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Chapter 23
Section 2
Growing Interest in China
Nationalists Led by Chiang Kai-shek
CommunistsLed by Mao Zedong
People’s Republic of China:• In the 1940’s, China was embroiled in a civil war.
• The U.S. gave the Chiang Kai-shek millions of dollars, but the communists won the war.
Chinese poster saying: "Chairman Mao is the Red sun of our hearts.", 1966
• China became a communist country, and Chiang Kai-shek and his forces fled to Taiwan.
Taiwan students stage an anti-independence protest. Taipei, Taiwan, 2003
Korean War
[1950-1953]
Korean War[1950-1953]
Syngman Rhee
Kim Il-Sung
“Domino Theory”
The Shifting Map of Korea[1950-1953]
Fighting in Korea:
• Korea was divided at the 38th parallel of latitude.
• North Korea was communist and supported by the Soviets, and South Korea was democratic and supported by the U.S.
• In June of 1950, North Korea invaded South Korea.
• The U.N. sent an international force to Korea in order to push the North Koreans out of South Korea.
United Nations forces fighting to recapture Seoul, South Korea, from communist invaders, September 1950.
Luxembourg - 7
Norway (noncombat role)
South Africa - 20
United States – 33,741
New Zealand - 31
Philippines - 92
South Korea – 137,899
Sweden (noncombat role)
Thailand - 136
Turkey - 721
United Kingdom – 1,078
United Nations - 932,964 troops served
Netherlands - 116Australia - 339
Belgium - 97
Canada - 516
Colombia - 146
Denmark (noncombat role)
Ethiopia - 122
France - 287
Greece - 194
India (noncombat role)
Italy (noncombat role)
United Nations Forces in Korea: (Nation – Number Killed in Action)
• U.S. General Douglas MacArthur led the U.N. force, approximately 80% of which were U.S. soldiers.
MacArthur at Inch'on
landing
Americans pushed to the Pusan Perimeter
…the North Koreans had pushed the U.N. forces to the southeast corner of the peninsula, where they dug in around the port of Pusan…a "grim-faced and business-like" MacArthur visited Eighth Army commander Walton Walker. A witness said that MacArthur told Walker, "There will be no Dunkirk in this command. To retire to Pusan will be unacceptable." Gen. Walker gave the "stand or die" order, and over the next six weeks a desperate, bloody struggle ensued as the North Koreans threw everything they had at American and ROK (South Korean) forces in an effort to gain complete control over Korea.
With what is widely considered the crowning example of his military genius, MacArthur completely changed the course of the war overnight by ordering -- over nearly unanimous objections -- an amphibious invasion at the port of Inchon, near Seoul…The Americans quickly gained control of Inchon, recaptured Seoul within days, and cut the North Korean supply lines. American and ROK forces broke out of the Pusan Perimeter and chased the retreating enemy north. On September 27, after Washington had consulted with its allies
Inchon
regarding war aims, MacArthur received permission to pursue the enemy into North Korea. ROK forces crossed the 38th parallel on October 1, opening a fateful new chapter in the conflict.
Approaching the Yalu
The Chinese army, which had been massing north of the Yalu River after secretly slipping into North Korea, struck with considerable force. After suffering setbacks, the U.N. forces stabilized their lines by November 5, only to watch the Chinese withdraw northward as quickly as they had struck. MacArthur was now worried enough to press Washington for greater latitude in taking the fight into China. He nevertheless launched a great offensive toward the end of November, which he optimistically hoped would end the war in Korea and "get the boys home by Christmas." It proved a terrible miscalculation.
An Entirely New War
MacArthur's "all-out offensive" to the Yalu had barely begun when the Chinese struck with awesome force on the night of November 25. Roughly 300,000 Chinese troops overwhelmed the U.N. forces. On November 28, a shaken MacArthur informed the Joint Chiefs, "We face an entirely new war."
