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THIRD DIVISION

[G.R. No. 148222. August 15, 2003]

PEARL DEAN !PHIL.",IN#ORPORATED, petitioner ,vs. SHOE$ART,IN#ORPORATED, %&' NORTH EDSA$AR(ETING,IN#ORPORATED, respondents.

D E # I S I O N

#ORONA, J .)

I& t*+ &st%&t -+tto& o/ /++ o&certiorari u&'+/ Ru+ 45 o t*+ Ru+s o #ou/t,-+tto&+/ P+%/ D+%& !P*." I&. !P D" %ss%s t*+ $% 22, 2001 '+so& [1] o t*+ #ou/t o A--+%s /++/s&g t*+ Oto+/ 31, 1667 '+so& [2]o t*+R+go&% T/% #ou/t o $%%t, 9/%&* 133, & # #%s+ No. 62:517 **'+%/+' -/%t+ /+s-o&'+&ts S*o+;%/t I&. !S$I" %&' No/t* E's% $%/+t&gI&. !NE$I" %+ o/ &/&g+;+&t o t/%'+;%/ %&' o-/g*t, %&' u&%/o;-+tto&.

<A#T=AL ANTE#EDENTS

T*+ $% 22, 2001 '+so& o t*+ #ou/t o A--+%s[3] o&t%&+' % su;;%/ ot*s 's-ut+)

>P%&t:%--+%&t P+%/ %&' D+%& !P*.", I&. s % o/-o/%to& +&g%g+' & t*+;%&u%tu/+ o %'+/ts&g 's-% u&ts s;- /++//+' to %s g*t o?+s.T*+s+ u&ts ut@+ s-+% -/&t+' -ost+/s s%&'*+' +t++& -%st s*++ts%&' u;&%t+' t* % g*ts. P+%/ %&' D+%& %s %+ to s+u/+ %#+/t%t+ o #o-/g*t R+gst/%to& '%t+' %&u%/ 20, 1681 o+/ t*+s+u;&%t+' 's-% u&ts. T*+ %'+/ts&g g*t o?+s +/+ ;%/+t+' u&'+/ t*+t/%'+;%/ >Post+/ A'sB. T*+ %--%to& o/ /+gst/%to& o t*+ t/%'+;%/ %s+' t* t*+ 9u/+%u o P%t+&ts, T/%'+;%/s %&' T+*&oog T/%&s+/ o& u&+20, 1683, ut %s %--/o+' o& o& S+-t+;+/ 12, 1688, -+/ R+gst/%to& No.41175. </o; 1681 to %out 1688, P+%/ %&' D+%& +;-o+' t*+ s+/+s o$+t/o I&'ust/% S+/+s to ;%&u%tu/+ ts %'+/ts&g 's-%s.

So;+t;+ & 1685, P+%/ %&' D+%& &+got%t+' t* '++&'%&t:%--+%&tS*o+;%/t, I&. !S$I" o/ t*+ +%s+ %&' &st%%to& o t*+ g*t o?+s & S$ #tNo/t* E's%. S&+ S$ #t No/t* E's% %s u&'+/ o&st/uto& %t t*%t t;+,S$I o+/+' %s %& %t+/&%t+, S$ $%%t %&' S$ #u%o, to ** P+%/ %&'

D+%& %g/++'. O& S+-t+;+/ 11, 1685, P+%/ %&' D+%&Cs G+&+/% $%&%g+/,Ro'oo V+/g%/%, su;tt+' o/ sg&%tu/+ t*+ o&t/%ts o+/&g S$ #u%o %&'S$ $%%t to S$ICs A'+/ts&g P/o;oto&s %&' Put Dso& $%&%g+/,R%;o&to A%&o. O& t*+ o&t/%t o/ S$ $%%t, *o++/, %s /+tu/&+'sg&+'. O& Oto+/ 4, 1685, V+/g%/% /ot+ A%&o &u/&g %out t*+ ot*+/o&t/%t %&' /+;&'&g *; t*%t t*+/ %g/++;+&t o/ &st%%to& o g*t o?+s%s &ot o& o/ ts S$ $%%t /%&*, ut %so o/ S$ #u%o. S$I '' &otot*+/ to /+-.

I&st+%', & % +tt+/ '%t+' %&u%/ 14, 1687, S$ICs *ous+ ou&s+ &o/;+' P+%/%&' D+%& t*%t t %s /+s&'&g t*+ o&t/%t o/ S$ $%%t 'u+ to &o&:

-+/o/;%&+ o t*+ t+/;s t*+/+o. I& *s /+- '%t+' <+/u%/ 1, 1687,V+/g%/% -/ot+st+' t*+ u&%t+/% %to& o S$I, s%&g t %s t*out %ss. I&t*+ s%;+ +tt+/, *+ -us*+' o/ t*+ sg&&g o t*+ o&t/%t o/ S$ #u%o.

To +%/s %t+/, $+t/o I&'ust/% S+/+s, t*+ o;-%& o/;+/ o&t/%t+'

P+%/ %&' D+%& to %/%t+ ts 's-% u&ts, o+/+' to o&st/ut g*t o?+s o/S*o+;%/tCs *%& o sto/+s. S$I %--/o+' t*+ -/o-os% %&' t+& !10" g*t o?+s+/+ sus+u+&t %/%t+' $+t/o I&'ust/% o/ S$I. At+/ ts o&t/%t t*$+t/o I&'ust/% %s t+/;&%t+', S$I +&g%g+' t*+ s+/+s o EFD R%&o A'+/ts&g #o/-o/%to& to ;%+ t*+ g*t o?+s. So;+ 300 u&ts +/+%/%t+' & 1661. T*+s+ +/+ '++/+' o& % st%gg+/+' %ss %&' &st%+' %t

S$ $+g%;% %&' S$ #t.So;+t;+ & 1686, P+%/ %&' D+%&, /+++' /+-o/ts t*%t +?%t o-+s o tsg*t o?+s +/+ &st%+' %t S$ #t %&' & t*+ %stoo' s+to& o S$ #u%o.=-o& &+stg%to&, P+%/ %&' D+%& ou&' out t*%t %s'+ /o; t*+ to !2"/+-o/t+' S$ /%&*+s, g*t o?+s s;%/ to t*os+ t ;%&u%tu/+s +/+ %so&st%+' & to !2" ot*+/ S$ sto/+s. It u/t*+/ 'so+/+' t*%t '++&'%&t:%--+%&t No/t* E's% $%/+t&g I&. !NE$I", t*/oug* ts ;%/+t&g %/;, P/;+S-ots $%/+t&g S+/+s, %s s+t u- -/;%/ to s+ %'+/ts&g s-%+ &g*t+' 's-% u&ts o%t+' & S$ICs '+/+&t /%&*+s. P+%/ %&' D+%& &ot+'t*%t NE$I s % sst+/ o;-%& o S$I.

I& t*+ g*t o ts 'so+/+s, P+%/ %&' D+%& s+&t % +tt+/ '%t+' D++;+/ 11,1661 to ot* S$I %&' NE$I +&o&&g t*+; to +%s+ us&g t*+ su+t g*to?+s %&' to /+;o+ t*+ s%;+ /o; S$ICs +st%s*;+&ts. It %so '+;%&'+'t*+ 'so&t&u+' us+ o t*+ t/%'+;%/ >Post+/ A's,B %&' t*+ -%;+&t to P+%/%&' D+%& o o;-+&s%to/ '%;%g+s & t*+ %;ou&t o T+&t $o& P+sos!P20,000,000.00".

=-o& /++-t o t*+ '+;%&' +tt+/, S$I sus-+&'+' t*+ +%s&g o to *u&'/+'t+&t:ou/ !224" g*t o?+s %&' NE$I too 'o& ts %'+/ts+;+&ts o/>Post+/ A'sB /o; t*+ g*t+' 's-% u&ts & S$ICs sto/+s. #%;&g t*%t ot*

S$I %&' NE$I %+' to ;++t % ts '+;%&'s, P+%/ %&' D+%& +' t*s &st%&t%s+ o/ &/&g+;+&t o t/%'+;%/ %&' o-/g*t, u&%/ o;-+tto& %&''%;%g+s.

I& '+&&g t*+ *%/g+s *u/+' %g%&st t, S$I ;%&t%&+' t*%t t &'+-+&'+&t'++o-+' ts -ost+/ -%&+s us&g o;;o& &o& t+*&u+s %&' %%%+t+*&oog, t*out &ot+ o o/ /++/+&+ to P+%/ %&' D+%&Cs o-/g*t. S$I&ot+' t*%t t*+ /+gst/%to& o t*+ ;%/ >Post+/ A'sB %s o& o/ st%to&+/+ssu* %s +tt+/*+%'s, +&+o-+s, %&' t*+ +. 9+s'+s, %o/'&g to S$I, t*+o/' >Post+/ A'sB s % g+&+/ t+/; ** %&&ot + %--/o-/%t+' %s %t/%'+;%/, %&', %s su*, /+gst/%to& o su* ;%/ s &%'. It %so st/+ss+'

t*%t P+%/ %&' D+%& s &ot +&tt+' to t*+ /++s -/%+' o/ & ts o;-%&t s&+ts %'+/ts&g 's-% u&ts o&t%&+' &o o-/g*t &ot+, & o%to& o S+to&2 o P.D. 46. S$I %+g+' t*%t P+%/ %&' D+%& *%' &o %us+ o %to& %g%&stt %&' t*%t t*+ sut %s -u/+ &t+&'+' to ;%g& S$ICs goo' &%;+. O& t*s%ss, S$I, %s'+ /o; -/%&g o/ t*+ 's;ss% o t*+ %s+, %soou&t+/%;+' o/ ;o/%, %tu% %&' +?+;-%/ '%;%g+s %&' o/ t*+%&+%to& o P+%/ %&' D+%&Cs #+/t%to& o #o-/g*t R+gst/%to& No. PD:R:2558 '%t+' %&u%/ 20, 1681 %&' #+/t%t+ o T/%'+;%/ R+gst/%to& No.4175 '%t+' S+-t+;+/ 12, 1688.

NE$I, o/ ts -%/t, '+&+' *%&g ;%&u%tu/+', &st%+' o/ us+' %&

%'+/ts&g 's-% u&ts, &o/ *%&g +&g%g+' & t*+ us&+ss o %'+/ts&g. It/+-+%'+' S$ICs %+/;+&ts, %';sso&s %&' '+&%s %&' -/%+' o/ s;%//++s %&' ou&t+/%;s %s S$I.B

T*+ RT# o $%%t #t '+'+' & %o/ o P D)

*+/+o/+, '++&'%&ts S$I %&' NE$I %/+ ou&' o&t %&' s++/% %+ o/&/&g+;+&t o o-/g*t u&'+/ S+to& 2 o PD 46, %s %;+&'+', %&'&/&g+;+&t o t/%'+;%/ u&'+/ S+to& 22 o RA No. 177, %s %;+&'+', %&'%/+ *+/+ -+&%@+' u&'+/ S+to& 28 o PD 46, %s %;+&'+', %&' S+to&s 23

%&' 24 o RA 177, %s %;+&'+'. Ao/'&g, '++&'%&ts %/+ *+/+ '/+t+')!1" to -% -%&t t*+ oo&g '%;%g+s)

!%" %tu% '%;%g+s : P17,700,000.00,/+-/+s+&t&g -/ots'+/+' '++&'%&ts%s % /+sut o &/&g+:;+&t o -%&tCs o-/g*t/o; 1661 to 1662

!" ;o/% '%;%g+s : P1,000.000.00

!" +?+;-%/ '%;%g+s : P1,000,000.00!'" %tto/&+Cs ++s : P1,000,000.00

!+" osts o sut

!2" to '++/, u&'+/ o%t*, o/ ;-ou&'&g & t*+ N%to&% L/%/, %g*t o?+s o S$I ** +/+ %/%t+' $+t/o I&'ust/%S+/+s %&' EFD R%&o A'+/ts&g #o/-o/%to&

!3" to '++/, u&'+/ o%t*, to t*+ N%to&% L/%/, % +/:-ost+/s

us&g t*+ t/%'+;%/ >Post+/ A'sB, o/ '+st/uto& %&'!4" to -+/;%&+&t /+/%& /o; &/&g&g t*+ o-/g*t o& -%&tCs

g*t o?+s %&' ts t/%'+;%/ >Post+/ A'sB.

D++&'%&tsC ou&t+/%;s %/+ *+/+ o/'+/+' 's;ss+' o/ % o;+/t.

SO ORDERED.[4]

O& %--+%, *o++/, t*+ #ou/t o A--+%s /++/s+' t*+ t/% ou/t)

S&+ t*+ g*t o?+s %&&ot, %& st/+t* o t*+ ;%g&%to&, + o&s'+/+'

%s +t*+/ -/&ts, -to/% ust/%to&s, %'+/ts&g o-+s, %+s, t%gs o/ o?/%-s, to + -/o-+/ %ss+' %s % o-/g*t%+ %ss >OB o/, + *%+ to%g/++ t* S$I *+& t -ost+' t*%t *%t %s o-/g*t+' +/+ t*+ t+*&%'/%&gs o&, %&' &ot t*+ g*t o?+s t*+;s++s, t*us)

42. *+& % '/%&g s t+*&% %&' '+-ts % utt%/%& o+t, % o-/g*t o+/t*+ '/%&gs + -%&t:%--+%&tCs &ot +?t+&' to t*+ %tu% o+t. It *%sso ++& *+' u&'+/ u/s-/u'+&+, o ** t*+ +%'&g %s+ s 9%+/ s.S+'+&!101 =.S. 841 !186". I& t*%t %s+, S+'+& *%' ot%&+' % o-/g*t-/ot+to& o/ % oo +&tt+' >S+'+&Cs #o&'+&s+' L+'g+/ o/ 9oo++-&gS;-+'B ** -u/-o/t+' to +?-%& % &+ sst+; o oo++-&g. I&u'+'

%s -%/t o t*+ oo +/+ %& o/;s %&' ust/%to&s o&sst&g o /u+' &+s%&' *+%'&gs, s-+% '+sg&+' o/ us+ & o&&+to& t* t*+ sst+;+?-%&+' & t*+ o/. T*+s+ o/;s s*o+' t*+ +&t/+ o-+/%to& o % '% o/ %++ o/ % ;o&t* o& % s&g+ -%g+, o/ o& to -%g+s oo&g +%* ot*+/. T*+

'++&'%&t 9%+/ t*+& -/o'u+' o/;s ** +/+ s;%/ to t*+ o/;s ust/%t+'& S+'+&Cs o-/g*t+' oos. T*+ #ou/t *+' t*%t +?ust to t*+ %tu%o/;s s &ot +?t+&'+' % o-/g*t. T*+ /+%so& %s t*%t >to g/%&t % ;o&o-o& t*+ u&'+/&g %/t *+& &o +?%;&%to& o ts &o+t *%s ++/ ++& ;%'+ou' + % su/-/s+ %&' % /%u' u-o& t*+ -u t*%t s t*+ -/o&+ o +tt+/s-%t+&t, &ot o o-/g*t.B A&' t*%t s -/+s+ t*+ -o&t. No 'out %%/+ t*%t ts

%+g+' o/g&% '+sg& ou' &++/ -%ss t*+ /go/ous +?%;&%to& o % -%t+&t%--%to&, -%&t:%--+%&t oug*t to ost % /%u'u+&t ;o&o-o o& t*+ -u o&+&+&t /+so/t&g to % o-/g*t /+gst/%to& ** ;+/+ +;-os %/+o/'% sst+; t*out t*+ +&+t o %& &:'+-t* +?%;&%to& o &o+t.

