classification of living things n otes 1. taxonomy: the branch of science that deals with naming and...

Classification of Living Things

NOTES

1. Taxonomy: The branch of science that deals with naming and classifying organisms.

A. Classification Vocabulary

2. Autotroph or Producer: an organism that makes its own food using sunlight energy and making glucose.

Also some bacteria make food by digesting minerals & chemicals.

3. Heterotroph or Consumer: an organism that cannot make its own food and must eat other organisms in order to get energy.

4. Decomposers: organisms that break down dead organisms into simpler substances, thereby

returning important materials to the soil and water.

5. Hosts: organisms that provide a home and/or food for a parasite.

6. Parasite: an organism that survives by living on or in a host organism and causes harm to that organism.

7. Symbiosis: interacting organisms in which at least one creature benefits.

8. Mutualism: a type of symbiosis in which both partners benefit from the relationship.

9. Sexual reproduction: two parents combine their genetic material to produce a new organism. Offspring are different from both parents.

10. Asexual reproduction: involves only one parent and produces offspring that are identical to the parent.

B. Groups or levels for classifying living things:

Domain

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

species

is a subgroup of

is a subgroup of

C. Writing the scientific name of a living thing using a word processor:

Genus name species name

(e.g. Homo sapiens)

D. If you write it by hand then underline:

Genus name species name

(e.g. Homo sapiens)

E. Three Domains of Living Things

Two are Prokaryotes (no nucleus). Both of these are single celled. They reproduce asexually:

1. Archaea: live in extreme environments. They are autotrophs that eat minerals for energy.

2. Bacteria: live in a variety of environments, but not extreme environments. They contain both autotroph & heterotroph versions.

Typical structureof a Bacterium cell:

General Bacteria Info:

Shapes:

1. Spherical-shaped

2. Spiral-shaped

3. Rod-shaped

4. Irregular-shaped

Spherical Shaped

Spiral-shaped

Rod-shaped

Irregular-shaped

Third Domain of Living Things

3. Eukarya: organisms with a nucleus (Eukaryotes). There are four kingdoms of Eukaryotes.

1. Protists: single cell organisms (e.g. amoeba, diatoms, and slime molds).

Three Types of Protists:

a) Animal-like: Heterotrophs - they eat other organisms for energy.

Amoeba

b) Plant-like: Autotrophs - they make their own food using the sun’s energy.

Diatoms

Brown Algae

Euglenoid

c) Fungus-like: Heterotrophs -they eat other organisms for

energy. They break large chemicals into smaller ones, therefore they are decomposers.

Slime mold Water mold

2. Fungi: unicellular to multicellular heterotrophs (includes yeasts, molds & mushrooms). Made of eukaryotic cells with a cell wall. They use spores to reproduce.

Three more kingdoms to discuss:

Fairy Ring Mushroom

3. Plants: unicellular to multicellular autotrophs (includes mosses, ferns and seed plants). Made of eukaryotic cells with a cell wall.

Plants & animals reproduce sexually. However, some creatures from each have both asexual & sexual life cycles.

4. Animals: multicellular heterotrophs (includes those with & without backbones). Made of eukaryotic cells.