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Building classification and retrofitting methodologies in the SEE countries

Tamás Csoknyai PhDBudapest University of Technology and Economics

Support for Low-Emission Development in South East Europe (SLED)

OBJECTIVES AND OVERVIEW

▪ General objective: Assist the design of energyefficiency and decarbonisation policies in thebuilding sector

▪ Task objective: Provide technical inputs forsectorial bottom-up simulation modeling in

▪ Albania: residential and public

▪ Montenegro: residential

▪ Serbia: residential

1. Analysis of building stock >>> definition of building types(building type matrix)

2. Definition of retrofit options:

▪ BAU: building as usual

▪ Standard retrofit

▪ Ambitious retrofit

3. Calculation of present and retrofitted consumptions:

▪ Heating

▪ Domestic hot water

▪ Cooling

4. Estimation of retrofit costs

METHODOLOGICAL OVERVIEW

Building types

Energy demand of the

present state

Sectorial

modelling by

Aleksandra

Novikova

Energy demand of

retrofitting options

Investment costs

Local expert

panels

Data collection

and

assessment

METHODOLOGICAL OVERVIEW

Building types

Energy demand of the

present state

Sectorial

modelling by

Aleksandra

Novikova

Energy demand of

retrofitting options

Investment costs

Local expert

panels

Data collection

and

assessment

MAIN DATA SOURCES

Main data sources

Expert panel of national experts

▪ Albanian expert panel

▪ Gjergji Simaku,

▪ Teuta Thimjo

▪ Thimjo Plaku

▪ Rodon Miraj

▪ Montenegrin expert panel (University of Montenegro, Faculty of MechanicalEngineering, Faculty of ElectricalEngineering):

▪ Prof. Dr Igor Vušanovic,

▪ Zoran Miljanic PhD,

▪ Biljana Gligoric

▪ Serbian expert panel (Faculty of Architecture, University of Belgrade):

▪ Prof. Milica Jovanović Popović,

▪ Ignjatović Dušan

▪ Bojana Stankovic

Statistical data, previous studies

▪ Latest census (2011)

▪ Jovanović Popović Milica, IgnjatovićDušan et all, National typology of residential buildings in Serbia, Belgrade, Faculty of Architecture, University of Belgrade, GIZ- DeutcheGesellschaft fur InternationaleZusammenarbeit, Belgrade, 2013

▪ Simaku, Gjergji; Thimjo, Teuta; Plaku, Thimjo: Assessment of the energyperformance of buildings – heating, 2014

▪ REKK, SLED Electricity sector modelling scenarios, 2015

▪ Technical building standards and regulations

▪ IPCC database of emission factors

Building types

Energy demand of the

present state

Sectorial

modelling by

Aleksandra

Novikova

Energy demand of

retrofitting options

Investment costs

Local expert

panels

Data collection

and

assessment

DEFINITION OF BUILDING TYPES

Tabula-Episcope

http://episcope.eu/

Residential Building Typology (MNO)

Main considerations (based on experts and census data)

▪ building type (size and geometry)

▪ detached houses (1-2 dwellings);

▪ multi-family houses (3-9 dwellings);

▪ multi-family houses (10 or more dwellings).

▪ construction period: five construction periods:

▪ buildings built before 1945;

▪ 1946-1970;

▪ 1971-1990;

▪ 1991-2000;

▪ 2001-2011.

Residential Building Typology (MNO)

Additional considerations:

▪ Climate zones (based on census data)

▪ Construction materials (based on experts)

▪ Heating systems and energy sources (based oncensus and experts)

AlbanianResidentialBuilding Typology

SerbianBuilding Typology

family housing multifamily housing

building

period class SFH TH MF AB

1 2 3 4

A

< 1945

B

1946-1960

C

1961-1970

D

1971-1980

E

1981-1990

F

1991-2011

MontenegrinResidential Building Typology

▪ Based on Serbiantypology

▪ Technical building systems different

Dormitories Hospitals Kindergartens

Public offices Schools Universities

Albanian public buildings

Statistical data on the residential building stock(2011 census)

Albania Montenegro Serbia Total

Population 2 821 977 620 029 7 114 393 10 556 399

Buildings 598 267 171 676 2 246 320 3 016 263

Dwellings 1 012 062 315 670 3 237 119 4 564 851

Percentage of non-inhabited

or seasonal dwellings 30.0% 40.3% 25.0% 27.2%

Source: calculated based on INSTAT 2011; SORS 2011; Monstat 2011

Number of dwellings by climate zone and occupancy (MNO)

