chapter 7 the presidency. learning objectives copyright © 2014 cengage learning 2 identify the past...

CHAPTER 7CHAPTER 7The PresidencyThe Presidency

Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

Identify the past traits of presidents; assess the requirements for holding the position

Describe the process by which presidents may be impeached and removed from office; know the order of presidential succession

Trace the evolution of the presidency from “chief clerk” in the late 18th and 19th centuries to eventual political dominance

Explain how the modern presidency has persevered in the recent era of divisiveness

Define the formal powers vested in the president under Article II of the Constitution

Explain how presidents use the veto, appointment and removal, and the pardon

Define the powers and limits of the president as commander in chief

Discuss the implied powers of the presidency not spelled out in the Constitution, including executive orders and agreements

Describe the other individuals and offices in the executive branch that contribute to the modern presidency

Assess how the power of the presidency is enhanced by communications with the public, the Congress, and the media

Where Do Presidents Come From?Where Do Presidents Come From?Presidential Comings and GoingsPresidential Comings and Goings

Prerequisites “Natural born” citizen At least 35 years of age Resident in the U.S. for at least 14 years

All U.S. presidents have been White (except Obama) and male 42 to 77 years of age Christians

Washington established a two-term precedent Unchallenged until FDR’s election to 4 terms

Twenty-second Amendment Restricts the presidency to two and a half terms

Impeachment Majority vote of the House

Conviction by two-thirds of the Senate

“Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors”

Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton Impeached but not convicted or removed

Richard Nixon Resigned

The Evolution of the The Evolution of the American PresidencyAmerican Presidency

Chief executive powerful enough to respond quickly Limited by lack of

lawmaking power Need for congressional

approval

Evolved through practice, tradition, and personal energy of presidents

President as “Chief Clerk” 1789-1836 Presidents after Washington acted as “clerks” Served Congress’s bidding Performed administrative duties Andrew Jackson remade office into a tremendous

political power

Weakened Presidency in Wilderness Years Pre-Civil War presidents after Jackson were weak President as chief clerk emerged again James K. Polk

Only effective president during this period Presided over significant westward expansion

Abraham Lincoln Confronted with state secessions and the Civil War Took bold, unprecedented acts Reinterpreted Article II

After Lincoln’s assassination, Congress reasserted control

Birth of Modern Presidency and Its Rise to Dominance Theodore Roosevelt

Ushered in a new era of presidential authority Gambled political capital on bold assertions of power First president to travel to foreign lands

Franklin Delano Roosevelt Transformed presidency into an institution New Deal policies Dominant in national and world affairs Imperial presidency took root

Imperial Presidency Comes Under Attack Presidential authority greatest in national security Waging the Cold War consumed presidential energy Truman, Eisenhower, and Kennedy focused on

containing communist threat

Lyndon Johnson Great Society

Presidents after Johnson came under attack Richard Nixon Jimmy Carter

Redefining the Presidency in Divisiveness Ronald Reagan

Return of the chief executive as an unmatched force Legislative success despite a Democratic House

George H. W. Bush Tax legislation Iraq war

Redefining the Presidency in Divisiveness Bill Clinton

Co-opted Republican programs

George W. Bush War on Terror

Obama Democratic majorities in Congress Little Republican support

Express Powers and Express Powers and Responsibilities of the PresidentResponsibilities of the President

Constitution lists four specific presidential powers (expressed) Commander-in-chief Grant reprieves and pardons Treaties (subject to Senate approval) Certain appointments (subject to Senate approval)

Head of State Formal duties and obligations on behalf of the U.S. “State dinners” Recognition of ambassadors and foreign

governments

Chief Executive and Head of Government Sole responsibility to execute U.S. laws Powers of appointment and removal Reprieve Pardon

Chief Diplomat Power to negotiate and execute treaties

Chief Legislator Involved in nearly every stage of federal lawmaking

State of the Union Address

White House Office of Legislative Affairs

Vetoes

Signing statement

Signing Statements, from Signing Statements, from Washington through ObamaWashington through Obama

Commander in Chief President is principal military leader Formulates/directs strategy and policy Congress must “declare war” War Powers Resolution limits presidential power

Vetoes Issued by Modern PresidentsVetoes Issued by Modern Presidents

Implied Powers and Implied Powers and Responsibilities of the PresidentResponsibilities of the President

Crisis Manager Respond quickly and effectively to crises

Party Leader Decisions reflect on the party as a whole

Executive Order Rule or regulation that has the force of law

Executive Agreement Pact, written or oral, with a foreign government

Presidential ResourcesPresidential Resources

Vice President Key adviser and executive branch official

The Cabinet Provide input on issues related to their departments

Executive Office and White House Staff Management and administration of executive

branch departments

The First Lady Social and political obligations

President and the Public Modern presidents engage the public for support Support increases chances for legislation to pass Drops in public support may stop a program

Important Presidential Important Presidential RelationshipsRelationships

President and Congress Presidents have a large role in legislative process

Presidential Congressional tools Campaigning for Congressional candidates Personal contacts with members Office of Congressional Relations Rewards

President and the Media Most effective channel to communicate with

the public White House Press Secretary

Holds most of the responsibility

White House Director of Communications Consistent and effective message

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Documents

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