bis2c. biodiversity and the tree of life. 2014. l14. fungi
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
Lecture 14
!
Lecture 14 !
Fungi !!
BIS 002C Biodiversity & the Tree of Life
Spring 2014 !
Prof. Jonathan Eisen
1
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
Where we are going and where we have been
• Previous Lecture: !13: Fungi
• Current Lecture: !14: Fungi and Symbioses
• Next Lecture: !15: Fungi and humans
2
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
Microsporidia
Microsporidia are unicellular fungi, obligate intracellular parasites of animals; 1,500 species.
Among the smallest eukaryotes known.
5
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
Microsporidia
• Host cell is penetrated by a polar tube of the microsporidian spore, and contents of spore are injected into host.
• The sporoplasm replicates in the host cell and produces new infective spores.
• The life cycle of some species is complex and involves multiple hosts.
• Microsporidia have cell walls with chitin, and lack true mitochondria; they have reduced structures called mitosomes.
• Misclassified as protists for many years.6
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
Chytridiomycosis: Batrachochytrium dendrobatides
8
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
Chytrids: Only Fungi with Swimming Spores
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
Chytrids
10
• General !Mostly aquatic; <1,000 species. !May be parasitic or saprobic !Some are unicellular, others have
rhizoids, still others are coenocytic. !Multicellular diploid stage of some
includes a structure that can withstand freezing and drying.
• Reproduction !Flagellated spores and gametes. !Have alternation of generations, but
haploid stage produces independent male and female gametes.
!Reproduce both sexually and asexually. !The cytoplasms of individuals of different
mating types fuse (plasmogamy) before their nuclei fuse (karyogamy).
• Evolution !May be polyphyletic. !Once classed as protists.
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
Figure 30.14 Sexual Life Cycles of Chytrids & Zygospore Fungi
11
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
Figure 30.14 Sexual Life Cycles of Chytrids
12
Study this life cycle
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
Figure 30.14 Sexual Life Cycles of Chytrids
13
Flagellated spores
Flagellated gametes
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
Figure 30.14 Sexual Life Cycles of Zygospore Fungi
17
Study this life cycle
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
Zygospore fungi (Zygomycota):
18
• General !>1000 species described; includes
Rhizopus stolonifer, black bread mold. !Terrestrial fungi—saprobes on soils,
parasites of insects & spiders, mutualists w/ other fungi and invertebrates.
!Reproduction !Zygospore can be dormant for months,
then the nuclei undergo meiosis to form haploid spores which disperse.
!Hyphae of different mating types release pheromones, which cause them to grow toward each other.
!Zygote is the only diploid cell.
• Evolution !Likely paraphyletic.
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
Figure 30.11 Mycorrhizal Associations (B)
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
Glomeromycota
• General !Mutualistic symbiosis with plant roots. !<200 species, but 80 to 90 percent of plants have associations
with them !Glucose from plant partner is primary energy source for fungus. !Essential to almost all vascular plants to increase water and
mineral uptake. !Hyphae are coenocytic. !Enter root and penetrate cell walls, but not the plasma membrane. !As in ectomycorrhizae, the fungus forms a vast web of hyphae in
the surrounding soil and increases surface area for water and mineral uptake.
!Only asexual reproduction
• Evolution !Evolution of mycorrhizal associations may have been an important
step for plants to colonize land. !Seen in some liverworts
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
Figure 30.16 Sexual Life Cycles among the Dikarya
25
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
Dikaryon
26
• Dikaryon—hypha with two haploid nuclei. • Also called a heterokaryon (n + n).
• Karyogamy (fusion of nuclei) occurs long after plasmogamy (fusion of cytoplasm), so that two genetically different haploid nuclei coexist and divide within the same hypha.
