basic models of human communication
Post on 03-Apr-2018
217 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
-
7/28/2019 Basic Models of Human Communication
1/59
Basic Models
of Human Communication
-
7/28/2019 Basic Models of Human Communication
2/59
Defining Communication
The words communication and community
both derive from the Latin word communis
which means public or common.
Therefore, a simple definition of
communication is aprocess of producing,
transmitting and exchanging information to
create public or common knowledge.
-
7/28/2019 Basic Models of Human Communication
3/59
Contexts of Communication
Communication can occur in differentsituations: intrapersonal
interpersonal
group or
organizational
mass context.
-
7/28/2019 Basic Models of Human Communication
4/59
Interpersonal context Interpersonal communication can be best
described as direct exchange betweenindividuals who can be designated into roles as
source and audience.
There are two types of interpersonal
communication: Face-to-Face. This occurs between two persons, or within a
group, as long as the communicators are able to see and interact
with each other as individuals. Examples of this are teacher-
student consultations, group or community meetings, ordiscussions, and class lectures.
Mediated. This occurs when a device such as a telephone or
computer is placed in between the source and audience.
Examples of this are telephone conversation, e-mail, online chat,
and letter writing.
-
7/28/2019 Basic Models of Human Communication
5/59
Interpersonal context
Interpersonal communication is direct exchange
between individuals who can be designated into
roles as source and audience.
Two types of interpersonal communication:
Face to Face
Mediated
-
7/28/2019 Basic Models of Human Communication
6/59
Group or organizational context Group and organizational communication happens within
and between groups, organizations and institutions, alsoin face-to-face or mediated situations:
Face-to-Face. Group meetings, discussions, lectures,
messages with or without the use of microphones.
Mediated. Some forms of media or communicationstechnologies are used to disseminate messages. Depending
on who are addressed by the message, mediated group or
organizational communication can be internalorexternal.
Internal. Communication is limited to the members of the
group or the organization. This happens when the membersare provided with information through standard memos and
organizational newsletters.
External. Communication is directed to non-members
other groups, organizations or general public. For example,
media announcements and press releases.
-
7/28/2019 Basic Models of Human Communication
7/59
Group or organizational context
Group and organizational communication
happens within and between groups,organizations and institutions, also in face-to-
face or mediated situations:Face to Face
Mediated
internal
Mediated
external
-
7/28/2019 Basic Models of Human Communication
8/59
Mass context Mass communication is directed to the general public
and, therefore, is highly impersonal. It allows large-scaledissemination of messages to audiences who are
dispersed over a wide geographical area.
Apart from these easily recognizable media, there are
other forms of mass media. For example:
music recordings,
advertising, and other strategies for product marketing and
publicity.
The most common forms of mass media are print, i.e., newspapers and magazines,
broadcast, i.e., radio and television,
film.
-
7/28/2019 Basic Models of Human Communication
9/59
Mass context
Other forms of mass media are:
The most common forms of mass media are:
Print BroadcastFilm
Music recordingsAdvertising
Publicity and other forms of
product promotion
-
7/28/2019 Basic Models of Human Communication
10/59
Basic elements of the communication
process
Source: the sender or source of a message
Message: Idea, thought, emotion, attitude and
behavior that is to be communicated
Channel: Media used transmit messagesfrom sender to received
Receiver: The individual or group ofpeople to whom the message isaddressed
Effect/Feedback: Audienceresponse to the message; thechanges in thinking, attitude orbehavior of receiver that take
place as a result of the message
-
7/28/2019 Basic Models of Human Communication
11/59
Basic Communication Models
Linear
Interactional
Transactional
-
7/28/2019 Basic Models of Human Communication
12/59
A little vocabulary
LinearModel One Way; no feedback
-
7/28/2019 Basic Models of Human Communication
13/59
A little vocabulary
Interactive Model Two-way; adds
feedback
-
7/28/2019 Basic Models of Human Communication
14/59
A little vocabulary
Transactional Model- Recognizes that the
participants in the communication process
are both sender and receiver at any given
time. It sees communication as dynamic,ongoing, simultaneous not sequential.
-
7/28/2019 Basic Models of Human Communication
15/59
Some Linear Models
of Communication
-
7/28/2019 Basic Models of Human Communication
16/59
Aristotles Model
Speaker Speech Audience
-
7/28/2019 Basic Models of Human Communication
17/59
-
7/28/2019 Basic Models of Human Communication
18/59
Shannon and Weavers general
model of communication
Information
Source Transmitter Channel Receiver Destination
NOISE
Mass medium
device
-
7/28/2019 Basic Models of Human Communication
19/59
David Berlos SMCR Model
-
7/28/2019 Basic Models of Human Communication
20/59
The Linear Modelsin more detail
-
7/28/2019 Basic Models of Human Communication
21/59
Aristotle
In his Rhetoric, Aristotle
tells us that we must
consider three
elements in
communication: the speaker
the speech
the audience
Speaker Speech Audience
-
7/28/2019 Basic Models of Human Communication
22/59
Key points of Aristotles Model
1. Ethos which has been equated with sou rce credibi l ity.
Expertise is the most important aspect of credibility.