Climate zone I Climate zone II Climate zone III

No data or industrial use only 5067 154 269

For seasonal use 47345 3986 10529

Vacant 38660 5068 15250

Occupied 110200 26661 51515

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

No data or industrial use only

For seasonal use

Vacant

Occupied

Statistical data on the building stock (ALB, 2011 census)

Number of residential buildings and dwellings per building type

Based on census 2011, dwellings estimated

Energy source mix for space heating in 2015

Natural

gas/LPG

Electricit

y

Coal Oil Wood

District

heating

% % % % % %

Albania

zone A 10-20 70-85 0 0 5-20 0

zone B 10-20 65-85 0 0 5-25 0

zone C 10-25 20-65 0 0 10-70 0

Montenegro

small houses 0 9-14 0 0 86-91 0

medium

buildings

0 27-68 0 0 32-73 0

large buildings 0 46-92 0 0 8-54 0

Serbia

general case 9 17 7.5 3 63.5 0

buildings with

district heating

0 0 0 0 13 83

Building types

Energy demand of the

present state

Sectorial

modelling by

Aleksandra

Novikova

Energy demand of

retrofitting options

Investment costs

Local expert

panels

Data collection

and

assessment

BUILDING TYPE MODELS

Energy demand calculation

▪ Residential: „Real example buildings” methodology

▪ Public: „Average buildings” methodology – energyaudit of 53 buildings

▪ Based on

▪ Calculations: methodology from quasi-steady-state seasonal method defined in EN ISO 13790:2008: Energy performance of buildings -- Calculation of energy use for space heating and cooling

▪ Estimations (expert panels)

▪ Montenegro and Serbia assessed jointly

▪ Calculations differenciated to climate zones (ALB, MNO)

▪ Full and partial - intermittent heating and coolingoptions

Energy audits, ALB, public buildings

Number

Dormitory 5

Hospital 5

Kindergarten 7

Office 4+6

School 18

University 7

▪ Limited technical informationon public buildings

▪ Common methodology

▪ Audit template

▪ Energy calculator

▪ Average results >>> inputsfor building type modeling

Climate zones

Albania Montenegro

Serbi

a

zone

name

HDD

(17,5

oC)

zone

name

HDD

(20

oC)

HDD

(20

oC)

Mildest

zone

zone A 1330 zone I 1623

2658

Moderate

zone

zone B 1534 zone II 2528

Coldest

zone

zone C 2600 zone III 3388

Building types

Energy demand of the

present state

Sectorial

modelling by

Aleksandra

Novikova

Energy demand of

retrofitting options

Investment costs

Local expert

panels

Data collection

and

assessment

MODELING RETROFIT OPTIONS

Retrofit options (RS)

Three options considered

▪ Business and Usual (improvement BAU)

▪ Change of windows and control improvements in the heating systems

▪ Standard retrofit (improvement 1)

▪ Comply with the current regulations or are close to the given values

▪ Technical building systems: ▪ Exchanged to efficient units

▪ Partly switched from individual to central

▪ In district heating systems improving control and efficiency

▪ Ambitious retrofit (improvement 2)

▪ Goes beyond the building regulations

▪ Technical building systems: even higher system efficiency▪ Central heating with condensing gas boiler or

▪ Biomass boiler for pellets or logs or

▪ Central heating with air/water heat pump;

▪ Solar thermal for DHW support

▪ In district heating systems improving control and efficiency

CO2 emission factors (kg/kWh)

CO2 emission factors (kg/kWh)

Albania Montenegro Serbia

natural gas not relevant not relevant 0.202

LPG 0.227 not relevant 0.227

wood 0.1 0.1 0.1

electricity 0.000 0.578 1.041

solar 0 0 0

coal lignite not relevant not relevant 0.364

diesel oil not relevant not relevant 0.267

district heating not relevant not relevant 0.330

Building types

Energy demand of the

present state

Sectorial

modelling by

Aleksandra

Novikova

Energy demand of

retrofitting options

Investment costs

Local expert

panels

Data collection

and

assessment

MODELING RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Results – net energy demand, present state(ALB,residential)

Climate zone B, full heating

Theory and reality

Unheated area

▪ Usual heating pattern: only the a part of the dwelling is heated

▪ Limited statistics

Intermittent heating

▪ Heating system is not turned on all day long, heating overnight is rare

Calibration needed

In the future

▪ Increased comfort

Assumptions for partial and intermittent heating, ALB, public

Heated floor area (%)

Renovation options Present BAU

Improvement

1 (standard)

Improvement

2 (ambitious)

Climate

zone A

Dormitory 69 90 90 100

Hospital 58 80 100 100

Kindergarten 78 80 100 100

Office 61 90 100 100

School 70 80 100 NA

University 72 80 80 NA

Heated hours/week

Climate

zone A

Dormitory 42 56 70 126

Hospital 56 84 126 168

Kindergarten 30 40 50 50

Office 30 40 50 50

School 20 30 40 NA

University 20 30 40 NA

Results – net energy demand, present state(ALB,residential)

