserve, Entrust, bee friendly when dried; Mites only, Akari, Floramite, Hexygon, Judo, ProMite, Sanmite
Contact insecticides: Many used; sprayed on foliage Insect must eat leaf or walk on leaf to be killed Toxicity lasts 1-3 weeks Flowers that open after spraying do not contain insecticides.
Systemic insecticides: Uncommon; treated-seed, soil drench, trunk-inject Insect must eat leaf, pollen, or nectar to be killed Toxicity can least for months to years, unknown Flowers that open will have the insecticide in pollen and nectar for months to years
Contact compared to systemic insecticides
Most insecticides kill bees
Organophosphates + Pyrethroids, are very toxic to bees.
•OP, Dimethoate is highly toxic, LD50 15 ng/bee
•OP, Chlorpyrifos is toxic, LD50 70 ng/bee
•OP, Methyl parathion is highly toxic, LD50 11 ng/bee
•Coumaphos is 180 times less than methyl parathion, with LD50 of 2030 ng/ bee
•P, Esfenvalerate is highly toxic, LD50 15 ng/bee
•P, Cyfluthrin is highly toxic, LD50 37ng/bee
•P, Zeta-cypermethrin is extremely toxic, LD50 2 ng/bee
•P, Lambda cyhalothrin is highly toxic, LD50 38 ng/bee
•P, Permethrin is extremely toxic, LD50 8 ng/bee
Controversy over neonicotinyls and bees 2013 June: European Union enacts a 2 year ban on neonicotinyl insecticides starting in December 2013 2013 January: EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) concludes neonicotinyl treated-seed are a bee risk 2012 March: US Beekeepers petition for clothianidin to be withdrawn from sale 2008-2011: Bee deaths are linked to neonicotinyl treated-seed crops by some 2009: California calls for a review of the effects of neonicotinyl insecticides on bees 2004-2009: New York restricts use of imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, dinotefuran, and clothianidin 1996: France bans imidacloprid use as treated-seed on sunflowers, Germany, Spain, Italy and Slovenia, follow
Neonicotinyl insecticide toxicity to bees.Sublethal dose >20 ppb (2ng/bee) reduces foraging, memory, and navigation by binding to nACHRs, N-nicotinic acetycholinesterase receptors. Bees have 40% more receptors. LD50 mortality, not foraging.
Lethal dose Oral LD50
ng/bee in 20µL
Pollen/nectar ppb ng/.1gbee
Reference
imidacloprid 4-40 37-400Schmuck et al. 2001,EFSA 2013
clothianidin 3-22 30-220Iwas et al. 2004, EFSA 2013
dinotefuran 23-47 230-470EFSA 2013
thaimethoxam 5-30 50-300EFSA 2013
US neonicotinyl insecticide use in 2011
143/442 US million acres use neonicotinyl insecticides83+ million acres of corn have neonicotinyl treated-seed and honeybees use corn for pollen
Active ingredient (ai) in lbs
imidacloprid clothianidin thiamethoxam
MN 52,048 43,663 68,876CA 348,247 3,812 30,687US 700,000 1,2000,000 990,000
Imidacloprid, USGS map, EPA registered 1994
Thiamethoxam, USGS map, EPA registered 2000
Clothianidin, USGS map, EPA registered 2003
Dinotefuran, USGS map, EPA registered 2004
IncidentAround 25,000 bumblebees and others were found dead under trees at the Target store in Wilsonville, Oregon on Monday, June 17, 2013. The neonicotinyl insecticide dinotefuran (label Safari) was applied pre-bloom according to label.
Dead in the parking lot, Bombus vosenesenskii
Residue data confirmed dinotefuran, but data was not released by Oregon Depart. Agriculture. Another bee kill occurred in Hillsboro, OR. Trees were covered in nets and dinotefuran use is banned for 6 months in Oregon.
