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CHAPTER 14
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
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AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Organization
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Figure 14.1 Place of the ANS in the structural organization of the nervous system.
Central nervous system (CNS) Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Motor (efferent) division Sensory (afferent)
division
Somatic nervous
system
Autonomic nervous
system (ANS)
Sympathetic
division
Parasympathetic
division
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AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Comparison of Somatic and
Autonomic Nervous Systems
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Figure 14.2 Comparison of somatic and autonomic nervous systems.
Skeletal muscle
Cell bodies in central
nervous system Peripheral nervous system Effect
+
+
Effector
organs
ACh
ACh Smooth muscle
(e.g., in gut),
glands, cardiac
muscle
Ganglion
Adrenal medulla Blood vessel
ACh
ACh
ACh
NE
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
Acetylcholine (ACh) Norepinephrine (NE)
Ganglion
Heavily myelinated axon
Lightly myelinated
preganglionic axon
Lightly myelinated preganglionic axons
Neuro-
transmitter
at effector
Unmyelinated
postganglionic
axon
Unmyelinated postganglionic axon
Stimulatory
Stimulatory
or inhibitory,
depending
on neuro-
transmitter
and
receptors
on effector
organs
Single neuron from CNS to effector organs
Two-neuron chain from CNS to effector organs
SO
MA
TIC
NE
RV
OU
S
SY
ST
EM
AU
TO
NO
MIC
N
ER
VO
US
S
YS
TE
M
PA
RA
SY
MP
AT
HE
TIC
S
YM
PA
TH
ET
IC
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True or false: All autonomic nervous pathways
involve a ganglion.
1) True
2) False
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All preganglionic neurons in the autonomic
nervous system use which neurotransmitter?
1) Acetylcholine
2) Epinephrine
3) Norepinephrine
4) Can use any of the above
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AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Sympathetic and
Parasympathetic Nervous Systems
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Which of the following is a sympathetic function?
1) Increasing blood pressure
2) Shunting blood to digestive tract
3) Slowing breathing
4) Increasing urine output
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AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Anatomy of Sympathetic and
Parasympathetic Nervous Systems
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Figure 14.3 Overview of the subdivisions of the ANS.
Salivary glands
Eye
Skin*
Heart
Lungs
Liver and gall- bladder
Genitals
Pancreas
Eye
Lungs
Bladder
Liver and gall- bladder
Pancreas
Stomach
Cervical
Sympathetic
ganglia
Cranial
Lumbar
Thoracic
Genitals
Heart
Salivary glands
Stomach
Bladder
Adrenal gland
Parasympathetic Sympathetic
Sacral
Brain
stem
L1
T1
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Figure 14.4 Parasympathetic division of the ANS.
Pterygopalatine
ganglion
Eye
Lacrimal
gland
Nasal
mucosa
Ciliary
ganglion
Pterygopalatine
ganglion
Submandibular
ganglion Submandibular and sublingual glands
CN III
CN VII CN IX CN X
Otic ganglion
Parotid gland
Heart
Lung
Liver and
gallbladder
Stomach
Pancreas
Urinary
bladder
and ureters
Small
intestine
Large
intestine
S2
Pelvic splanchnic nerves
Genitalia (penis, clitoris, and vagina)
Rectum
Celiac
plexus
Inferior hypogastric plexus
Cardiac and
pulmonary
plexuses
S4
Preganglionic
Postganglionic
Cranial nerve
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Figure 14.6 Sympathetic division of the ANS.