Climate zone B, full heating Climate zone B, partial heating

Delivered energy use (MNO, partial heating)

Results – net energy demand, retrofit (ALB, residential)

Climate zone B, partial heating

CO2 emissions in building types (ALB, climate zone A, public buildings)

Dormitory HospitalKindergart

enOffice School University

Present state 3.1 5.6 2.1 1.3 0.7 0.6

BAU renovation 1.8 5.5 2.4 2.0 1.0 0.6

Improvement 1 1.7 1.4 1.0 0.6 0.5 0.1

Improvement 2 1.8 0.0 0.6 0.6

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

CO

2 e

mis

sio

n [

kg

CO

2/m

2a

]

Building types

Energy demand of the

present state

Sectorial

modelling by

Aleksandra

Novikova

Energy demand of

retrofitting options

Investment costs

Local expert

panels

Data collection

and

assessment

INVESTMENT COSTS

Cost of the retrofit options – building envelope(MNO)

▪ Prices provided by the experts

▪ Average prices, including all elements, but there could be extra costs (e.g. removal of old plaster etc.)

EE Measure Unit Cost Remarks6 Replacement of existing with new PVC windows

and doors; PVC profiles from not recycled PVC,

U value of the frame up to 1.4 W/m2/K, no

thermal bridges, at least five air chambers,

strengthened with U - metal profiles coated with

plastic layer; glass - low emission double glass,

16 mm gap between glasses, 4 + 16 + 4 mm

structure, filled with argon or other inert gas.

Total windows U-value up to 1.4 W/m2/K;

Solar energy transmittance of glass - Solar

Factor g at least 65%; technical codes defined in

technical description

€/m2 150 Technical Specification

and codes defined in

general requirements of

tender documents

Investment costs per heated floor area, heating(MNO)

„Standard” renovation option „Ambitious” renovation option

A1-5Wood pellet stove - eta=0.85

(25EUR/m2)

Centralized heating system with wood

pellete boiler and automatic regulation of

temperature and hot water preparation (55

EUR/m2)

B1-5Wood pellet stove - eta=0.85

(22.5EUR/m2)

Centralized heating system with wood

pellete boiler and automatic regulation of

temperature and hot water preparation (44

EUR/m2)

C1-5Heat pump - SCOP>3 (price 35

EUR/m2)Heat pump - SCOP>4 (price 80 EUR/m2)

The costs of standard retrofit: all climate zones, RS, €/m2 floor area, incl. VAT

Measures\Building types A1 B1 C1 D1 E1 F1 A2 C2 A3 B3 C3 D3 E3 F3 C4 D4 E4 F4

Walls (and arcade ceilings) 57.8 34.5 35.2 39.5 29.8 5.4 44.0 30.9 70.7 43.7 24.7 27.1 19.7 24.1 23.3 27.2 24.6 24.5

Windows 40.6 41.7 38.3 44.1 39.0 28.1 45.2 43.8 58.9 55.4 36.7 38.2 46.5 29.4 36.9 44.5 41.1 32.0

Floor c. to attic 30.0 37.1 13.8 10.8 9.7 10.7 28.4 19.3 8.0 4.1 2.7 4.0 3.2 3.3 0.0 1.7 2.2 2.7

Floor c. to unheated below (

cellar) 0.0 0.0 0.0 13.9 2.0 3.2 41.8 6.3 25.7 5.3 3.5 5.1 3.5 4.3 3.1 3.2 2.7 4.8

Flat roof 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 11.1 4.0 0.0 0.3

Pitched roof 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 1.9 2.7

Floor c. on ground 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 26.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Heating system 58.8 39.2 33.2 34.7 33.7 9.8 37.3 53.8 33.3 31.9 31.2 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8

Hot water system 28.8 9.2 3.2 4.7 3.7 9.8 7.3 23.8 3.3 1.9 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total 216 162 124 148 118 91 204 178 208 148 108 83 82 69 79 90 83 76

Cooling (optional) 7.7 8.1 8.4 8.3 6.6 7.9 6.5 6.3 17.4 10.3 7.9 7.7 6.7 7.1 7.2 10.0 9.1 6.7

Building types

Energy demand of the

present state

Sectorial

modelling by

Aleksandra

Novikova

Energy demand of

retrofitting options

Investment costs

Local expert

panels

Data collection

and

assessment

SECTORIAL MODELING…

Thank you for your attention!

Further questions:csoknyait@mail.bme.hu

csoknyaitamas@gmail.com