Incident
Incident: 2009 Imidacloprid residue in linden trees.Report from 2009Imidacloprid soil injection at a golf course
State of California, Department of Pesticide Regulations, Evaluation report on Merit 2F applied to 11 Tilia cordata linden trees at a golf course in Willimington DE in 2006 and 2007 and hundreds of dead bees found at the trees in 2008
Imidacloprid in leaves was 2,600 -11,700 ppbImidacloprid in dead bumblebees was 146 ppbFor regulatory purposes, the LD50 of imidacloprid to the honey bee is 3.7 ng/bee=37 ppb. Bayer CropScience indicated the amount in the bees exceeded the LD50.
Duration of imidacloprid from 1X application
12 months on linden (Frank et al. 2007, Johnson and Williamson 2007)12 months on poplar (Tenczar and Krischik 2007)12 months on ash (McCullough et al. 2003)24 months on hemlock (Cowles et al. 2006)24 months cotoneaster (Szczepaniec and Raupp 2007
SiteImidacloprid
Treatment Rate
Seed treatment Gaucho*
0.11 mg AI/seed canola0.625 mg AI/seed cornEFSA 2012
Field crops 4 mg/sg ft Dively and Kamal 2012, Stoner and Eitzer 2012
Greenhouse/nursery pot
300 mg AI/potKrischik et al. 2014
Landscape, rose
600 mg AI/plant (2 times)Krischik et al. 2015
10 in DBH24 in DBH
28 g AI67 g AIKrischik et al. 2014
0.11 mg/canola seed0.625 mg/ corn seed300 mg 3 gal pot480 times more in pot compared to corn seed2,700 times more in pot compared to canola seed
Landscape Ornamental tree label:Used 29 g on basswood tree and 33 ppb found in Flowers (Krischik et al. 2015).
Agricultural citrus tree label: Used 4 g on citrus tree and 10 ppb found in nectar (Byrne et al. 2013).
Comparing seed treatment, agricultural rates, and landscape rates.
Residues of neonicotinyls in pollen and nectar
Plant Imidacloprid ppb ReferenceSunflower(treated-seed)
2 ppb nectar4 ppb pollen
Schmuck et al. 2001
Pumpkin (soil drench)
4 - 12 ppb nectar37 - 87 ppb pollen
Dively & Kamal 2012
Milkweed nectar (soil drench)
20076,030 ppb (1X) 10,400 ppb (2X)
Krischik and Rogers 2014
Milkweed nectar(soil drench)
20111,568 ppb (1X)2,950 ppb (2X)
Krischik et al. 2015
Buckwheat nectar(soil drench)
6,600 ppb (1X)12,300 ppb (2X)
Krischik et al. 2015
Anise hyssop (soil drench)
1,973 ppb (1X) 5,265 ppb (2X)
Krischik et al. 2015
Clover nectar (soil drench)
171 ppb (1X, clothianidin) Larson et al. 2013
Residues of neonicotinyls in pollen and nectar
Plant Imidacloprid ppb Reference
Maple tree 199 ppb flower USDA APHIS 2003
Eucalyptus tree (soil drench)
550 ppb nectar Paine et al 2011
Horsechestnut (trunk injection)
5-283 ppb flower Bayer, Maus et al. 2004b
Serviceberry (soil drench)
1,038- 2,816 ppb flower
Bayer, Doering et al. 2005a,b
Rose outside (soil drench)
95-1175 ppb pollen Krischik et al. 2015
Rose GH(soil drench)
32 ppb pollen Krischik et al. 2015
Yellow bells (soil drench)
106 nectar ppb Krischik et al. 2015
Insect Species Level
Kills lady beetle, lacewing, parasitic wasp, and bumble bees
1X label rateKrischik 5 papers
Kills honeybees in one sip
185-192 ppb (CA EPA290, Fischer and Chalmers 2007)
Foraging behavior 6-100 ppb
Foraging behavior reduced, which results in less colony weight and fewer queens produced
6-100 ppb
Bee ppb Reference
Honey bee recruit to food
20 ppb imidacloprid Schmuck et al. 2001; Schmuck 1999