MacArthur's men fought courageously and skillfully just to avoid annihilation, as they were pushed back down the peninsula. Seoul changed hands yet again on January 5. But under the able and energetic of General Matthew Ridgway, the U.N. retreat ended about 70 miles below Seoul.
Stalemate
Beginning January 15, 1952, Gen. Ridgway led the U.N. in a slow advance northward. Inflicting heavy casualties on the Chinese and North Koreans, the U.N. re-recaptured Seoul (the fourth and final time it changed hands!) on March 15, and had patrols crossing the 38th parallel on March 31. A stalemate ensued, which lasting for another two years. Not until nearly two million more had died did the Korean War end, when an armistice was signed on July 27, 1953.
Ending the War:
• President Truman disagreed with MacArthur about attacking China.
• Gen. MacArthur wanted to attack China with support of Chinese nationalists.
• U.N. troops regained South Korea by March of 1951.
• Truman fired MacArthur for defying him by publicly taunting and threatening the Chinese.
• In July of 1953, the Korean War ended, in which over 54,000 Americans died.
The Korean War: Concluding Video
South Korean troops patrol along the DMZ.
The Vietnam War
1954 - 1975
The Vietnam War
1954 - 1975
Chapter 23Chapter 23
Background to the War
Background to the War
France controlled “Indochina” France controlled “Indochina” since the late 19since the late 19thth century century
Japan took control during World Japan took control during World War IIWar II
With U.S. aid, France attempted With U.S. aid, France attempted re-colonization in the postwar re-colonization in the postwar periodperiod
Background to the War
Background to the War
The French lost control to The French lost control to Ho Chi Minh’s Ho Chi Minh’s Viet MinhViet Minh forces in 1954 at forces in 1954 at Dien Bien Dien Bien PhuPhu
President Eisenhower President Eisenhower declined to intervene on declined to intervene on behalf of France.behalf of France.
Background to the War
Background to the War
International Conference at International Conference at GenevaGeneva Vietnam was divided at 17Vietnam was divided at 17thth
parallelparallelO Ho Chi Minh’sHo Chi Minh’s nationalist nationalist
forces controlled the Northforces controlled the NorthO Ngo Dinh DiemNgo Dinh Diem, a French-, a French-
educated, Roman Catholic educated, Roman Catholic claimed control of the claimed control of the SouthSouth
Background to the War
Background to the War
A date was set for democratic A date was set for democratic elections to reunify Vietnamelections to reunify Vietnam
Diem backed out of the Diem backed out of the elections, leading to military elections, leading to military conflict between North and conflict between North and SouthSouth
U.S. Military Involvement Begins
U.S. Military Involvement Begins
Repressive dictatorial rule by DiemRepressive dictatorial rule by Diem Diem’s family holds all powerDiem’s family holds all power Wealth is hoarded by the eliteWealth is hoarded by the elite Buddhist majority persecutedBuddhist majority persecuted Torture, lack of political freedom Torture, lack of political freedom
prevailprevail
The U.S. aided Diem’s governmentThe U.S. aided Diem’s government Ike sent financial and military aidIke sent financial and military aid 675 U.S. Army advisors sent by 675 U.S. Army advisors sent by
1960.1960.
Early Protests of Diem’s Government
Early Protests of Diem’s Government
Self-Emolation by a Buddhist MonkSelf-Emolation by a Buddhist Monk
U.S. Military Involvement Begins
U.S. Military Involvement Begins
Kennedy elected 1960Kennedy elected 1960 Increases military “advisors” Increases military “advisors”
to 16,000to 16,000 1963: JFK supports a 1963: JFK supports a
Vietnamese military Vietnamese military coup coup d’etat d’etat – Diem and his brother – Diem and his brother are murdered are murdered (Nov. 2)(Nov. 2)
Kennedy was assassinated Kennedy was assassinated just weeks later just weeks later (Nov. 22)(Nov. 22)
Johnson Sends Ground ForcesJohnson Sends Ground Forces
Remembers Truman’s “loss” Remembers Truman’s “loss” of China of China Domino Theory Domino Theory revivedrevived
I’m not going to I’m not going to be the president be the president who saw who saw Southeast Asia Southeast Asia go the way China go the way China went.went.
