chapter 5 introduction to nanobiology
Post on 20-Feb-2016
54 Views
Preview:
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 5Introduction to Nanobiology
2
Introduction to Nanobiology
Chapter 5
Biological Molecules: Components of the Molecular Machinery of Life Structural Hierarchy in Biology Viewed from the Bottom-Up Biological Function at the Nanoscale Practical Applications
3
| Section
Chapter
Section 1: Biological Molecules: Components of the Molecular Machinery of Life
Introduction to Nanobiology 15
Molecular MachinesThe Biological Importance of WaterThe Building Blocks of DNA: NucleotidesMultifunctional Polymers: ProteinsLipidsCarbohydratesThe Bonds of Molecular Components
4
| Section
Chapter
Molecular Machines
Biological Molecules: Components of the Molecular Machinery of Life 15
5
| Section
Chapter
Flagellar Motors
Biological Molecules: Components of the Molecular Machinery of Life 15
6
| Section
Chapter
The Biological Importance of Water
Biological Molecules: Components of the Molecular Machinery of Life 15
Liquid Water Ice
7
| Section
Chapter
Single Stranded DNA
Biological Molecules: Components of the Molecular Machinery of Life 15
8
| Section
Chapter
DNA: Watson-Crick Base Pairs
Biological Molecules: Components of the Molecular Machinery of Life 15
9
| Section
Chapter
Single Stranded RNA
Biological Molecules: Components of the Molecular Machinery of Life 15
10
| Section
Chapter
Multifunctional Polymers: Proteins
Biological Molecules: Components of the Molecular Machinery of Life 15
11
| Section
Chapter
Phospholipids
Biological Molecules: Components of the Molecular Machinery of Life 15
12
| Section
Chapter
Biological Molecules: Components of the Molecular Machinery of Life 15
Self Assembling Monolayer
Membrane
13
| Section
Chapter
Common Sugars – Cn(H2O)n
Biological Molecules: Components of the Molecular Machinery of Life 15
14
| Section
Chapter
Glucose
Biological Molecules: Components of the Molecular Machinery of Life 15
15
| Section
Chapter
Carbohydrates: Glucose Polymers
Biological Molecules: Components of the Molecular Machinery of Life 15
glycogenlinear: α (1 → 4) D-glucose
branch: α (1 → 6) D-glucose
celluloselinear: β (1 → 4) D-glucose
16
| Section
Chapter
Ribose
Biological Molecules: Components of the Molecular Machinery of Life 15
17
| Section
Chapter
Nucleic Acids
Biological Molecules: Components of the Molecular Machinery of Life 15
DNA RNA
18
| Section
Chapter
The Bonds of Molecular Components
polymer monomer atoms
nucleic acids DNA
RNA
4 nucleotides ( G C A T )4 nucleotides ( G C A U )
C H N O P
C H N O P
linear; A-helix
linear
proteins 20 D amino acids C H N O S linear
carbohydrates Cn(H2O)n n: 5, 6 C H O linear, branched
phospholipids C H N O P monolayer, bilayer
water H O hydrogen bonded network
Biological Molecules: Components of the Molecular Machinery of Life 15
19
| Section
Chapter
Section 2: Structural Hierarchy in Biology Viewed from the Bottom-Up
Introduction to Nanobiology 25
Learning from NatureStructures within Structures: DNAComplexity and Diversity of Structured Components: ProteinsOther Structures within Structures: CellsStructures within Cells: PhospholipidsInner Components of Cells: OrganellesOrigin of Color in Biology: Chemical or Structural?Physical CharacteristicsBottom-Up Hierarchy
20
| Section
Chapter
Learning from Nature
Structural Hierarchy in Biology Viewed from the Bottom-Up 25
21
| Section
Chapter
Structures within Structures: DNA
Structural Hierarchy in Biology Viewed from the Bottom-Up 25
22
| Section
Chapter
Scaffolded DNA Origami
Structural Hierarchy in Biology Viewed from the Bottom-Up 25
23
| Section
Chapter
Complexity and Diversity of Proteins
Structural Hierarchy in Biology Viewed from the Bottom-Up 25
Primary Protein Structure Secondary Protein Structure
Quaternary Protein Structure
Tertiary Protein Structure
24
| Section
Chapter
Protein Folding
Structural Hierarchy in Biology Viewed from the Bottom-Up 25
25
| Section
Chapter
Collagen Self-Assembly
Structural Hierarchy in Biology Viewed from the Bottom-Up 25
26
| Section
Chapter
Other Structures within Structures: Cells
Structural Hierarchy in Biology Viewed from the Bottom-Up 25
| Section
Chapter
Other Structures within Structures: Cells
Structural Hierarchy in Biology Viewed from the Bottom-Up 25
28
| Section
Chapter
Inner Components of Cells: Organelles
Structural Hierarchy in Biology Viewed from the Bottom-Up 25
Nucleus− DNA storage and gene expression
Mitochondria− Energy conversion: glucose bonds to ATP
bonds
Chloroplasts− Energy conversion: sunlight to ATP bonds
Endoplasmic Reticulum− Synthesis and transport processes
Golgi Apparatus− Synthesis and transport processes
29
| Section
Chapter
Structures within Cells: Phospholipids
Structural Hierarchy in Biology Viewed from the Bottom-Up 25
30
| Section
Chapter
Structures within Cells: Phospholipids
Structural Hierarchy in Biology Viewed from the Bottom-Up 25
31
| Section
Chapter
Origin of Color in Biology: Chemical or Structural?