Honey bee orientation
25 ppb clothianidin Lambin et al. 2001
Honey bee foraging
6 ppb Colin et al. 2004
Honey bee foraging
50 ppb Colin et al. 2004
Honey bee dance effectiveness
50 ppb Schneider et al. 2012
Honey bee directionality during flight
75 ppb imidacloprid25 ppb clothianidin
Menzel et al. 2014
Other aspects of foraging and neonicotinyls
Bee ppb Reference
Honey bee foraging
15 ppb imidacloprid Schneider et al. 2012
Honey bee foraging
5 ppb clothianidin Henry et al. 2012
Honey bee foraging
67 ppb thiamethoxam Schneider et al. 2012
Bombus terrestrisforaging
10 ppb imidacloprid Mommaerts et al. 2012; Gill et al. 2012
Bombus impatiensforaging
30 ppb imidacloprid Morandin and Winston 2003
Bombus impatiensforaging
10 ppb imidacloprid, 50% did not return
Gill et al. 2012
Foraging and neonicotinyls
Bee ppb Reference
Bombus terrestris 0.7 nectar and 6 ppb pollen imidacloprid Colony weight lower 8% - 12% Queen production lower 85%.
Whitehorn et al. 2012
Bombus terrestris 10 ppb, Pollen collecting efficancy and brood care reduced
Gill et al. 2012
Bombus impatiens 114 ppb, reduced colony weight, no queen production
Larson et al 2012
Bombus terrestris 10 ppb, reduced pollen foraging
Gill and Raine 2014
Bombus terrestris 0.7 nectar and 6 ppb pollen imidacloprid, reduced pollen foraging
Feltham et al. 2014
Foraging and neonicotinyls
Conclusions1. Most bedding plants and hanging baskets contain cultivars not visited by bees. 2. So neonicotinyl use in nurseries and greenhouse do not affect beneficial insects as they do not feed on these plants.3. Many new EPA registered insecticides can be used on native and heirloom plants visited by bees.4. Seed treatments result in the lowest levels of neonicotinyl insecticide in nectar and pollen. Few studies demonstrate that seed treatments reduce honeybee health.5. However, greenhouse and landscape applications use higher rates compared to agriculture.6. However, many, many papers demonstrate that neonicotinyl insecticides affect foraging, learning, and orientation at sub lethal levels below 192 ppb.7. The n-nicotinic acetylcholinesterase receptors are 40% higher in bees that use dancing, navigation, and learning to find food.
Soil-applied imidacloprid alters predator and parasitoid survival and behavior:
1. Coleomegilla maculata, Harmonia axyridis, Hippodamia convergens (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)
2. Anagyrus pseudococci (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)
3. Chrysoperal carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)
4. Bombus impatiens (Hymenoptera: Apidae)
Soil-applied imidacloprid alters survival and behavior of Coleomegilla maculata by 14 d
sunflower dandelion chrysanthemum
Fecundity P < 0.010 ns ns
Walk rate P < 0.010 P < 0.010 P < 0.010
Flip time P < 0.010 P < 0.010 P < 0.010
Day 3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Coleomegilla Hippodamia Harmonia
% S
urv
ival
C-C
1X-C
1X-1X
2X-C
2X-2X
a abaa
c
c
c
b
a
ababbb
abb
F= 23.177P<0.0001 df= 4, 149
F= 3.506 P= 0.0097df= 4, 117
F= 2.756P= 0.033df= 4, 84
Soil-applied imidacloprid alters behavior and survival of Coleomegilla, HippodamiaHarmonia
