chapter 5 immune system diseases and disorders
Post on 31-Dec-2015
26 Views
Preview:
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
Anatomy and Physiology
OrgansThymus glandBone marrowLymph nodesSpleen LiverTonsils
2
Anatomy and Physiology
Types of ImmunityActive naturalActive artificial Passive natural Passive artificial
3
Common Signs and Symptoms Symptoms varied and related to factors
such as:Immunodeficiency - lack of immunityAutoimmune - immunity against selfIsoimmune - immunity against other humans
4
Diagnostic Testing
Skin tests Desensitization Blood count Coombs’ test ANA, RF
5
Hypersensitivity Disorders Allergies
Examples - hay fever, asthmaCommon reactions - urticaria and contact
dermatitis
6
Hypersensitivity Disorders Allergies
Symptoms:○ Elevated eosinophil count○ Redness, heat, swelling, itching○ Runny nose, cough, sneezing, wheezing,
nasal congestion
7
Hypersensitivity Disorders Hay fever
Reaction in mucous membranes of nose and upper respiratory tract to an allergen
Symptoms - sneezing, watery eyes, runny nose, itching
8
Hypersensitivity Disorders Hay fever
Causes of seasonal - tree pollen, grasses, ragweed pollen, agricultural crops
Causes of nonseasonal - dust mites, pet dander, food allergies
9
Hypersensitivity Disorders Treatment
Removal of allergenAir-conditioned environment or move to
different climateAntihistaminesAllergy desensitization
10
Hypersensitivity Disorders
AsthmaAka bronchial asthmaSymptoms:
○ Extreme shortness of breath○ Difficulty breathing○ Wheezing, anxiety, cough
11
Hypersensitivity Disorders
AsthmaTreatment:
○ Avoidance of causative allergens○ Desensitization○ Education○ Medication
No cure but can be controlled
12
Hypersensitivity Disorders Anaphylaxis
Severe allergic response to an allergenCommon causes - antibiotics, anesthetics,
codeine, insulin, vaccines, foods, pollens, latex, etc.
13
Hypersensitivity Disorders Anaphylaxis
May be mild to life threateningSymptoms:
○ Itching of throat, tongue, and scalp○ Edema of face and airways leading to difficulty
breathing
14
Hypersensitivity Disorders Treatment
Emergency tracheostomyEpinephrineCorticosteroidsAntihistamines
15
Hypersensitivity Disorders Food Allergies
Chocolate and shellfish are common Symptoms:
○ Cramping○ Diarrhea○ Vomiting
16
Contact Dermatitis
Acute or chronic allergic skin reaction Causes - cosmetics, laundry products,
plants, jewelry, paint, drugs Common example - poison ivy
17
Autoimmune Disorders
Rheumatic FeverFollows group A strep infectionOccurs 1 to 4 weeks after strep infection;
onset is either sudden or gradualSymptoms: fever, malaise, joint painAccurate diagnosis of strep infections best
preventive measure
18
Autoimmune Disorders
Rheumatoid ArthritisAbnormal antibody that attacks or attaches
to body’s own cells and tissuesAntibody called rheumatoid factor (RF) in
blood is indicative of diseaseClassic sign is ulnar deviationProgressive disease
19
Autoimmune Disorders
Rheumatoid ArthritisTreatment
○ Anti-inflammatory medications○ Analgesics○ Exercise and rest routine○ Corticosteroids short term○ Surgical joint replacement
20
Autoimmune Disorders
Myasthenia GravisOnset is slowSymptoms
○ Diplopia○ Ptosis○ Dysphagia
21
Autoimmune Disorders
Myasthenia GravisSymptoms
○ Dysphonia○ Difficulty with facial expressions○ Fatigue
22
Autoimmune Disorders
Myasthenia GravisPeriods of remission and exacerbationTreatment
○ Mestinon○ Plasma exchange
23
Autoimmune Disorders
Type 1 Diabetes MellitusFormerly known as insulin-dependent
diabetes mellitus Alters carbohydrate or sugar metabolismTriggered by viral infections such as rubella,
mumps, and influenza
24
Lupus Erythematosus
Two types - cutaneous (discoid) and systemic (diffuse)
Cutaneous is limited to the skin Systemic affects multiple systems Symptoms of SLE:
Butterfly rash, joint pain, fever, weight loss
25
Autoimmune Disorders
Systemic Erythematosus SLE is chronic with remissions and
exacerbations
26
Autoimmune Disorders
Systemic Erythematosus Treatment is symptomatic:
NSAIDSAntipyreticsAnalgesicsCorticosteroids
27
Autoimmune Disorder
SclerodermaHardening, thickening, and shrinking of
connective tissues, including the skin
Periods of exacerbation and remission Symptoms
Thick, leather-like shiny taut skin, joint contractures, Raynaud’s phenomenon
28
Testing for Infection
SymptomsFeverTachycardiaMalaiseLeukocytosisSepticemia
29
Testing for Infection
TestsCultureSensitivityAntigen-antibody reactive testSerologic testingSkin testing
30
Autoimmune Disorders
No cure or treatment May use antibiotics, immunosuppressive
and anti-inflammatory Muscle stretching and strengthening
exercises may be beneficial
31
Isoimmune Disorders
Blood Transfusion Reaction Type of tissue transplant Type O is universal blood donor Type AB is the universal recipient Symptoms of transfusion
Chills, shivering, fever
32
Isoimmune Disorders
Erythroblastosis FetalisMother’s antibodies attack and destroy
antigen on baby’s RBCs, ultimately causing death
Usually no problem with first baby of Rh negative mother and Rh positive baby
33
Isoimmune Disorders
Erythroblastosis FetalisCondition only affects Rh positive babies
carried by Rh negative mothers
34
Isoimmune Disorders
Erythroblastosis FetalisTreatment is transfusion of baby’s blood at
birthRhoGAM has halted this condition RhoGAM is given prophylactically after
delivery of first fetus
35
Organ Rejection
Human immune system attacks transplanted tissue
More closely matched donor decreases chance of rejection
Acute rejection occurs early Chronic rejection occurs over longer
period
36
Immune Deficiency Disorders
Inability of immune system to protect individual against disease
Congenital, genetic disorder, or acquired Causes include:
Bone marrow suppression from chemotherapy and radiation
37
Immune Deficiency Disorders Causes include:
Medications given to organ transplant recipients
AIDS
38
Immune Deficiency Disorders Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
(AIDS)Human immunodeficiency virusEradicates individual’s lymphocytes
39
Immune Deficiency Disorders Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
(AIDS)Stages:
○ Acute infection○ Asymptomatic HIV○ Symptomatic HIV
40
Immune Deficiency Disorders Advanced HIV
Anti-viral medications such as AZT may slow HIV replication and disease progress
41
Immune Deficiency Disorders Transmission of AIDS
Intimate contact and sharing body fluidsVirus must enter bloodstream to cause
infection
42
Immune Deficiency Disorders Transmission of AIDS
Misconceptions about transmission:○ Cannot get from toilet seats, doorknobs,
furniture, water fountains, social kissing, coughing, or sneezing
43
Immune Deficiency Disorders
Three ways AIDS is primarily spread Sexual intercourseSharing of hypodermic needlesIn utero from infected mother to unborn
baby
44
Immune Deficiency Disorders Rare Diseases
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease
Group of inherited disorders that cause partial or complete dysfunction of immune system
45
top related