T*+ -/&-+ & Baker vs. Selden %s +s+ %--+' & Muller vs. Triborough

Bridge Authority [43 <. Su--. 268 !S.D.N.F. 1642"]. I& t*s %s+, $u+/ *%'ot%&+' % o-/g*t o+/ %& u&-us*+' '/%&g +&tt+' >9/'g+ A--/o%* Jt*+ '/%&g s*o+' % &o+ /'g+ %--/o%* to u&s&%/ t/% o&g+sto&B. T*+'++&'%&t o&st/ut+' % /'g+ %--/o%* ** %s %+g+' to + %&&/&g+;+&t o t*+ &+ '+sg& ust/%t+' & -%&tCs '/%&gs. I& t*s %s+ t

%s *+' t*%t -/ot+to& o t*+ '/%&g 'o+s &ot +?t+&' to t*+ u&%ut*o/@+''u-%to& o t*+ o+t '/%& +%us+ o-/g*t +?t+&'s o& to t*+'+s/-to& o/ +?-/+sso& o t*+ o+t %&' &ot to t*+ o+t ts+. It 'o+s &ot-/++&t o&+ /o; us&g t*+ '/%&gs to o&st/ut t*+ o+t -o/t/%+' & t*+'/%&g.

I& to ot*+/ %s+s, Imperial Homes Corp. v. amont , 458 <. 2' 865 %&' Scholt!

Homes" Inc. v. Maddo# , 36 <. 2' 84, t %s *+' t*%t t*+/+ s &o o-/g*t&/&g+;+&t *+& o&+ *o, t*out +&g %ut*o/@+', us+s % o-/g*t+'%/*t+tu/% -%& to o&st/ut % st/utu/+. T*s s +%us+ t*+ o-/g*t 'o+s&ot +?t+&' to t*+ st/utu/+s t*+;s++s.

I& &+, + %&&ot &' S$I %+ o/ &/&g&g P+%/ %&' D+%&Cs o-/g*t o+/t*+ t+*&% '/%&gs o t*+ %tt+/Cs %'+/ts&g 's-% u&ts.

??? ??? ???

T*+ Su-/+;+ #ou/t t/+&*%&t *+' &$aberge" Incorporated vs. Intermediate

Appellate Court t*%t t*+ -/ot+t+ ;%&t+ o t*+ T/%'+;%/ L% +?t+&'s o& tot*+ goo's us+' t*+ /st us+/ %s s-++' & t*+ +/t%t+ o /+gst/%to&,oo&g t*+ +%/ ;%&'%t+ o&++' S+to& 20 o R+-u At 177, %s%;+&'+', ot*+/s+ &o& %s t*+ T/%'+;%/ L%, ** /+%'s)

SE#. 20. Certi%ication o% registration prima %acie evidence o% validity .: A+/t%t+ o /+gst/%to& o % ;%/ o/ t/%'+:&%;+ s*% + prima %acie +'+&+o t*+ %'t o t*+ /+gst/%to&, t*+ /+gst/%&tCs o&+/s*- o t*+ ;%/ o/ t/%'+:&%;+, %&' o t*+ /+gst/%&tCs +?us+ /g*t to us+ t*+ s%;+ & o&&+to& t*t*+ goo's, us&+ss o/ s+/+s s-++' & t*+ +/t%t+, su+t to %&o&'to&s %&' ;t%to&s st%t+' t*+/+&.B !underscoring supplied "

T*+ /+o/'s s*o t*%t o& u&+ 20, 1683, P+%/ %&' D+%& %--+' o/ t*+/+gst/%to& o t*+ t/%'+;%/ >Post+/ A'sB t* t*+ 9u/+%u o P%t+&ts,T/%'+;%/s, %&' T+*&oog T/%&s+/. S%' t/%'+;%/ %s /+o/'+' & t*+P/&-% R+gst+/ o& S+-t+;+/ 12, 1688 u&'+/ R+gst/%to& No. 41175

o+/&g t*+ oo&g -/o'uts) st%to&+/+s su* %s +tt+/*+%'s, +&+o-+s%&' %&g %/'s %&' &+s+tt+/s.

t* t*s %s %tu% %'/o-, + s++ &o +g% %ss to t*+ &'&g o %t o&t*+ -%/t o t*+ '++&'%&ts:%--+%&ts o/ t*+/ us+ o t*+ o/'s >Post+/ A'sB, &

t*+ %'+/ts&g 's-% u&ts & sut. u/s-/u'+&+ *%s &t+/-/+t+' S+to& 20 ot*+ T/%'+;%/ L% %s >%& ;-t -+/;sso& to % ;%&u%tu/+/ to +&tu/+ &tot*+ -/o'uto& o goo's %&' %o t*%t -/o'u+/ to %--/o-/%t+ t*+ /%&' &%;+o t*+ s+&o/ /+gst/%&t o& goo's ot*+/ t*%& t*os+ st%t+' & t*+ +/t%t+ o/+gst/%to&.B T*+ Su-/+;+ #ou/t u/t*+/ +;-*%s@+' t*+ /+st/t+ ;+%&&g oS+to& 20 *+& t st%t+', t*/oug* ust+ #o&/%'o V. S%&*+@, t*%t)

R+%, t*+ +/t%t+ o /+gst/%to& +/+ to + '++;+' %s &u'&g goo's &ots-++' t*+/+&, t*+& % stu%to& ;% %/s+ *+/+ %& %--%&t ;% +t+;-t+' to /+gst+/ % t/%'+;%/ o& %& %&' % goo's ** *s ;&' ;%o&++ ++& *+ *%' &++/ &t+&'+' to us+ t*+ t/%'+;%/ o/ t*+ s%' goo's.+ +++ t*%t su* o;&us /+gst/%to& s &ot o&t+;-%t+' ou/T/%'+;%/ L%.

*+ + 'o &ot 'sou&t t*+ st/&g s;%/t +t++& P+%/ %&' D+%&Cs/+gst+/+' t/%'+;%/ %&' '++&'%&ts:%--+%&tsC >Post+/ A'sB '+sg&, %s + %st*+ -%/%+ us+ ** s%' o/'s +/+ us+' & t*+ -%/t+sC /+s-+t+

%'+/ts&g o-+s, + %&&ot &' '++&'%&ts:%--+%&ts %+ o/ &/&g+;+&to t/%'+;%/. >Post+/ A'sB %s /+gst+/+' P+%/ %&' D+%& o/ s-+ us+ &ts st%to&+/+s, & o&t/%st to '++&'%&ts:%--+%&ts *o us+' t*+ s%;+ o/'s& t*+/ %'+/ts&g 's-% u&ts. * P+%/ %&' D+%& ;t+' t*+ us+ o tst/%'+;%/ to st%to&+/+s s s;- +o&' us. 9ut, *%&g %/+%' 'o&+ so, t;ust st%&' t*+ o&s+u+&+ o t*+ /+gst/%to& ** t *%' %us+'.

??? ??? ???

+ %/+ o&st/%&+' to %'o-t t*+ + o '++&'%&ts:%--+%&ts t*%t t*+ o/'s>Post+/ A'sB %/+ % s;-+ o&t/%to& o t*+ g+&+/ t+/; -ost+/ %'+/ts&g. I&t*+ %s+&+ o %& o&&&g -/oo t*%t >Post+/ A'sB *%s %u/+' %

s+o&'%/ ;+%&&g & t*s u/s'to&, + &' t*%t P+%/ %&' D+%&Cs +?us+/g*t to t*+ us+ o >Post+/ A'sB s ;t+' to *%t s /tt+& & ts +/t%t+ o/+gst/%to&, &%;+, st%to&+/+s.

D++&'%&ts:%--+%&ts %&&ot t*us + *+' %+ o/ &/&g+;+&t o t*+t/%'+;%/ >Post+/ A'sB.

T*+/+ +&g &o &'&g o +t*+/ o-/g*t o/ t/%'+;%/ &/&g+;+&t o& t*+ -%/to S$I %&' NE$I, t*+ ;o&+t%/ %%/' g/%&t+' t*+ o+/ ou/t to P+%/ %&'D+%& *%s &o +g to st%&' o&.

??? ??? ???

HERE<ORE, -/+;s+s o&s'+/+', t*+ %ss%+' '+so& s REVERSED %&'SET ASIDE, %&' %&ot*+/ s /+&'+/+' DIS$ISSING t*+ o;-%&t %&'ou&t+/%;s & t*+ %o+:+&tt+' %s+ o/ % o ;+/t.[5]

Dss%ts+' t* t*+ %o+ '+so&, -+tto&+/ P D +' t*+ &st%&t -+tto&%ssg&&g t*+ oo&g +//o/s o/ t*+ #ou/tCs o&s'+/%to&)

A. THE HONORA9LE #O=RT O< APPEALS ERRED IN R=LINGTHAT NO #OPFRIGHT IN<RINGE$ENT AS #O$$ITTED 9FRESPONDENTS S$ AND NE$I

9. THE HONORA9LE #O=RT O< APPEALS ERRED IN R=LINGTHAT NO IN<RINGE$ENT O< PEARL DEANCS TRADE$AR(>POSTER ADSB AS #O$$ITTED 9F RESPONDENTS S$ ANDNE$I

#. THE HONORA9LE #O=RT O< APPEALS ERRED INDIS$ISSING THE AARD O< THE TRIAL #O=RT, DESPITETHE LATTERCS <INDING, NOT DISP=TED 9F THEHONORA9LE #O=RT O< APPEALS, THAT S$ AS G=ILTF O<9AD <AITH IN ITS NEGOTIATION O< ADVERTISING#ONTRA#TS ITH PEARL DEAN.

D. THE HONORA9LE #O=RT O< APPEALS ERRED IN NOTHOLDING RESPONDENTS S$ AND NE$I LIA9LE TO PEARL DEAN <OR A#T=AL, $ORAL EKE$PLARF DA$AGES, ATTORNEFCS <EES AND #OSTS O< S=IT.[7]

ISS=ES

I& /+so&g t*s +/ &t+/+st&g %s+, + %/+ *%+&g+' o&+ %g%& to -ut &to-/o-+/ -+/s-+t+ ou/ ;%& o&+/&s o &t++tu% -/o-+/t % -%t+&ts,o-/g*ts, t/%'+;%/s %&' u&%/ o;-+tto& %/s&g /o; &/&g+;+&t o %&o t*+ /st t*/++. + s*% ous t*+& o& t*+ oo&g ssu+s)

!1" t*+ +&g&++/&g o/ t+*&% '/%&gs o %& %'+/ts&g 's-% u&t!g*t o?" %/+ g/%&t+' o-/g*t -/ot+to& !o-/g*t +/t%t+ o/+gst/%to&" t*+ N%to&% L/%/, s t*+ g*t o? '+-t+' & su*+&g&++/&g '/%&gs -so %to %so -/ot+t+' su* o-/g*tM

!2" o/ s*ou' t*+ g*t o? + /+gst+/+' s+-%/%t+ %&' -/ot+t+' %-%t+&t ssu+' t*+ 9u/+%u o P%t+&ts T/%'+;%/s %&' T+*&oogT/%&s+/ !&o I&t++tu% P/o-+/t O+" & %''to& to t*+o-/g*t o t*+ +&g&++/&g '/%&gsM

!3" %& t*+ o&+/ o % /+gst+/+' t/%'+;%/ +g% -/++&t ot*+/s /o;

us&g su* t/%'+;%/ t s % ;+/+ %/+%to& o % t+/; '+s/-t+ o*s goo's, s+/+s o/ us&+ssM

ON THE ISS=E O< #OPFRIGHT IN<RINGE$ENT

P+tto&+/ P DCs o;-%&t %s t*%t S$I &/&g+' o& ts o-/g*t o+/ t*+g*t o?+s *+& S$I *%' t*+ u&ts ;%&u%tu/+' $+t/o %&' EFD R%&o A'+/ts&g o/ ts o& %ou&t. Oous, -+tto&+/Cs -osto& %s -/+;s+' o&ts ++ t*%t ts o-/g*t o+/ t*+ +&g&++/&g '/%&gs +?t+&'+'ipso %acto tot*+ g*t o?+s '+-t+' o/ ust/%t+' & s%' '/%&gs. I& /u&g t*%t t*+/+ %s&o o-/g*t &/&g+;+&t, t*+ #ou/t o A--+%s *+' t*%t t*+ o-/g*t %s

;t+' to t*+ '/%&gs %o&+ %&' &ot to t*+ g*t o? ts+. + %g/++ t* t*+%--+%t+ ou/t.

</st, -+tto&+/Cs %--%to& o/ % o-/g*t +/t%t+ %s + %s #o-/g*t#+/t%t+ No. PD:R2588 ssu+' t*+ N%to&% L/%/ o& %&u%/ 20, 1681 +%/ st%t+' t*%t t %s o/ % %ss >OB o/ u&'+/ S+to& 2 !O" o PD 46 !T*+I&t++tu% P/o-+/t D+/++" ** %s t*+ st%tut+ t*+& -/+%&g. S%'S+to& 2 +?-/+ss +&u;+/%t+' t*+ o/s su+t to o-/g*t)

SE#. 2. T*+ /g*ts g/%&t+' t*s D+/++ s*%, /o; t*+ ;o;+&t o /+%to&,susst t* /+s-+t to %& o t*+ oo&g o/s)

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?!O" P/&ts, -to/% ust/%to&s, %'+/ts&g o-+s, %+s, t%gs, %&' o? /%-s

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

At*oug* -+tto&+/Cs o-/g*t +/t%t+ %s +&tt+' >A'+/ts&g Ds-%=&tsB !** '+-t+' t*+ o?:t-+ ++t/% '++s", ts %; o o-/g*t&/&g+;+&t %&&ot + sust%&+'.

