community interactions and sucession

Community InteractionsCommunity Interactions

Community InteractionsCommunity Interactions

• Powerfully affect an ecosystem• Include:

– Competition– Predation– Symbiosis

CompetitionCompetition

• When organisms of the same or different species attempt to use an ecological resource at the same place and the same time– Resource any necessity to life– Plants and animals compete– Winner and losers

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Competition can beInterspecies or Intraspecies

Rules, rules, rulesRules, rules, rules

• Fundamental rule in ecology– Competitive Exclusion Principle

• No two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat and the same time

• Prevents competition

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PredationPredation

• Interaction where an organism captures and feeds on another organism

• Predator– Organism that does the killing and eating

• Prey– Organism that is being killed and eaten

(victim)

SymbiosisSymbiosis

• Any relationship where two species live closely together

• Symbiosis literally means “living together”

• 3 main types– Parasitism– Mutualism– Commensalism

What type of relationship is this?What type of relationship is this?• Who is helping who?

MutualismMutualismis a form of symbiosis is a form of symbiosis

• Both species benefit from the relationship

• A Happy couple• Flowers and bees

– Flowers need bees for pollination, bees need flowers nectar

An example of An example of mutualism: mutualism:

Ants and aphids Ants and aphids

Ants feed on the honeydew excreted by the aphids, and in exchange, they protect the aphids.

Flowers provide insects with nectar or food, and insects help flowers by pollinating them.

What type of relation ship is going What type of relation ship is going on here?on here?

• Who is helping who?

CommensalismCommensalism is a form of symbiosis is a form of symbiosis

• One member of the relationship benefits while the other is neither harmed nor helped

• One-sided• Food or shelter

– Example: Barnacles on a whale

Commensalism

What type of interaction is going on What type of interaction is going on here?here?

Maggots on the the caterpillar

ParasitismParasitism• One organism lives on or inside another

organism and harms it• Parasite obtains all or part of its nutrients from

the other organism• Host

– Organism that is harmed in relation ship; the one that provides the nutrients to the parasite

• Parasite– Organism that gets its nutrients from the host

• Do they want to kill their host?– No, because they need them…they will weaken or

hurt the host in some way

Parasitism

Parasitism

RecapRecap

• What are the three types of interactions in a community?– Competition– Predation– Symbiosis

• What types do we have?– Mutualism– Commensalism– Parasitism

Ecological SuccessionEcological Succession

• Do all ecosystems stay the same all the time?

• What are some things that cause changes to ecosystems?– Natural and unnatural– Quickly and slowly

• Ecosystems are constantly changing in response to human and natural disturbances.

• As an ecosystem changes, older habitants die out and new organisms move in, causing more change

Ecological SuccessionEcological Succession

• Series of predictable changes that occur in a community over time– Physical environment– Natural disturbance– Human disturbance

Primary SuccessionPrimary Succession• Succession on land that occurs on

surfaces where no soil exists – Volcanic eruptions– Glaciers melting

Stages of Primary SuccessionStages of Primary Succession

• Start with no soil, just ash and rock• First species to populate this area

– “pioneer species”– For example, pioneer species on volcanic

rock are lichens (LY-kunz)• Lichens made up of fungus and algae that can

grow on bare rock• When lichens die, they for organic material that

becomes soil…now plants can grow

Secondary SuccessionSecondary Succession

• Succession following a disturbance that destroys a community without destroying the soil

• Natural – hurricane– fires

• Human disturbances– Farming– Forest clearing

Succession in Marine EcosystemsSuccession in Marine Ecosystems

• Deep and dark• Can succession happen?• 1987 dead whale off of California

– Unique community of organisms living in remains

– Represents stage in succession in an otherwise stable, deep-sea ecosystem

– Whale-fall community

Whale-Fall SuccessionWhale-Fall Succession• Begins when large whale dies

– Sinks to barren ocean floor– Scavengers and decomposers flock to carcass , our first community

• Amphipods• Hagfish• sharks

• After a year, most tissues have been eaten– Now, second small community of organisms live here– Body is decomposing, releasing nutrients into the water

• Small fishes• Crabs• Snails• worms

• Only skeleton remains…– Third community moves in

• Heterotrophic bacteria• Decompose oil in bones release of chemical compounds• Who uses these chemical compounds?

– Chemoosynthetic autotrophs• In come the crabs, clams, and worms that feed on this bacteria

Teacher,

Study Chemical reactions, enzymes,

and Chapters 3

and 4