ch9 industrial revolution
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While the American Revolution and the French Revolution were being fought in the late 1700s, another kind of revolution took hold in Britain. Though not political, this revolution—known as the Industrial Revolution—brought about just as many changes to society.
Introduction to industry• The Industrial Revolution
began in Great Britain during the late 1700s.
• Changes in the way land was used and new farming methods increased productivity.
• Skilled inventors developed new technology, and entrepreneurs with money invested in new or expanded ventures.
New Inventions and Ideas
• Capitalism was a major factor in spurring industrial growth. It was an economic system in which individuals and private firms, not the government, own the means of production, including land, machinery, and the workplace. In a capitalist system, individuals decide how they can make a profit and determine business practices accordingly
• Industrialists practiced industrial capitalism which involved continually expanding factories or investing in new businesses. After investing in a factory, capitalists used profits to hire more workers and buy more raw materials and new machines.
• Mass Production: the production of huge quantities of identical goods
• Manufacturers invested in machines to replace more costly human labor. Machines were fast working and precise and enabled industrialists to mass-produce
Capitalism
Adam Smith• Adam Smith was a Scottish economist who
set down the workings of a laissez-faire economy.
• In The Wealth of Nations of 1776, Smith stated that businesses compete to produce goods as inexpensively as possible, and consumers buy the best goods at the lowest prices. Efficient producers make more profit, hire more workers, invent new stuff, and continue to expand, to everyone’s benefit.
• By the 1850s, Great Britain, the world’s leading industrial power, had adopted free trade and other laissez-faire policies.
- As the Industrial Revolution sped up, Smith’s ideas influenced economic thought and practice
Capitalist Ideas• During the Industrial Revolution, European thinkers rejected
mercantilism with its government controls. • These thinkers supported laissez-faire, a policy allowing
business to operate without government interference.• Laissez-faire comes from a French term meaning “let them
alone.”• European thinkers held that fewer taxes and regulations would
enable farmers to grow more produce. • In the early 1800s, laissez-faire soon gained the support of
middle-class owners of railroads, factories, and mines.
English: Work by Ford Madox Brown, 1852-63 Oil on canvas. Original in the Manchester City Art Galleries
Great Britain Leads the Way
• This agriculture revolution helped Great Britain to lead the Industrial Revolution
• Successful farming business allowed landowners to invest money in growing industries
• Many displaced farmers became industrial workers;moved to urban areas.
Money and Industry• Capital-money to invest in
labor, machines, and raw materials that is essential for the growth of industry
• By investing in growing industries, the aristocracy and middle class had a good chance of making a profit
• Parliament encouraged investment by passing laws that helped the growing businesses
The four factors of economics are: land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship
Great Britain Leads the Way cont.Natural Resources
• Britain’s wealth included its rich supply of natural resources
• Water provided power for developing industries and transported raw materials and finished goods
• Britain also had huge supplies of coal, the principle raw material of the Industrial Revolution– Produced iron and steel for
machinery and helped to fuel industry
Large Labor Supply• In one century, England’s
population nearly doubled– Improvements in farming lead
to increased availability of food
– better, more nutritious food led to people living longer and healthier lives
• Changes in farming lead to increased supply of industrial workers
• Entrepreneurs-businesspeople who set up industries by bringing together capital, labor, and new industrial inventions
Why Britain Industrialized First
Enclosure Movement
• Open field system- system where British farmers had planted crops and kept livestock on unfenced private and public lands for hundreds of years
• Landowners felt that larger farms with enclosed fields would increase farming efficiency and productivity
• Enclosure Movement-practice of fencing or enclosing common lands into individual holdings
• Parliament supported this and passed laws that allowed landowners to take over and fence off private and common lands
• Many small farmers dependent on village lands were forced to move to towns and cities to find work
• Landowners practiced new, more efficient farming methods