Superior
cervical
ganglion
Middle
cervical
ganglion
Inferior
cervical
ganglion
Sympathetic trunk
(chain) ganglia
Pons
L2
T1
White rami
communicantes
Liver and
gallbladder
Stomach
Spleen
Kidney
Adrenal medulla
Small
intestine
Large
intestine
Genitalia (uterus, vagina, and
penis) and urinary bladder
Celiac ganglion
Inferior
mesenteric
ganglion
Lesser splanchnic nerve
Greater splanchnic nerve
Superior
mesenteric
ganglion
Lumbar
splanchnic
nerves
Eye
Lacrimal gland
Nasal mucosa
Blood vessels;
skin (arrector pili
muscles and
sweat glands)
Salivary glands
Heart
Lung
Rectum
Cardiac and
pulmonary
plexuses
Preganglionic Postganglionic
Sacral
splanchnic
nerves
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The craniosacral division of the autonomic
nervous system is synonymous with the…
1) Afferent nervous system
2) Parasympathetic nervous system
3) Somatic nervous system
4) Sympathetic nervous system
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Figure 14.5a Sympathetic trunks and pathways.
Spinal cord
Dorsal root
Ventral root
Sympathetic
trunk ganglion
Sympathetic
trunk
Rib
Ventral ramus
of spinal nerve
Gray ramus
communicans
White ramus
communicans
Thoracic splanchnic nerves
(a) Location of the sympathetic trunk
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Figure 14.5b Sympathetic trunks and pathways (1 of 3).
To effector
Blood vessels
Skin (arrector
pili muscles
and sweat
glands)
Dorsal root ganglion
Dorsal ramus of
spinal nerve
Dorsal root
Sympathetic
trunk ganglion
Lateral horn (visceral
motor zone)
Ventral root
Sympathetic trunk
Gray ramus
communicans White ramus
communicans
Ventral ramus of
spinal nerve
Synapse at the same level
(b) Three pathways of sympathetic innervation
1
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Figure 14.5b Sympathetic trunks and pathways (2 of 3).
To effector
Blood vessels
Skin (arrector
pili muscles
and sweat
glands)
Synapse at a higher or lower level
(b) Three pathways of sympathetic innervation
2
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Figure 14.5b Sympathetic trunks and pathways (3 of 3).
Splanchnic nerve
Collateral ganglion
(such as the celiac)
Target organ
in abdomen
(e.g., intestine)
Synapse in a distant collateral ganglion
anterior to the vertebral column
(b) Three pathways of sympathetic innervation
3
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True or false: Ganglia in the sympathetic
nervous system are found in effector organs.
1) True
2) False
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AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Physiology of Sympathetic and
Parasympathetic Nervous Systems
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AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Neurotransmitters & receptors
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Table 14.2 Cholinergic and Adrenergic Receptors
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Which of the following are types of cholinergic
receptors?
1) alpha
2) beta
3) muscarinic
4) nicotinic
5) 1 and 2 only
6) 3 and 4 only
7) all of the above
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AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Effects of drugs
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Table 14.3 Selected Drug Classes That Influence the Activity of the Autonomic Nervous System
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Phenylephrine is what kind of drug?
1) sympatholytic
2) sympathomimetic
3) anti-cholinergic
4) acetylcholinesterase inhibitor
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AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Interactions between divisions:
Tone and reflexes
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Figure 14.9 Levels of ANS control.
Cerebral cortex
(frontal lobe)
Limbic system
(emotional input)
Communication at subconscious level
Hypothalamus
Overall integration of ANS, the boss
Spinal cord
Urination, defecation, erection, and ejaculation
reflexes
Brain stem
(reticular formation, etc.)
Regulation of pupil size, respiration, heart, blood
pressure, swallowing, etc.
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True or false: At rest, the sympathetic
nervous system is completely “off”
1) True
2) False
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AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Homeostatic imbalances
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“Beta-blocker” medications (b-adrenergic
receptor blockers) might be useful for which
of the following diseases?
1) Orthostatic hypotension
2) Hypertension
3) Raynaud’s disease
4) 2 and 3 only
5) All of the above
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AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Role of the adrenal medulla
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Which of these chemicals is produced by
the adrenal medulla?
1) Acetylcholine
2) Epinephrine
3) Norepinephrine
4) 2 and 3 only
5) All of the above
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Table 14.4 Effects of the Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Divisions on Various Organs (1 of 2)
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Table 14.4 Effects of the Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Divisions on Various Organs (2 of 2)