birth and the newborn baby
Post on 03-Jan-2016
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The stages of childbirth• Dilation and effacement of the
cervix• Delivery of the baby• Birth of the placenta
Assessing the newborn’s physical
condition:The Apgar Scale(p133)
Appearance
Pulse
Grimace 表情
Activity
Respiration
Elements of Natural, or Prepared, Childbirth
• Classes• Relaxation &
Breathing Techniques• Labor Coach
– Social support
Medical Interventions in Childbirth(p137)
• Fetal Monitoring• Medication
– Analgesics (止痛剂)– Anesthetics (麻醉剂)
• Instrument Delivery• Induced Labor• Cesarean Delivery(剖腹产)
Birth complications:Anoxia (缺氧症)
• Oxygen deprivation at birth.• Can lead to brain damage or later
cognitive, language problems– Cerebral palsy(脑瘫)
• Causes include:– Squeezing by umbilical cord (脐带挤压)– Placenta abruption (胎盘剥离)– Failing to breathe after birth
• Respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants
Preterm and Small-for-Date Babies
Preterm
• Born weeks before their due date.
• May be appropriate weight for length of pregnancy.
Small-for-Date
• May be born at due date or preterm.
• Below expected weight for length of pregnancy.
Interventions for Preterm Infants(p142)
• Isolette (早产婴儿保育箱)
• Respirator (呼吸器)• Feeding tube• Intravenous medication
– 静脉注射
• Special Infant
Stimulation• Parent Training in Caregiving
Newborn Reflexes
• Eye Blink• Sucking• Swimming• Moro 惊跳反射
(莫罗反射)
• Palmar Grasp 抓握反射(达尔文发射)
• Tonic Neck 强直的颈反射• Stepping 行走反射• Babinski 足趾反射(巴宾
斯基反射)
Infant States of Arousal
• Regular Sleep• Irregular Sleep• Drowsiness• Quiet Alertness• Waking Activity
and Crying
Ways to Soothe a Crying Baby
• Hold on shoulder and rock or walk
• Swaddle• Pacifier• Ride in carriage, car,
swing• Combine methods• Let cry for short time
Newborn Sense of Touch
• Reflexive response to touch on mouth, palms, soles, genitals
• Sensitive to pain– Pain can affect later behavior– Relieve pain with anesthetics,
sugar, gentle holding
Newborn Senses of Taste and Smell
• Prefer sweet tastes at birth• Quickly learn to like new
tastes• Have odor preferences from
birth• Can locate odors and identify
mother by smell from birth
Newborn Sense of Hearing
• Can hear a wide variety of sounds at birth
• Prefer complex sounds to pure tones
• Learn sound patterns within days
• Sensitive to voices and biologically prepared to learn language
Newborn Sense of Vision• Least developed of
senses at birth• Unable to see long
distances, focus clearly
• Scan environment and try to track interesting objects
• Color vision improves in first two months
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