#o-/g*t, & t*+ st/t s+&s+ o t*+ t+/;, s -u/+ % st%tuto/ /g*t. 9+&g %;+/+ st%tuto/ g/%&t, t*+ /g*ts %/+ ;t+' to *%t t*+ st%tut+ o&+/s. It ;%

+ ot%&+' %&' +&o+' o& t* /+s-+t to t*+ su+ts %&' t*+ -+/so&s,%&' o& t+/;s %&' o&'to&s s-++' & t*+ st%tut+. [] Accordingly" it can cover

only the &orks %alling &ithin the statutory enumeration or description.[8]

P D s+u/+' ts o-/g*t u&'+/ t*+ %ss%to& class '() &ork. T*s +&gso, -+tto&+/Cs o-/g*t -/ot+to& +?t+&'+' o& to t*+ t+*&% '/%&gs %&'&ot to t*+ g*t o? ts+ +%us+ t*+ %tt+/ %s &ot %t % & t*+ %t+go/ o>-/&ts, -to/% ust/%to&s, %'+/ts&g o-+s, %+s, t%gs %&' o? /%-s.BSt%t+' ot*+/s+, ++& %s + &' t*%t P D &'++' o&+' % %' o-/g*t,t*+ s%;+ ou' *%+ /++//+' o& to t*+ t+*&% '/%&gs t*& t*+ %t+go/o >-to/% ust/%to&s.B It ou' &ot *%+ -oss st/+t*+' out to &u'+ t*+

u&'+/&g g*t o?. T*+ st/t %--%to&[6] o t*+ %Cs +&u;+/%to& & S+to&2 -/++&ts us /o; g&g -+tto&+/ ++& % tt+ ++%, t*%t s, ++& tso-/g*t +/t%t+ %s +&tt+' >A'+/ts&g Ds-% =&ts.B *%t t*+ % 'o+s&ot &u'+, t +?u'+s, %&' o/ t*+ goo' /+%so&) t*+ g*t o? %s &ot % t+/%/o/ %/tst -++ ** ou' + o-/g*t+' u&'+/ t*+ o-/g*t %. A&' &o+ss +%/, &+t*+/ ou' t*+ % o st%tuto/ %ut*o/t to ;%+ t*+ g*t o?o-/g*t%+ + /+;+'+' t*+ s;-st %t o +&tt&g t*+ o-/g*t+/t%t+ ssu+' t*+ N%to&% L/%/ %s >A'+/ts&g Ds-% =&ts.B

I& &+, S$I %&' NE$I /+-/&t+' P DCs t+*&% '/%&gs o/ s%+ to t*+-u t*out +&s+ /o; P D, t*+& &o 'out t*+ ou' *%+ ++& gut o

o-/g*t &/&g+;+&t. 9ut t*s %s &ot t*+ %s+. S$ICs %&' NE$ICs %tso;-%&+' o P D +/+ to *%+ u&ts s;%/ o/ '+&t% to t*+ g*t o?ust/%t+' & t*+ t+*&% '/%&gs ;%&u%tu/+' $+t/o %&' EFD R%&o A'+/ts&g, o/ +%s&g out to '+/+&t %'+/ts+/s. %s t*s %& &/&g+;+&t o-+tto&+/Cs o-/g*t o+/ t*+ t+*&% '/%&gsM + 'o &ot t*& so.

Du/&g t*+ t/%, t*+ -/+s'+&t o P D *;s+ %';tt+' t*%t t*+ g*t o? %s&+t*+/ % t+/%/ &ot %& %/tst o/ ut %& >+&g&++/&g o/ ;%/+t&g&+&to&.B[10] Oous, t*+/+ %--+%/+' to + so;+ o&uso& /+g%/'&g *%toug*t o/ oug*t &ot to + t*+ -/o-+/ su+ts o o-/g*ts, -%t+&ts %&'t/%'+;%/s. I& t*+ +%'&g %s+ o (*o s. #ou/t o A--+%s"[11] + /u+' t*%t

t*+s+ t*/++ +g% /g*ts %/+ o;-+t+ 'st&t %&' s+-%/%t+ /o; o&+ %&ot*+/,%&' t*+ -/ot+to& %o/'+' o&+ %&&ot + us+' &t+/*%&g+% to o+/t+;s o/ o/s t*%t +?us+ -+/t%& to t*+ ot*+/s)

T/%'+;%/, o-/g*t %&' -%t+&ts %/+ '+/+&t &t++tu% -/o-+/t /g*ts t*%t%&&ot + &t+/*%&g+' t* o&+ %&ot*+/. A trademark is any visible sign

capable o% distinguishing the goods *trademark+ or services *service mark+ o% an

enterprise and shall include a stamped or marked container o% goods. I& /+%to&t*+/+to, % t/%'+ &%;+ ;+%&s t*+ &%;+ o/ '+sg&%to& '+&t&g o/'st&gus*&g %& +&t+/-/s+. $+%&*+, the scope o% a copyright is con%ined to

literary and artistic &orks ** %/+ o/g&% &t++tu% /+%to&s & t*+ t+/%/

%&' %/tst 'o;%& -/ot+t+' /o; t*+ ;o;+&t o t*+/ /+%to&. ,atentableinventions" on the other hand" re%er to any technical solution o% a problem in any

%ield o% human activity ** s &+, &o+s %& &+&t+ st+- %&' s &'ust/%%--%+.

ON THE ISS=E O< PATENT IN<RINGE$ENT

T*s /&gs us to t*+ &+?t -o&t) , '+s-t+ ts ;%&u%tu/+ %&' o;;+/% us+o t*+ light bo#es t*out +&s+ /o; -+tto&+/, -/%t+ /+s-o&'+&ts %&&ot +*+' +g% %+ o/ &/&g+;+&t o P DCs o-/g*t o+/ ts technical

dra&ings o% the said light bo#es, s*ou' t*+ + %+ &st+%' o/ &/&g+;+&t

o -%t+&tM + 'o &ot t*& so +t*+/.<o/ so;+ /+%so& o/ %&ot*+/, -+tto&+/ &++/ s+u/+' % -%t+&t o/ t*+ g*to?+s. It t*+/+o/+ %u/+' &o -%t+&t /g*ts ** ou' *%+ -/ot+t+' ts&+&to&, & %t t /+% %s. A&' +%us+ t *%' &o -%t+&t, -+tto&+/ ou'&ot +g% -/++&t %&o&+ /o; ;%&u%tu/&g o/ o;;+/% us&g t*+o&t/%-to&. I&#/+s+/ P/+so& Sst+;s, I&. s. #ou/t o A--+%s"[12] + *+'t*%t >t*+/+ %& + &o &/&g+;+&t o % -%t+&t u&t % -%t+&t *%s ++& ssu+',s&+ *%t++/ /g*t o&+ *%s to t*+ &+&to& o+/+' t*+ -%t+&tarises alone

%rom the grant o% patent . ? ? ? !A"& &+&to/ *%s &o o;;o& % /g*t to %;o&o-o o *s &+&to&. H+ *%s t*+ /g*t to ;%+ us+ o %&' +&' *s

&+&to&, ut *+ ou&t%/ 'sos+s t, su* %s o+/&g t o/ s%+, t*+o/' s /++ to o- %&' us+ t t* ;-u&t. A -%t+&t, *o++/, g+s t*+&+&to/ t*+ /g*t to +?u'+ % ot*+/s. As % -%t+&t++, *+ *%s t*+ +?us+ /g*to ;%&g, s+&g o/ us&g t*+ &+&to&. [13] O& t*+ %ssu;-to& t*%t -+tto&+/Cs%'+/ts&g u&ts +/+ -%t+&t%+ &+&to&s, -+tto&+/ /++%+' t*+; u tot*+ -u su;tt&g t*+ +&g&++/&g '/%&gs t*+/+o to t*+ N%to&%L/%/.

To + %+ to ++t+ %&' +g% -/+u'+ ot*+/s /o; o-&g %&' -/ot&g/o; t*+ &+&to&, % -%t+&t s % -/;o/'% /+u/+;+&t. No -%t+&t, &o-/ot+to&. T*+ ut;%t+ go% o % -%t+&t sst+; s to /&g &+ '+sg&s %&'

t+*&oog+s &to t*+ -u 'o;%& t*/oug* 'sosu/+.[14] I'+%s, o&+ 'sos+'to t*+ -u t*out t*+ -/ot+to& o % %' -%t+&t, %/+ su+t to %--/o-/%to&t*out sg&%&t /+st/%&t.[15]

O& o&+ s'+ o t*+ o& s t*+ -u ** +&+t /o; &+ '+%s o& t*+ot*+/ %/+ t*+ &+&to/s *o ;ust + -/ot+t+'. As *+' & Bauer - Cie vs.

(/onnel ,[17] >T*+ %t s+u/+' to t*+ &+&to/ t*+ +?us+ /g*t to ;%+ us+,%&' +&' t*+ t*&g -%t+&t+', %&' o&s+u+&t to -/++&t ot*+/s /o;+?+/s&g + -/+g+s t*out t*+ o&s+&t o t*+ -%t+&t++. It %s -%ss+' o/t*+ -u/-os+ o +&ou/%g&g us+u &+&to& %&' -/o;ot&g &+ %&' us+u&+&to&s t*+ -/ot+to& %&' st;u%to& g+& to &+&t+ g+&us, %&' %s

&t+&'+' to s+u/+ to t*+ -u, %t+/ t*+ %-s+ o t*+ +?us+ -/+g+sg/%&t+' t*+ +&+t o su* &+&to&s %&' ;-/o+;+&ts.B

T*+ % %tt+;-ts to st/+ %& '+% %%&+ +t++& t*+ to &t+/+sts)

>!T*+ -"%t+&t sst+; t*us +;o'+s % %/+u /%t+' %/g%& o/ +&ou/%g&gt*+ /+%to& %&' 'sosu/+ o &+ us+u %&' &o&:oous %'%&+s &t+*&oog %&' '+sg&, & /+tu/& o/ t*+ +?us+ /g*t to -/%t+ t*+ &+&to&o/ % &u;+/ o +%/s. T*+ &+&to/ ;% ++- *s &+&to& s+/+t %&' /+%- ts/uts &'+&t+. I& o&s'+/%to& o ts 'sosu/+ %&' t*+ o&s+u+&t +&+tto t*+ o;;u&t, t*+ -%t+&t s g/%&t+'. A& +?us+ +&o;+&t s gu%/%&t++'*; o/ 1 +%/s, ut u-o& t*+ +?-/%to& o t*%t -+/o', t*+ &o+'g+ o t*+&+&to& &u/+s to t*+ -+o-+, *o %/+ t*us +&%+' to -/%t+ t %&' -/ot ts us+.B[1]

T*+ -%t+&t % *%s % t*/++:o' -u/-os+) >/st, -%t+&t % s++s to ost+/ %&'

/+%/' &+&to& s+o&', t -/o;ot+s 'sosu/+s o &+&to&s to st;u%t+u/t*+/ &&o%to& %&' to -+/;t t*+ -u to -/%t+ t*+ &+&to& o&+ t*+-%t+&t +?-/+s t*/', t*+ st/&g+&t /+u/+;+&ts o/ -%t+&t -/ot+to& s++ to+&su/+ t*%t '+%s & t*+ -u 'o;%& /+;%& t*+/+ o/ t*+ /++ us+ o t*+-u.B[18]

It s o& %t+/ %& +?*%ust+ +?%;&%to& t*+ -%t+&t o+ t*%t % -%t+&t sssu+'. Su* %& &:'+-t* &+stg%to& s /+u/+' +%us+ >& /+%/'&g %us+u &+&to&, t*+ /g*ts %&' +%/+ o t*+ o;;u&t ;ust + %/ '+%tt* %&' ++t+ gu%/'+'. To t*%t +&', t*+ -/+/+ust+s to ot%&&g % -%t+&t%/+ st/t os+/+' %&' *+& % -%t+&t s ssu+', t*+ ;t%to&s o& ts +?+/s+%/+ +u% st/t +&o/+'. To +g& t*, % g+&u&+ &+&to& o/ 'so+/;ust + '+;o&st/%t+' +st & t*+ o&st%&t '+;%&' o/ &+ %--%&+s, t*+*+% *%&' o t/ut+ + %' o& +%* sg*t t+*&oog% %'%&+ & %/t.B [16]

T*+/+ s &o su* s/ut& & t*+ %s+ o o-/g*ts &o/ %& &ot+ -us*+'+o/+ ts g/%&t to t*+ ++t t*%t % -+/so& s %;&g t*+ /+%to& o % o/.

T*+ % o&+/s t*+ o-/g*t /o; t*+ ;o;+&t o /+%to& [20] %&' t*+ o-/g*t+/t%t+ s ssu+' u-o& /+gst/%to& t* t*+ N%to&% L/%/ o % so/& e#0

parte%; o /+%to&.

T*+/+o/+, &ot *%&g go&+ t*/oug* t*+ %/'uous +?%;&%to& o/ -%t+&ts, t*+-+tto&+/ %&&ot +?u'+ ot*+/s /o; t*+ ;%&u%tu/+, s%+ o/ o;;+/% us+o t*+ g*t o?+s o& t*+ so+ %ss o ts o-/g*t +/t%t+ o+/ t*+ t+*&%'/%&gs.

St%t+' ot*+/s+, *%t -+tto&+/ s++s s +?ust t*out %& o--o/tu&t o/t*+ -%t+&t o+ !IPO" to s/ut&@+ t*+ g*t o?Cs +gt %s % -%t+&t%+&+&to&. T*+ /o& *+/+ s t*%t, *%' -+tto&+/ s+u/+' % -%t+&t &st+%', ts

+?ust ou' *%+ ++& o/ 1 +%/s o&. 9ut t*/oug* t*+ s;-+'-/o+'u/+ o o-/g*t:/+gst/%to& t* t*+ N%to&% L/%/ t*outu&'+/go&g t*+ /go/ o '++&'&g t*+ -%t+&t%t o ts &+&to& +o/+ t*+IPO %&' t*+ -u t*+ -+tto&+/ ou' + -/ot+t+' o/ 50 +%/s. T*sstu%to& ou' &ot *%+ ++& t*+ &t+&to& o t*+ %.

I& t*+ ot:t+' %s+ o Baker vs. Selden[21], t*+ =&t+' St%t+s Su-/+;+ #ou/t*+' t*%t only the e#pression o% an idea is protected by copyright" not the idea

itsel% . I& t*%t %s+, t*+ -%&t *+' t*+ o-/g*t o % oo ** +?-ou&'+'o& % &+ %ou&t&g sst+; *+ *%' '++o-+'. T*+ -u%to& ust/%t+'%& o/;s o +'g+/s ut@+' & su* % sst+;. T*+ '++&'%&t /+-/o'u+'o/;s s;%/ to t*os+ ust/%t+' & t*+ -%&tCs o-/g*t+' oo. T*+ =SSu-/+;+ #ou/t /u+' t*%t)

>T*+/+ s &o 'out t*%t % o/ o& t*+ su+t o oo:++-&g, t*oug* o&+?-%&%to/ o + &o& sst+;s, ;% + t*+ su+t o % o-/g*t ut, t*+&,t s %;+' o& %s % oo. ? ? ?. 9ut t*+/+ s % +%/ 'st&to& +t++& t*+oos, %s su*, %&' t*+ %/t, ** t s, &t+&'+' to ust/%t+. T*+ ;+/+st%t+;+&t o t*+ -/o-osto& s so +'+&t t*%t t /+u/+s *%/' %& %/gu;+&t tosu--o/t t. T*+ s%;+ 'st&to& ;% + -/+'%t+' o ++/ ot*+/ %/t %s + %st*%t o oo++-&g. A t/+%ts+ o& t*+ o;-osto& %&' us+ o ;+'&+s, +t*+ o' o/ &+ o& t*+ o&st/uto& %&' us+ o -oug*s o/ %t*+s o/ *u/&so/ o& t*+ ;?tu/+ %&' %--%to& o oo/s o/ -%&t&g o/ '+&g o/ o& t*+;o'+ o '/%&g &+s to -/o'u+ t*+ ++t o -+/s-+t+, ou' + t*+ su+to o-/g*t ut &o o&+ ou' o&t+&' t*%t t*+ o-/g*t o t*+ t/+%ts+ ou'

g+ t*+ +?us+ /g*t to t*+ %/t o/ ;%&u%tu/+ '+s/+' t*+/+&. T*+o-/g*t o t*+ oo, &ot -/%t+' /o; ot*+/ o/s, ou' + %' t*out/+g%/' to t*+ &o+t o/ %&t o &o+t o ts su+t ;%tt+/. T*+ &o+t o t*+%/t o/ t*&g '+s/+' o/ +?-%&+' *%s &ot*&g to 'o t* t*+ %'t o t*+o-/g*t. To give to the author of the book an exclusive property in the

art described therein, when no examination of its novelty has ever been

officially made, would be a surprise and a fraud upon the public. That isthe province of letters patent, not of copyright. The claim to an invention

of discovery of an art or manufacture must be subjected to the

examination of the Patent Office before an exclusive right therein can be

obtained; and a patent from the government can only secure it.

