basics of mechanical engg - ktu notes
Post on 16-Oct-2021
11 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
MODULE VI
1 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
MACHINE TOOLS
2 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
MACHINE TOOL
A machine, which performs the material removal operations with tools, to produce desired shape and size of the work-piece is known as machine tool
Types of Machine Tools
1. Lathe
2. Shaping machine
3. Drilling machine
4. Milling machine
5. Grinding machine
6. Slotting machine
7. Planer machine
3 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
Types of Machine Tools
Lathe
Shaping Machine
Drilling Machine
Milling Machine Grinding
Machine
Slotting Machine
Planer Machine
4 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
Tools Used
• Single Point Cutting Tool: One cutting edge(used in lathe)
• Multipoint Cutting Tool: Number of teeth or cutting edges on the periphery
5 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
SINGLE POINT CUTTING TOOL
6 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
MULTIPOINT CUTTING TOOL
7 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
LATHE
It is a general purpose machine tool , which removes excess material from the work piece, in the form of chips, by
rotating the work piece against a single point cutting tool
8 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
9 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
10 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
11 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
Principle of working
• Hold the work piece and to rotate it about an axis
• Cutting toll is fed either parallel or perpendicular to the axis of the work piece removes material from the rotating work to give the required size and shape
• Tool is moved parallel to the axis of rotation of the work piece gives a cylindrical surface
• Tool is moved perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the work piece gives a flat surface
12 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
Principal Parts of a Lathe
1) Bed
• Base foundation of the lathe
• Headstock, tailstock, carriage…etc are mounted on the bed
• Provides strength & rigidity to the machine
• Top of the bed is provided with guides or ways for carriage
& tailstock
13 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
14 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
2) Headstock
• Permanently mounted on the bed at the left end
• Spindle is supported in headstock, spindle is a hollow cylindrical shaft supported by bearings
• Work holding devices such as face plate, driving plate or chucks may be mounted on the spindle nose
• Headstock has a gear box for changing the speed of rotation of spindle and thereby the speed of rotation of work piece
• Spindle is driven by a motor
15 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
16 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
FOUR JAW CHUCK
THREE JAW CHUCK
17 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
3) Tailstock
• It is mounted on the bed at the right end and can be
clamped at any convenient position
• It supports one end of the work piece
• It is also used for holding a tool for performing operations
such as drilling, reaming…etc
18 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
19 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
20 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
4) Carriage
• Carriage consists of several parts that serves to support the cutting tool and to control the action of the cutting tool
• It can be moved along the bed ways provided at the top of the bed
Carriage has 5 major parts
a) Saddle: base of the carriage. It slides along the guide ways
b) Cross slide: mounted on saddle. It is used to move the tool towards and away perpendicular to centre line of lathe
21 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
c) Compound rest: mounted on the top of cross slide. Tool post is fixed on the compound rest. Compound rest can be rotated about the saddle, which makes positioning of cutting tool at the desired angle
d) Tool post: mounted on compound rest. Cutting tool can be firmly held on it.
e) Apron: it is fixed below the saddle. It contains gears and levers for manual and automatic motion of carriage. For manual motion of carriage along the bed, there is a hand wheel in front of the apron. Automatic motion of carriage is made possible by engaging hand wheel shaft of apron with the lead screw(for thread cutting operation).