Johnson Sends Ground ForcesJohnson Sends Ground Forces
Advised to rout the Advised to rout the communists by Secretary of communists by Secretary of Defense, Defense, Robert S. Robert S. McNamaraMcNamara
Tonkin Gulf Incident Tonkin Gulf Incident 1964 1964(acc. to Johnson, the attacks (acc. to Johnson, the attacks were unprovoked)were unprovoked)
Tonkin Gulf ResolutionTonkin Gulf Resolution ““The Blank Check” The Blank Check” **
U.S. Troop Deployments
in Vietnam
U.S. Troop Deployments
in Vietnam
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
1961 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968
U.S. Troops
The Ground War 1965-1968
The Ground War 1965-1968
No territorial goalsNo territorial goals Body counts on TV every night Body counts on TV every night
(first (first “living room” war“living room” war))
Viet Cong supplies over the Viet Cong supplies over the Ho Chi Minh TrailHo Chi Minh Trail
The Air War1965-1968
The Air War1965-1968
1965: Sustained bombing of North 1965: Sustained bombing of North VietnamVietnam
Operation Rolling Thunder Operation Rolling Thunder (March 2, (March 2, 1965)1965)
1966-68: Ongoing bombing of Hanoi 1966-68: Ongoing bombing of Hanoi nonstop for 3 years! Esp. targets the nonstop for 3 years! Esp. targets the Ho Chi Minh TrailHo Chi Minh Trail..
Downed Pilots: P.O.W.sDowned Pilots: P.O.W.s Carpet Bombing – Carpet Bombing – napalmnapalm
The Air War:A Napalm Attack
The Air War:A Napalm Attack
Who Is the Enemy?
Who Is the Enemy?
VietcongVietcong: Farmers by day; guerillas at Farmers by day; guerillas at
night.night. Very patient people willing to Very patient people willing to
accept many casualties.accept many casualties. The US grossly The US grossly
underestimated their resolve underestimated their resolve and their resourcefulness.and their resourcefulness.
The guerilla wins if he does not The guerilla wins if he does not lose, the conventional army loses lose, the conventional army loses if it does not win.if it does not win. -- Mao Mao ZedongZedong
Who Is the Enemy?
Who Is the Enemy?
The Ground War1965-1968
The Ground War1965-1968
General WestmorelandGeneral Westmoreland, late 1967:
We can see theWe can see the“light at the end of the tunnel.”“light at the end of the tunnel.”
The Tet Offensive, January 1968
The Tet Offensive, January 1968
N. Vietnamese Army + Viet Cong N. Vietnamese Army + Viet Cong attack South simultaneously attack South simultaneously (67,000 attack 100 cities, bases, (67,000 attack 100 cities, bases, and the US embassy in Saigon)and the US embassy in Saigon)
Take every major southern cityTake every major southern city U.S. + ARVN beat back the U.S. + ARVN beat back the
offensiveoffensive Viet Cong destroyedViet Cong destroyed N. Vietnamese army debilitatedN. Vietnamese army debilitated BUT…it’s seen as an American BUT…it’s seen as an American
defeat by the mediadefeat by the media
The Tet Offensive, January
1968
The Tet Offensive, January
1968
Impact of the Tet OffensiveImpact of the Tet Offensive
Domestic U.S. Reaction: Domestic U.S. Reaction: Disbelief, Anger, Distrust Disbelief, Anger, Distrust of Johnson Administrationof Johnson Administration
Hey, Hey LBJ! How Hey, Hey LBJ! How
many kids did many kids did youyou kill today? kill today?
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