chip-seq inputs in differential enrichment - christoffer flensburg

Post on 18-Aug-2015

92 Views

Category:

Documents

0 Downloads

Preview:

Click to see full reader

TRANSCRIPT

ChIP-seq Inputs in Differential Enrichment Christoffer Flensburg and Alicia Oshlack

1. Choosing background fraction α� 3. Use inputs at all? �

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS�

2. Choosing inputs Bi�

Summary��

Aim: Improving input usage in Differential Enrichment Analysis.

1.  Choice of background fraction α.�

2.  Choice of input Bi.�

3.  Should the input be used at all? �

Aim: Improving Differential Enrichment Analysis �

Sir = Tir !!BirS = True ChIP enrichment. T = Total number of measured reads in ChIP. B = Number of reads in background sample. α = Fraction of background reads in ChIP. i = sample r = region of genome

Differential enrichment analysis of histone modifications between groups of ChIP-seq samples is made considerably more involved due to large and varying background components in the ChIP-seq read density. Our aim is to: •  Model the total number of reads over a

region of interest r in sample i (Tir) as a superposition of a background (αBir) and an enrichment component (Sir).

•  Subtract the background using an input Bi scaled by α ≤ 1.

•  Study choices of α and Bi through FDRs and standard deviations from a Limma-Voom pipeline.

Find bestαand Bi�

In this section we examine a differential enrichment analysis on data from the NIH roadmap epigenomics project. Brain is known to have a different epigenetic profile to liver1, and the H3K36me3 mark over the gene body (r) provides large numbers of reads on many genes. Each tissue has 3 replicates Tir, with i going from 1 to 6, and each replicate has a corresponding input sample that we use as background Bir. We run the DE pipeline on Sir, and plot how the number of differentially enriched genes (FDR < 0.05) (fig a) and standard deviations vary with α (fig b).

α0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

500

1000

1500

2000

#(FD

R  <  0.05)  

In this example, the largest statistical power is reached at a background fraction α well below 1, and a full input subtraction (α = 1) adds so much noise that only about 20% of the DE genes at α = 0.28 remain significant. This loss of power at full subtraction is a recurring behaviour, and can also be seen in section 2 and 3.

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●●●●

●●●●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●● ●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

● ●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

● ●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

● ●●●

●●

●●● ●

●●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●●●●●●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●● ●

●●

●●

●●●●●●● ●●

●●●●●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

● ●●

●●

●●●● ●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●●●●●●●●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

● ●●●● ●●●

●●●● ●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●● ●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●● ●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●

●● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●● ●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●

● ●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●●●●●●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●●

●●●●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

● ●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

● ●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●●●

●●

●●●● ●

● ●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

● ●

● ● ●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●● ●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●●●●●

●●●

●●● ●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●● ●

●●●●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●● ●●

●● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

● ● ●

●●

●●

●● ●●

●●

● ●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

● ●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●●

●●●●

●●●

●● ●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

● ●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

● ●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

● ●

● ●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●● ●

●●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●● ●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●● ●

●●

●●

●●

● ●●●

●●

●● ●

●● ● ●●●● ● ●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●●●●

●●●

●●●

● ●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●● ●●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●● ●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

● ●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●●

●●●●●●●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●● ● ●

●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●● ●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●●●

● ●● ●●●●● ●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

● ●●●● ●●●

●● ●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

● ●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

● ●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

● ●

●●

●●

● ●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●● ●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

● ●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●● ●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●● ●●

●●●

●● ●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●

● ●●

●●●●●●

● ●●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

● ●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●● ●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●●●●●●

●●

●●

● ●● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●●●●

●●●

●●●

● ●

●●

●●

● ●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

● ●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●●

● ●●● ●●●●

●●

●●●

●● ●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

● ● ●

●●●

●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

● ●

●●●

●●●●●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●●●●

●●●●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●● ●

●●●●●

●●

●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●●●

● ●

●●

●● ●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●● ●

●●●●●●

●● ●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●●●●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●● ●