– To raise crop yields, they mixed different kinds of soil and used new crop rotation systems– Crop Rotation-the practice of alternating crops of different kinds to preserve soil fertility– Charles Townshend- urged the growing of turnips to
enrich exhausted soil– Another reformer, Robert Bakewell, bred stronger
horses for farm work and fatter sheep and cattle for meat– Jethro Tull- invented the seed drill that enabled farmers to plant seeds in orderly rows
Growing Textile Industry
Advances in Machinery• John Kay- improved the loom with
the flying shuttle• James Hargeaves- invented a more
efficient spinning machine called the spinning jenny
• Richard Arkwright-developed the water frame-a huge spinning machine that ran continually on waterpower
• Samuel Crompton- produce the spinning mule by combining features of the spinning jenny and the water frame
Producing More Cloth• Edmund Cartwright-
developed the power loom to solve the shortage of weavers
• The new inventions created a growing need for raw cotton
• (American) Eli Whitney- developed the cotton gin that cleaned cotton 50 times faster than one person could
Flying shuttle
Spinning Jenny Water Frame
Spinning Mule Power Loom Cotton Gin
The Factory System• Factory System- organized method of production that brought
workers and machines together under control of managers• Waterways powered machines and provided transportation
for raw materials and finished cloth• As the factory system spread, manufacturers required morepower than horses and water could provide• James Watt- designed an efficient steam engine*
– Steam engines allowed factories that had to close down when water froze or flowed too low to run continuously
• The steam engine enabled factories to be built far from waterways
The first passenger carriage in Europe, 1830, George Stephenson´s steam locomotive, Liverpool and Manchester Railway
Eli WhitneyEli Whitney designed and invented the cotton gin by April 1793. The cotton gin was a machine that automated the separation of cottonseed from the short-staple cotton fiber. He contributed to the concept of interchangeable parts and increased factory production. These interchangeable parts were machine-made parts that were exactly alike and easily assembled or exchanged.
Industrial Developments• The use of factory machinery
increased demand for iron and steel
• Henry Bessemer and William Kelly-developed methods to inexpensively produce steel from iron
• At the same time, people worked to advanced transportation systems throughout Europe and the US
• Improvements began when private companies began building and paving roads
• John McAdam and Thomas Telford- further advanced road making:– better drainage systems and– the use of layers of crushed rock
• Water transportation also improved: in 1761, British workers dug one of the first modern canals– Soon, a canal building craze began in
both Europe and the US• A combination of steam power and
steel would soon revolutionize both land and water transportation– In 1801, Richard Trevithick first
brought steam-powered travel to land with a steam-powered carriage that ran on wheels and three years later, a steam locomotive that ran on rails
– In 1807, Robert Fulton designed the first practical steamboat
• Railroads and steamboats laid the foundations for a global economy and opened new forms of investment
Modernizing JapanJapan didn't trade until 1853, when four
American warships commanded by Commodore Matthew C. Perry sailed into the bay at Edo(present-day Tokyo).He wanted to trade with Japan and so they signed a treaty with Perry in 1854.
Meiji LeadersFirst five years after Perry, shogun signed
treaties with Britain, France, Holland, Russia, and the United States. Unhappiness of the treaties led to the overthrow of the shogun in 1868. A group of Samurai gave its allegiance to the new emperor, Mutsuhito, but kept the real power to themselves.
Mutsuhito was known as the Meiji, or Enlightened emperor, Japan's new rulers were called Meiji leaders. They Strengthened the Military, and worked to transform the nation into industrial society.
They established a system of universal education designed to produce loyal, skilled citizens who worked for Japan's modernization.
The Industrial Revolution: Cause and Effect2
Causes•Increased agricultural productivity•Growing population•New sources of energy, such as steam and coal•Growing demand for textiles and other mass-produced goods•Improved technology•Available natural resources, labor, and money•Strong, stable governments promoted economic growth
Immediate Effects•Rise of factories•Changes in transportation and communication•Urbanization•New methods of production •Rise of urban working class•Growth of reform movements
Long-Term Effects•Growth of labor unions•Inexpensive new products•Spread of industrialization •Rise of big business•Expansion of public education•Expansion of middle class•Competition for world trade among
industrialized nations •Progress in medical care
Effects of the Industrial Revolution
Samuel Slater
• Tall, ruddy young British worker on a ship bound for New York.