Day 12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Coleomegilla Hippodamia Harmonia
% S
urv
ival
C-C
1X-C
1X-1X
2X-C
2X-2X
bc
c
abc
ab
a
cc
c
b
a
c
bc
c
b
a
F= 33.921P<0.0001 df= 4, 117
F= 4.907P= 0.001 df= 4, 84
F= 44.066P <0.0001df= 4, 149
Soil-applied imidacloprid alters behavior and survival of Coleomegilla, HippodamiaHarmonia
Soil-applied imidacloprid alters survival and behavior of Anagyrus pseudococci (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)
0
25
50
75
100
% S
urv
ivors
hip
Experiment 2
Day 1
**
0
25
50
75
100
2X 1X AZ UF UFS LVS S N
Treatments
% S
urv
ivors
hip
Experiment 3
Day 1
*
*
0
25
50
75
100
% S
urv
ivors
hip
Experiment 1
Day 1
*
*
*
% survivorship of Anagyrus pseudococciat 1 d
Soil-applied imidacloprid alters behavior and survival of Anagyrus(Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)
% survivorship of Anagyrus pseudococciat 7 d
0
25
50
75
100
% S
urv
ivors
hip
Experiment 2
Day 7
**
0
25
50
75
100
2X 1X AZ UF UFS LVS S N
Treatments
% S
urv
ivors
hip
Experiment 3
Day 7
0
25
50
75
100
% S
urv
ivors
hip
Experiment 1
Day 7
*
*
Soil-applied imidacloprid alters behavior and survival of Anagyrus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)
Soil-applied imidacloprid alters behavior and survival of Chrysoperal carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)
Soil-applied imidacloprid alters behavior and survival of Chrysoperal carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)
Chrysoperla carnea mean percent trembling (Day 6)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
10/3/2005 10/24/2005 11/7/2005 CombinedReplicate Start Date
% t
rem
bli
ng
C
1X
2X
F= 384.0df= 2,5p<.0001
b
bF= 11.7df= 2,4p= 0.0186
a
ab
F= 7.6df= 2,9p= 0.0118
a
b b
F= 16.4df= 2,24p<.0001
a a
b b
Soil-applied imidacloprid alters behavior and survival of Chrysoperal carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)
Chrysoperla carnea mean percent survival (Day 10)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
10/3/2005 10/24/2005 11/7/2005 CombinedReplicate Start Date
% s
uvi
val
C
1X
2X
F= 83.3df= 2,5p= 0.0051
F= 1512.3df= 2,9p= <.0001
F= 195.5df= 2,9p= <.0001
F= 456.91df= 2,24p= 0.0246
a
b
b
a
b b
a
b
c
a
b
b
Bumble bee colonies with flight box
Flight boxBrood box
Colony consumption
A
A: Week 2: F = 52.51, DF = 4, 16, p < 0.001 Week 4: F = 27.40, DF = 4, 14, p < 0.001 Week 6: F = 22.61, DF = 4, 12, p < 0.001 Week 8: F = 7.67, DF = 3,17, p = 0.002
B: Week 2: F = 42.05, DF = 4, 17, p < 0.001 Week 4: F = 91.96, DF = 4, 14, p < 0.001 Week 6: F = 42.77, DF = 4, 28, p < 0.001 Week 8: F = 48.52, DF = 4, 8, p < 0.001
Colony weight A: Week 0: F = 1.84, DF = 4,16, p = 0.170 Week 11: F = 16.20, DF = 4,35, p < 0.001B: Week 0: F = 0.87, DF = 4,37, p = 0.492 Week 11: F = 16.10, DF = 4,37, p < 0.001
Syrup pots added A: F = 2.72, DF = 4,35, p = 0.045
B: F = 12.07, DF = 4,37, p < 0.001
Systemic neonicotinyl insecticides reduce foraging and survival in beneficial insects and beesImidacloprid first reduces movement and foraging. Sublethal dose: 20 ppb (2ng/bee) reduces foraging, memory, and navigationLethal dose: LC50 for honey bees of 185 ppb (EPA CA) or 192 ppb (Bayer)
Bees have 40% more n-acetylcholinesterase receptors that are associated with memory and foraging.