22 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
23 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
24 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
25 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
TOOL POST
26 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
COMPOUND REST
27 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
28 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
5) Lathe Centres
• Lathe centres are tapered components fit into spindles
provided in the headstock and tailstock
• Centre connected to the headstock is called live
centre(rotates with the spindle)
• Centre connected to the tailstock is called dead
centre(does not rotate, only support the work piece)
29 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
30 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
31 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
32 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
33 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
34 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
6) Feed Mechanism
Movement of tool relative to the work piece is termed as feed
3 Types of Feed
a) Longitudinal feed: tool is moved parallel to the axis of rotation of work piece
b) Cross feed: tool is moved perpendicular to the axis of rotation of work piece
c) Angular feed: tool is moved at an angle to the axis of rotation of work piece
35 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
Specification of Lathe
Length of bed
Height of live and dead centers
Maximum distance between centers
Range of spindle speed
Power rating of electric motor
Diameter of lead screw and the number and range of threads
that can be cut
36 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
Operations Performed on a
Lathe Turning
Taper Turning
Thread Cutting
Knurling Drilling
Boring
Reaming
Facing
37 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
Operations Performed on a Lathe
• Lathe centres are used for holding the work piece during turning operation
• Chuck is also used for holding and rotating a workpiece. Chucks are of two types three jaw chuck and four jaw chuck
38 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
39 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
40 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
a) Facing
• Operation of machining the ends of a work piece to obtain
flat surface
• Moving the cutting tool at right angles to the axis of rotation of the rotating work piece
41 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
42 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
43 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
b) Turning
• Removal of material from the periphery of a work piece to
obtain a cylindrical surface
• Cutting tool fed parallel to the axis of rotation of the work piece, removes material from the rotating work piece
44 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
45 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
46 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
47 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
48 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
c) Taper Turning
Producing a conical surface by gradual reduction in diameter from a cylindrical work piece
49 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
Taper Turning - Three methods are used
i) Forming tool method: forming tool is used
ii) Tailstock set over method: shift the axis of rotation of the work piece at an angle to the lathe axis and feeding the tool parallel to the lathe axis
iii) Compound rest method: rotate the work piece on the lathe axis and feeding the tool at an angle to the axis of rotation of the work piece. Tool is mounted on the compound rest, has a circular base graduated in degrees
50 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
51 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
52 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
Compound rest method
53 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
54 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
55 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
56 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
Tailstock set over method
57 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
d) Thread Cutting
• lead screw is used for the movement of tool
• Lead screw is driven by a set of gears from spindle
• Saddle receives its motion from lead screw
• For each turn of the screw, saddle moves along the bed a
distance equal to the pitch of the lead screw. Tool is held in
the tool post also moves the same distance
58 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
59 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
60 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
61 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
e) Knurling
• Process of roughening a smooth surface of a cylindrical
work piece
• Purpose of knurling is to get grip over the surface
• Knurling tool is pressed against the revolving workpiece and is traversed along the length to be knurled
62 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
63 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
64 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
65 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
KNURLING TOOL
66 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
f) Drilling
• Operation of producing a cylindrical hole in a work piece
• Workpiece is held in the chuck and the drill is held in the tailstock
• Drilling is accomplished on a lathe by feeding the stationary drill into the rotating workpiece
67 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
68 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
69 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
DRILL BIT
70 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
g) Boring
• Enlarging an already existing hole
• A single point cutting tool is traversed through the hole and parallel to the axis of rotation removes metal and thus increases the diameter of the hole
71 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
72 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
73 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
74 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
BORING TOOL
75 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
h) Reaming
• Operation of finishing and sizing an already existing hole
• The tool used is called the reamer, which has multiple cutting edges
• Workpiece is rotated at a very slow speed and a fine feeding is given to the reamer
• Reamer cannot produce a hole in a solid job. It can accurately size and finish the already drilled holes