• A farmer was his listed occupation but he was actually a smuggler, stealing a valuable British commodity-industrial knowledge-to make money in America.
• Knew how to build an industrial spinning wheel and introduced it to the US.
Communications
Samuel Morse James Clerk Maxwell
assembled a working model of the telegraph
promoted the development of the radio
Used a system of dots and dashes
Promoted the idea that electromagnetic waves
travel through space at the speed of light
American inventor British physicist
Telegraph lines linked most European and North
American cities
a
France Germany United States
government encouraged industrialization
Used British capital to build their first major
railway
British capital and machinery and American
mechanical skills promoted new industry.
developed a large pool of outstanding scientists
Strong iron, coal, and textile industries
emerged.
Shoe and textile factories flourished in New
England.
industrialization was slow-paced
industrialization was successful
industrialization was successful especially in
the NortheastNapoleonic Wars
strained the economy and depleted the
workforce
Government funding helped the industry to
grow
Coal mines and ironworks expanded in
PA
Growth of mining and railway construction became big in Paris
Brought machinery from Britain and set up
factories
By 1870, the US ranked with Great Britain and Germany as one of the
world’s 3 most industrialized countries.
Economy depended on farming and small
businesses, not new industries.
Industrialization: Success or Failure?
Technology and Industry
Alessandro Volta developed the first battery.Michael Faraday created the first electric motor and the first dynamo, a machine that generates electricity.Thomas Edison made the first electric light bulb.
Chemists created hundreds of new products.New chemical fertilizers led to increased food production.Alfred Nobel invented dynamite.
Henry Bessemer developed a process to produce stronger steel.
Steel quickly became the major material used in tools, bridges, and railroads.
ELECTRICITYCHEMICALSSTEEL
The marriage of science, technology, and industry spurred economic growth. To improve efficiency, manufacturers designed products with interchangeable parts. They also introduced the assembly line. (Mass production)
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Guglielmo Marconi Alexander Graham Bell
devised the wireless telegraph which later became the radio invented the telephone
Scottish-born American teacher of the deaf
Tiny electrical wires carrying sound allowed people to speak
to each other over long distances
Scientists devised ways to harness electrical power and electricity replaced coal as the major source of industrial fuel.
Michael Faraday Thomas Edison
discovered that moving a magnet through a coil in a
copper wire would produce an electrical current
Invented the phonograph which reproduced sound
Electric motor was based on this principle
Made electric lighting cheap and accessible by inventing
incandescent light bulbs.
British chemist American inventor
Electricity
Michael Faraday Thomas Edison
Energy & Engines•The Industrial Revolution surged forward with advances in engines. These inventions ushered in the age of the motor car:
Gottlieb Daimler
Redesigned the internal combustion engineGerman engineer
Now runs on gasolineProduced enough power to propel vehicles and boats
Rudolf DieselGerman engineer
Could run industrial plants, ocean liners, and locomotives Developed an oil-burning internal-combustion engine
Ferdinand von ZeppelinStreamlined the dirigible with a gasoline engine
A dirigible was a 40-year-old balloon-like invention that could carry passengers
Advances in Transportation and Communication
TRANSPORTATION•Steamships replaced sailing ships.•Rail lines connected inland cities and seaports, mining regions and industrial centers.•Nikolaus Otto invented a gasoline-powered internal combustion engine.•Karl Benz patented the first automobile.•Rudolf Diesel invented the diesel engine •Henry Ford began mass producing cars.•Orville and Wilbur Wright designed and flew the first airplane.
COMMUNICATION•Samuel Morse developed the telegraph.•Alexander Graham Bell patented the telephone.•Guglielmo Marconi invented the radio.
During the second Industrial Revolution, transportation and communication were transformed by technology.