In 1990 goal was IPM in 75% of the US crop. Neonicotinyl insecticides were considered compatible with IPM due to lower mammalian toxicity and reduced spray drift as the insecticides were applied to the soil. Bayer researcher Schmuck et al. 1999 said, 1 ppb was in pollen only. We now know that was an under estimation. Systemic neonicotinyl insecticides kill beneficials and are not compatible with IPM.
2012 Imidacloprid residue in basswood treesBasswood trees 10 in DBH, 28g/tree2012 June Aug leaves 554 ppb 1,023 ppbsoil 15,436 ppb 5,956 ppbflowers 33 ppb (n=8, 11-72 ppb)
Landscape Ornamental tree label:QualiPro or Xytect label0.1 to 0.4 fl/oz per inch DBH, 0.3 to 0.4 fl oz trees >15 in DBHUsed 29 g on basswood tree and 33 ppb found in flowers
Agricultural label: Admire Pro, Bayer CropScience imidaloprid labelByrne et al. 2013Used 4 g on citrus tree and 10 ppb found in nectar
Plant Imidacloprid ppb Reference
Sunflower(treated-seed)
2 nectar4 pollen
Schmuck et al. 2001
Pumpkin(soil drench)
4 - 12 nectar37 - 87 pollen
Dively & Hooks 2010
Milkweed(soil drench)
6000 ppb nectar Krischik 2013
Eucalyptus tree (soil drench)
550 ppb nectar Paine et al 2011
Horsechestnut tree
(trunk injection)5-283 blossom Bayer, unpulished,Maus et
al. 2004b
Serviceberry (soil drench)
1,038- 2,816 blossom
Bayer, unpublished, Doering et al. 2005a,b
Residue in pollen and nectar, very few papers
SiteImidacloprid
Treatment Rate
Seed treatment Gaucho*
0.11 -0.625 mg AI imidacloprid/1 plantFRENCH RESEARCH
Field crops 4 mg/sg ft NOT RESEARCHED
Greenhouse/nursery pot
300 mg AI/potKRISCHIK
Landscape, rose
630 mAI/plantNOT RESEARCHED
15 in DBH24 in DBH
50 g AI76 g AINOT RESEARCHED
penick.net
2011 Imidacloprid residue plants
Dose in mg/soil Dead bees on Agastache
Agastache spp.nectarppb
Asclepias spp.nectarppb
Esperanza spp.nectarppb
Rosa spp.pollenppb
0 0.6b 6b 3c 0c 26b25 0.6b 52b 80c 8c 36b50 0.5b 133b 175bc 21c 30b300 1X 3 gal pot
1.1ab 1973b 1568bc 106c 95b
600 2X 3 gal pot
2.4a 5265ab 2950b 276b 332b
1200 2.4a 9335a 8337a 9162a 720aF=3.2, 0.01 F=3.7, 0.017 F=25.8, 0.0001 F=166, 0.0001 F=5.7, 0.0025
penick.net
Imidacloprid residue and bee kills in field
Dose in mg/soil
Dead bees on Agastache
Agastache spp.nectarppb
0 0.6b 6b25 0.6b 52b50 0.5b 133b300 1X 3 gal pot
1.1ab 1973b
600 2X 3 gal pot
