chapter 14 autonomic nervous systemclasspages.warnerpacific.edu/bdupriest/bio 221/chapter 14...

CHAPTER 14

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Organization

Figure 14.1 Place of the ANS in the structural organization of the nervous system.

Central nervous system (CNS) Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Motor (efferent) division Sensory (afferent)

division

Somatic nervous

system

Autonomic nervous

system (ANS)

Sympathetic

division

Parasympathetic

division

Comparison of Somatic and

Autonomic Nervous Systems

Figure 14.2 Comparison of somatic and autonomic nervous systems.

Skeletal muscle

Cell bodies in central

nervous system Peripheral nervous system Effect

Effector

organs

ACh Smooth muscle

(e.g., in gut),

glands, cardiac

muscle

Ganglion

Adrenal medulla Blood vessel

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Acetylcholine (ACh) Norepinephrine (NE)

Ganglion

Heavily myelinated axon

Lightly myelinated

preganglionic axon

Lightly myelinated preganglionic axons

Neuro-

transmitter

at effector

Unmyelinated

postganglionic

Unmyelinated postganglionic axon

Stimulatory

or inhibitory,

depending

on neuro-

transmitter

receptors

on effector

organs

Single neuron from CNS to effector organs

Two-neuron chain from CNS to effector organs

True or false: All autonomic nervous pathways

involve a ganglion.

1) True

2) False

All preganglionic neurons in the autonomic

nervous system use which neurotransmitter?

1) Acetylcholine

2) Epinephrine

3) Norepinephrine

4) Can use any of the above

Sympathetic and

Parasympathetic Nervous Systems

Which of the following is a sympathetic function?

1) Increasing blood pressure

2) Shunting blood to digestive tract

3) Slowing breathing

4) Increasing urine output

Anatomy of Sympathetic and

Figure 14.3 Overview of the subdivisions of the ANS.

Salivary glands

Liver and gallbladder

Genitals

Pancreas

Bladder

Liver and gallbladder

Pancreas

Stomach

Cervical

Sympathetic

ganglia

Cranial

Lumbar

Thoracic

Genitals

Salivary glands

Stomach

Bladder

Adrenal gland

Parasympathetic Sympathetic

Sacral

Figure 14.4 Parasympathetic division of the ANS.

Pterygopalatine

ganglion

Lacrimal

mucosa

Ciliary

ganglion

Pterygopalatine

ganglion

Submandibular

ganglion Submandibular and sublingual glands

CN III

CN VII CN IX CN X

Otic ganglion

Parotid gland

Liver and

gallbladder

Stomach

Pancreas

Urinary

bladder

and ureters

intestine

Pelvic splanchnic nerves

Genitalia (penis, clitoris, and vagina)

Rectum

Celiac

plexus

Inferior hypogastric plexus

Cardiac and

pulmonary

plexuses

Preganglionic

Postganglionic

Cranial nerve

Figure 14.6 Sympathetic division of the ANS.

Superior

cervical

ganglion

Middle

cervical

ganglion

Inferior

cervical

ganglion

Sympathetic trunk

(chain) ganglia

White rami

communicantes

Liver and

gallbladder

Stomach

Spleen

Kidney

Adrenal medulla

intestine

Genitalia (uterus, vagina, and

penis) and urinary bladder

Celiac ganglion

Inferior

mesenteric

ganglion

Lesser splanchnic nerve

Greater splanchnic nerve

Superior

mesenteric

ganglion

Lumbar

splanchnic

nerves

Lacrimal gland

Nasal mucosa

Blood vessels;

skin (arrector pili

muscles and

sweat glands)

Salivary glands

Rectum

Cardiac and

pulmonary

plexuses

Preganglionic Postganglionic

Sacral

splanchnic

nerves

The craniosacral division of the autonomic

nervous system is synonymous with the…

1) Afferent nervous system

2) Parasympathetic nervous system

3) Somatic nervous system

4) Sympathetic nervous system

Figure 14.5a Sympathetic trunks and pathways.

Spinal cord

Dorsal root

Ventral root

Sympathetic

trunk ganglion

Sympathetic

Ventral ramus

of spinal nerve

Gray ramus

communicans

White ramus

communicans

Thoracic splanchnic nerves

(a) Location of the sympathetic trunk

Figure 14.5b Sympathetic trunks and pathways (1 of 3).

To effector

Blood vessels

Skin (arrector

pili muscles

and sweat

glands)

Dorsal root ganglion

Dorsal ramus of

spinal nerve

Dorsal root

Sympathetic

trunk ganglion

Lateral horn (visceral

motor zone)

Ventral root

Sympathetic trunk

Gray ramus

communicans White ramus

communicans

Ventral ramus of

spinal nerve

Synapse at the same level

(b) Three pathways of sympathetic innervation

To effector

Blood vessels

Skin (arrector

pili muscles

and sweat

glands)

Synapse at a higher or lower level

Splanchnic nerve

Collateral ganglion

(such as the celiac)

Target organ

in abdomen

(e.g., intestine)

Synapse in a distant collateral ganglion

anterior to the vertebral column

True or false: Ganglia in the sympathetic

nervous system are found in effector organs.

1) True

2) False

Physiology of Sympathetic and

Neurotransmitters & receptors

Table 14.2 Cholinergic and Adrenergic Receptors

Which of the following are types of cholinergic

receptors?

1) alpha

2) beta

3) muscarinic

4) nicotinic

5) 1 and 2 only

6) 3 and 4 only

7) all of the above

Effects of drugs

Table 14.3 Selected Drug Classes That Influence the Activity of the Autonomic Nervous System

Phenylephrine is what kind of drug?

1) sympatholytic

2) sympathomimetic

3) anti-cholinergic

4) acetylcholinesterase inhibitor

Interactions between divisions:

Tone and reflexes

Figure 14.9 Levels of ANS control.

Cerebral cortex

(frontal lobe)

Limbic system

(emotional input)

Communication at subconscious level

Hypothalamus

Overall integration of ANS, the boss

Spinal cord

Urination, defecation, erection, and ejaculation

reflexes

Brain stem

(reticular formation, etc.)

Regulation of pupil size, respiration, heart, blood

pressure, swallowing, etc.

True or false: At rest, the sympathetic

nervous system is completely “off”

1) True

2) False

Homeostatic imbalances

“Beta-blocker” medications (b-adrenergic

receptor blockers) might be useful for which

of the following diseases?

1) Orthostatic hypotension

2) Hypertension

3) Raynaud’s disease

4) 2 and 3 only

5) All of the above

Role of the adrenal medulla

Which of these chemicals is produced by

the adrenal medulla?

1) Acetylcholine

2) Epinephrine

3) Norepinephrine

4) 2 and 3 only

5) All of the above

Table 14.4 Effects of the Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Divisions on Various Organs (1 of 2)

Table 14.4 Effects of the Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Divisions on Various Organs (2 of 2)

chapter 14 autonomic nervous systemclasspages.warnerpacific.edu/bdupriest/bio 221/chapter 14...

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