76 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
77 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 78
REAMER
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
79 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
80 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
SHAPING MACHINE
• It is used for the production of flat surfaces(horizontal,
vertical or inclined)
• It uses a single point cutting tool
• Tool reciprocates over the work
• It is also used for cutting external and internal slots,
grooves and keyways
81 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
Working Principle
• Work is held in a vice fastened to the work table and the tool moves forward and backward over the work
• Material is cut when the single point cutting tool is moving in the forward direction(cutting stroke)
• No material cut takes place during the return stroke(idle stroke)
82 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
• Horizontal feed is given by moving the table horizontally
• Depth of cut is given by moving the tool vertically
• Forward and return strokes of the tool is obtained by a quick return mechanism, time for return stroke is half of that for forward stroke
ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 83
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
84 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
85 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
86 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
Principal Parts of a Shaper
1) Base
It supports the whole machine and is rigidly bolted to the floor
87 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
2) Column
• It is mounted on the base
• Top of the column is machined to form guide ways for ram reciprocation
• Front vertical face of the column is also machined to enable the table to be raised or lowered
88 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
89 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
3) Ram
• It is the reciprocating part of the shaper
• It reciprocates on the guide ways provided on the top of the column
• It carries the tool head at the front end
• Ram is connected to a quick return mechanism which allow the ram to move at a slower speed during the cutting stroke and at a faster speed during the return stroke
90 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
91 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
92 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
4) Tool Head
• Mounted at the front of the ram
• It can be swivelled to any angle to enable the tool to take angular cuts
• Vertical feed to the tool is given by the vertical tool feed screw
93 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
TOOL HEAD
94 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
95 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
5) Table
• Vice is clamped on the table
• Vice is a device to hold work on the table of the shaper
• Elevating screw for vertical movement
• Cross feed screw for horizontal movement
96 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
Operations Performed On
A Shaper
Horizontal Shaping
Vertical Shaping
Angular Shaping
Machining Irregular Surfaces
97 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
Operations Performed on a Shaper
a) Horizontal Shaping
• Workpiece is fed in horizontal direction under the reciprocating tool
• Depth of cut required is given by lowering the tool post using a handle
• The tool, as it moves forward removes material from the work in the form of chips
98 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
99 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
100 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
b) Vertical Shaping
• Shaping vertical surface on the workpiece
• It is used to cut grooves, keyways…etc on vertical face
• Vertical slide is set at zero position and the apron is swivelled by an angle in a direction away from the surface to be machined
• Tool is fed downwards by operating the downfeed screw of the tool head
101 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
102 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
c) Angular Shaping
• Vertical slide of the tool head is swivelled to the required
angle from the vertical position
• Apron is then further swivelled away from the work
• Down feed is given by rotating the downfeed screw
103 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
104 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
105 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
106 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
d) Machining Irregular Surface
Forming tool is used for small irregular surface
107 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
SLOTTING MACHINE
• Vertical shaping machine
• Single point cutting tool reciprocates vertically
• Ram holding the tool moves in a vertical axis
• Work piece is mounted on the table, is given longitudinal,
cross and rotary feed
108 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
109 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
110 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
111 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
Principal Parts of a Slotter
1) Base(bed)
• Acts as a support for column, driving mechanism, table and all other fittings
• Top of the bed is provided by guide ways on which saddle is mounted. These guide ways are perpendicular to the column face
112 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
2) Column
• Vertical member which houses the driving mechanism
• Front vertical face of the column is accurately finished for
providing ways on which the ram reciprocates
113 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
3) Saddle
• It is mounted on the guide ways of base and may be moved
toward or away from the column
• Top face of the saddle is accurately finished to provide guide
ways for the cross-slide. These guide ways are perpendicular
to the guide ways on the base
114 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
4) Cross Slide
Mounted upon the guide ways of the saddle and maybe moved
parallel to the face of the column to supply cross-feed
115 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
5) Rotary Table
• Mounted on the top of the cross slide
• Table may be rotated manually or by automatic means
• Rotary table enables a circular or contoured surface to be
generated on the work piece
116 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
6) Ram
• Moves in vertical direction between the vertical guide-
ways provided in front of the column
• Ram supports the tool head to which the tool is attached
• Cutting action takes place during the downward
movement of the ram