2.4a 5265ab
1200 2.4a 9335aF=3.2, 0.01 F=3.7, 0.017
2009, 2010, 2011 Imidacloprid residue rose
Dose in mg/soilMarathon 1%G
Rose 2009field
Rose 2010GH
Rose 2011field
0 9d 0c 26b25 na 5c 36b50 na 7c 30bHomeowner 1X 270 mg
812c na na
Homeowner 2X 270 mg
1648a na na
300 1X 3 gal pot 1175b 32bc 95b600 2X 3 gal pot na 161ab 332b1200 na 268a 720a
F=256, 0.0001 F=4.9, 0.0045 F=5.7, 0.0025
2005, 2007, 2011 Imidacloprid residue buckwheat, milkweedDose in mg/soilMarathon 1%G
Buckwheat 2005Nectar ppb
Milkweed 2007Nectar ppb
2011 MilkweedNectar ppb
0 3c
25 na na 80c
50 na na 175bcHomeowner 1X 270 mg
na na na
Homeowner 2X 270 mg
na na na
300 1X 3 gal pot 6000 6000 1568bc
600 2X 3 gal pot 12000 12000 2950b
300 21 days later na 20000 na
600 21 days later na 34000 na
1200 na na 8337a
F=25.86, (2,22)0.001
F=22.72, (2,6) 0.0016
F=25.8, 0.0001
2012 Imidacloprid residue canola pollenDose in mg/soil April 5 2010, E
June 1 flowers1 appApril
May 19, 2010, WJuly 2 flowers1 appMay
July 2, 2010, EAugust 18 flowers2 appApril+July
July 29, WSept 15 flowered1 appMay
Black WI aust 0 0Ponchoblue invigor 601
0 0
Gaucho red invigor 701
0 0
0 0c 0b 0b 0b4 0c 0b 313b 5b8 14c 7b 179b 8b
80 461b 15b 342b 24b
160 2072a 341a 3860a 162a
F=410, 0.0001 F=271, 0.001 F=7.5, 0.0002 F=70.6, 0.0001
2012 Imidacloprid residue canola soilDose in mg/soil April 5
June 1 flowers1 appApril
May 19July 2 flowers1 appMay
July 2August 18 flowers2 appApril + July 6
July 29Sept 15 flowered1 appMay 7
Seed trt no insect
51
Poncho na na na 4Gaucho na na na 770 na na 0 13164 na na 1552 1998 na na 743 25780 na na 1816 517
160 na na 9727 3913
F=2.8, p=0.07 F=5.3, p=0.0009
Insect Species Level
Kills beneficial insects: lady beetle, lacewing..
15 ppb
Kills honeybees in one sip
158-185 ppb
Altering honey bee behavior
6-100 ppb
Altering bumblebee behavior
10-30 ppb .
LD50 imidacloprid LD50 clothianidin
40 ng/bee = 400 ppb43 ng/bee
Table 1. Level applied for commodities and level detected in nectarCommodity Treatment
rate (AI)Residue in nectar/pollen
Research Paper
Seed Treatment Gaucho*
*most research on this treatment level
0.11mgAI/seed
0.6-0.8 ppb canola nectar1.9ppb sunflower nectar6 ppb bee pollen loads in France
Scott-Dupree and Spivak, 2001Schmuck et al, 2001Chauzat et al, 2006
Field cropsFormulas Admire Pro, etc.
