chapter 6 data & info mgmt
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TCT0113 INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Chapter 6
Management & Science University
Chapter 6
DATA AND INFORMATIONMANAGEMENT
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TCT0113 INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Chapter 6
Management & Science University
Classic Management Functions
Planningdevising plans for the organizationand setting goals to achieve the plan
Organizingdeciding how to use the
organizations resourcesStaffinghiring and training workers
Directingguiding employees to perform theirwork in a way that supports the organizations
goalsControllingmonitoring the organizationsprogress toward reaching its goals
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Levels of Management
Strategic level
Tactical level
Operational level
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Strategic Level
Managers at this level are often called
executives
Focuslong-range view of the firm
Primary functionplanning
Return
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Tactical Level
Managers at this level are often called
middle managers
Focuscarrying out the visions of top-
level managers
Primary functionsorganizing and staffing
Return
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TCT0113 INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Chapter 6
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Operational Level
Managers at this level are often called
supervisors
Focusmeeting that days objectives
Primary functionsdirecting and
controlling
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TCT0113 INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Chapter 6
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Add,change,
and delete
data
Create
database
Sortand
retrieve
data
Create
forms
and
reports
Databases, Data and Information
What is a database?
p. 332 Next
Database softwareallows you to
Collection of data
organized so
you can access,retrieve, and
use it
Database software
also called databasemanagement system
(DBMS)
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TCT0113 INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Chapter 6
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Data and Information
How are data and information related?
p. 332 Fig. 9-1 Next
Datais raw facts
Informationis data that is organized and meaningful
Computers process data into information
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TCT0113 INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Chapter 6
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Data and Information
What is data integrity?
p. 333 Next
Defines the quality of
the data Garbage in, garbage
out (GIGO)computer
phrase that means you
cannot create correct
information from
incorrect data
Garbage out
Garbage in
Data integrity
is lost
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TCT0113 INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Chapter 6
Management & Science University
DATA INTEGRITY
Data integrity identify the quality of the data
An erroneous member address in member databaseis an example of incorrect data.
When a database contain this type of error, it looses
integrity.The more error the data contains, the lower itsintegrity.
It is important because computer and people use
information to make decision and take action.It wrong information provided, the decision may bewrong.
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Useful
Accessible
Organized
Data and Information
What are the qualities of valuable information?
p. 334 Next
Timely
Verifiable
Accurate
Cost-effective
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TCT0113 INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Chapter 6
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Files and Databases
Traditionally, information systems were
developed with a file processing approach
Database approach creates separate files
for each entity
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TCT0113 INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Chapter 6
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File Processing Versus Databases
How do a
database
application
and a fileprocessing
application
differ in theway they store
data?
p. 342 Fig. 9-10 Next
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TCT0113 INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Chapter 6
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File System Approach
Each application had its own file
Data was not shared among applications
Resulted in a great deal of data redundancy,
the repetition of the same data values Increased the risk of inaccurate data
Increased the amount of storage space needed
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Isolated
datadata
stored inseparate files
so it is
difficult to
access
File Processing Versus Databases
What is a file processing system?
Data
redundancy
same fields
stored in
multiple files
Each
department or
area within
organization
has own set of
files
May have
weaknesses
Records in one
file may not
relate to
records in anyother file
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3. Design the records and fields
for each table
2. Design the tables
1. Determine the purpose of the database
4. Determine therelationships among
the tables
Design tables on paper first
Each table should containdata about one subject
Database Administration
What are guidelines for developing a database?
p. 351 Fig. 9-20 Next
Be sure every record has a unique
primary key
Use separate fields for logically
distinct items
Do not create fields for information
that can be derived from entries in
other fields
Allow enough space for each field
Set default values for frequently
entered data
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The Database Approach
A collection of related tables
In database technology,
a file is called a table
Each entity is stored in a
separate table Tables are linked by a
relationship between
primary and foreign keys
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File Processing Versus Databases
What is the database approach? Many programs and users can share data in database
Secures data so only authorized users can access certain data
Database approach creates separate files for each entity
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File Processing Versus Databases
What are the strengths of the database approach?
Reduced
data
redundancy Improved
dataintegrity
Shared
dataEasier
access
Reduceddevelopment
time
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DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
The Hierarchy of Data
Fielda group of one or more characters that has a specific
meaning
The smallest meaningful unit of data
Describes one characteristic of a person, place, or thingRecordthe set of fields containing data about a person, place,
or thing
Filea collection of related records
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Database Management SystemsWhat are popular database management systems (DBMSs)?
p. 343 Next
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Primary Key
A field that uniquely identifies a record
SalesID can be a primary key for the
Salesperson table
Once a SalesID appears in the table, no other
salesperson can have that ID
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Foreign Key
A field in one table that is a primary key in
another table
SalesID can be used in the Customer table to
identify the salesperson who serves thatcustomer
The same SalesID can appear in many
customer records (a salesperson can servemany customers)
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Database AdministrationWhat is the role of the database analyst and
administrator?
Database analyst (DA) Database administrator
(DBA) Decides proper placement
of fields, definesrelationships, and
identifies users access
privileges
Creates and maintains datadictionary, manages
database security,
monitors database
performance, and checks
backup and recoveryprocedures
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