T*+ '+/+&+ +t++& t*+ to t*&gs, +tt+/s -%t+&t %&' o-/g*t, ;% +ust/%t+' /++/+&+ to t*+ su+ts ust +&u;+/%t+'. T%+ t*+ %s+ o;+'&+s. #+/t%& ;?tu/+s %/+ ou&' to + o g/+%t %u+ & t*+ *+%&g %/t. f

the discoverer writes and publishes a book on the subject !as regular

physicians generally do", he gains no exclusive right to the manufacture

and sale of the medicine; he gives that to the public. f he desires toac#uire such exclusive right, he must obtain a patent for the mixture as a

new art, manufacture or composition of matter. $e may copyright his

book, if he pleases; but that only secures to him the exclusive right of

printing and publishing his book. %o of all other inventions or

discoveries.

T*+ o-/g*t o % oo o& -+/s-+t+, &o ;%tt+/ *o ;%& '/%&gs %&'ust/%to&s t ;% o&t%&, g+s &o +?us+ /g*t to t*+ ;o'+s o '/%&g'+s/+', t*oug* t*+ ;% &++/ *%+ ++& &o& o/ us+' +o/+. 9-us*&g t*+ oo t*out g+tt&g % -%t+&t o/ t*+ %/t, t*+ %tt+/ s g+& to t*+-u.

No, *st &o o&+ *%s % /g*t to -/&t o/ -us* *s oo, o/ %& ;%t+/% -%/tt*+/+o, %s % oo &t+&'+' to o&+ &st/uto& & t*+ %/t, %& -+/so& ;%-/%t+ %&' us+ t*+ %/t ts+ ** *+ *%s '+s/+' %&' ust/%t+' t*+/+&.The use of the art is a totally different thing from a publication of the book

explaining it. T*+ o-/g*t o % oo o& oo++-&g %&&ot s+u/+ t*++?us+ /g*t to ;%+, s+ %&' us+ %ou&t oos -/+-%/+' u-o& t*+ -%& s+to/t* & su* oo. *+t*+/ t*+ %/t ;g*t o/ ;g*t &ot *%+ ++& -%t+&t+', s %

u+sto&, ** s &ot +o/+ us. It %s &ot -%t+&t+', %&' s o-+& %&' /++ tot*+ us+ o t*+ -u. A&', o ou/s+, & us&g t*+ %/t, t*+ /u+' &+s %&'*+%'&gs o %ou&ts ;ust &++ss%/ + us+' %s &'+&t to t.

T*+ -%ust o t*+ %; -ut o/%/' t*+ o;-%&%&t & t*s %s+ %/s+s/o; % o&uso& o '+%s -/o'u+' t*+ -+u%/ &%tu/+ o t*+ %/t '+s/+' &t*+ oos, ** *%+ ++& ;%'+ t*+ su+t o o-/g*t. I& '+s/&g t*+%/t, t*+ ust/%to&s %&' '%g/%;s +;-o+' *%--+&+' to o//+s-o&' ;o/+os+ t*%& usu% t* t*+ %tu% o/ -+/o/;+' t*+ o-+/%to/ *o us+s t*+%/t. ? ? ? The description of the art in a book, though entitled to the

benefit of copyright, lays no foundation for an exclusive claim to the art

itself. The object of the one is explanation; the object of the other is use.The former may be secured by copyright. The latter can only be secured,

if it can be secured at all, by letters patent.& !u&'+/so/&g su--+'"

ON THE ISS=E O< TRADE$AR( IN<RINGE$ENT

T*s ssu+ o&+/&s t*+ us+ /+s-o&'+&ts o t*+ ;%/ >Post+/ A'sB **-+tto&+/Cs -/+s'+&t s%' %s % o&t/%to& o >-ost+/ %'+/ts&g.B P D %s%+ to s+u/+ % t/%'+;%/ +/t%t+ o/ t, ut o&+ *+/+ t*+ goo's s-++'+/+ >st%to&+/+s su* %s +tt+/*+%'s, +&+o-+s, %&g %/'s %&'

&+s+tt+/s.B[22]

P+tto&+/ %';tt+' t '' &ot o;;+/% +&g%g+ & o/ ;%/+tt*+s+ goo's. O& t*+ o&t/%/, t '+%t & ++t/% o-+/%t+' %t %'+/ts&gu&ts %&' t*+ s%+ o %'+/ts&g s-%+s t*+/+o&, **, *o++/, +/+ &ot %t %s-++' & t*+ t/%'+;%/ +/t%t+.

=&'+/ t*+ /u;st%&+s, t*+ #ou/t o A--+%s o//+t t+' $aberge Inc. vs.

Intermediate Appellate Court ,[23] *+/+ +, &o&g S+to& 20 o t*+ o'T/%'+;%/ L%, /u+' t*%t >t*+ +/t%t+ o /+gst/%to& ssu+' t*+ D/+to/o P%t+&ts %& o&+/ !u-o& -+tto&+/" t*+ +?us+ /g*t to us+ ts o& s;oonly to those goods speci%ied in the certi%icate, su+t to %& o&'to&s %&';t%to&s s-++' & t*+ +/t%t+ ? ? ?. O&+ *o *%s %'o-t+' %&' us+' %

t/%'+;%/ o& *s goo's does not prevent the adoption and use o% the sametrademark by others %or products &hich are o% a di%%erentdescription.B[24] $aberge" Inc. %s o//+t %&' %s & %t /++&t /+t+/%t+' &#%&o& (%us*(%s*% s. #ou/t o A--+%s.[25]

Assu;&g arguendo t*%t >Post+/ A'sB ou' %' u% %s % t/%'+;%/, t*+%u/+ o P D to s+u/+ % t/%'+;%/ /+gst/%to& o/ s-+ us+ o& t*+ g*to?+s ;+%&t t*%t t*+/+ ou' &ot *%+ ++& %& t/%'+;%/ &/&g+;+&t s&+/+gst/%to& %s %& +ss+&t% ++;+&t t*+/+o.

ON THE ISS=E O< =N<AIR #O$PETITION

I %t %, t*+ %us+ o %to& s*ou' *%+ ++& o/ u&%/ o;-+tto&, % stu%to&** %s -oss+ ++& P D *%' &o /+gst/%to&. [27] Ho++/, *+ t*+-+tto&+/Cs o;-%&t & t*+ RT# %so t+' u&%/ o;-+tto&, t*+ t/% ou/t ''&ot &' -/%t+ /+s-o&'+&ts %+ t*+/+o/. P+tto&+/ '' not %--+% t*s-%/tu%/ -o&t *+&+, t %&&ot &o /++ ts %; o u&%/ o;-+tto&.

9ut ++& 's/+g%/'&g -/o+'u/% ssu+s, + &++/t*++ss %&&ot *o'/+s-o&'+&ts gut o u&%/ o;-+tto&.

9 t*+ &%tu/+ o t*&gs, t*+/+ %& + &o u&%/ o;-+tto& u&'+/ t*+ % o&o-/g*ts %t*oug* t s %--%+ to 's-ut+s o+/ t*+ us+ o t/%'+;%/s. E+&% &%;+ o/ -*/%s+ &%-%+ o %--/o-/%to& %s % t/%'+;%/ o/ t/%'+&%;+ ;%, o&g %&' +?us+ us+ % us&+ss !su* t*%t t*+ &%;+ o/ -*/%s++o;+s %sso%t+' t* t*+ us&+ss o/ -/o'ut & t*+ ;&' o t*+ -u/*%s&g-u", + +&tt+' to -/ot+to& %g%&st u&%/ o;-+tto&. [2]I& t*s %s+, t*+/+%s &o +'+&+ t*%t P DCs us+ o >Post+/ A'sB %s 'st&t+ o/ +:&o&. As &ot+' t*+ #ou/t o A--+%s, -+tto&+/Cs +?-+/t t&+ss+s *;s+ *%'t+st+' t*%t > Post+/ A'sC %s too g+&+/ % &%;+. So t %s 'ut to '+&tt t* %& o;-%&, *o&+st s-+%&g.B [28] T*s /u% %';sso& ts o&+?-+/t t&+ss t*%t >Post+/ A'sB ou' &ot + %sso%t+' t* P D s*o+'t*%t, & t*+ ;&' o t*+ -u, t*+ goo's %&' s+/+s %//&g t*+ t/%'+;%/>Post+/ A'sB ou' &ot + 'st&gus*+' /o; t*+ goo's %&' s+/+s o ot*+/

+&tt+s.T*s %t %so -/++&t+' t*+ %--%to& o t*+ 'ot/&+ o s+o&'%/ ;+%&&g.>Post+/ A'sB %s g+&+/ %&' &%-%+ o +&g us+' %s % t/%'+;%/ +%us+t %s us+' & t*+ +' o -ost+/ %'+/ts&g, t*+ +/ us&+ss +&g%g+' &

-+tto&+/. >S+o&'%/ ;+%&&gB ;+%&s t*%t % o/' o/ -*/%s+ o/g&%&%-%+ o +?us+ %--/o-/%to& t* /++/+&+ to %& %/t+ & t*+ ;%/+t!+%us+ t s g+og/%-*% o/ ot*+/s+ '+s/-t+" ;g*t &++/t*++ss *%+++& us+' o/ so o&g %&' so +?us+ o&+ -/o'u+/ t* /++/+&+ to *s%/t+ t*%t, & t*+ t/%'+ %&' to t*%t /%&* o t*+ -u/*%s&g -u, t*+ o/' o/-*/%s+ *%s o;+ to ;+%& t*%t t*+ %/t+ %s *s -/o-+/t.[26] T*+ %';sso&

-+tto&+/Cs o& +?-+/t t&+ss t*%t *+ *;s+ ou' &ot %sso%t+ >Post+/ A'sBt* -+tto&+/ P D +%us+ t %s >too g+&+/B '+&t+ -/+u'+' t*+%--%to& o t*s +?+-to&.

H%&g 'suss+' t*+ ;ost ;-o/t%&t %&' /t% ssu+s, + s++ &o &++' to+%o/ t*+ /+st.

A to', t*+ #ou/t &'s &o /++/s+ +//o/ o;;tt+' t*+ #ou/t o A--+%s*+& t /++/s+' t*+ R+go&% T/% #ou/t o $%%t #t.

'$()(*O)(, t*+ -+tto& s *+/+ DENIED %&' t*+ '+so& o t*+ #ou/t o A--+%s '%t+' $% 22, 2001 s A<<IR$EDin toto.

SO ORDERED.

Pu&o, !#*%/;%&", P%&g%&%&, S%&'o%:Gut+//+@, %&' #%/-o:$o/%+s, .,o&u/.

%+-/%+0OP%%

<IRST DIVISION

[G.R. No. 131522. u 16, 1666]PA#ITA I. HA9ANA, ALI#IA L. #IN#O %&' OVITA N. <ERNANDO, petitioners"

vs. <ELI#IDAD #. RO9LES %&' GOODILL TRADING #O., IN#.,respondents.

D E # I S I O N

PARDO, J .)

T*+ %s+ +o/+ us s % -+tto& o/ /++ o& certiorari [1] to s+t %s'+ t*+ !%"'+so& o t*+ #ou/t o A--+%s[2], %&' !" t*+ /+souto& '+&&g -+tto&+/sC;oto& o/ /+o&s'+/%to&,[3] & ** t*+ %--+%t+ ou/t %/;+' t*+ t/%

ou/tCs 's;ss% o t*+ o;-%&t o/ &/&g+;+&t %&'o/ u&%/ o;-+tto& %&''%;%g+s ut '++t+' t*+ %%/' o/ %tto/&+Cs ++s.

T*+ %ts %/+ %s oos)

P+tto&+/s %/+ %ut*o/s %&' o-/g*t o&+/s o 'u ssu+' +/t%t+s oo-/g*t /+gst/%to& o+/&g t*+/ -us*+' o/s, -/o'u+' t*/oug* t*+/o;&+' /+sou/+s %&' +o/ts, +&tt+' #OLLEGE ENGLISH <OR TODAF!#ET o/ /+t", 9oos 1 %&' 2, %&' OR(9OO( <OR #OLLEGE<RESH$AN ENGLISH, S+/+s 1.

R+s-o&'+&t <+'%' Ro+s %&' Goo' T/%'&g #o., I&. %/+ t*+%ut*o/-us*+/ %&' 'st/uto/s++/ o %&ot*+/ -us*+' o/ +&tt+'>DEVELOPING ENGLISH PRO<I#IEN#FB !DEP o/ /+t", 9oos 1 %&' 2!1685 +'to&" ** oo %s o+/+' o-/g*ts ssu+' to t*+;.

I& t*+ ou/s+ o /+s&g t*+/ -us*+' o/s, -+tto&+/s sout+' %&' oo+'%/ou&' %/ous oosto/+s to *+ o& ot*+/ t+?toos '+%&g t* t*+ s%;+su+t ;%tt+/. 9 *%&+ t*+ %;+ u-o& t*+ oo o /+s-o&'+&t Ro+s %&'u-o& -+/us% o s%' oo t*+ +/+ su/-/s+' to s++ t*%t t*+ oo %sst/&g s;%/ to t*+ o&t+&ts, s*+;+ o -/+s+&t%to&, ust/%to&s %&'ust/%t+ +?%;-+s & t*+/ o& oo, #ET.

At+/ %& t+;@+' +?%;&%to& %&' o;-%/so& o t*+ to oos !#ET %&'DEP", -+tto&+/s ou&' t*%t s++/% -%g+s o t*+ /+s-o&'+&tCs oo %/+ s;%/, &ot % tog+t*+/ % o- o -+tto&+/sC oo, ** s % %s+ o -%g%/s; %&'o-/g*t &/&g+;+&t.

P+tto&+/s t*+& ;%'+ '+;%&'s o/ '%;%g+s %g%&st /+s-o&'+&ts %&' %so'+;%&'+' t*%t t*+ +%s+ %&' '+sst /o; u/t*+/ s+&g %&' 'st/ut&g to t*+g+&+/% -u t*+ &/&g+' o-+s o /+s-o&'+&t Ro+sC o/s.