117 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
Slotting machine is used for
• Cutting grooves
• Key ways
• Rectangular grooves
• Slots of various shapes
118 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
PLANER MACHINE
• Used for producing flat surfaces in different planes
• Work piece moves to and fro against the stationary single point cutting tool
• Planer machine is used for machining very large work pieces which cannot be machine in a shaping machine
119 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
120 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
121 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
122 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
Principal Parts of a Planer Machine
1) Bed
• Supports the column and all other moving parts
• Table slides over the bed through precision ways
• Driving mechanism for the table is provided in hollow
space of bed
123 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
2) Table
• It reciprocates along the ways of the bed and supports
the work
• Top surface of the table is provided with slots to clamp
the work piece
124 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
3) Housing/Column
• Vertical structures placed on each side of the bed
• Front vertical surface of the column has guide-ways to
enable movement of the cross rail vertically up and down
• Cross rail slides up and down on the housing
• Tool head is placed on the cross rail
125 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
4) Cross Rail
• Mounted on the machined ways of the two housings
• It may be raised or lowered on the housings to
accommodate work of different heights on the table and
to allow for the adjustment of the tools
126 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
5) Tool Head
• Mounted on the cross rail by a saddle
• Saddle is used to give cross feed
• Tool head fed in crosswise or vertical direction
127 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
Shaping Machine Planer Machine
Tool moves and work is stationary
Work moves and tool is stationary
Suitable for small size machining
Suitable for large size
Tools used are lighter and smaller
Tools used are larger, heavier and stronger
One cutting tool can be used More tools can be used
128 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
DRILLING MACHINE
• Operation of making holes in a work piece by forcing a rotating tool called drill against it
• Drill – a multi point cutting tool
• Drill is a cylindrical bar with helical grooves cut or formed in
the body of the drill to provide cutting edges and permit
removal of chips and allow the cutting fluid to reach the
cutting edges
129 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
130 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
131 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
Principal Parts of a Drilling Machine
1) Base
Rectangular casting on which the column is mounted
132 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
2) Column
• Vertical member of the machine which supports a table
• Head supporting the motor and spindle is mounted on
the top of the column
133 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
3) Table
• Supports the work piece or other work holding device.
• It can be moved up and down on the column
• It can be set in various positions in the horizontal plane
134 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
4) Drill Head
• Mounted on the top of the column and supports the spindle head and motor
• Spindle head houses drill holding and rotating devices
• Hand wheel is provided for upward and downward movement of the spindle
• Drill chuck is mounted in the spindle for holding the drill
• Spindle receives power from the motor through belt and pulley system
135 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
DRILL CHUCK & KEY
136 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
137 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
DRILL BIT
138 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
Operations Performed On A Drilling Machine
Drilling
Reaming
Boring
Counter Boring Counter
Sinking
Spot Facing
Taping
139 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
Operations Performed on a Drilling Machine
a) Drilling
• Operation of producing a circular hole using a drill by removing metal from the work piece
• Drill bit is a multi point cutting tool
• It cuts by applying pressure and rotation of the drill , forms chips at the cutting edge
140 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
141 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
142 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
b) Reaming
• Operation of finishing and sizing an already existing hole
• The tool use is called the reamer, which has multiple
cutting edges
• This operation removes a very small amount of metal
from the drilled hole
143 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
144 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
REAMER
145 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
146 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
c) Boring
• Enlarging an already existing hole by means of an
adjustable single point tool
• Single point tool traversed through the hole and parallel
to the axis of the rotation removes metal and thus
increases the diameter of the hole
147 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
148 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
BORING TOOL
149 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
150 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
d) Counter Boring
Operation of increasing the diameter of a hole for a certain distance down
151 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
152 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
153 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
154 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
COUNTER BORING TOOL
155 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
e) Counter Sinking
Operation by which a cone shaped enlargement is made at the end of a hole
156 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
157 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
158 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
COUNTER SINKING TOOL
159 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
f) Spot Facing
• Operation of smoothening and squaring the surface
around a hole drilled in a rough surface
• It provides a flat seating for nut and washer
160 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
161 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
162 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
SPOT FACING TOOL
163 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