●●●●●●

●●●●

● ●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●●●● ●

●●●●●●●

●●●

●●●●●

●● ●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●●●

●●●●●●●●

●●●●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●● ●●● ●

● ●●

●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●●

●●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

● ●●

●●●●●

●●

●● ●

●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●● ●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

● ●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●● ●

●●

● ●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●

●● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●● ●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

● ●●

●●●●●●

●● ●●

●●

● ●

●●●●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●

● ●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●●

●● ●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●●●●●●●●●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●●●●●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

● ●

●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

● ●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●●●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

● ●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●● ●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●

●● ●

●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

● ●

●●●●

● ●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

● ●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●● ●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

● ●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●●●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●●●●

●●●●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●● ●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●●

● ●●●

●● ●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●● ●●

●●

●●

●● ●●

●●●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●●●●●

●●●●●

●●●●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●

● ●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●● ●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●

●● ●● ●●●●● ●●

●●●

●●●●

● ●●

●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●● ●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●

●●●

●●●●●●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●●●

●●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●●

●● ●

●●●●●●●●●

●●

●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●● ●● ●

●●

●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●●●●● ●●●●●●● ●●● ●

●●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

● ●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●●●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●●

●●●●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

● ●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●●●●●

●●●●●●

●●●● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

● ●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●●●●●●●●●●●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●●●●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●●●●●●●●●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●●●●●

● ●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●● ●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●●●●●●●●●●●

●●●●●●●●●●●●

● ●

●●●●●●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

● ●

●●●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●●

● ●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●

● ●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●●●●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●●●●●

● ●

●●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●● ●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●●

● ●●

●● ●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●● ●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

● ●

●●●

●●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

● ●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●● ●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

● ●

● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●●●●●●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●●

● ●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●●●●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●●

●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●● ●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

● ●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

● ●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●● ●●

● ●●●

●●●

●●●●●●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●●●

● ●●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●

●● ●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

● ●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●● ●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●● ●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

● ●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

● ●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●●●●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●● ●

●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●● ●●●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

● ●●

●●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●●●●●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●●●●●●●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●●●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

● ●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

● ●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●● ●

●●●●●●●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

● ●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

● ●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

● ●●

●●

●●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

● ●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●● ●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

● ●●● ●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

● ●●●●●●●●●

●●

● ●●●

●●●

●●●●●●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●● ● ●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●

● ●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

● ●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

● ●

●●●●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●●●●●●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

● ●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

● ●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

● ●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

0 5 10 15

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

● ●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●● ●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

● ●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

● ●●● ●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●● ●●●

●●

●●●

●●

● ●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●● ●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●●● ●

●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

● ●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●●

● ●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

● ●

●●●● ●

●●● ●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●

● ●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

● ●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●●

●●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

● ●● ●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●●●

●●

● ●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●

● ●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●●●●

●●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●●●●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●●●●

●●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●● ●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●● ●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

● ●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●● ●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

● ●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●● ●

●●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●● ●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●● ●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●● ●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

● ●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●● ●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

● ●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●

● ●

● ●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●●● ●

●●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●

●● ●

●●

●●

●● ●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●● ●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●●●●●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

● ●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●●● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●● ●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

● ●●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●●

●●●●●●

●●● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

● ●● ●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●●●

●●● ●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

● ●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●●●●

●●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●●●●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●●●●

●●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●● ●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●●●● ●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●●●●

●●● ●

●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●●●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●● ●

●●

●●

●● ●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

● ●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●● ●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●● ●●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

● ●●● ●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●● ●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●● ●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●● ●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

● ●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●●●● ●

● ●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●● ●●● ●●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

● ●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●

● ●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●●

●●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●● ●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●●

●●●●●●●●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●● ●●

●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●● ●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●● ●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●● ●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●● ●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

● ●●

●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●●●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●● ●●● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●● ●●●