Ho++/, /+s-o&'+&ts g&o/+' t*+ '+;%&'s, *+&+, o& u , 1688, -+tto&+/s+' t* t*+ R+go&% T/% #ou/t, $%%t, % o;-%&t o/ >I&/&g+;+&t %&'o/u&%/ o;-+tto& t* '%;%g+sB[4] %g%&st -/%t+ /+s-o&'+&ts.[5]

I& t*+ o;-%&t, -+tto&+/s %+g+' t*%t & 1685, /+s-o&'+&t <+'%' #.Ro+s +&g sust%&t% %;%/ t* t*+ o&t+&ts o -+tto&+/sC o/s, %&'t*out s+u/&g t*+/ -+/;sso&, t+', o-+', -%g%/@+' %&'o/ t/%&s-os+'

+/t%& -o/to&s o t*+/ oo #ET. T*+ t+?tu% o&t+&ts %&' ust/%to&s o #ET+/+ t+/% /+-/o'u+' & t*+ oo DEP. T*+ -%g%/s;, &o/-o/%to& %&'/+-/o'uto& o -%/tu%/ -o/to&s o t*+ oo #ET & t*+ oo DEP, t*out t*+%ut*o/t o/ o&s+&t o -+tto&+/s, %&' t*+ ;s/+-/+s+&t%to&s o /+s-o&'+&tRo+s t*%t t*+ s%;+ %s *+/ o/g&% o/ %&' o&+-t %'+/s+ %+t+' %&'sust%&t% ';&s*+' t*+ s%+ o t*+ -+tto&+/sC oo %&' %us+' t*+;

%tu% '%;%g+s % o u&/+%@+' &o;+.D+s-t+ t*+ '+;%&'s o t*+ -+tto&+/s o/ /+s-o&'+&ts to '+sst /o;o;;tt&g u/t*+/ %ts o &/&g+;+&t %&' o/ /+s-o&'+&t to /+% DEP /o;t*+ ;%/+t, /+s-o&'+&ts /+us+'. P+tto&+/s %s+' t*+ ou/t to o/'+/ t*+su;sso& o % o-+s o t*+ oo DEP, tog+t*+/ t* t*+ ;o's, -%t+s %&';s %&' ot*+/ ;%t+/%s us+' & ts -/&t&g '+st/o+', %&' o/ /+s-o&'+&ts to/+&'+/ %& %ou&t&g o t*+ -/o++'s o % s%+s %&' -/ots s&+ t*+ t;+ o ts-u%to& %&' s%+.

R+s-o&'+&t Ro+s %s ;-+%'+' & t*+ sut +%us+ s*+ %ut*o/+' %&'

'/+t o;;tt+' t*+ %ts o &/&g+;+&t o;-%&+' o, *+ /+s-o&'+&tGoo' T/%'&g #o., I&. %s ;-+%'+' %s t*+ -us*+/ %&' o&t o:o&+/ ot*+ o-/g*t +/t%t+s o /+gst/%to& o+/&g t*+ to oos %ut*o/+' %&'%us+' to + -us*+' /+s-o&'+&t Ro+s t* oous o&&%&+ t* o&+%&ot*+/.

O& u 2, 1688, /+s-o&'+&t Ro+s +' % ;oto& o/ % o-%/tu%/s[7]** t*+ t/% ou/t %--/o+' o& August 1, 1688. P+tto&+/so;-+' t* t*+ '+s/+' -%/tu%/@%to&, %&' u/&s*+' /+s-o&'+&t Ro+st*+ s-+ -o/to&s, &us+ o -%g+s %&' &+s, o t*+ -us*+' %&'o-/g*t+' oos o t*+ -+tto&+/s ** +/+ t/%&s-os+', t+', o-+' %&'

-%g%/@+' %&'o/ ot*+/s+ ou&' t*+/ % &to /+s-o&'+&tCs oo.O& August 1, 1688, /+s-o&'+&t Goo' T/%'&g #o., I&. +' ts %&s+/ tot*+ o;-%&t[] %&' %+g+' t*%t -+tto&+/s *%' &o %us+ o %to& %g%&stGoo' T/%'&g #o., I&. s&+ t %s &ot -/ to t*+ ;s/+-/+s+&t%to&,-%g%/s;, &o/-o/%to& %&' /+-/o'uto& o t*+ -o/to&s o t*+ oo o-+tto&+/s t*%t t*+/+ %s %& %g/++;+&t +t++& Goo' %&' t*+ /+s-o&'+&tRo+s t*%t Ro+s gu%/%&t++' Goo' t*%t t*+ ;%t+/%s ut@+' & t*+;%&us/-t +/+ *+/ o& o/ t*%t s*+ *%' s+u/+' t*+ &++ss%/ -+/;sso&/o; o&t/uto/s %&' sou/+s t*%t t*+ %ut*o/ %ssu;+' so+ /+s-o&st %&'*+' t*+ -us*+/ t*out %& %t.

O& No+;+/ 28, 1688, /+s-o&'+&t Ro+s +' *+/ %&s+/ [8], %&' '+&+' t*+%+g%to&s o -%g%/s; %&' o-&g t*%t -+tto&+/s %;+'. R+s-o&'+&tst/+ss+' t*%t !1" t*+ oo DEP s t*+ -/o'ut o *+/ &'+-+&'+&t /+s+%/*+s,stu'+s %&' +?-+/+&+s, %&' %s &ot % o- o %& +?st&g %' o-/g*t+'oo !2" DEP oo+' t*+ so-+ %&' s+u+&+ o/ s%us ** %/+ o;;o&to % E&gs* g/%;;%/ /t+/s %s /+o;;+&'+' t*+ Asso%to& o P*--&+#o+g+s o A/ts %&' S+&+s !AP#AS", so %& s;%/t +t++& t*+/+s-o&'+&ts oo %&' t*%t o t*+ -+tto&+/s %s 'u+ to t*+ o/+&t%to& o t*+%ut*o/s to ot* o/s %&' st%&'%/'s %&' s%us %&' !3" t*+ s;%/t+s ;%+ 'u+ to t*+ %ut*o/sC +?+/s+ o t*+ >/g*t to %/ us+ o o-/gt*+' ;%t+/%s,

%s gu'+s.BR+s-o&'+&t &t+/-os+' % ou&t+/%; o/ '%;%g+s o& t*+ g/ou&' t*%t %'%t* %&' ;%+ %tt+&'+' t*+ &g o t*+ o;-%&t, +%us+ -+tto&+/ H%%&%

%s -/o+sso&% +%ous %&' t*+ oo DEP /+-%+' #ET %s t*+ o%t+?too o t*+ g/%'u%t+ stu'+s '+-%/t;+&t o t*+ <%/ E%st+/& =&+/st.[6]

Du/&g t*+ -/+:t/% o&+/+&+, t*+ -%/t+s %g/++' to % st-u%to& o %ts [10] %&' o/ t*+ t/% ou/t to /st /+so+ t*+ ssu+ o &/&g+;+&t +o/+ 's-os&go t*+ %; o/ '%;%g+s.

At+/ t*+ t/% o& t*+ ;+/ts, o& A-/ 23, 1663, t*+ t/% ou/t /+&'+/+' ts u'g;+&t &'&g t*us)

1'$()(*O)(, -/+;s+s o&s'+/+', t*+ ou/t *+/+ o/'+/s t*%t t*+o;-%&t +' %g%&st '++&'%&ts <+'%' Ro+s %&' Goo' T/%'&g #o.,I&. s*% + DIS$ISSED t*%t s%' -%&ts so'%/ /+;u/s+ '++&'%&tRo+s o/ P20,000.00 %tto/&+Cs ++s %&' '++&'%&t Goo' o/ P5,000.00%tto/&+Cs ++s. P%&ts %/+ %+ o/ ost o sut.

T % %O O)2()(2.

>Do&+ & t*+ #t o $%&% t*s 23/' '% o A-/, 1663.

>!st" $ARVIE R. A9RAHA$ SINGSON >Assst&g u'g+ >S. #. A';. O/'+/ No. 124:62B[11]

O& $% 14, 1663, -+tto&+/s +' t*+/ &ot+ o %--+% t* t*+ t/% ou/t[12],%&' o& u 16, 1663, t*+ ou/t '/+t+' ts /%&* +/ o ou/t to o/%/' %t*+ /+o/'s o t*+ %s+ to t*+ #ou/t o A--+%s.[13]

I& t*+ %--+%, -+tto&+/s %/gu+' t*%t t*+ t/% ou/t o;-+t+ 's/+g%/'+' t*+/+'+&+ %&' u sus/+' to t*+ %/gu;+&ts o /+s-o&'+&t Ro+s t*%t t*+oos & ssu+ +/+ -u/+ t*+ -/o'ut o *+/ /+s+%/*+s %&' stu'+s %&' t*%t

t*+ o-+' -o/to&s +/+ &s-/+' o/+g& %ut*o/s %&' %s su* &ot su+t too-/g*t. P+tto&+/s %so %ss%+' t*+ &'&gs o t*+ t/% ou/t t*%t t*+ +/+%&;%t+' %' %t* & &sttut&g t*+ o;-%&t.[14]

O& u&+ 2, 166, t*+ #ou/t o A--+%s /+&'+/+' u'g;+&t & %o/ o/+s-o&'+&ts Ro+s %&' Goo' T/%'&g #o., I&. T*+ /++%&t -o/to&s o t*+'+so& st%t+)

>It ;ust + &ot+', *o++/, t*%t s;%/t o t*+ %+g+' &/&g+' o/ to t*+%ut*o/Cs o/ -/o-/+to/Cs o-/g*t+' o/ 'o+s &ot o ts+ +st%s* o-/g*t&/&g+;+&t, +s-+% t*+ s;%/t /+suts /o; t*+ %t t*%t ot* o/s '+%

t* t*+ s%;+ su+t o/ *%+ t*+ s%;+ o;;o& sou/+, %s & t*s %s+. A--+++ Ro+s *%s u +?-%&+' t*%t t*+ -o/to& o/ ;%t+/% o t*+ oo%;+' %--+%&ts to *%+ ++& o-+' o/ t+' /o; o/+g& oos. S*+*%s 'u -/o+& t*%t ;ost o t*+ to-s o/ ;%t+/%s o&t%&+' & *+/ oo, t*-%/tu%/ /++/+&+ to t*os+ ;%tt+/s %;+' %--+%&ts to *%+ ++&-%g%/@+' +/+ to-s o/ ;%tt+/s %--+%/&g &ot o& & %--+%&ts %&' *+/oos ut %so & +%/+/ oos o& #o+g+ E&gs*, &u'&g o/+g& oos, +..E';u&' 9u/+Cs >S-++* o& #o&%to&B, 9o+/gsC >#o;-+t+&+ & E&gs*B%&' 9/oug*to&Cs, >E';u&' 9u/+Cs #o+to&.B

>A--+%&tCs /+%&+ o& t*+ %st -%/%g/%-* o& S+to& 11 s ;s-%+'. It ;ust+ +;-*%s@+' t*%t t*+ %+' to -/o+ t*%t t*+/ oos +/+ ;%'+ sou/+s %--+++.B[15]

T*+ #ou/t o A--+%s %s o t*+ + t*%t t*+ %%/' o %tto/&+sC ++s %s &ot-/o-+/, s&+ t*+/+ %s &o %' %t* o& t*+ -%/t o -+tto&+/s H%%&% +t %. &&sttut&g t*+ %to& %g%&st /+s-o&'+&ts.

O& u 12, 166, -+tto&+/s +' % ;oto& o/ /+o&s'+/%to&,[17]*o++/, t*+#ou/t o A--+%s '+&+' t*+ s%;+ & % R+souto& [1] '%t+' No+;+/ 25,

166.H+&+, t*s -+tto&.

I& t*s %--+%, -+tto&+/s su;t t*%t t*+ %--+%t+ ou/t +//+' & %/;&g t*+t/% ou/tCs '+so&.

P+tto&+/s /%s+' t*+ oo&g ssu+s) !1" *+t*+/ o/ &ot, '+s-t+ t*+ %--%/+&tt+?tu%, t*+;%t %&' s+u+&t% s;%/t +t++& DEP %&' #ET, /+s-o&'+&tso;;tt+' &o o-/g*t &/&g+;+&t !2" *+t*+/ o/ &ot t*+/+ %s animus

%urandi o& t*+ -%/t o /+s-o&'+&t *+& t*+ /+us+' to t*'/% t*+ o-+s o#ET /o; t*+ ;%/+t '+s-t+ &ot+ to t*'/% t*+ s%;+ %&' !3" *+t*+/ o/

&ot /+s-o&'+&t Ro+s %us+' % /t+/Cs /g*t to %/ us+, & o%to& o S+to&11 o P/+s'+&t% D+/++ No. 46.[18]

+ &' t*+ -+tto& ;-/+ss+' t* ;+/t.

T*+ o;-%&t o/ o-/g*t &/&g+;+&t %s +' %t t*+ t;+ t*%t P/+s'+&t%D+/++ No. 46 %s & o/+. At -/+s+&t, % %s '+%&g t* t*+ -/ot+to& o&t++tu% -/o-+/t /g*ts *%+ ++& o&so'%t+' %&' %s t*+ % &o st%&'s,t*+ -/ot+to& o o-/g*ts s go+/&+' R+-u At No. 8263.Nott*st%&'&g t*+ *%&g+ & t*+ %, t*+ s%;+ -/&-+s %/+ /+t+/%t+' & t*+&+ % u&'+/ S+to& 1. It -/o'+s o/ t*+ o- o/ +o&o; /g*ts o %&o&+/ o % o-/g*t %s oos)

>S+.1. #o- o/ Eo&o; /g*ts.Su+t to t*+ -/oso&s o *%-t+/ VIII,o-/g*t o/ +o&o; /g*ts s*% o&sst o t*+ +?us+ /g*t to %// out,%ut*o/@+ o/ -/++&t t*+ oo&g %ts)

177.1 Reproduction of the work orsubstantial portion of the work;

1.2 D/%;%t@%to&, t/%&s%to&, %'%-t%to&, %/'g+;+&t, %//%&g+;+&t o/ ot*+/t/%&so/;%to& o t*+ o/

1.3 T*+ /st -u 'st/uto& o t*+ o/g&% %&' +%* o- o t*+ o/ s%+ o/ ot*+/ o/;s o t/%&s+/ o o&+/s*-

1.4 R+&t% o t*+ o/g&% o/ % o- o %& %u'osu% o/ &+;%tog/%-*o/, % o/ +;o'+' & % sou&' /+o/'&g, % o;-ut+/ -/og/%;, %o;-%to& o '%t% %&' ot*+/ ;%t+/%s o/ % ;us% o/ & g/%-* o/;,//+s-+t+ o t*+ o&+/s*- o t*+ o/g&% o/ t*+ o- ** s t*+ su+t ot*+ /+&t% !&"

1.5 Pu 's-% o t*+ o/g&% o/ o- o t*+ o/

1.7 Pu -+/o/;%&+ o t*+ o/ %&'

1. Ot*+/ o;;u&%to& to t*+ -u o t*+ o/B[16]

T*+ % %so -/o'+' o/ t*+ ;t%to&s o& o-/g*t, t*us)>S+. 184.1 L;t%to&s o& o-/g*t.:: Nott*st%&'&g t*+ -/oso&s o#*%-t+/ V, t*+ oo&g %ts s*% &ot o&sttut+ &/&g+;+&t o o-/g*t)

!%" t*+ /+t%to& o/ -+/o/;%&+ o % o/, o&+ t *%s ++& %u ;%'+%+ss+ to t*+ -u, 'o&+ -/%t+ %&' /++ o *%/g+ o/ ;%'+ st/to/ % *%/t%+ o/ /+gous &sttuto& o/ so+t [S+. 10!1", P.D. No. 46]

!" T*+ ;%&g o uot%to&s /o; % -us*+' o/ t*+ %/+ o;-%t+ t*%/ us+ %&' o& to t*+ +?t+&t ust+' o/ t*+ -u/-os+, &u'&g uot%to&s

/o; &+s-%-+/ %/t+s %&' -+/o'%s & t*+ o/; o -/+ss su;;%/+sP/o'+', t*%t t*+ sou/+ %&' t*+ &%;+ o t*+ %ut*o/, %--+%/&g o& t*+ o/%/+ ;+&to&+' !S+. 11 t*/' -%/. P.D.46"

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

!+" The inclusion of a work in a publication, /o%'%st, o/ ot*+/o;;u&%to& to t*+ -u, sou&' /+o/'&g o ;, su* &uso& s ;%'+ % o ust/%to& o/ t+%*&g -u/-os+s %&' s o;-%t+ t* %/ us+)Provided, That the source and the name of the author, if appearing in the

work is mentioned;[20]

I& t*+ %o+ uot+' -/oso&s, >o/B *%s /++/+&+ to t+/%/ %&' %/tst/+%to&s %&' t*s &u'+s oos %&' ot*+/ t+/%/, s*o%/ %&' s+&to/s.[21]

A -+/us% o t*+ /+o/'s +'s s++/% -%g+s o t*+ oo DEP t*%t %/+ s;%/ &ot '+&t% t* t*+ t+?t o #ET.