4mgAI/sqft 10 ppb nectar, 14 ppb pollen squash
122 ppb pollen pump17 ppb nectar
2012 Stoner + Eitzer
2012 Dively + Kamal
Greenhouse/nursery pots before planting outdoors; can reapply Marathon
300mgAI/3gal pot
20 to 54 ppb Krischik et al, 2007, 2012
3ft plant in landscape, rose
630mg AI Not researched
Table 1. Level applied for commodities and level detected in nectar?DBH apple-tree method
?DBH eucalyptus method
16 in DBH tree-soil drench
24in DBH tree-soil
Maple flowers
Rhododendron
AmelanchierCornus mas
Tilia chordata
Aesculus
Unknown
Unknown
50g AI
76g AI
Soil
SoilSoilSoilSoilsoil
Soil
Trunk inject
4000 ppb
550 ppb
Not researched
Not researched
130 ppb
19 ppb 3 - 6 yrs post application27-850 ppb 6 mo66-4560 ppb18 mo1038-2816 ppb 17 mo
146 ppb dead bees134 ppb olefin5-283 ppb 7dy
Bayer, unpublished
Tim Payne, UC Riverside
2003 USDA APHIS
Doering et al 2004
Doering et al 2005
CA DPR 2009
Maus et al. 2004
Insect Species Effect Research PaperGreenhouse research Kills beneficial insects: ladybeetle predator (4sp), green lacewing predator, parasitic wasp
15 ppb Krischik et al 2007
Kills honey beesin one sipNOEC Acute oralAcute contact
158-185 ppb<5ppb20 ppb
40 ng/bee = 4-400 ppb40-102 ng/bee
Bayer report 2007Pan-Europe 2009 letterMaus et al, 2003Suchail et al, 2001Nauen 2001
honey bee behavior 24 ppb disrupts learning and olfactory conditioning
Decourtye et al 2004
6 ppb disruption of feeding
Colin et al. 2004
100 ppb decrease in foraging
Kirchner 1999
ppb Effect Research paper
honey bee behavior
All bees show abnormal forage behavior100- 37%200 -34%400-74%600-78% (34% missing bees)800-83% (51% missing bees)Ingest 36.3 to 86.5 microl/bee1.82ng/bee=18 ppb 4.33 ng/bee =43 ppb 8 ppb-50 ppb bees in free flightsig dif in mortality except at 4ppb, but sig decline in PER learning for all concentrations 24 ppb1/3 decrease syrup consumption, decrease brood production, strong decrease in no. of foraging bees, sig. lower responses PER
Yang et al 2008
Bortolotti et al 2003
Decourtye et al et al. 2004
Efficacy and duration imidacloprid in Efficacy and duration imidacloprid in field grown poplarsfield grown poplars at at 12 mo12 mo
• Cottonwood leaf beetle, Chrysomela scripta (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
• 4 generations occur in MN, >8 in southern US.
• Adults overwinter under bark and leaf litter.
Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Lacy L. Hyche, Auburn University, www.forestryimages.org
Efficacy and duration imidacloprid in Efficacy and duration imidacloprid in field grown poplarsfield grown poplars at at 12 mo12 moTreatment 1 mo 10 mo 12 mo
Control 90.0±3.0 a 100.0±0.0 a 91.2±4.3 a
Granular 0.12x 3.3±2.6 ef 33.3±16.7 bc 55.6±6.7 bcd
Granular 0.25x 0.0±0.0 f 16.7±16.7 bc 41.7±7.3 cd
Granular 0.5x 0.0±0.0 f 0.0±0.0 c 0.0±0.0 e