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
Dikaryon continued
• Unusual aspects of dikaryon life cycle: ! No gamete cells, only gamete nuclei ! No true diploid tissue; zygote is the only
true diploid ! Hypha is neither diploid (2n) nor haploid
(n); rather, it is dikaryotic (n + n)
• Duration spent in dikaryon varies ! Short lived in sac fungi ! In club fungi it may last months or years—
opportunity for more than two mating types to fuse, and more genetic recombination.
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
Ascomycota - Sac Fungi
• Marine, freshwater, and terrestrial.
• 64,000 species, half as lichens
• Produce sacs called asci (singular ascus), which contain sexually produced haploid ascospores
• Hyphae are septate, pores in septa allow movement of cytoplasm and organelles
28
Figure 30.16A Sexual Life Cycles among the Dikarya
HAPLOID (n)
Sac fungi (Ascomycota)Hyphae of – mating type
Hyphae of + mating type
Figure 30.16A Sexual Life Cycles among the Dikarya
HAPLOID (n)
Sac fungi (Ascomycota)Mating structureHyphae of
– mating type
Hyphae of + mating type
Figure 30.16A Sexual Life Cycles among the Dikarya
HAPLOID (n)
Sac fungi (Ascomycota)Mating structureHyphae of
– mating type
Hyphae of + mating type
Figure 30.16A Sexual Life Cycles among the Dikarya
HAPLOID (n)
DIKARYOTIC (n + n)
Plasmogamy
Sac fungi (Ascomycota)Mating structureHyphae of
– mating type
Hyphae of + mating type
Figure 30.16A Sexual Life Cycles among the Dikarya
HAPLOID (n)
DIKARYOTIC (n + n)
Plasmogamy
Sac fungi (Ascomycota)Mating structure
Dikaryotic mycelium
(n + n)
Hyphae of – mating type
Hyphae of + mating type
Figure 30.16A Sexual Life Cycles among the Dikarya
HAPLOID (n)
DIKARYOTIC (n + n)
Plasmogamy
Sac fungi (Ascomycota)Mating structure
Dikaryotic mycelium
(n + n)
Haploid hyphae (n)
Hyphae of – mating type
Hyphae of + mating type
Figure 30.16A Sexual Life Cycles among the Dikarya
HAPLOID (n)
DIKARYOTIC (n + n)
Plasmogamy
Ascoma (fruiting structure)
Sac fungi (Ascomycota)Mating structure
Dikaryotic mycelium
(n + n)
Haploid hyphae (n)
Hyphae of – mating type
Hyphae of + mating type
Figure 30.16A Sexual Life Cycles among the Dikarya
HAPLOID (n)
DIKARYOTIC (n + n)
Plasmogamy
Ascoma (fruiting structure)
Dikaryotic asci (n + n)
Sac fungi (Ascomycota)Mating structure
Dikaryotic mycelium
(n + n)
Haploid hyphae (n)
Hyphae of – mating type
Hyphae of + mating type
Figure 30.16A Sexual Life Cycles among the Dikarya
HAPLOID (n)
DIKARYOTIC (n + n)
DIPLOID (2n)
Plasmogamy
Ascoma (fruiting structure)
Karyogamy
Dikaryotic asci (n + n)
Sac fungi (Ascomycota)
FERTILIZATION
Mating structure
Dikaryotic mycelium
(n + n)
Haploid hyphae (n)
Hyphae of – mating type
Hyphae of + mating type
Figure 30.16A Sexual Life Cycles among the Dikarya
HAPLOID (n)
DIKARYOTIC (n + n)
DIPLOID (2n)
Plasmogamy
Ascoma (fruiting structure)
Karyogamy
Dikaryotic asci (n + n)
Sac fungi (Ascomycota)
FERTILIZATION
Mating structure
Dikaryotic mycelium
(n + n)
Haploid hyphae (n)
Fused nuclei
Hyphae of – mating type
Hyphae of + mating type
Figure 30.16A Sexual Life Cycles among the Dikarya
HAPLOID (n)
DIKARYOTIC (n + n)
DIPLOID (2n)
Plasmogamy