O& -%g+ 404 o -+tto&+/sC 9oo 1 o #o+g+ E&gs* o/ To'%, t*+ %ut*o/s/ot+)

It+;s & '%t+s %&' %''/+ss+s)

H+ '+' o& $o&'%, A-/ 15, 165.

$ss R++s +s & 214 T%t A+&u+,$%&%[22]

O& -%g+ 3 o /+s-o&'+&ts 9oo 1 D++o-&g E&gs* To'%, t*+ /ot+)

H+ '+' o& $o&'%, A-/ 25, 165.$ss R++s %''/+ss s 214 T%t A+&u+ $%&%[23]

O& P%g+ 250 o #ET, t*+/+ s t*s +?%;-+ o& -%/%+s; o/ /+-+tto& os+&t+&+ st/utu/+s, t*us)

>T*+ -/o-osto& s -+%+. Not -+%+ t*/oug* t*+ ;+'u; o %/ &ot

-+%+ to + *u&t+' t*/oug* t*+ %/&t* o &t/%t+ %&' +&'+ss&+got%to&s &ot -+%+ to %/s+ out o u&+/s% 'so/', o;+&t+' /o;-/&-+, & % -%/ts o t*+ +;-/+ &ot -+%+ to '+-+&' o& t*+ u/'%'+t+/;&%to& o -+/-+?&g u+sto&s, o/ t*+ -/+s+ ;%/&g o t*+ou&'%/ o % o;-+? go+/&;+&t. It s s;-+ -+%+ soug*t & ts &%tu/%ou/s+, %&' & ts o/'&%/ *%u&ts. It s -+%+ soug*t & t*+ s-/t o -+%+,%&' %' & -/&-+s -u/+ -%.

::: E';u&' 9u/+, > S-++* o& #/ts;.B [24]

O& -%g+ 100 o t*+ oo DEP[25], %so & t*+ to- o -%/%+ st/utu/+ %&'/+-+tto&, t*+ s%;+ +?%;-+ s ou&' in toto. T*+ o& '+/+&+ s t*%t

-+tto&+/s %&o+'g+' t*+ %ut*o/ E';u&' 9u/+, %&' /+s-o&'+&ts '' &ot.

I& s++/% ot*+/ -%g+s[27] t*+ t/+%t;+&t %&' ;%&&+/ o -/+s+&t%to& o t*+to-s o DEP %/+ s;%/ &ot % /+*%s* o t*%t o&t%&+' & #ET.

+ +++ t*%t /+s-o&'+&t Ro+sC %t o t&g /o; t*+ oo o -+tto&+/ssust%&t% -o/to&s o 'susso&s %&' +?%;-+s, %&' *+/ %u/+ to%&o+'g+ t*+ s%;+ & *+/ oo s %& &/&g+;+&t o -+tto&+/sC o-/g*ts.

*+& s t*+/+ % sust%&t% /+-/o'uto& o % ooM It 'o+s &ot &++ss%//+u/+ t*%t t*+ +&t/+ o-/g*t+' o/, o/ ++& % %/g+ -o/to& o t, + o-+'.

I so ;u* s t%+& t*%t t*+ %u+ o t*+ o/g&% o/ s sust%&t% ';&s*+',t*+/+ s %& &/&g+;+&t o o-/g*t %&' to %& &u/ous +?t+&t, t*+ o/ s%--/o-/%t+'.[2]

I& '+t+/;&&g t*+ u+sto& o &/&g+;+&t, t*+ %;ou&t o ;%tt+/ o-+' /o;t*+ o-/g*t+' o/ s %& ;-o/t%&t o&s'+/%to&. To o&sttut+ &/&g+;+&t,t s &ot &++ss%/ t*%t t*+ *o+ o/ ++& % %/g+ -o/to& o t*+ o/ s*% *%+++& o-+'. I so ;u* s t%+& t*%t t*+ %u+ o t*+ o/g&% s s+&s';&s*+', o/ t*+ %o/s o t*+ o/g&% %ut*o/ %/+ sust%&t% %&' to %&&u/ous +?t+&t %--/o-/%t+' %&ot*+/, t*%t s su+&t & -o&t o % too&sttut+ -/%.[28]

T*+ +ss+&+ o &t++tu% -/% s*ou' + +ss%+' & o&+-tu% t+/;s &o/'+/ to u&'+/so/+ ts g/%t %& %--/o-/%t+ u&'+/st%&'&g t*+/+o.I&/&g+;+&t o % o-/g*t s % t/+s-%ss o& % -/%t+ 'o;%& o&+' %&'ou-+' t*+ o&+/ o t*+ o-/g*t, %&', t*+/+o/+, -/ot+t+' %, %&'&/&g+;+&t o o-/g*t, o/ -/%, ** s % s&o&;ous t+/; & t*so&&+to&, o&ssts & t*+ 'o&g %& -+/so&, t*out t*+ o&s+&t o t*+o&+/ o t*+ o-/g*t, o %&t*&g t*+ so+ /g*t to 'o ** s o&+//+' st%tut+ o& t*+ o&+/ o t*+ o-/g*t.[26]

T*+ /+s-o&'+&tsC %; t*%t t*+ o-+' -o/to&s o t*+ oo #ET %/+ %so ou&'& o/+g& oos %&' ot*+/ g/%;;%/ oos, %&' t*%t t*+ s;%/t +t++& *+/

st+ %&' t*%t o -+tto&+/s %& &ot + %o'+' s&+ t*+ o;+ /o; t*+ s%;+%g/ou&' %&' o/+&t%to& ;% + t/u+. Ho++/, & t*s u/s'to& u&'+/ S+184 o R+-u At 8263 t s -/o'+' t*%t)

L;t%to&s o& #o-/g*t. Nott*st%&'&g t*+ -/oso&s o #*%-t+/ V, t*+oo&g s*% &ot o&sttut+ &/&g+;+&t o o-/g*t)

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

(c T*+ ;%&g o uot%to&s /o; % -us*+' o/ t*+ %/+ o;-%t+ t*%/ us+ %&' o& to t*+ +?t+&t ust+' o/ t*+ -u/-os+, &u'&g uot%to&s/o; &+s-%-+/ %/t+s %&' -+/o'%s & t*+ o/; o -/+ss su;;%/+s!

Provided, That the source and the name of the author, if appearing on the

work, are mentioned.

A o- o % -/% s %& &/&g+;+&t o t*+ o/g&%, %&' t s &o '++&s+ t*%t t*+-/%t+, & su* %s+s, '' &ot &o *+t*+/ o/ &ot *+ %s &/&g&g %&o-/g*t *+ %t +%st &+ t*%t *%t *+ %s o-&g %s &ot *s, %&' *+o-+' %t *s -+/.[30]

T*+ &+?t u+sto& to /+so+ s to *%t +?t+&t %& o-&g + &u/ous to t*+%ut*o/ o t*+ oo +&g o-+'. Is t +&oug* t*%t t*+/+ %/+ s;%/t+s & so;+s+to&s o t*+ oos o/ %/g+ s+g;+&ts o t*+ oos %/+ t*+ s%;+M

I& t*+ %s+ %t %/, t*+/+ s &o u+sto& t*%t -+tto&+/s -/+s+&t+' s++/% -%g+so t*+ oos #ET %&' DEP t*%t ;o/+ o/ +ss *%' t*+ s%;+ o&t+&ts. It ;% +o//+t t*%t t*+ oos +&g g/%;;%/ oos ;% o&t%& ;%t+/%s s;%/ %s toso;+ t+*&% o&t+&ts t* ot*+/ g/%;;%/ oos, su* %s t*+ s+g;+&t %out

t*+ >Aut*o/ #%/'B. Ho++/, t*+ &u;+/ous -%g+s t*%t t*+ -+tto&+/s -/+s+&t+'s*o&g s;%/t & t*+ st+ %&' t*+ ;%&&+/ t*+ oos +/+ -/+s+&t+' %&'t*+ '+&t% +?%;-+s %& &ot -%ss %s s;%/t+s ;+/+ +%us+ o t+*&%o&s'+/%to&.

T*+ /+s-o&'+&ts %; t*%t t*+/ s;%/t & st+ %& + %tt/ut+' to t*+ %t

t*%t ot* o t*+; +/+ +?-os+' to t*+ AP#AS s%us %&' t*+/ /+s-+t+%%'+; +?-+/+&+, t+%*&g %--/o%* %&' ;+t*o'oog %/+ %;ost '+&t%+%us+ t*+ +/+ o t*+ s%;+ %g/ou&'.

Ho++/, + +++ t*%t ++& -+tto&+/s %&' /+s-o&'+&t Ro+s +/+ o t*+s%;+ %g/ou&' & t+/;s o t+%*&g +?-+/+&+ %&' o/+&t%to&, t s &ot %&+?us+ o/ t*+; to + '+&t% ++& & +?%;-+s o&t%&+' & t*+/ oos. T*+s;%/t+s & +?%;-+s %&' ;%t+/% o&t+&ts %/+ so oous -/+s+&t & t*s%s+. Ho %& s;%/'+&t% +?%;-+s &ot + o&s'+/+' %s % ;%/ oo-&gM

+ o&s'+/ %s %& indicia o gut o/ /o&g'o&g t*+ %t o /+s-o&'+&t Ro+s o

-u&g out /o; Goo' oosto/+s t*+ oo DEP u-o& +%/&&g o -+tto&+/sCo;-%&t *+ -*%/s%% '+&&g -+tto&+/sC '+;%&'. It %s u/t*+/ &ot+'t*%t *+& t*+ oo DEP %s /+:ssu+' %s % /+s+' +/so&, % t*+ -%g+s t+' -+tto&+/s to o&t%& -o/to& o t*+/ oo #o+g+ E&gs* o/ To'% +/++;&%t+'.

I& %s+s o &/&g+;+&t, o-&g %o&+ s &ot *%t s -/o*t+'. T*+ o-&g;ust -/o'u+ %& >&u/ous ++tB. H+/+, t*+ &u/ o&ssts & t*%t /+s-o&'+&tRo+s t+' /o; -+tto&+/sC oo ;%t+/%s t*%t +/+ t*+ /+sut o t*+ %tt+/Cs/+s+%/* o/ %&' o;-%to& %&' ;s/+-/+s+&t+' t*+; %s *+/ o&. S*+/u%t+' t*+ oo DEP o/ o;;+/% us+ %&' '' &ot %&o+'g+

-+tto&+/s %s *+/ sou/+.

H+&+, t*+/+ s % +%/ %s+ o %--/o-/%to& o o-/g*t+' o/ o/ *+/ +&+tt*%t /+s-o&'+&t Ro+s o;;tt+'. P+tto&+/sC o/ %s %ut*o/s s t*+ -/o'uto t*+/ o&g %&' %ss'uous /+s+%/* %&' o/ %&ot*+/ to /+-/+s+&t t %s *+/ o&s &u/ +&oug*. I& o-/g*t&g oos t*+ -u/-os+ s to g+ -/ot+to& to t*+&t++tu% -/o'ut o %& %ut*o/. T*s s -/+s+ *%t t*+ % o& o-/g*t-/ot+t+', u&'+/ S+to& 184.1 !". uot%to&s /o; % -us*+' o/ t*+ %/+o;-%t+ t* %/ us+ %&' o& to t*+ +?t+&t ust+' t*+ -u/-os+, &u'&guot%to&s /o; &+s-%-+/ %/t+s %&' -+/o'%s & t*+ o/; o -/+sssu;;%/+s %/+ %o+' -/o'+' t*%t t*+ sou/+ %&' t*+ &%;+ o t*+ %ut*o/, %--+%/&g o& t*+ o/, %/+ ;+&to&+'.

I& t*+ %s+ %t %/, t*+ +%st t*%t /+s-o&'+&t Ro+s ou' *%+ 'o&+ %s to%&o+'g+ -+tto&+/s H%%&% +t. %. %s t*+ sou/+ o t*+ -o/to&s o DEP.T*+ &% -/o'ut o %& %ut*o/Cs to s *+/ oo. To %o %&ot*+/ to o- t*+oo t*out %--/o-/%t+ %&o+'g;+&t s &u/ +&oug*.

'$()(*O)(, t*+ -+tto& s *+/+ GRANTED. T*+ '+so& %&' /+souto&o t*+ #ou/t o A--+%s & #A:G. R. #V No. 44053 %/+ SET ASIDE. T*+ %s+ so/'+/+' /+;%&'+' to t*+ t/% ou/t o/ u/t*+/ -/o++'&gs to /+++ +'+&+o t*+ -%/t+s to %s+/t%& t*+ '%;%g+s %us+' %&' sust%&+' -+tto&+/s

%&' to /+&'+/ '+so& & %o/'%&+ t* t*+ +'+&+ su;tt+' to t.SO ORDERED.

(%-u&%&, %&' F&%/+s:S%&t%go, .,o&u/.

D%'+, /., #.., !#*%/;%&", -s. s++ 'ss+&t&g o-&o&.

$+o, ., &o -%/t. P+/so&% /+%so&s.

3.). 0os. 4556789: -ugust :7, :7

0TH CENTURY FOX FILM CORPORATION,petitioner,vs.COURT OF APPEALS, EUARO M. !ARRETO, RAUL SA"ULLO

#n$ FORTUNE LEESMA,respon$ents.

Si%&ion Re'n#, Monte(i))o * On%si#+o L# O--i(e -or petitioner.

!.C. S#)##r * Asso(i#tes -or respon$ents.

"UTIERRE/, R., 1

Te petitioner 3&estions te #pp)i(#tion o- te (onstit&tion#) provision#%#inst i))e%#) se#r(es #n$ sei&res to r#i$s (on$&(te$ in (onne(tionit te %overn4ent5s #nti6-i)4 pir#(' (#4p#i%n. Te 4#in iss&ein%es on eter or not te 7&$%e proper)' )i-te$ te se#r(#rr#nts e iss&e$ e#r)ier &pon te #pp)i(#tion o- te N#tion#) !&re#&o- Investi%#tion on te 8#sis o- te (o4p)#int -i)e$ 8' te petitioner.