g) Taping
• Operation of cutting internal threads in a drilled hole by
means of a tool called tap
• Tap cuts a thread on the inside surface of a hole
164 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
165 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
166 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
167 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
TAP KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
MILLING MACHINE
• Process of removal of metal by feeding the work piece against rotating multi-point cutter
• As the cutter rotates, each cutting edge removes small amount of material from the work piece
168 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
MILLING CUTTER
169 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
Principle Of Operation
• Based on the direction of the cutter motion and work piece feed, milling can be classified into two
• Conventional milling or Up milling
• Climb milling or Down milling
• Based on spindle position milling can be classified into two
• Horizontal milling machine
• Vertical milling machine
170 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
Conventional Milling or Up Milling
• Work piece is fed in the opposite direction of that of the
rotating cutter
• Chip thickness varies from minimum at the start of cut to a
maximum at the end of cut
• Load on each cutting edge is gradually increased
• Cutter tends to lift the work piece from the table
• Poor surface finish
171 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
172 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
Climb Milling or Down Milling
• Work piece is fed in the same direction of that of the
rotating cutter
• Chip thickness varies from a maximum at the start of cut to a
minimum at the end of cut
• Cutter forcing the work piece towards the table
• Down milling produce higher surface finish, because the
cutting pressure keeps the work piece firmly pressed against
the table
173 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
174 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
175 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
176 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
177 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
Horizontal Milling Machine
Spindle axis is kept horizontal
178 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
179 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
180 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
Principal Parts
1) Base
• Foundation for all other parts of the milling machine
• Gives the machine the required strength and rigidity
181 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
2) Column
• Main supporting frame mounted vertically on the base
• Front face of the column has vertical guide ways
182 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
3) Knee
• Slides up and down on the vertical guide ways of the column
• It has horizontal guide ways on its top surface
• It supports saddle and table
• Elevating screw for adjusting the height of the knee
183 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
4) Saddle
• It supports and carries the table
• It is adjustable on guide ways on the top of the knee
• Horizontal movement
184 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
5) Table
• It rests on guide ways on the saddle
• It can be moved longitudinally, perpendicular to the
motion of saddle
• It supports the work piece
185 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
6) Elevating Screw
• Height of the knee is adjusted by elevating screw
• It also supports the knee
186 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
7) Spindle
• It obtains power from the motor and transmits it to an arbor
• Spindle has a tapered socket for inserting the arbor
187 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
8) Overarm
• Mounted on the top of the column
• Overarm support provided at the free end of overarm can be
moved horizontally on the guide ways provided at the bottom
surface of the overarm
188 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
9) Arbor
• Rod on which cutter is mounted
• It is tapered at one end to fit into the spindle
• Other end of the arbor is mounted in a bearing provided in
the overarm support
189 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
190 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
Vertical Milling Machine
Spindle axis is kept vertical
191 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
192 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
193 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
Principal parts
1) Base
• Foundation for all other parts of the milling machine
• Gives the machine the required strength and rigidity
194 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
2) Column
• Main supporting frame mounted vertically on the base
• Front face of the column has vertical guide ways
195 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
3) Knee
• Slides up and down on the vertical guide ways of the column
• It has horizontal guide ways on its top surface
• It supports saddle and table
• Elevating screw for adjusting the height of the knee
196 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
4) Saddle
• It supports and carries the table
• It is adjustable on guide ways on the top of the knee
• Horizontal movement
197 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
5) Table
• It rests on guide ways on the saddle
• It can be moved longitudinally, perpendicular to the
motion of saddle
• It supports the work piece
198 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
7) Spindle Head
• It is mounted on the top of the column
• It has a swivel base and hence the spindle head can be
swiveled at an angle for machining angular surfaces
199 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
9) Arbor
• Rod on which cutter is mounted
• It is tapered at one end to fit into the spindle
200 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
201 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
Milling operations
Slab or plain
milling
Face milling
Side milling
End milling
T-slot milling
Angular milling
Form milling
Gear cutting
202 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
Milling Operations
a) Slab or Plain Milling
• Production of flat surfaces with the milling cutter axis parallel to the surface being milled
• Flat surfaces may be milled with a plain milling cutter mounted on the arbor
203 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
204 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
205 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
PLAIN MILLING CUTTER