South American Butterfly from Genus Morpho− Tops of brown wings appear
iridescent blue− Photonic structures
• Constructive interference fromStacked chitin lamellae (~70 nm)
Structural Hierarchy in Biology Viewed from the Bottom-Up 25
False color SEM image, X14,000
32
| Section
Chapter
Origin of Color in Biology: Chemical or Structural?
Structural Hierarchy in Biology Viewed from the Bottom-Up 25
Blue-Ringed Octopus− Hapalochlaena lunulata
Dynamic Photonic Structure− ~70 nm Bragg reflector with
adjustable spacing
33
| Section
Chapter
Physical Characteristics
Structural Hierarchy in Biology Viewed from the Bottom-Up 25
154 ± 1º153 ± 1º
Biomimetic Silanized Silicon SurfaceLotus Leaf
34
| Section
Chapter
Bottom-Up HierarchyBiological MoleculesCellsTissuesOrganismsPopulations and Communities EcosystemsBiosphere
Structural Hierarchy in Biology Viewed from the Bottom-Up 25
35
| Section
Chapter
Section 3: Biological Function at the Nanoscale
Introduction to Nanobiology 35
Processes of DNA− Reproduction of genetic information− Gene expression and RNA
Energy Production for Cell Use− Transportation of materials for energy production− Cross-membrane energy production and storage− Energy production through sunlight conversion
Energy Processes as Motors− Nanomotors
Cell and Environment Interaction
36
| Section
Chapter
Gene Expression and RNA
Biological Function at the Nanoscale 35
37
| Section
Chapter
Reproduction of Genetic Information
Biological Function at the Nanoscale 35
38
| Section
Chapter
Energy Production for Cell Use
Biological Function at the Nanoscale 35
39
| Section
Chapter
Transportation of Materials for Energy Production
Biological Function at the Nanoscale 35
f empty binding siteT ATPD ADPP Pi
40
| Section
Chapter
Cross-Membrane Energy Production and Storage
Biological Function at the Nanoscale 35
3 Na+cytosol + 2 K+
out + ATP → 3 Na+out + 2 K+
cytosol + ADP + Pi
41
| Section
Chapter
Cross-Membrane Energy Production and Storage
Biological Function at the Nanoscale 35
42
| Section
Chapter
Energy Production through Sunlight Conversion
Biological Function at the Nanoscale 35
3 H+lumen + ADP + Pi → 3 H+
stroma + ATP
Matrix/Stroma
Intermembrane Space/Lumen
43
| Section
Chapter
Energy Processes as Motors
Biological Function at the Nanoscale 35
44
| Section
Chapter
Nanomotors
Biological Function at the Nanoscale 35
Biomimetic Nanomotor Requirements− Energy source− Unidirectional, 360º rotation
Biomotor Predictions− 0.05 to 0.2 rotations per picosecond
Mixotricha Paradoxa, a Cellulose-Digesting Protozoan that Inhabits Termite Guts− Translocation from symbiotic bacterial colony
45
| Section
Chapter
Cell and Environment Interaction
Biological Function at the Nanoscale 35
Dynamic Focal Adhesion ComplexIntegrin Surface ProteinsECM Recognition Site: RGD
46
| Section
Chapter
Section 4: Practical Applications
Introduction to Nanobiology 45
DNA SequencingDetection and DiagnosticsDNA MicroarraysProtein MicroarraysDetection Using NanoparticlesMaterials Delivery SystemCreating Compatible Artificial SurfacesCreating Tissues Out of CellsLooking Ahead
47
| Section
Chapter
DNA Sequencing
Practical Applications 45
Conventional Nanotechnology Concept
48
| Section
Chapter
Detection and Diagnostics
Practical Applications 45
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)Immuno-PCRBio-Barcode Assay
49
| Section
Chapter
Microarrays
Practical Applications 45
Protein Microarrays
DNA Microarrays
50
| Section
Chapter
Detection Using Nanoparticles
Practical Applications 45
Visualization − Quantum dots
Targeted Delivery− Magnetic or optically
activated nanoparticles
51
| Section
Chapter
Materials Delivery System
Practical Applications 45
Giant Unilamellar Vesicle
Liposomal Gene DeliveryVesicles
52
| Section
Chapter
Creating Compatible Artificial Surfaces
Practical Applications 45
53
| Section
Chapter
Looking Ahead
Practical Applications 45
When Might We See:− Transplantable tissues created from cells?− Organ replacement via tissue engineering?− Life be created by directed assembly of molecular systems?
top related