Ascoma (fruiting structure)
Karyogamy
Dikaryotic asci (n + n)
Sac fungi (Ascomycota)
MEIOSIS
FERTILIZATION
Mating structure
Dikaryotic mycelium
(n + n)
Haploid hyphae (n)
Fused nuclei
Hyphae of – mating type
Hyphae of + mating type
Figure 30.16A Sexual Life Cycles among the Dikarya
HAPLOID (n)
DIKARYOTIC (n + n)
DIPLOID (2n)
Plasmogamy
Ascoma (fruiting structure)
Karyogamy
Dikaryotic asci (n + n)
Sac fungi (Ascomycota)
MEIOSIS
MITOSIS
FERTILIZATION
Mating structure
Dikaryotic mycelium
(n + n)
Haploid hyphae (n)
Fused nuclei
Hyphae of – mating type
Hyphae of + mating type
Figure 30.16A Sexual Life Cycles among the Dikarya
HAPLOID (n)
DIKARYOTIC (n + n)
DIPLOID (2n)
Plasmogamy
Ascoma (fruiting structure)
Karyogamy
Dikaryotic asci (n + n)
Sac fungi (Ascomycota)
MEIOSIS
MITOSIS
FERTILIZATION
Mating structure
Dikaryotic mycelium
(n + n)
Haploid hyphae (n)
Fused nuclei
Ascus
Hyphae of – mating type
Hyphae of + mating type
Figure 30.16A Sexual Life Cycles among the Dikarya
HAPLOID (n)
DIKARYOTIC (n + n)
DIPLOID (2n)
Plasmogamy
Ascoma (fruiting structure)
Karyogamy
Dikaryotic asci (n + n)
Sac fungi (Ascomycota)
Ascospores
MEIOSIS
MITOSIS
FERTILIZATION
Mating structure
Dikaryotic mycelium
(n + n)
Haploid hyphae (n)
Fused nuclei
Ascus
Hyphae of – mating type
Hyphae of + mating type
Figure 30.16A Sexual Life Cycles among the Dikarya
HAPLOID (n)
DIKARYOTIC (n + n)
DIPLOID (2n)
Plasmogamy
Ascoma (fruiting structure)
Karyogamy
Dikaryotic asci (n + n)
Sac fungi (Ascomycota)
Ascospores
MEIOSIS
MITOSIS
FERTILIZATION
Mating structure
Dikaryotic mycelium
(n + n)
Haploid hyphae (n)
Fused nuclei
Ascus
Ascus
Hyphae of – mating type
Hyphae of + mating type
Figure 30.16A Sexual Life Cycles among the Dikarya
HAPLOID (n)
DIKARYOTIC (n + n)
DIPLOID (2n)
Plasmogamy
Ascoma (fruiting structure)
Karyogamy
Dikaryotic asci (n + n)
Sac fungi (Ascomycota)
Ascospores
Ascospores (n)
MEIOSIS
MITOSIS
FERTILIZATION
Mating structure
Dikaryotic mycelium
(n + n)
Haploid hyphae (n)
Fused nuclei
Ascus
Ascus
Hyphae of – mating type
Hyphae of + mating type
Figure 30.16A Sexual Life Cycles among the Dikarya
HAPLOID (n)
DIKARYOTIC (n + n)
DIPLOID (2n)
Plasmogamy
Ascoma (fruiting structure)
Karyogamy
Dikaryotic asci (n + n)
Sac fungi (Ascomycota)
Ascospores
Ascospores (n)
Germinating ascospores
(n)
MEIOSIS
MITOSIS
FERTILIZATION
Mating structure
Dikaryotic mycelium
(n + n)
Haploid hyphae (n)
Fused nuclei
Ascus
Ascus
Hyphae of – mating type
Hyphae of + mating type
Figure 30.16A Sexual Life Cycles among the Dikarya
HAPLOID (n)
DIKARYOTIC (n + n)
DIPLOID (2n)
Plasmogamy
Ascoma (fruiting structure)
Karyogamy
Dikaryotic asci (n + n)
Sac fungi (Ascomycota)
Ascospores
Ascospores (n)
Germinating ascospores
(n)
MEIOSIS
MITOSIS
FERTILIZATION
Mating structure
Dikaryotic mycelium
(n + n)
Haploid hyphae (n)
Fused nuclei
Ascus
Ascus
Hyphae of – mating type
Hyphae of + mating type
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
Figure 30.16 Sexual Life Cycles of Ascomycota
30
Study this life cycle
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
Yeasts
31
! Saccharomyces cerevisiae is baker’s or brewer’s yeast. It metabolizes glucose to ethanol and CO2 by fermentation.
