biol 121 chp 5: the integumentary system
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1
The Integumentary System
BIOL 121: A&P I Chapter 5
Rob Swatski Associate Professor of Biology
HACC – York Campus Textbook images - Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
2
Integumentary System
Skin
Epidermis Dermis Hypodermis
Accessory structures
Hair Glands Nails
3
4
FuncLons of Integumentary System
Protec5on Regula5on Sensory input
5
6
Epidermis Most
superficial layer
Stra5fied squamous epithelium
5 main layers (strata)
7
Dermis
Thickest layer
Dense irregular CT
Accessory structures
8
9
Hypodermis Deepest layer
Areolar CT & adipose
Stores energy
Regulates temperature
Blood vessel & nerve passage
10
11
Overview of the Epidermis
12
4 Main Cells of the Epidermis
KeraLnocytes Melanocytes
Langerhans cells
(Intraepidermal macrophages)
Merkel cells (TacLle
epithelial cells)
13
14
KeraLnocytes
Kera5n
Lamellar granules
Cell junc5ons
15
Melanocytes
Melanin
Skin color pigment
Absorbs UV
16
17
Langerhans Cells
Develop in bone
marrow
Immune func5on
18
Merkel Cells
On Merkel (tac5le) discs
Respond to touch s5muli
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20
Layers (Strata) of the Epidermis
Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum*
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale
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(d) Sectional view of dermal papillae, epidermal ridges, and epidermal layers
Epidermal ridge
Corpuscle of touch in dermal papilla
LM 250x
Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale
24
Stratum Basale
Deepest layer
Ac5ve mitosis
Tonofilaments
Desmosomes
25
Desmosomes
26
Stratum Spinosum
8-‐10 layers
“Spiny”
Strong & flexible
Absorbs melanin
Desmosomes
27
Stratum Granulosum
3-‐5 layers
Transi5on zone
Flat, dying cells
(apoptosis)
Lamellar granules
Keratohyalin granules
28
Stratum Lucidum
4-‐6 layers
Clear, flat, dead cells
Finger5ps, palms, soles
29
Stratum Corneum
25-‐30 layers
Flat, dead cells
Rich in kera5n & lipids
Constantly shed
Strong barrier
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31
Growth of Epidermis
Stratum basale (stem cells)
Mitosis
Kera5niza5on
Epidermal Growth
Factors (EGFs)
32
Psoriasis
33
34
Skin graVs
35
Dermis CT: collagen, elas5c fibers, adipose
Papillary & Re5cular regions
Fibroblasts & macrophages
Hair follicles & glands
Blood vessels & nerves
36
Papillary Region
Areolar CT Adipose Hair
follicles Glands Sensory receptors
37
FuncLons of Papillary Region
Strength
Elas5city
Extensibility
38
Sensory receptors
Paccinian corpuscles
39
Epidermal Ridges
sweat pores
40
ReLcular Region
Dense irregular CT: collagen!
Adipose Hair follicles Glands Sensory receptors
41
42 stretch marks
Lines of cleavage
43
Skin Color
Jaundice Cyanosis Erythema
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Jaundice Yellowish skin/eye color
Bilirubin build-‐up
Liver disease
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46
Cyanosis
Bluish color to skin/nails
Hemoglobin deple5on
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Erythema
Redness of skin
Dermal capillary
enlargement
Inflamma5on, infec5on, burns
48
InflammaLon
49
Melanocytes Tyrosine Melanin
(results may vary)
Melanin ProducLon
Freckles Albinism Vi5ligo
50
51
Freckles
52
Albinism
53
54
ViLligo
55
Papa Smurf is real…
56
Accessory Structures
Hair (Pili)
Nails
Sudoriferous glands
Sebaceous glands
Ceruminous glands
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Hair (pili)
59
FuncLons of Hair
Insula5on
UV protec5on
Protects eyes
Touch sensa5on (hair root plexus)
(b) Several hair shafts showing the shinglelike cuticle cells
Hair shaft
SEM 70x
Epidermal cells
61
Anatomy of Hair
ShaV
Medulla Cortex Cu5cle
Root
Internal & external sheaths
Hair Follicle
Bulb Matrix
62
Hair follicle
63