1
Henry FordHenry Ford used the assembly
line methods to produce his Model T automobiles. As he
produced greater quantities of his cars, the cost of producing each car fell, allowing him to drop the price. This enabled
millions of people to buy cars.
Taking FlightWilbur and Orville Wright achieved success in 1903 at Kitty Hawk with the first flight of a motorized airplane. It covered a distance of 120 feet. Only five years later they flew their wooden airplane 100 miles.
New airplanes and other vehicles needed a steady supply of fuel for power and rubber for tires and other parts. Petroleum and rubber industries skyrocketed and innovations in transportation, communications, and electricity changed the American lifestyle forever.
The Rise of Big BusinessNew technologies required the investment of large amounts of money. To obtain capital, entrepreneurs sold stock, or shares in their companies, to investors.Large-scale companies formed corporations, businesses that are owned by many investors who buy shares of stock.
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Powerful business leaders created monopolies and trusts, huge corporate structures that controlled entire industries or areas of the economy. Sometimes a group of businesses joined forces and formed a cartel, an association to fix prices, set production quotas, or control markets.
The Rise of the Middle Class
• More jobs/biz came along with successful owners
• Education became a key idea along with people becoming involved in politics
In a democracy or a republic, it is essential that your electorate/plebiscite is literate and informed enough to make political decisions while voting.
Middle-Class Lifestyles
• The stereotype of men go out to work and the women stayed home to clean and raise the children developed during this period
• Boys sent to school to learn business or trade and typically took father’s position or worked in family business
• Girls stayed at home learning to cook, sew and all the workings of a household
The World of Cities
• How had cities changed by 1900?
• How did working-class struggles lead to improved conditions for workers?
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City Life
• Settlement patterns shifted: the rich lived in pleasant neighborhoods on the outskirts of the city, while the poor crowded into slums near the city center.
• Paved streets, gas lamps, organized police forces, and expanded fire protection made cities safer and more liveable.
• Architects began building soaring skyscrapers made of steel. • Sewage systems improved public
health.
As industrialization progressed, cities came to dominate the West. At the same time, city life underwent dramatic changes.
2
Lives of the Working Class
• Class size increased• Luxuries became available • No longer made or grew what the family needed—no longer self-sufficient• Went from “rugged Individualism” to consumerism
Population ExplosionBetween 1800 and 1900, the population of Europe more than doubled. This rapid growth was not due to larger families. Instead, population soared because the death rate fell. The drop in the death rate can be attributed to the following:
2
Year Male Female1850 40.3 years 42.8 years1870 42.3 years 44.7 years1890 45.8 years 48.5 years1910 52.7 years 56.0 years
•People ate better.•Medical knowledge increased.•Public sanitation improved.•Hygiene improved.
At the Mercy of Machinery• As competition increased between factories,
work conditions decreased• Workers spent between 10-14 hours in the
factories a day• Women made less than half of men and
children made even less
Working-Class StrugglesWorkers protested to improve the harsh conditions of industrial life. At first, business owners tried to silence protesters, strikes and unions were illegal, and demonstrations were crushed. By mid-century, workers slowly began to make progress:• Workers formed mutual-aid societies, self-help groups to aid sick or
injured workers. • Workers won the right to organize unions.•Governments passed laws to regulate working conditions. Social unionism—vote in guys who will pass pro-union laws.• Governments established old-age pensions and disability insurance. • The standard of living improved.
2
Workers’ Lives• Working children didn’t go to school, worked long
hours and suffered from diseases and injuries from the intense work.
• Working offered new independence for women• Owners of mill often controlled of the worker’s lives
Workers Unite
• Developed labor unions that demanded fair wages and tolerable working conditions
• Labor unions are made up of workers of a trade
Union Tactics• Organized protests, slowdowns,
boycotts, sit-downs, strikes• Unions banned in England, and known members of
unions lost their jobs and were not hired for jobs in U.S.--blacklisted
• Collective bargaining developed and unions gained acceptance
Picketing—an orderly assemblage of strikers to protestunfair working conditions. Signs were attached to woodenslats made from picket fenceposts.Recently banned because they made great weapons in a scuffle!