! Some yeasts live on fruits such as grapes and are important in wine making.
! Some live in the guts of insects and help break down cellulose.
! Reproduce asexually by budding
! Sexual reproduction—cells of different mating types fuse, zygote nucleus undergoes meiosis to form ascospores, the whole cell is the ascus.
! Lost the dikaryon stage.
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
Cup FungiCup fungi
• The inner surfaces of the cups are covered with specialized hyphae and asci, and produce huge numbers of spores.
! Many species are edible, including morels and truffles.
32
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
Molds and Mildews
! Filamentous hyphae that do not form large ascomata
! Reproduce asexually by conidia which give molds characteristic colors.
! Sexual reproduction includes relatively brief dikaryon.
! Plant parasites (e.g, chestnut blight and Dutch elm disease)
! Many used in food production (Aspergillus tamarii for soy sauce; A. oryzae to brew sake) (Penicillium camembertii and P. roquefortii in Camembert and Roquefort cheeses)
! Some Penicillium species produce the antibiotic, penicillin
! Aflotoxin form an Aspergillus
33
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
Club fungi (Basidiomycota)
• Fruiting structures are basidiomata
• 30,000 species, includes mushrooms, puff balls, bracket fungi
• Plant pathogens such as rusts and smuts infect cereal grains.
• Other club fungi species are fungal partners in ectomycorrhizae.
34
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
Figure 30.18 Club Fungus Fruiting Structures
36
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014 38
Basidiospores
Basidium
HAPLOID (n)
Basidiomycota
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014 38
Basidiospores
Basidium
Basidium50 µm
HAPLOID (n)
Basidiomycota
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014 38
In club fungi, the products of meiosis are borne exposed on pedestals called basidia. Fruiting bodies consist solely of dikaryotic hyphae, and the dikaryotic phase can last a long time.
Basidiospores
Basidium
Basidium50 µm
HAPLOID (n)
Basidiomycota
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014 38
In club fungi, the products of meiosis are borne exposed on pedestals called basidia. Fruiting bodies consist solely of dikaryotic hyphae, and the dikaryotic phase can last a long time.
Basidiospores
Basidium
Basidium50 µm
HAPLOID (n)
+ Mating type
– Mating type
Basidiomycota
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014 38
In club fungi, the products of meiosis are borne exposed on pedestals called basidia. Fruiting bodies consist solely of dikaryotic hyphae, and the dikaryotic phase can last a long time.
Basidiospores
Basidium
Basidium50 µm
HAPLOID (n)
+ Mating type
– Mating type
Mycelial hyphae
Basidiomycota
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014 38
In club fungi, the products of meiosis are borne exposed on pedestals called basidia. Fruiting bodies consist solely of dikaryotic hyphae, and the dikaryotic phase can last a long time.
Basidiospores
Basidium
Basidium50 µm
HAPLOID (n)
DIKARYOTIC (n + n)
+ Mating type
– Mating type
Mycelial hyphae
Plasmogamy
Basidiomycota
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014 38
In club fungi, the products of meiosis are borne exposed on pedestals called basidia. Fruiting bodies consist solely of dikaryotic hyphae, and the dikaryotic phase can last a long time.