206 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
b) Face Milling
• Flat surface perpendicular to the axis of cutter is produced
• Cutter is mounted on a spindle having an axis of rotation perpendicular to the work piece surface
• Face milling cutter is used
207 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
208 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
FACE MILLING CUTTER
209 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
c) Side Milling
• Flat vertical face is produced at the side of a work piece
• Side milling cutter is used
210 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
SIDE MILLING CUTTER
211 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
212 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
d) End Milling
• Cutter generally rotates on an axis vertical to the work piece
• End milling cutter has cutting edges on the periphery of a shank, these cutters are the most common tool used in a vertical milling
• It is used for producing slots, grooves, keyways etc
213 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
214 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
215 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
END MILLING CUTTER
216 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
END MILLING CUTTER
217 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
e) T-slot Milling
• T-slot cutter is used
• First of all a plain slot is cut on the work piece using an end milling cutter. Then the T-slot cutter is fed from one end of the work piece
• Neck portion of the cutter passes through the already milled plain slot
218 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
219 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
220 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
221 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
T –SLOT CUTTER
222 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
f) Angular Milling
• Process in which angular surface are produced on a work piece
• Angle milling cutter is used
• Usual angle of the cutter is 45⁰, 50⁰, 55⁰ or 60⁰
• Eg. Milling dovetails
223 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
224 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
ANGLE MILLING CUTTER
225 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
226 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
227 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
g) Form Milling
• Process by which profiles on the work piece are produced
• Form milling cutter is used
• Shape of form milling cutter corresponds to the profile of the surface to be produced
228 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
229 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
FORM MILLING CUTTER
230 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
h) Gear Cutting
• Process by which gears are produced using gear cutters
• Profile of the cutter corresponds to the tooth space of the gear
231 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
232 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
233 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
234 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
235 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
GEAR CUTTER
236 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
Specification of Milling Machine
• The dimension of table
• Maximum length of vertical and horizontal movement of knee and saddle
• Number of different speeds of spindle
• Power of electric motor
• Floor space required
• Net weight
237 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
Grinding Machine
Process of metal removal in which the cutting tool used is an abrasive wheel
238 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
Purpose for grinding
Remove small amount of metal from the work piece to bring its dimension within very close tolerance of the size desired
Obtain better finish on the surface
Sharpen the cutting tool
Machine hard surfaces which are otherwise difficult to be machined by other means
239 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
Grinding Wheels
• These are made of abrasive particles bonded together by some suitable bond
• Natural abrasive particles: sand stone, emery, diamond…etc
• Artificial abrasive particles: silicone carbide, aluminium oxide and boron
240 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
GRINDING WHEEL
241 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
DIAMOND GRINDING WHEEL
242 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
Types Of Grinding
Cylindrical Grinding
Surface Grinding
Form Grinding
243 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
Types of Grinding
1) Cylindrical Grinding
• Produces cylindrical surface on a work piece
• Work piece is rotated about its axis and is traversed across the face of a rotating abrasive wheel
• Both tool and work piece are rotated by separate motors and at different speeds
244 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
245 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
246 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
2) Surface Grinding
• It produces flat surfaces
• Grinding wheel can be fed downward in very small increments into a work piece, which is moved to the left and the right and in and out
• Work is traversed under the revolving grinding wheel
• This allows the wheel to contact all areas of the surface of the work piece
247 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
248 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
249 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
250 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
251 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
3) Form Grinding
• Produces formed surfaces on a revolving cylindrical work piece
• Grinding wheel has the exact shape of the final product
252 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
253 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
254 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
255 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
FORM GRINDING TOOL
256 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
Types of grinding
machines
Cylindrical grinding machine
Surface grinding machine
Tool and cutter grinding machine
Internal grinding machine
257 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
1. Surface Grinding Machine
• Produce finish and flat surface
• It consists of a base, table, column and wheel head
• Spindle is horizontal
• Wheel head can be raised or lowered with the grinding
wheel
• Table can be moved along the ways
258 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
259 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
