chapter 2 e cology. ecology is the scientific discipline in which the relationships among living...

Chapter 2

ECOLOGY

ECOLOGY

Ecology is the scientific discipline in which the relationships among living organisms and the interaction the organisms have with their environments are studied

MILESTONES IN ECOLOGY

1872 Yellowstone becomes the 1st National Park in the U.S.

1987 The U.S. and other countries sign the Montreal Protocol in agreement to phase out the use of chemical compounds that deplete the ozone layer (CFC)

BIOSPHERE

The biosphere is the portion of Earth that supports life.

This is where ecologists study organisms and their environment

BIOTIC FACTORS

Biotic factors are the living factors in an organism’s environment

Biotic factors include all of the organisms that live in the water, land and microscopic organisms

ABIOTIC FACTORS

These are nonliving factors in an organism’s environment

This factors include: temperature, air, water currents, sunlight, soil type, rainfall, or available nutrients

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

The biosphere is too large and complex for most ecological studies. Therefore the biosphere is split into different levels.

These levels increase in complexity as the numbers and interactions between organisms increase

Organism

Population

Biological community

Ecosystem

Biome

biosphere

MOVIE TIME

http://glencoe.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0078802849/student_view0/unit1/chapter2/concepts_in_motion.html#

COMMUNITY INTERACTIONS

Competition occurs when more than one organism uses a resource at the same time

Predation is the act of one organism consuming another organism for food

SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS

Symbiosis is the close relationship that exists when two or more species live together

MUTUALISM

Mutualism is when two or more organisms benefit from each other Ex: One example is the relationship between sea

anemones and clown fish: the anemones provide the fish with protection from predators and the fish defends the anemones against butterfly fish which eat anemones.

COMMENSALISM

Commensalism is a relationship in which one organism benefits and the other organisms in neither helped nor harmed

PARASITISM

Parasitism is a relationship in which one organism benefits at the expense of another organism Ex: ticks on an animal or bacteria or worms inside

the animal

Mutualism -- both species benefit

Commensalism -- one species benefits, the other is unaffected

Parasitism -- one species benefits, the other is harmed

Competition -- neither species benefits

Neutralism -- both species are unaffected

The relationship between a bee and a flower?

The relationship between a mosquito and a human?

The relationship between a tree and a

bird’s nest?

The relationship between a tick and a rabbit?

The relationship between a Sycamore tree and a squirrel’s home?

The relationship between a Grouper

and a cleaning goby?

YOUR TURN!

Think of two different relationships between organisms you have heard of or seen

Describe both relationships and determine which category they fall into: mutualism, commensalism, or parasitism