(c) Frontal and transverse sections of hair root
Hair root:
Medulla
Cortex
Cuticle of the hair
Hair follicle: Internal root sheath
External root sheath
Epithelial root sheath
Dermal root sheath External root sheath Internal root sheath
Epithelial root sheath Cuticle of the hair
Cortex Medulla Hair matrix Melanocyte Papilla of the hair Blood vessels
Bulb
Dermal root sheath
(d) Transverse section of hair root
Hair root:
Cuticle of the hair Cortex
Medulla
Dermal root sheath
Internal root sheath
External root sheath
Epithelial root sheath
Hair follicle:
66
Surrounding Structures of
Hair
Arrector pili
Hair root plexus
Sebaceous glands
67
68
Types of Hair
Lanugo
Vellus
Terminal
69
Lanugo
70
Vellus
71
Terminal hair
72
Terminal hair
73 Demodex
74
Blinky
Growing Stage
ResLng Stage
75
Hair Growth Cycle
76
Hair Color
Dark hair
Blonde & Red hair
Graying hair
White hair
77
Sudoriferous Glands
Eccrine
Apocrine
78
Eccrine gland
79
Eccrine gland
80
Apocrine gland
81
Sebaceous Glands Near hair follicles
Produce sebum
Moistens hair
Waterproofs skin
Inhibits bacteria growth
82
Sebaceous gland
83
Sebaceous gland
84
Ceruminous Glands In external
auditory meatus
Produce cerumen
Physical barrier
An5microbial
Lubrica5on
85
86
Nails
87
Structure of Nails
Free edge
Nail body
Lunula
Eponychium (cu5cle)
Nail root w/ matrix
Free edge
Nail body (plate)
Lunula
Eponychium (cuticle) Nail root
(a) Dorsal view
NAIL ROOT is the portion that is not visible
(b) Sagittal section showing internal detail
EPONYCHIUM (cuticle) is the stratum corneum of the epidermis
LUNULA is the thick, white part of the nail
NAIL BED is the skin below the nail plate
Sagittal plane
FREE EDGE extends past the finger or toe
HYPONYCHIUM secures nail to the fingertip
Epidermis
Dermis
Phalanx (finger bone) NAIL MATRIX is the epithelium proximal to the nail
root. It contains dividing cells, which produce new nail cells
NAIL BODY is the visible portion of
90
Thin Skin
< 0.5 mm
Covers most of body
No epidermal ridges
91
Thick Skin
0.5 -‐ 5 mm
Palms, soles, digits
Epidermal ridges
Stratum lucidum
No hair follicles, sebaceous glands
FuncLons of Skin
Cutaneous SensaLon
Thermo-‐regulaLon
Blood reservoir
ProtecLon -‐ Physical -‐ Chemical -‐ Biological
ExcreLon and
AbsorpLon
Vitamin D synthesis -‐ calcitriol
92
93
Thermo-‐regulaLon
PerspiraLon
Evapora5on
Cooling
Shivering
Vasoconstric5on
Warming
94
95
Epidermal Wound Healing
MigraLon
InhibiLon
Thickening
96
MigraLon
97
InhibiLon & Thickening
98
99
Deep Wound Healing
InflammaLon
MigraLon
ProliferaLon
MaturaLon
100
InflammaLon
101
MaturaLon
102 Hypertrophic scar
Fibrosis
Keloid scar 103
104
Collagen fibers
ElasLc fibers
Fibroblasts
Melanocytes
Langerhans cells
Phagocytes
Effects of
Aging
105
Wrinkling
Dryness & cracking
Blood vessel walls thicken
Subcutaneous fat lost
…There’s More!
106 Photodamage
107
Cancer
Hyperplasia
Tumor (Neoplasm)
Benign
Malignant
Normal cells
Tumor-‐forming cells
108 Cancer cell
109
Carcinogenesis
Carcinogens: x-‐rays, viruses, toxins
Gene muta5ons
Metastasis
Angiogenesis
110 Metastasis
Types of Cancer
Carcinoma Melanoma Sarcoma Leukemia Lymphoma
111
112
Skin Cancer
Basal cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Malignant melanoma
113 Basal cell carcinoma
114 Squamous cell carcinoma
115 Malignant melanoma
116
Normal nevus (mole)
Malignant melanoma
117
118
Risk Factors for Skin Cancer
Skin type
Sun exposure
Family history
Age
Immune health
119
Treatment of Cancer
Chemotherapy
120
RadiaLon therapy
121
Burns
Heat, electricity, radia5on, chemicals
Systemic vs. local effects
Severity: depth, area, age, health
Shock, circulatory & kidney problems,
infec5on
Rule of nines
122
Burn ClassificaLon
123
1st Degree Burn
124
125
2nd Degree Burn
126
3rd Degree Burn
127
Rule of Nines
128
Pressure Sore (DecubiLs ulcer)
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