260 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
2. Cylindrical Grinding Machine
Two types
• Centre Type Grinding Machine
• Centreless Type Grinding Machine
261 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
a) Centre Type Grinding Machine
• It consists of a bed, wheel head, headstock and a tailstock
• Work piece is supported in between the centres
• Wheel head is located back of the headstock and tailstock
• Grinding wheel is driven by a motor
• Table on which the headstock and tailstock are mounted can
be moved to and fro in the bed guide ways
262 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
263 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
264 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
b) Centreless Type Grinding Machine
• Work is supported and fed to the grinding wheel on a knife edge support
• It consists of a bed, wheel head, regulating wheel and a work rest blade
• Work is supported on the work rest and is backed up by regulating wheel
• Regulating wheel controls the speed of rotation of the work piece and also the rate of feeding of the work piece past the grinding wheel
265 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
266 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
267 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
268 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
269 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
270 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
3. Tool and Cutter Grinding Machines
• Used for sharpening of tools and cutter
• These machines hold the cutter while a rotating abrasive wheel is applied to the edges for the purpose of sharpening it
271 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
272 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
273 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
274 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
Automation
• Automatically controlled operation of an apparatus, process, or system by mechanical or electronic devices that take the place of human organs of observation, effort and decision
Types of automation
• Numerically controlled(NC) equipment
• Computer numerical control(CNC)
• Direct numerical control(DNC)
• Computer-Aided manufacturing(CAM)
• Computer integrated manufacturing(CIM)
275 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
276 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
NUMERICAL CONTROL
• Control of a machine tool by means of recorded information on punched tape or cards
• It is a method of automation in which various functions of machine tools are controlled by letters, numbers and symbols
• System automatically interprets these data and converts them to output signals, which, in turn control various machine components
• Functions carried out by an operator in a conventional machine are translated into instructions that can be understood by a MACHINE CONTROL UNIT(MCU).
277 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
• The MCU translates it into electrical signals. These signals operate a servo system which controls the motion of tool, work piece and the related auxiliaries
It consists of 3 basic components
• Program of instructions
• Machine Control Unit(MCU)
• Processing equipment
278 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
279 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
280 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
281 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
282 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
• Program of instructions: detailed step by step commands that directs the actions of the processing equipment. Co-ordinate information(x, y and z movements required for work and tool) regarding the component is recorded on a tape and is fed to the control unit
• MCU: it consists of tape reader, data buffer, signal output channels, sequence control and related control hardware that stores the program of instruction. Control unit convert the commands into electric signals and these signals are sent to processing equipment(machine tool)
• Processing equipment: performs useful work with the help of a servo system
283 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
• Feed back transducer is provided to check the positions achieved and to send signals to the control unit for position correction
In NC machine tools one or more of the following functions may be automatic
• Starting and stopping of machine tool spindle
• Controlling the spindle speed
• Controlling the rate of movement of the tool tip(feed rate)
• Changing of tools in the spindle
• Positioning the tool tip at desired locations and guiding it along desired paths
284 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
Advantages
• Greater accuracy
• Lower scrap rates
• More – complex part geometries are possible
• Less floor space is required
• Operator skill level requirements are less
• Higher production rate
Disadvantages
• Higher investment cost
• Higher maintenance effort
285 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
CNC MACHINES
• A computer is used to prepare and control the operations of the machine tool
• CNC refers to a computer that is joined to the NC machine
• The program is entered into the computer through a keyboard or disc or tape and stored in its memory
• Whenever the part is to be machined, the program is called from its memory
• Also, if it is required to have a change in any dimension, the program can be called and edited to incorporate the changes(not possible in a NC machine). This eliminates the repeated use of tape
286 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
287 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
288 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
Advantages
• High accuracy in machining
• Storage of more than one program
• Program can be edited
• Short production time
• Greater manufacturing flexibility
• Better quality control
• Repeatability of accuracy is possible
Disadvantages
• High cost
• Requirement of skilled programmer
289 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
CNC LATHE MACHINE
290 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
CNC MILLING MACHINE
291 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
DNC
• In Direct Numerical Control(DNC) system, a number of machine tools are controlled by a single computer
• The program was transmitted to the MCU directly from the computer, one block of instructions at a time
• Central computer also received data back from the machines
292 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
293 ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME
KTUNOTES.IN
To get more study materails visit www.ktunotes.in
top related