What Values Shaped the New Social Order?
• A strict code of etiquette governed social behavior.
• Children were supposed to be “seen but not heard.”
• Middle-class parents had a large say in choosing whom their children married. At the same time, the notion of “falling in love” was more accepted than ever before.
• Men worked while women stayed at home. Books, magazines, and popular songs supported a cult of domesticity that idealized women and the home.
3
• Across Europe and the United States, politically active women campaigned for fairness in marriage, divorce, and property laws.
• Women’s groups supported the Temperance movement, a campaign to limit or ban the use of alcoholic beverages.
• Before 1850, some women had become leaders in the union movement.
• Some women campaigned to abolish slavery.• Many women broke the barriers that kept them out of
universities and professions. • In the mid- to late 1800s, groups dedicated to
women’s suffrage emerged. Women in the US will not get the vote until 1920—the 19th Amendment.
3Rights for Women
Growth in Public Education
• By the late 1800s, reformers persuaded many governments to set up public schools and require basic education for all children.
• Governments began to expand secondary schools, or high schools. • Colleges and universities expanded during this period. Universities
added courses in the sciences to their curricula.• Some women sought greater educational opportunities. By the 1840s,
a few small colleges for women opened.
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Countries by 2012 economic freedom index
Karl Marx’s Theories and Friedrich Engels
Karl MarxFriedrich Engels
• Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels met in Paris in 1844. • Marx later settled in London, and he and Engels
became lifelong friends and collaborators.• Marx believed that capitalism was only a temporary
phase. As the makers of goods, the proletariat, or the working class, was the true productive class. Proletariats could seize control from the bourgeoisie, or middle class, during an economic crisis and then build a society in which the people owned everything. He wrote The Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital.
Without private property, classes would vanish, and the government would wither away. This would be known as communism, a society without class distinctions or private property.
This did not happen—sigh!
Marx and Engels
• -Karl Marx, a German philosopher, dismissed early socialism as impractical and tried to find a scientific basis for it.
• - Son of a German lawyer and had a doctorate of history and philosophy - Horrified by English factory
conditions, Engels wrote The Condition of the Working Class in England.
Marx’s Theories• Following the German philosopher G.W.F. Hegel, Marx believed
changing ideas were the major force in history and history advanced through conflict.
• Marx viewed economics as the major force for change.
Marx Theory
Economic Base
Law Social Systems
Customs Religion Art
Marx’s Theories cont. The class that controlled production became the controlling class.
They gave up control through revolutions.
Therefore, clashes between the classes were inevitable.
Marx’s Theories (cont.)
• Proletariat working class• Bourgeoisie middle class• -According to Marx, the proletariat would build a
society in which people owned everything.• Without private property, classes and government
would wither away. • Communism governing principle would be “from
each according to his ability, and each according to his need”.
• These views were published in The Communist Manifesto of 1848.
• Marx developed them further in Das Kapital in 1867.
The Socialist Legacy
• History did not proceed by Marx’s plan.• Workers could buy more with their wages. Rather than
overthrow their governments, workers gained the right to vote to correct the worst social ills. Workers also remained loyal to their individual nations.
• Democratic Socialists began to appear and urged public control of some means of production, but they respected individual values and democratic means to implement Socialist policies.
• In the early 1900s, revolution swept Russia. Rising to power in the revolution, the Russian communists imposed their beliefs on the country and shunned democratic values.
• Communism is a radical form of socialism first developedby a group of Marxist revolutionaries. Communism is a society without class distinction or private property.
The Socialist Legacy• -History did not proceed by Marx’s plan, however.• -Rather than overthrow their government, workers gained the
right to vote and used it to correct social issues in many democratic countries.
• Democratic socialism developed in Europe, which urged public control of production, but respected individual values and favored democratic means. Many countries like Denmark, West Germany, Sweden, Finland, Japan, etc. adopt socialism especially after WWII.
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