●●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

● ●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

● ●● ●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

● ●●

●●●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●● ●● ●●●

●●●● ●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

● ●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●●

●●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●

● ●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●●●●●●

● ●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●●●●●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●●●●

●●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

● ●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

● ●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●● ●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●●●

●● ●

●●

● ●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●●●●●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

● ●●●

●●● ●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●● ●

●●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●● ●

●●●●●

●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●

●● ●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

● ●

●● ●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●● ●

●●●

●●●●●● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●●●●● ●

●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●● ●●● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

● ●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●● ●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

● ●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

● ●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

● ●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

● ●

●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

● ●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

● ●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●

●● ●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●●

●●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●● ●●●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●●●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●

● ●

●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

● ●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●●● ●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●●

●●

● ●

●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●●●●●●

●●

●●

● ●● ●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●● ●●●●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●●●●●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

● ●●

●●●●

●●●●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●● ●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

●● ●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●●●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

● ●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●● ●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●● ●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●● ●● ●●●●

● ●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●● ●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●●

●●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●● ●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●● ●● ●●●

●●

● ●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●●

● ●●●●

● ●

●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

● ●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

● ●

● ●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●●●●●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●● ●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

● ●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

● ●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

● ●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●● ●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●● ●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●● ●

●●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●● ●

●●●

● ●

● ●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

● ●●

●●●●●

●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●● ●

●●●

● ●●●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

● ●●

●●● ●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●● ●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

● ●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●● ●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●● ●

● ●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

● ●

●●

● ●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

● ●

●●

●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●●

●●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●● ●●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●●●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

● ●●●●

●●●

● ●

●●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

● ●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●● ●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●●●●●●● ●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●● ●

●●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

● ●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

● ●

●●●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

● ●

●●

● ●●

●●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●●●

●●●

●●

●● ●●

● ●●●

●●

●●

●● ●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●● ●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●● ●●

●●

●●

●●

●● ● ●●

●●●

● ●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●● ●●●●●

●●● ●

●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

● ●

●●

●●●

●●●●●● ●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●●●●●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●● ●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

● ●●● ●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

● ●●●

●●

●●

●● ●

●● ●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●● ●●●●●● ●

●●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●● ●

●●

●●●● ●

●●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●● ●●●● ●

●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

● ●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

● ●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●● ●●

● ●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

● ●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

● ●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

● ●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●●

●●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

● ●● ●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●●●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●●●

● ●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

● ●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●● ●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

● ●●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●

● ●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●●●●●●

●●

●●

● ●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●● ●●●●● ●●●●● ●●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●●●●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●● ●

●●●●●

●●●●●●●●

● ●

●●

●●●

● ●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

● ●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●● ●●●●●●● ●

●●

●●● ●

●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●● ●●

●●●●●●● ●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●●●● ●●● ●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●● ●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

● ●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

● ●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

● ●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

● ●●

● ●

●●●●

● ●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●●

●●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●●●●●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

● ●

●●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

● ●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●

●● ●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●● ●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●● ●●●●●

●● ● ●

●●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●●

● ●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●●●● ●

●●

● ●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●●●●●●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●● ●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

● ●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●● ●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

● ●●●

● ●

● ●

●● ●

●●●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

● ●●●●● ●●

●●●

●●●●● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●

● ●

● ●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●● ●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●● ●

●●●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●●●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

● ●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●●● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●● ●●

● ●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

● ●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●● ●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

● ●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●

● ●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●

●● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●●

●●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

● ●● ●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●● ●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

● ●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●● ●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●●● ●●

●●

●●

●●●

● ●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

● ●

●●● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●● ●●●●● ●●●●● ●●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●●●●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

● ●●●●

●●●●●●●●

●●

●●

● ●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●● ●

●●

●●●●●●

●● ●

●●

●●

●●

● ●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

● ●●

●●●●

●●●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●●●●● ●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●● ●● ●●● ●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●● ●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

● ●●

●●

●●●

● ●●

●●●● ●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●● ●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●● ●

● ●

●●●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●●●

●●●

●●

●● ●●

● ● ●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●

●● ●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●● ●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