In # )etter6(o4p)#int $#te$ A&%&st 29, :;<=, petitioner 20t Cent&r'Fo> Fi)4 Corpor#tion tro&% (o&nse) so&%t te N#tion#) !&re#& o-Investi%#tion5s ?N!I@ #ssist#n(e in te (on$&(t o- se#r(es #n$sei&res in (onne(tion it te )#tter5s #nti6-i)4 pir#(' (#4p#i%n.Spe(i-i(#))', te )etter6(o4p)#int #))e%e$ t#t (ert#in vi$eot#pe

o&t)ets #)) over Metro M#ni)# #re en%#%e$ in te &n#&torie$ s#)e#n$ rentin% o&t o- (op'ri%te$ -i)4s in vi$eot#pe -or4 i((onstit&te # -)#%r#nt vio)#tion o- Presi$enti#) e(ree No. ;?oterise +non #s te e(ree on te Prote(tion o- Inte))e(t&#)Propert'@.

A(tin% on te )etter6(o4p)#int, te N!I (on$&(te$ s&rvei))#n(e #n$investi%#tion o- te o&t)ets pinpointe$ 8' te petitioner #n$s&8se3&ent)' -i)e$ tree ?B@ #pp)i(#tions -or se#r( #rr#nts #%#instte vi$eo o&t)ets one$ 8' te priv#te respon$ents. Te #pp)i(#tionsere (onso)i$#te$ #n$ e#r$ 8' te Re%ion#) Tri#) Co&rt o- M#+#ti,!r#n( :B2.

On Septe48er , :;<=, te )oer (o&rt iss&e$ te $esire$ se#r(#rr#nts.

Ar4e$ it te se#r( #rr#nts, te N!I #((o4p#nie$ 8' tepetitioner5s #%ents, r#i$e$ te vi$eo o&t)ets #n$ seie$ te ite4s$es(ri8e$ terein. An inventor' o- te ite4s seie$ #s 4#$e #n$)e-t it te priv#te respon$ents.

A(tin% on # 4otion to )i-t se#r( #rr#nts #n$ re)e#se seie$properties -i)e$ 8' te priv#te respon$ents, te )oer (o&rt iss&e$#n or$er $#te$ O(to8er <, :;<=, )i-tin% te tree ?B@ se#r(

#rr#nts iss&e$ e#r)ier #%#inst te priv#te respon$ents 8' te (o&rt.Te $ispositive portion o- te or$er re#$s1

HEREFORE, te Co&rt ere8' or$ers t#t Se#r( #rr#nts Nos. S6 <=602Diss&e$ #%#inst E$&#r$o M. !#rreto o- te &n(tion i$eo, et(., P#r#n#3&e, MetroM#ni)#D S No. <=602=, iss&e$ #%#inst R#&) M. S#%&))o o- So&t i$eo !&% Center,

In(., et(., #)so o- No. =B== Pres. Aven&e !F Ho4es, P#r# #3&e, Metro M#ni)#D #n$ñ S No. <=6029, iss&e$ #%#inst Fort&ne A. Le$es4# o- Soni> i$eo Servi(es o- S#nAntonio P)##, For8es P#r+, M#+#ti, Metro M#ni)#, 8e )i-te$.

Conse3&ent)', te #rti()es )iste$ in te ret&rns o- te tree se#r( #rr#nts i((o&)$ not 8e # 8#sis o- #n' (ri4in#) prose(&tion, no in te possession o- teN#tion#) !&re#& o- Investi%#tion i( &n$er te )# 4&st 8e $e)ivere$ to tisCo&rt, 8&t i( te N!I -#i)e$ to $o, #re ere8' or$ere$ to 8e ret&rne$ to teir

oners tro&% teir )#'er, Att'. !enito S#)##r or is #%ents orrepresent#tives, #%#inst proper re(eipt, to 8e -or#r$e$ to tis Co&rt -or re(or$p&rposes, #s proo- t#t s#i$ properties #ve 8een ret&rne$ to te possession o-te ri%t-&) oners. ?p. B, Ro))o@

Te )oer (o&rt $enie$ # 4otion -or re(onsi$er#tion -i)e$ 8' tepetitioner in its or$er $#te$ #n&#r' 2, :;<9.

Te petitioner -i)e$ # petition -or (ertior#ri it te Co&rt o-Appe#)s to #nn&) te O(to8er <, :;<= #n$ #n&#r' 2, :;<9 or$ers o-te )oer (o&rt. Te petition #s $is4isse$.

Hen(e, tis petition.

Te 4#in iss&e in%es on te 4e#nin% o- pro8#8)e (#&se itin te(onte>t o- te (onstit&tion#) provision #%#inst i))e%#) se#r(es #n$sei&res ?Se(tion B, Arti()e I, :;GB Constit&tion, no, Se(tion 2,Arti()e I)), :;<G Constit&tion.

Te petitioner 4#int#ins t#t te )oer (o&rt iss&e$ te 3&estione$se#r( #rr#nts #-ter -in$in% te e>isten(e o- # pro8#8)e (#&se7&sti-'in% teir iss&#n(e. A((or$in% to te petitioner, te )oer (o&rt#rrive$ #t tis (on()&sion on te 8#sis o- te $epositions o- #pp)i(#ntN!I5s to itnesses i( ere t#+en tro&% se#r(in% 3&estions#n$ #nsers 8' te )oer (o&rt.

Se(tion 2, Arti()e III o- te present Constit&tion i( s&8st#nti#))'repro$&(es Se(tion B, Arti()e I o- te :;GB Constit&tion on i))e%#)se#r(es #n$ sei&res provi$es1

Te ri%t o- te peop)e to 8e se(&re in teir persons, o&ses, p#pers, #n$ e--e(ts#%#inst &nre#son#8)e se#r(es #n$ sei&res o- #tever n#t&re #n$ -or #n'p&rpose s#)) 8e invio)#8)e, #n$ no se#r( #rr#nt or #rr#nt o- #rrest s#)) iss&ee>(ept &pon pro8#8)e (#&se to 8e $eter4ine$ person#))' 8' te 7&$%e #-tere>#4in#tion &n$er o#t or #--ir4#tion o- te (o4p)#in#nt #n$ te itnesses e 4#'pro$&(e, #n$ p#rti(&)#r)' $es(ri8in% te p)#(e to 8e se#r(e$ #n$ te persons ortin%s to 8e seie$.

Tis (onstit&tion#) ri%t prote(ts # (itien #%#inst #nton #n$

&nre#son#8)e inv#sion o- is priv#(' #n$ )i8ert' #s to is person,p#pers #n$ e--e(ts. e #ve e>p)#ine$ in te (#se o-Peop)e v.

!&r%os ?: SCRA :@ (itin% Ei))#n&ev# v. H&er&8in ?< SCRA B=@' te ri%t is so i4port#nt1

It is $e-eren(e to one5s person#)it' t#t )ies #t te (ore o- tis ri%t, 8&t it (o&)$8e #)so )oo+e$ &pon #s # re(o%nition o- # (onstit&tion#))' prote(te$ #re#, pri4#ri)'one5s o4e, 8&t not ne(ess#ri)' tereto (on-ine$. ?C-. Ho--# v. Unite$ St#tes, B<=US 2;B ::;99:@ #t is so&%t to 8e %&#r$e$ is # 4#n5s prero%#tive to (ooseo is #))oe$ entr' to is resi$en(e. In t#t #ven o- re-&%e, is in$ivi$&#)it' (#n#ssert itse)- not on)' in te (oi(e o- o s#)) 8e e)(o4e 8&t )i+eise in te +in$o- o87e(ts e #nts #ro&n$ i4. Tere te st#te, oever poer-&), $oes not #ss&( #ve #((ess e>(ept &n$er te (ir(&4st#n(es #8ove note$, -or in tetr#$ition#) -or4&)#tion, is o&se, oever &48)e, is is (#st)e. T&s is o&t)#e$

#n' &n#rr#nte$ intr&sion 8' %overn4ent, i( is (#))e$ &pon to re-r#in -ro4 #n'inv#sion o- is $e))in% #n$ to respe(t te priv#(ies o- is )i-e. ?C- S(4er8er v.C#)i-orni#, B< US G=G :;99J, !renn#n, . #n$ !o'$ v. Unite$ St#tes, ::9 9B0:<<9J@. In te s#4e vein, L#n$'ns+i in is #&torit#tive or+ ?Se#r( #n$ Sei&re#n$ te S&pre4e Co&rt :;99J@, (o&)$ -it)' (#r#(terie (onstit&tion#) ri%t #s te

e48o$i4ent o- # spirit&#) (on(ept1 te 8e)ie- t#t to v#)&e te priv#(' o- o4e#n$ person #n$ to #--or$ its (onstit&tion#) prote(tion #%#inst te )on% re#( o-%overn4ent is no )ess t#n to v#)&e &4#n $i%nit', #n$ t#t is priv#(' 4&st not 8e$ist&r8e$ e>(ept in (#se o- overri$in% so(i#) nee$, #n$ ten on)' &n$er strin%entpro(e$&r#) s#-e%&#r$s.?i8i$ , p. G@.

Te %overn4ent5s ri%t to iss&e se#r( #rr#nts #%#inst # (itien5sp#pers #n$ e--e(ts is (ir(&4s(ri8e$ 8' te re3&ire4ents 4#n$#te$ inte se#r(es #n$ sei&res provision o- te Constit&tion.

In te (#se o- !&r%os, Sr. v. C2ie- o- St#--, AFP ?:BB SCRA <00@,e $e-ine$ pro8#8)e (#&se -or # v#)i$ se#r( #s s&( -#(ts #n$(ir(&4st#n(es i( o&)$ )e#$ # re#son#8)' $is(reet #n$ pr&$ent4#n to 8e)ieve t#t #n o--ense #s 8een (o44itte$ #n$ t#t teo87e(ts so&%t in (onne(tion it te o--ense #re in te p)#(e so&%tto 8e se#r(e$. Tis (onstit&tion#) provision #)so $e4#n$s no )esst#n person#) +no)e$%e 8' te (o4p)#in#nt or is itnesses o- te-#(ts &pon i( te iss&#n(e o- # se#r( #rr#nt 4#' 8e 7&sti-ie$in or$er to (onvin(e te 7&$%e, not te in$ivi$&#) 4#+in% te #--i$#vit#n$ see+in% te iss&#n(e o- te #rr#nt, o- te e>isten(e o- #pro8#8)e (#&se. ?A)v#re v. Co&rt o- First Inst#n(e, 9 Pi). BBD!&r%os, Sr. v. Cie- o- St#--, AFP,s&pr# @.

In te inst#nt (#se, te )oer (o&rt )i-te$ te tree 3&estione$se#r( #rr#nts #%#inst te priv#te respon$ents on te %ro&n$ t#tit #(te$ on te #pp)i(#tion -or te iss&#n(e o- te s#i$ se#r(#rr#nts #n$ %r#nte$ it on te 4isrepresent#tions o- #pp)i(#nt N!I#n$ its itnesses t#t in-rin%e4ent o- (op'ri%t or # pir#(' o- #p#rti(&)#r -i)4 #ve 8een (o44itte$. T&s te )oer (o&rt st#te$ inits 3&estione$ or$er $#te$ #n&#r' 2,:;<91

A((or$in% to te 4ov#nt, #)) tree itnesses $&rin% te pro(ee$in%s in te

#pp)i(#tion -or te tree se#r( #rr#nts testi-ie$ o- teir on person#)+no)e$%e. Yet, Att'. A)8ino Re'es o- te N!I st#te$ t#t te (o&nse) orrepresent#tive o- te Tentiet Cent&r' Fo> Corpor#tion i)) testi-' on te vi$eo(#ssettes t#t ere pir#te$, so t#t e $i$ not #ve person#) +no)e$%e o- te#))e%e$ pir#('. Te itness !#(#ni #)so s#i$ t#t te vi$eo (#ssettes ere pir#te$ito&t st#tin% te 4#nner it #s pir#te$ #n$ t#t it #s Att'. o4in%o t#t #s+no)e$%e o- t#t -#(t.

On te p#rt o- Att'. o4in%o, e s#i$ t#t te re6t#pin% o- te #))e%e$)' pir#te$t#pes #s -ro4 4#ster t#pes #))e%e$)' 8e)on%in% to te Tentiet Cent&r' Fo>,8e(#&se, #((or$in% to i4, it is o- is person#) +no)e$%e.

At te e#rin% o- te Motion -or Re(onsi$er#tion, Senior N!I A%ent Att'. A)8inoRe'es testi-ie$ t#t en te (o4p)#int -or in-rin%e4ent #s 8ro&%t to te N!I,te 4#ster t#pes o- te #))e%e$)' pir#te$ t#pes ere son to i4 #n$ e 4#$e(o4p#risons o- te t#pes it tose p&r(#se$ 8' teir 4#n !#(#ni. ' te4#ster t#pes or #t )e#st te -i)4 ree)s o- te #))e%e$)' pir#te$ t#pes ere notson to te Co&rt $&rin% te #pp)i(#tion %ives so4e 4is%ivin%s #s to te tr&t o-t#t 8#re st#te4ent o- te N!I #%ent on te itness st#n$.

A%#in #s te #pp)i(#tion #n$ se#r( pro(ee$in%s is # pre)&$e to te -i)in% o- (ri4in#)(#ses &n$er P ;, te (op'ri%t in-rin%e4ent )#, #n$ #)to&% #t is re3&ire$-or te iss&#n(e tereo- is 4ere)' te presen(e o- pro8#8)e (#&se, t#t pro8#8)e(#&se 4&st 8e s#tis-#(tor' to te Co&rt, -or it is # ti4e6 onore$ pre(ept t#tpro(ee$in%s to p&t # 4#n to t#s+ #s #n o--en$er &n$er o&r )#s so&)$ 8einterprete$ in stri(tissi4i 7&ris #%#inst te %overn4ent #n$ )i8er#))' in -#vor o- te#))e%e$ o--en$er.

>>> >>> >>>

Tis $o(trine #s never 8een overt&rne$, #n$ #s # 4#tter o- -#(t it #$ 8eenensrine$ in te !i)) o- Ri%ts in o&r :;GB Constit&tion.

So t#t )#(+in% in pers&#sive e--e(t, te #))e%#tion t#t 4#ster t#pes ere viee$8' te N!I #n$ ere (o4p#re$ to te p&r(#se$ #n$ seie$ vi$eo t#pes -ro4 te

respon$ents5 est#8)is4ents, it so&)$ 8e $is4isse$ #s not s&pporte$ 8' (o4petentevi$en(e #n$ -or t#t 4#tter te pro8#8)e (#&se overs in t#t %re' $e8#t#8)eti)i%t one 8eteen 8)#(+ #n$ ite reso)v#8)e in -#vor o- respon$ents erein.