Basidiospores
Basidium
Basidium50 µm
HAPLOID (n)
DIKARYOTIC (n + n)
+ Mating type
– Mating type
Mycelial hyphae
Plasmogamy
Dikaryotic mycelium
(n + n)
Basidiomycota
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014 38
In club fungi, the products of meiosis are borne exposed on pedestals called basidia. Fruiting bodies consist solely of dikaryotic hyphae, and the dikaryotic phase can last a long time.
Basidiospores
Basidium
Basidium50 µm
HAPLOID (n)
DIKARYOTIC (n + n)
+ Mating type
– Mating type
Mycelial hyphae
Plasmogamy
Basidioma (fruiting
structure)
Dikaryotic mycelium
(n + n)
Basidiomycota
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014 38
In club fungi, the products of meiosis are borne exposed on pedestals called basidia. Fruiting bodies consist solely of dikaryotic hyphae, and the dikaryotic phase can last a long time.
Basidiospores
Basidium
Basidium50 µm
HAPLOID (n)
DIKARYOTIC (n + n)
+ Mating type
– Mating type
Mycelial hyphae
Plasmogamy
Basidioma (fruiting
structure)
Dikaryotic mycelium
(n + n)
Gills
Basidiomycota
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014 38
In club fungi, the products of meiosis are borne exposed on pedestals called basidia. Fruiting bodies consist solely of dikaryotic hyphae, and the dikaryotic phase can last a long time.
Basidiospores
Basidium
Basidium50 µm
HAPLOID (n)
DIKARYOTIC (n + n)
+ Mating type
– Mating type
Mycelial hyphae
Plasmogamy
Basidioma (fruiting
structure)
Dikaryotic mycelium
(n + n)
Gills
Gills lined with basidia
Basidiomycota
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014 38
In club fungi, the products of meiosis are borne exposed on pedestals called basidia. Fruiting bodies consist solely of dikaryotic hyphae, and the dikaryotic phase can last a long time.
Basidiospores
Basidium
Basidium50 µm
HAPLOID (n)
DIKARYOTIC (n + n)
+ Mating type
– Mating type
Mycelial hyphae
Plasmogamy
Basidioma (fruiting
structure)
Dikaryotic mycelium
(n + n)
Gills
Developing basidium
(n + n)
Gills lined with basidia
Basidiomycota
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014 38
In club fungi, the products of meiosis are borne exposed on pedestals called basidia. Fruiting bodies consist solely of dikaryotic hyphae, and the dikaryotic phase can last a long time.
Basidiospores
Basidium
Basidium50 µm
HAPLOID (n)
DIKARYOTIC (n + n)
+ Mating type
– Mating type
Mycelial hyphae
Plasmogamy
Basidioma (fruiting
structure)
Dikaryotic mycelium
(n + n)
Gills
Developing basidium
(n + n)
Gills lined with basidia
Nuclei
Basidiomycota
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014 38
In club fungi, the products of meiosis are borne exposed on pedestals called basidia. Fruiting bodies consist solely of dikaryotic hyphae, and the dikaryotic phase can last a long time.
Basidiospores
Basidium
Basidium50 µm
HAPLOID (n)
DIKARYOTIC (n + n)
DIPLOID (2n)
+ Mating type
– Mating type
Mycelial hyphae
Plasmogamy
Basidioma (fruiting
structure)
Karyogamy
Fertilization
Dikaryotic mycelium
(n + n)
Gills
Developing basidium
(n + n)
Gills lined with basidia
Nuclei
Basidiomycota
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014 38
In club fungi, the products of meiosis are borne exposed on pedestals called basidia. Fruiting bodies consist solely of dikaryotic hyphae, and the dikaryotic phase can last a long time.