Together with expertise, another important aspect of
credibility is trustworthiness.
2. Pathos which is tied to understanding audiences. And
thereby, designing messages that are suitable for them.
3. Logos which now pertains to message design and
strategy, particularly for persuasive communication.
-
7/28/2019 Basic Models of Human Communication
23/59
-
7/28/2019 Basic Models of Human Communication
24/59
Key points of the Lasswell Formula
1. Although Lasswells interest was in the mass
media, his model is also appropriate forinterpersonal communication .
-
7/28/2019 Basic Models of Human Communication
25/59
Key points of the Lasswell Formula
2. By identifying the elements of communication
in question form, the model specifies the kindsof research needed to conduct to answer hisquestions .
Who: Source or control analysis
Says What: Message or content analysis
In Wh ich Channel: Media analysis
To Whom: Audience analysis
With What Effect: Consequenceson audiences
-
7/28/2019 Basic Models of Human Communication
26/59
Shannon and Weavers general
model of communication
Information
Source Transmitter Channel Receiver Destination
NOISE
Mass medium
device
-
7/28/2019 Basic Models of Human Communication
27/59
Key points in the Shannon-Weaver
Model
1. Communication consists of six elements, i.e.,
source, encoder, message, channel, decoder,
receiver.
2. Noise is a feature of these six elements.
3. Noise can be physical.
-
7/28/2019 Basic Models of Human Communication
28/59
-
7/28/2019 Basic Models of Human Communication
29/59
Noise as source of entropy
Can be physical:
a loud motorbike roaring down the road
while you're trying to hold a conversation
your little brother standing in front of the
TV set
mist on the inside of the car windscreen
smudges on a printed page
'snow' on a TV set
-
7/28/2019 Basic Models of Human Communication
30/59
Key points in the Shannon-Weaver
Model
1. Communication consists of six elements, i.e.,
source, encoder, message, channel, decoder,
receiver.
2. Noise is a feature of these six elements.
3. Noise can be physical or it can be semantic.
-
7/28/2019 Basic Models of Human Communication
31/59
Semantic noise includes:
Distraction
Differences in the use of the code
Emphasizing the wrong part of the message
Attitude towards the sender
Attitude towards the message
-
7/28/2019 Basic Models of Human Communication
32/59
You are physically very attracted tothe person who is talking to you.
As a result, your attention is directedto his/her beautiful eyes orsmooth skin rather than what theyare saying.
There is no physical noise whichprevents the message fromreaching you. You hear it, but youdon't decode it.
-
7/28/2019 Basic Models of Human Communication
33/59
Semantic noise includes:
Distraction
Differences in the use of the language code
Emphasizing the wrong part of the message
Attitude towards the sender
Attitude towards the message
-
7/28/2019 Basic Models of Human Communication
34/59
This French gesture means I dont believe you."
Differences in the use of the code
-
7/28/2019 Basic Models of Human Communication
35/59
This Iranian gesture is extremely obscene, and
means roughly "screw you."
Differences in the use of the code
-
7/28/2019 Basic Models of Human Communication
36/59
This Japanese gesture means "angry."
Differences in the use of the code
-
7/28/2019 Basic Models of Human Communication
37/59
Differences in the use of the code
The person beside you is talking in
Cebuano about how s/he was robbed in
the jeep. You don't understand. There is
nothing which physically prevents theelements of the message from reaching
you, you simply can't understand it.
-
7/28/2019 Basic Models of Human Communication
38/59
Semantic noise includes:
Distraction
Differences in the use of the language
code
Emphasizing the wrong part of the
message
Attitude towards the sender
Attitude towards the message
-
7/28/2019 Basic Models of Human Communication
39/59
Emphasizing the wrong part of the
message
An advertising campaign which has been so
successful with some new style or
gimmick that everyone is talking about it.However, no one has actually noticed what
product is being advertised.
-
7/28/2019 Basic Models of Human Communication
40/59
Semantic noise includes: Distraction
Differences in the use of the language
code Emphasizing the wrong part of the
message
Attitude towards the sender Attitude towards the message
-
7/28/2019 Basic Models of Human Communication
41/59
Attitude towards the sender
You're talking to someone a lot older than
you. On the basis of their age, you make a
lot of assumptions about the kind of code
appropriate to them - and the conversationgoes wrong because they were the wrong
assumptions.