● ●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

●● ● ●●●●●

●● ● ●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●● ●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

● ●

●●

●●●

● ●●●●● ●●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●●●●●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●●●● ●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

● ●●● ●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

● ●

●●●

●●

●●● ●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●● ●

●●●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●●●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

● ●

●●

●●●

●● ●● ●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

● ●●

●●●

●●

●●●● ●

●●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●● ●●● ●●●●

●●● ●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

● ●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●● ●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

● ●●●

●●●

●●

●●

● ●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

● ●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●●

●●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

● ●● ●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●●●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●●●

● ●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

● ●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●●●●●●

●●

●●

● ●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●● ●●●●● ●●●●● ●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●●●●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●● ●●

●●●●●

●●●●●●●●

● ●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●● ●●

●●●●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

● ●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●●●●

●●

●● ●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●● ●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

● ●

●●

●● ●

●●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●● ●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●● ●●

●●

●●

●●

●● ●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●● ●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

●● ●●●●●●

●●●●

● ●

●●

●●●

● ●●

●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

● ●

●●

●●●

● ●●●●●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●● ●●●●●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

● ●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●●●● ●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●● ●●●

●●

●●●●

● ●

●●●●

● ●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

● ●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

● ●● ●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●●●●● ●

●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●● ●

●●●●● ●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●●

● ●●

●●●

●●

● ●●●●

●●● ●● ●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

● ●●

● ●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●● ●● ●●●

●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●●● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●● ●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●

● ●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●

● ●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●●

●●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●● ●●●● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

● ●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●●●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●● ●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

● ●● ●

● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●●●●●●

●●

● ●

●●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●● ●●●●● ●●● ●●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●●●●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

● ●●●●

●●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

● ●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●● ●●

●●●●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

● ●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

● ●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

● ●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●●●● ●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●● ●

●●●

●● ●

●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●● ●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●● ●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●

●● ●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

● ●

●● ● ●●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●

● ●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●● ●

●●●

● ●●●●● ●●

●●

● ●

●●●

●●●

●●●●●● ●●●●●● ●●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

● ●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●● ●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●● ●

●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●●● ●●●●●

●●●

● ●

●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●● ●●

●●

● ●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●●●

● ●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

● ●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●●

●●●●

● ●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●● ●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

● ●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

● ●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●

●● ●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●●

●●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●●●●

●●

●●●●●●●●●

●●●●

● ●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●● ●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

● ●●

●●●●

●●●●●● ●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

● ●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●●●●●●

●●

●●

● ●● ●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

● ●

●●●●●●●●●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

● ●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●●●●●●●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

● ●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●●●●●

● ●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●●●● ●●● ●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●● ●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

● ●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●● ●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●

● ●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●● ●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●● ●

●●●●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

● ●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●

●● ● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

●● ● ●●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

● ●●●●●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●● ●●● ●

●●

● ●

●●

● ●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●●●

● ●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●●

● ●

●●●

●●

● ●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●● ●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●● ●● ●●●●

● ●

●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

● ●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●● ●

● ●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

● ●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●●

●●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●●●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●●●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

● ●

●● ●

●● ●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●

● ●

●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●●

●●●●

●●●●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●●●●●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●●●●●●●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

● ●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

● ●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

● ●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

● ●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

● ●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●●●●●●●●●

●●●

●●

● ●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●● ●

●●●●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●● ●

● ●●

● ●

●●

● ●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●● ●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●● ●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●

●● ●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●● ●●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●● ●

●●

●●●

●●●

● ●●●●● ●●

●●

● ●

●●●

●●●

● ●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●●

● ●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●● ●

● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

● ●●●

●●●● ●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●● ●

●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●●●

●● ●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

● ●●● ●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●● ●● ●

● ●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●●

● ●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●● ●●● ●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●● ●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●●

●●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●●

●● ●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●●● ●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●●●●