Basidiospores
Basidium
Basidium50 µm
HAPLOID (n)
DIKARYOTIC (n + n)
DIPLOID (2n)
+ Mating type
– Mating type
Mycelial hyphae
Plasmogamy
Basidioma (fruiting
structure)
Karyogamy
Fertilization
Dikaryotic mycelium
(n + n)
Gills
Developing basidium
(n + n)
Fused nuclei
Gills lined with basidia
Nuclei
Basidiomycota
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014 38
In club fungi, the products of meiosis are borne exposed on pedestals called basidia. Fruiting bodies consist solely of dikaryotic hyphae, and the dikaryotic phase can last a long time.
Basidiospores
Basidium
Basidium50 µm
HAPLOID (n)
DIKARYOTIC (n + n)
DIPLOID (2n)
+ Mating type
– Mating type
Mycelial hyphae
Plasmogamy
Basidioma (fruiting
structure)
Karyogamy
Fertilization
Meiosis
Dikaryotic mycelium
(n + n)
Gills
Developing basidium
(n + n)
Fused nuclei
Gills lined with basidia
Nuclei
Basidiomycota
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
30.2 How Do Fungi Interact with Other Organisms?
• Parasitic fungi
• Mycologists recognize two classes: !Facultative—can grow on living organisms
but also grow on their own !Obligate—grow only on specific host
species
• Insects and plants are the most common hosts.
46
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
Example: Invading a Leaf
• Fungal hyphae are well-suited to invade plant tissues through stomata, wounds, or by penetrating epidermal cell walls.
• Some hyphae produce haustoria, projections that press into cells without breaking through the plasma membranes, and absorb nutrients.
47
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
Example: Trichophyton rubrum
• Ascomycota
• Feeds on keratin
48
http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Trichophyton_rubrum
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
Trichophyton rubrum
• Causes ! Ringworm ! Jock itch ! Athlete’s foot ! Nail infections ! Many other irritating maladies
49
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
Pathogenic Fungi
• A major cause of death in people with compromised immune systems, such as AIDS patients.
• Fungi cause other human diseases such as ringworm and athlete’s foot.
• The worldwide decline of amphibian species has been linked to a chytrid fungus.
• The chytrid is endemic to southern Africa and probably spread with exports of the African clawed frog.
• Fungi are the most important pathogens in plants, causing crop losses amounting to billions of dollars.
50
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
Stachybotrys chartarum
• Ascomycota
• Feeds on cellulose
51
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
Stachybotrys chartarum
• Likes wet building materials like drywall, floors, ceilings
• Causes ! allallergic rhinitis (cold-
like symptoms,) ! dermatitis (rashes,) ! sinusitis ! conjunctivitis ! aggravation of asthma. ! inability to concentrate ! fatigue.
52
Paper on wallboard
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
White Nose Syndrome
53
Geomyces destructans White Nose syndrome
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
Aspergillus flavus
• Ascomycota
• Feeds on lots of things
55
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
Aspergillus flavus
• Grows well on stored grains
• Produces aflotoxin, which can cause short and long term problems (e.g., liver cancer)
56
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
The brown mold Aspergillus:
• Aspergillus tamarii acts on soybeans to make soy sauce; A. oryzae is used to brew sake
• Other Aspergillus species grow on grains and nuts and produce extremely carcinogenic aflatoxins
• Aspergillus fumigatus was cause of the primary case in the steroid-injection outbreak
57
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
Photo 30.15 Conidiophores with numerous conidia of Aspergillus
58
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
Other fungal human pathogens
• Cryptococcus species (Basidiomycota) (HIV associated) • Encephalitozoon cuniculi (Microsporidia) (HIV associated) • Enterocytozoon bieneusi (Microsporidia) (usually in pigs) • Pneumocystis carinii (Ascomycota) (HIV associated) • Candida albicans (Ascomycota) (yeast infections) • Coccidiodes immitis (Ascomycota) (Central Valley fever)
59Encephalitozoon cuniculiPneumocystis carinii Candida albicans
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
30.2 How Do Fungi Interact with Other Organisms?
Lichens: fungus + photosynthetic microorganism
Together they can survive some of the harshest environments on Earth, such as Antarctica.
About 30,000 “species” are named for the fungal component.
63
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