Drench 0.25x 30.8±8.5 cd 50.0±12.9 abc 73.6±7.4 ab
Drench 0.5x 0.8±0.8 f 25.0±17.1 bc 36.1±8.9 d
Drench 1x 3.3±2.6 ef 0.0±0.0 c 24.1±8.2 de
Tablet 0.12x 15.0±7.2 def 16.7±16.7 bc 68.5±9.3 abc
Tablet 0.25x 20.8±9.3 cdef 0.0±0.0 c 2.8±2.8 e
Tablet 0.5x 54.2±9.7 b 0.0±0.0 c 2.8±2.8 e
Stick Soak 0.5x 55.0±8.6 b 100.0±0.0 a 76.5±7.9 ab
Stick Soak 1x 42.5±8.8 bc 75.0±17.1 ab 70.3±6.9 abc
Stick Soak 2x 22.8±9.2 cde 75.0±17.1 ab 70.1±8.1 abc
F (df), P ANOVA 17.6 (12, 182), <0.001 10.1 (12, 65), <0.001 21.8 (12, 216), <0.001
Efficacy and duration of imidacloprid in Efficacy and duration of imidacloprid in container grown container grown poplarspoplars at at 12 mo12 mo
Efficacy and duration of imidacloprid in Efficacy and duration of imidacloprid in container grown poplarscontainer grown poplars at at 12 mo12 moTreatment 1 mo 8 mo 12 mo
Control 88.8±2.79 a 76.2±8.8 a 86.4±7.0 a
Granular 0.12x 0.0±0.0 c 0.0±0.0 b 0.0±0.0 c
Granular 0.25x 0.0±0.0 c 0.0±0.0 b 0.0±0.0 c
Granular 0.5x 0.0±0.0 c 0.0±0.0 b 0.0±0.0 c
Drench 0.5x 0.0±0.0 c 0.0±0.0 b 0.0±0.0 c
Drench 1x 0.0±0.0 c 0.0±0.0 b 0.0±0.0 c
Drench 2x 0.0±0.0 c 0.0±0.0 b 0.0±0.0 c
Tablet 0.25x 27.9±8.0 b 0.0±0.0 b 0.0±0.0 c
Tablet 0.5x 13.9±7.3 bc 0.0±0.0 b 0.0±0.0 c
Tablet 1x 13.9±6.1 bc 0.0±0.0 b 0.0±0.0 c
Stick Soak 0.5x 0.0±0.0 c 0.0±0.0 b 20.8±11.4 bc
Stick Soak 1x 0.7±0.7 c 0.0±0.0 b 20.8±9.6 bc
Stick Soak 2x 0.0±0.0 c 0.0±0.0 b 8.3±5.6 c
Root Dip 1x 0.0±0.0 c 0.0±0.0 b 39.4±13.2 b
Root Dip 2x 0.0±0.0 c 0.0±0.0 b 7.1±7.1 bc
Root Dip 4x 0.0±0.0 c 0.0±0.0 b 5.0±5.0 c
F (df), P ANOVA 49.8 (15, 269), <0.001 62.6 (15, 81), <0.001 15.3 (15, 165), <0.001
Rose ‘Mr. Lincoln’Rose ‘Mr. Lincoln’
Efficacy and duration imidacloprid in Efficacy and duration imidacloprid in container grown container grown rose at rose at 12 mo12 mo
Japanese beetle adultJapanese beetle adult(Coleoptera: Scarabidae)Adults feed on foliageAdults feed on foliageGrubs feed on grass rootsGrubs feed on grass roots
Treatment % Mortality±SEM
Mean flip time±SEM (s)
% Leaf eaten area±SEM (cm2)
2006 2007 2006 2007 2006 2007
Control 2.6±0.4 e 0.7±0.7 e 30.4±2.e 29.5±2 e100.0±0.0
a89.4±1 a
GR 1x 35.9±4 b 25.0±4 bc 101.9±3 bc 74.4±7 cd 3.4±0.3 cd 12.1±1 de
GR 3x 42.7±4 b 37.5±5 b 106.0±3 ab 61.5±7 d 2.7±0.cd 11.8±1 de
DR 1X 30.1±3 bc 2.1±2 de 98.6±3 bc 57.6±4 d 2.1±0.3 cd 38.6±6 b
Tab 1X 9.1±2de 20.8±3 cd 82.0±3 d 109.7±2 a 11.8±2 b 7.5±1 de
Tab 2X 10.6±2.de22.2±3
bcd95.5±3 bcd
100.9±3 ab
7.1±1 bcd 5.0±0.3 de
IRt Dip,3.1 ml
21.3±3cd 36.1±3 b 95.9±3bcd 106.9±3 a 2.3±0.3 cd 23.9±3 c
Discus 83.3±2.a 75.0±4a 120.0±0 a 112.7±2 a 0.2±0.1 d 2.9±0.7 e
F (df), P treatment
66.3(9, 218),
<0.0001
41.7 (9, 302),
<0.0001
72.5 (9, 218),
<0.0001
47.4 (9, 302),
<0.0001
631.4 (9, 218),
<0.0001
180.1 (9, 302),
<0.0001
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