●●

●●●●●●●●●

●●●●

● ●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

● ●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●● ● ●●●

●●●

● ●

●●

●●●●●

● ●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

● ●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●● ●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

● ●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●● ●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●● ●●●●● ●●●●● ●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●●●●●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

● ●●●●●

●●●●●●●●

●●

●● ●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

● ●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●● ●

●●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●●

●●●●●●●

● ●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●

●●●●

● ●●●●●●

● ●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

● ●

●●

●●●

●●●●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●● ●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●

●● ●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●●●●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●●

●●●●●

●●●

●●

●●

● ●●

●●

●●

● ●

●● ●●

●●std  de

v  

log(cpm)  

Best results atα<1�Don’t have to use matching inputs�

It is not always the matching input from the same sample that is the most similar to the background in the ChIP. Below are correlations of binned read counts between epigenetic marks in different tissues and their matching inputs, and two single inputs of high and low quality correlated against the same ChIP data.

Most DE genes at α = 0.28.

Few DE genes at α ~ 1.

•  α = 1 Very noisy.

•  α = 0.28 Less noise at high counts.

•  α = 0 No input

subtraction.

Inpu

t  vs  IP  

correla>

on  

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

● ●

H3K27ac H3K27me3 H3K36me3 H3K4me1 H3K4me3 H3K9ac H3K9me3

The high quality input correlates more strongly with the ChIPs than

the matching input. Even from different tissues!

§  Matching inputs §  High quality input §  Low quality input

As a high quality input correlates more strongly with the ChIP data than the matching input, we performed a differential analysis like the one in section 1, but with Bi as a single input for all i. We analysed muscle against liver, and compared matching inputs to two high quality inputs.

#(FD

R  <  0.05)  

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

0200

400

600

800

1000

α

– Matching input – Liver input – Brain input

Single liver input doing better than matching inputs!

Single brain input doing as well as matching inputs!

The brain input provides as much power as matching inputs, despite of coming from a very different tissue, and the liver input provides even more power than the matching inputs.

REFERENCES��1. Jiang Zhu, Mazhar Adli, et al. Genome-wide Chromatin State Transitions Associated with Developmental and Environmental Cues. Cell 152, 642–654, January 31, 2013�2. Rory Stark, Gordon Brown. DiffBind : differential binding analysis of ChIP-Seq peak data. Bioconductor http://bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/vignettes/DiffBind/inst/doc/DiffBind.pdf�3. Xin Zeng, et al. jMOSAiCS: joint analysis of multiple ChIP-seq datasets. Genome Biology 2013, 14:R38.�4. Zhen Shao, et al. MAnorm: a robust model for quantitave comparison of ChIP-Seq data sets. Genome Biology 2012, 13:R16.�5. Yanchun Bao, et al. Accounting for immunoprecipitation efficiencies in the statistical analysis of ChIP-seq data. BMC Bioinformatics 2013, 14:169��

FOR MORE INFORMATION ON THESE AND OTHER STUDIES PLEASE VISIT WWW.MCRI.EDU.AU�

The inputs compensate for the background, but they also introduce more noise, and often the trade-off is not beneficial. An example of this can be seen below, for a differential analysis between brain and skeletal muscle, again for the H3K36me3 mark, and with the same two high quality inputs used in section 2.

α

#(FD

R  <  0.05)  

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

0500

1000

1500

– Matching input – Liver input – Brain input

α = 0 gives most power.

Sometimes not worth it �

We’ve looked at many datasets from the roadmap epigenetics project and have found that often the inputs do not provide any advantage. The situation may change with a more detailed approach, such as in [2-5], but it is always important to ensure that the input is used in the best way, and that it is actually improving the analysis.

A study like this is not possible without large public datasets. On this poster, the NIH roadmap epigenomics project was used: http://www.roadmapepigenomics.org/

a)  H3K36me3  Brain  vs  Liver  

H3K36me3  Muscle  vs  Liver  

H3K36me3  Muscle  vs  Brain  

b)  H3K36me3  Brain  vs  Liver  

top related