chapter 2: vocabulary

2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

Chapter 2: Vocabulary

Bridging the Gap, 9/eBrenda Smith

2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

In This Chapter You Will Answer the Questions:

• How do you remember new words?• What are context clues?• Why learn prefixes, roots, and suffixes?• What will you find in a dictionary?• What is a glossary?• What is a thesaurus?• What are analogies?• What are acronyms?• How are transitional words used?

2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

Remembering New Words

• Use Mnemonic Devices• Example: To remember that

suppression means “to force out bad thoughts,” visualize SUPerman PRESSing evil thoughts away. Or remember the Superman movies.

2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

Remembering New Words

• Associate Words in Phrases• Associate Words with Rhymes

or Sounds• Associate Words with Images• Associate Words in Families• Seek Reinforcement• Create Concept Cards

2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

Using Context Clues

• Definition or Synonym

• Elaborating Details

• Examples

• Comparison

• Contrast

• Antonyms

2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

Understanding the Structure of Words

• Prefixes

• Suffixes

• Roots

• Word Families

2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

Using a Dictionary

• Guide Words.

• Pronunciation.

• Part of Speech.

• Spellings.

• Origin.

• Multiple Meanings.

2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

Word Origins - Etymology

• Bribe means - Favor or money given for influence

• Origin - French bread given to a beggar

2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

Using a Glossary

A glossary is usually found at the end of a book or chapter.

Sometimes the glossary and the index are combined.

2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

Using a ThesaurusSuggested Synonyms for Common Words

Delinquency

Fault

Guilt Misconduct

Shame

Transgression

2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

Using Analogies

• Analogies are comparisons that call upon your word knowledge and your ability to see relationships.

• You can use these relationships to figure out a word.

• Example: Trash is to refuse as soil is to dirt. OR Fork is to eat as television is to entertain.

2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

Reader’s Tip: Categories of Analogy Relationships

• Synonyms

• Antonyms

• Function, use, or purpose

• Classification

• Characteristics and descriptions

• Degree

• Part to whole

• Cause and effect

2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

Analogies (Synonyms)

Synonyms: similar in meaning

Example: Find is to locate as hope is to wish.

2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

Analogies (Antonyms)

Antonyms: Opposite in meaning

Example: Accept is to reject as rude is to polite.

2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

Analogies (Function)

Function, use, or purpose: Identifies what something does, watch for the object (noun) and then the action (verb).

Example: Pool is to swim as blanket is to warm.

2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

Easily Confused Words

• Homonyms: bear the burden and bear the animal

• Other examples:– You’re, your– Stationary, stationery– There, their, they’re

2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

Recognizing Acronyms

• An acronym is an abbreviation that is pronounced as a word.

• What do these acronyms mean?– ATV– SCUBA– MRI– UNICEF

2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

Recognizing Transitional Words

Transitional words connect ideas and signal the direction of a writer’s thought.

• “In addition”– signals a continuation

• “But” or “However” – signals a change

2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

Reader’s Tip: Types of Transitional Words

• Addition

• Example

• Time Sequence

• Comparison

• Contrast

• Cause and Effect

2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

Summary Points

• How do you remember new words?• What are context clues?• Why learn prefixes, roots, and suffixes?• What will you find in a dictionary?• What is a glossary?• What is a thesaurus?• What are analogies?• What are acronyms?• How are transitional words used?

2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

Search the Net

For suggested Web sites and other research activities, go to http://www.ablongman.com/smith/

2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

Vocabulary Booster

• Complete the Vocabulary Booster “Over, Under, Around, and Through.”