-
7/28/2019 Basic Models of Human Communication
42/59
Semantic noise includes:
Distraction
Differences in the use of the language
code
Emphasizing the wrong part of the
message
Attitude towards the sender
Attitude towards the message
-
7/28/2019 Basic Models of Human Communication
43/59
Attitude towards the message
You may have a very positive attitude toyour co-worker but you still dont agree toattend the Life in the Spirit Seminar s/he is
inviting you.S/he is religious and you arent. While you
may respect her/his right to believe inthings that you consider unimportant, youdo not have much respect for her/hisreligious beliefs.
-
7/28/2019 Basic Models of Human Communication
44/59
David Berlos SMCR Model
-
7/28/2019 Basic Models of Human Communication
45/59
Key ideas in Berlos model
1. There are five verbal communicationskills:
Two are encoding
skills: Speaking
Writing
Two are decoding
skills: Listening
Reading
The fifth is crucial to
both encoding and
decoding: Thinking or reasoning
-
7/28/2019 Basic Models of Human Communication
46/59
Key ideas in Berlos model2. Source and receiver characteristics affect
whether the message is received as it wasintended.
The source may: have a clear and
authoritative tone of voice,
be considered by the
receiver as one of them,
be regarded an expert on
the topic, as well as
have great enthusiasm for
the subject.
For example:
The receivermay:
be highly intelligent and
literate, taking time to read
a variety materials,
own media equipment at
home, as well as watchmovies, have access to
the internet, and
be able to express
opinions articulately .
-
7/28/2019 Basic Models of Human Communication
47/59
But, if the receiver finds the sources
message irrelevant, pointless, and boring,
s/he will not be motivated to pay attention
to and decode the message.
-
7/28/2019 Basic Models of Human Communication
48/59
Key ideas in Berlos model
3. The social system/culture serves as the context
within which the source and receiver create andinterpret messages .
People learn and
understand through socialinteraction at particular
times and places.
They communicate during
various social encountersto interpret the information
they receive and to share
their interpretations with
others.
More specifically: Where sources and
receivers belong to the samesocial system and culture,
there will be similar
definitions of and values.
However, individual
differences such asdifferent levels of knowledge,
past behaviors and habits
will result in different
meanings.
-
7/28/2019 Basic Models of Human Communication
49/59
However, just because source and receiver
belong to the same cultural group and
speak the same language is no guarantee
that the messages they create will beautomatically understood by the other.
-
7/28/2019 Basic Models of Human Communication
50/59
Some Interactive Modelsof Communication
Osgood and Schramms Circular Model
-
7/28/2019 Basic Models of Human Communication
51/59
Osgood and Schramm s Circular Model
Message
Message
Encoder
Encoder
Decoder
DecoderInterpreter Interpreter
-
7/28/2019 Basic Models of Human Communication
52/59
The Interactive Modelsin more detail
Osgood and Schramms Circular Model
-
7/28/2019 Basic Models of Human Communication
53/59
Osgood and Schramm s Circular Model
Message
Message
Encoder
Encoder
Decoder
DecoderInterpreter Interpreter
-
7/28/2019 Basic Models of Human Communication
54/59
Key points of the Circular Model
1. The model rejects the notion that
communication is linear, rather it emphasizesthe interaction between sender and receiver.
2. The model rejects the roles of sender and
receiver are clearly distinguished, pointing outthat participants in the communication processswap between the roles of source/encoder andreceiver/decoder.
3. A persons cognitive abilities and personalexperiences provide the framework forinterpreting the verbal and nonverbal symbolsused in the message.
-
7/28/2019 Basic Models of Human Communication
55/59
Some Transactional Models
of Communication
D h li l d l f i ti
-
7/28/2019 Basic Models of Human Communication
56/59
Dances helical model of communication
-
7/28/2019 Basic Models of Human Communication
57/59
Key points of the Dance Model
1. What is communicated now will influence
the structure and content of
communication later on.
Since communication moves forward, thehelix provides a better understanding of the
communication process
The circular model suggests thatcommunication comes back to exactly the
same point from which it started, which is
manifestly erroneous.
-
7/28/2019 Basic Models of Human Communication
58/59
Key points of the Dance Model
2. Time is an important element in thecommunication process, i.e., each actcan be said to be built on the others thatcome before it.
Maletzkes Model of the Mass
-
7/28/2019 Basic Models of Human Communication
59/59
Communication Process
top related