!&t te %)#rin% -#(t is t#t 5Co(oon,5 te -irst vi$eo t#pe 4entione$ in te se#r(#rr#nt, #s not even $&)' re%istere$ or (op'ri%te$ in te Pi)ippines. ?Anne> Co- Opposition p. :=2 re(or$@. So, t#t )#(+in% in te re3&isite present#tion to teCo&rt o- #n #))e%e$ 4#ster t#pe -or p&rposes o- (o4p#rison it te p&r(#se$

evi$en(e o- te vi$eo t#pes #))e%e$)' pir#te$ #n$ tose seie$ -ro4 respon$ents,tere #s no #' to $eter4ine eter tere re#))' #s pir#(', or (op'in% o- te-i)4 o- te (o4p)#in#nt Tentiet Cent&r' Fo>. ?pp. BG6B;, Ro))o@

>>> >>> >>>

Te )oer (o&rt, tere-ore, )i-te$ te tree ?B@ 3&estione$ se#r(#rr#nts in te #8sen(e o- pro8#8)e (#&se t#t te priv#terespon$ents vio)#te$ P.. ;. As -o&n$ o&t 8' te (o&rt, te N!I#%ents o #(te$ #s itnesses $i$ not #ve person#) +no)e$%e o-te s&87e(t 4#tter o- teir testi4on' i( #s te #))e%e$(o44ission o- te o--ense 8' te priv#te respon$ents. On)' tepetitioner5s (o&nse) o #s #)so # itness $&rin% te #pp)i(#tion -or

te iss&#n(e o- te se#r( #rr#nts st#te$ t#t e #$ person#)+no)e$%e t#t te (on-is(#te$ t#pes one$ 8' te priv#terespon$ents ere pir#te$ t#pes t#+en -ro4 4#ster t#pes 8e)on%in%to te petitioner. Hoever, te )oer (o&rt $i$ not %ive 4&((re$en(e to is testi4on' in vie o- te -#(t t#t te 4#ster t#peso- te #))e%e$)' pir#te$ t#pes ere not son to te (o&rt $&rin%te #pp)i(#tion.

A)) tese -#(tors ere t#+en into (onsi$er#tion 8' te )oer (o&rten it )i-te$ te tree 3&estione$ se#r( #rr#nts. Tere is notr&t, tere-ore, to te petitioner5s #))e%#tion t#t te )oer (o&rt8#se$ its #n&#r' 2, :;<9 or$er on)' on te -#(t t#t te ori%in#)

or 4#ster (opies o- te (op'ri%te$ -i)4s ere not presente$ $&rin%te #pp)i(#tion -or se#r( #rr#nts, t&s )e#$in% it to (on()&$e t#tit #$ 8een 4is)e$ 8' te #pp)i(#nt #n$ is itnesses. ?p. :G, Ro))o@

Te present#tion o- te 4#ster t#pes o- te (op'ri%te$ -i)4s -ro4i( te pir#te$ -i)4s ere #))e%e$)' (opie$, #s ne(ess#r' -or tev#)i$it' o- se#r( #rr#nts #%#inst tose o #ve in teirpossession te pir#te$ -i)4s. Te petitioner5s #r%&4ent to te e--e(tt#t te present#tion o- te 4#ster t#pes #t te ti4e o- #pp)i(#tion4#' not 8e ne(ess#r' #s tese o&)$ 8e 4ere)' evi$enti#r' in n#t&re#n$ not $eter4in#tive o- eter or not # pro8#8)e (#&se e>ists to7&sti-' te iss&#n(e o- te se#r( #rr#nts is not 4eritorio&s. Te

(o&rt (#nnot pres&4e t#t $&p)i(#te or (opie$ t#pes erene(ess#ri)' repro$&(e$ -ro4 4#ster t#pes t#t it ons.

Te #pp)i(#tion -or se#r( #rr#nts #s $ire(te$ #%#inst vi$eo t#peo&t)ets i( #))e%e$)' ere en%#%e$ in te &n#&torie$ s#)e #n$rentin% o&t o- (op'ri%te$ -i)4s 8e)on%in% to te petitioner p&rs&#ntto P.. ;.

Te essen(e o- # (op'ri%t in-rin%e4ent is te si4i)#rit' or #t )e#sts&8st#nti#) si4i)#rit' o- te p&rporte$ pir#te$ or+s to te(op'ri%te$ or+. Hen(e, te #pp)i(#nt 4&st present to te (o&rt te(op'ri%te$ -i)4s to (o4p#re te4 it te p&r(#se$ evi$en(e o-

te vi$eo t#pes #))e%e$)' pir#te$ to $eter4ine eter te )#tter is#n &n#&torie$ repro$&(tion o- te -or4er. Tis )in+#%e o- te(op'ri%te$ -i)4s to te pir#te$ -i)4s 4&st 8e est#8)ise$ to s#tis-'te re3&ire4ents o- pro8#8)e (#&se. Mere #))e%#tions #s to te

e>isten(e o- te (op'ri%te$ -i)4s (#nnot serve #s 8#sis -or teiss&#n(e o- # se#r( #rr#nt.

F&rter4ore, e note t#t te se#r( #rr#nts $es(ri8e$ te#rti()es so&%t to 8e seie$ #s -o))os1

>>> >>> >>>

(@ Te)evision sets, i$eo C#ssettes Re(or$ers, rein$ers, t#pe e#$ ()e#ners,#((essories, e3&ip4ents #n$ oter 4#(ines &se$ or inten$e$ to 8e &se$ in te&n)#-&) repro$&(tion, s#)e, rent#)K)e#se $istri8&tion o- te #8ove64entione$ vi$eot#pes i( se is +eepin% #n$ (on(e#)in% in te pre4ises #8ove6$es(ri8e$. ?p. 29,Ro))o@

In te (#se o- !&r%os v. C2ie- o- St#--, AFP s&pr# , e st#te$1

>>> >>> >>>

Anoter -#(tor i( 4#+es te se#r( #rr#nts &n$er (onsi$er#tion(onstit&tion#))' o87e(tion#8)e is t#t te' #re in te n#t&re o- %ener#) #rr#nts.Te se#r( #rr#nts $es(ri8e te #rti()es so&%t to 8e seie$ in tis ise1

)J A)) printin% e3&ip4ent, p#r#pern#)i#, p#per, in+, poto e3&ip4ent, t'periters,(#8inets, t#8)es (o44&ni(#tionsKre(or$in% e3&ip4ent, t#pe re(or$ers, $i(t#pone#n$ te )i+e &se$ #n$Kor (onne(te$ in te printin% o- te 5E FORUM5 nesp#per#n$ #n' #n$ #)) $o(&4entK(o44&ni(#tions, )etters #n$ -#(si4i)e o- prints re)#te$ toE FORUM nesp#per.

2J S&8versive $o(&4ents, p#4p)ets, )e#-)ets, 8oo+s, #n$ oter p&8)i(#tions topro4ote te o87e(tives #n$ p&rposes o- te s&8versive or%#ni#tions +non #sMove4ent -or Free Pi)ippines, Li%t6#6Fire Move4ent #n$ Apri) 9 Move4entD #n$

BJ Motor vei()es &se$ in te $istri8&tionK(ir(&)#tion o- te 5E FORUM #n$ oters&8versive 4#teri#)s #n$ prop#%#n$#, 4ore p#rti(&)#r)',

:J To'ot#6Coro))#, (o)ore$ 'e))o it P)#te No. NA <;2D2J ATSUN pi(+6&p (o)ore$ ite it P)#te No. N ;9;D

BJ A $e)iver' tr&(+ it P)#te No. N!S =2D

J TOYOTA6TAMARA, (o)ore$ ite it P)#te No. P!P 99=D#n$,

=J TOYOTA Hi6L&>, pi(+6&p tr&(+ it P)#te No. N" G2 it 4#r+in% !#%on%Si)#n%.

In St#n-or$ v. St#te o- Te>#s ?BG; U.S. G9,:B L e$ 2n$ B:@, te se#r( #rr#nti( #&torie$ te se#r( -or 58oo+s, re(or$s, p#4p)ets, (#r$s, re(eipts, )ists,4e4or#n$#, pi(t&res, re(or$in%s #n$ oter ritten instr&4ents (on(ernin% teCo44&nist P#rties o- Te>#s, #n$ te oper#tions o- te Co44&nit' P#rt' in Te>#s,#s $e()#re$ voi$ 8' te U.S. S&pre4e Co&rt -or 8ein% too %ener#). In )i+e 4#nner,$ire(tions to seie #n' evi$en(e in (onne(tion it te vio)#tion o- SC :B6BG0Bor oterise5 #ve 8een e)$ too %ener#), #n$ t#t portion o- # se#r( #rr#nti( #&torie$ te sei&re o- #n' p#r#pern#)i# i( (o&)$ 8e &se$ to vio)#teSe(. =6:;G o- te Conne(ti(&t "ener#) St#t&tes te st#t&te $e#)in% it te(ri4e o- (onspir#('J5 #s e)$ to 8e # %ener#) #rr#nt, #n$ tere-ore inv#)i$ ?9<A4. &r. 2$., pp. GB96GBG@. Te $es(ription o- te #rti()es so&%t to 8e seie$&n$er te se#r( #rr#nts in 3&estion (#nnot 8e (#r#(terie$ $i--erent)'. ?#t pp.<:6<:=@

Un$o&8te$)', # si4i)#r (on()&sion (#n 8e $e$&(e$ -ro4 te $es(riptiono- te #rti()es so&%t to 8e (on-is(#te$ &n$er te 3&estione$ se#r(#rr#nts.

Te)evision sets, vi$eo (#ssette re(or$ers, re4in$ers #n$ t#pe()e#ners #re #rti()es i( (#n 8e -o&n$ in # vi$eo t#pe storeen%#%e$ in te )e%iti4#te 8&siness o- )en$in% or rentin% o&t 8et#4#>t#pes. In sort, tese #rti()es #n$ #pp)i#n(es #re %ener#))' (onne(te$it, or re)#te$ to # )e%iti4#te 8&siness not ne(ess#ri)' invo)vin%

pir#(' o- inte))e(t&#) propert' or in-rin%e4ent o- (op'ri%t )#s.Hen(e, in()&$in% tese #rti()es ito&t spe(i-i(#tion #n$Korp#rti(&)#rit' t#t te' ere re#))' instr&4ents in vio)#tin% #n Anti6Pir#(' )# 4#+es Te se#r( #rr#nt too %ener#) i( (o&)$ res&)tin te (on-is(#tion o- #)) ite4s -o&n$ in #n' vi$eo store. In -#(t, tis#(t&#))' #ppene$ in te inst#nt (#se. T&s, te )oer (o&rt, in its

3&estione$ or$er $#te$ O(to8er <, :;<= s#i$1A)to&% te #pp)i(#tions #n$ #rr#nts te4se)ves (overe$ (ert#in #rti()es o-propert' &s&#))' -o&n$ in # vi$eo store, te Co&rt 8e)ieves t#t te se#r( p#rt'so&)$ #ve (on-ine$ te4se)ves to #rti()es t#t #re #((or$in% to te4, evi$en(e(onstit&tive o- in-rin%e4ent o- (op'ri%t )#s or te pir#(' o- inte))e(t&#)propert', 8&t not to oter #rti()es t#t #re &s&#))' (onne(te$ it, or re)#te$ to,# )e%iti4#te 8&siness, not invo)vin% pir#(' o- inte))e(t&#) propert', or in-rin%e4ento- (op'ri%t )#s. So t#t # te)evision set, # rein$er, #n$ # ite8o#r$ )istin%!et#4#> t#pes, vi$eo (#ssette ()e#ners vi$eo (#ssette re(or$ers #s re-)e(te$ inte Ret&rns o- Se#r( #rr#nts, #re ite4s o- )e%iti4#te 8&siness en%#%e$ in tevi$eo t#pe in$&str', #n$ i( (o&)$ not 8e te s&87e(t o- sei&re, Te #pp)i(#nt#n$ is #%ents tere-ore e>(ee$e$ teir #&torit' in seiin% per-e(t)' )e%iti4#teperson#) propert' &s&#))' -o&n$ in # vi$eo (#ssette store or 8&sinessest#8)is4ent. ?p. BB, Ro))o@

A)) in #)), e -in$ no %r#ve #8&se o- $is(retion on te p#rt o- te)oer (o&rt en it )i-te$ te se#r( #rr#nts it e#r)ier iss&e$#%#inst te priv#te respon$ents. e #%ree it te #ppe))#te (o&rt5s-in$in%s to te e--e(t t#t1

An #ssi$&o&s e>#4in#tion o- te #ss#i)e$ or$ers reve#) t#t te 4#in %ro&n$ &poni( te respon$ent Co&rt #n(ore$ s#i$ or$ers #s its s&8se3&ent -in$in%s t#tit #s 4is)e$ 8' te #pp)i(#nt ?N!I@ #n$ its itnesses 5t#t in-rin%e4ent o-(op'ri%t or # pir#(' o- # p#rti(&)#r -i)4 #ve 8een (o44itte$ en it iss&e$ te3&estione$ #rr#nts.5 St#te$ $i--erent)', te respon$ent Co&rt 4ere)' (orre(te$its erroneo&s -in$in%s #s to te e>isten(e o- pro8#8)e (#&se #n$ $e()#re$ tese#r( #n$ sei&re to 8e &nre#son#8)e. Cert#in)', s&( #(tion is itin te poer

#n$ #&torit' o- te respon$ent Co&rt to per-or4, provi$e$ t#t it is note>er(ise$ in #n oppressive or #r8itr#r' 4#nner. In$ee$, te or$er o- terespon$ent Co&rt $e()#rin% te e>isten(e o- pro8#8)e (#&se is not -in#) #n$ $oesnot (onstit&te res 7&$i(#t#.

A (#re-&) revie o- te re(or$ o- te (#se sos t#t te respon$ent Co&rt $i$not (o44it # %r#ve #8&se o- $is(retion en it iss&e$ te 3&estione$ or$ers."r#ve #8&se o- $is(retion5 i4p)ies s&( (#pri(io&s #n$ i4si(#) e>er(ise o-7&$%4ent #s is e3&iv#)ent to )#(+ o- 7&ris$i(tion, or, in oter or$s, ere tepoer is e>er(ise$ in #n #r8itr#r' or $espoti( 4#nner 8' re#son o- p#ssion orperson#) osti)it', #n$ it 4&st 8e so p#tent #n$ %ross #s to #4o&nt to #n ev#siono- positive $&t' or to # virt&#) re-&s#) to per-or4 te $&t' en7oine$ or to #(t #t#)) in (onte4p)#tion o- )#.5 !&t -#r -ro4 8ein% $espoti( or #r8itr#r', te #ss#i)e$or$ers ere 4otiv#te$ 8' # no8)e $esire o- re(ti-'in% #n error, 4&( so en te

erroneo&s -in$in%s (o))i$e$ it te (onstit&tion#) ri%ts o- te priv#te respon$ents.In -#(t, te petitioner $i$ not even (ontest te ri%teo&sness #n$ )e%#)it' o- te3&estione$ or$ers 8&t inste#$ (on(entr#te$ on te #))e%e$ $eni#) o- $&e pro(ess o-)#. ?pp. 6=, Ro))o@

Te pro)i-er#tion o- pir#te$ t#pes o- -i)4s not on)' $eprives te%overn4ent o- 4&( nee$e$ reven&es 8&t is #)so #n in$i(#tion o- tei$espre#$ 8re#+$on o- n#tion#) or$er #n$ $is(ip)ine. Co&rts so&)$not i4pose #n' &nne(ess#r' ro#$8)o(+s in te #' o- te #nti6-i)4pir#(' (#4p#i%n. Hoever, te (#4p#i%n (#nnot i%nore or vio)#te(onstit&tion#) s#-e%&#r$s. To s#' t#t te pro8)e4 o- pir#te$ -i)4s(#n 8e so)ve$ on)' 8' te &se o- &n(onstit&tion#) sort(&ts is to$eni%r#te te )on% istor' #n$ e>perien(e 8ein$ te se#r(es #n$sei&res ()#&se o- te !i)) o- Ri%ts. Te tri#) (o&rt $i$ not (o44itreversi8)e error.

HEREFORE, te inst#nt petition is ISMISSE. Te 3&estione$

$e(ision #n$ reso)&tion o- te Co&rt o- Appe#)s #re AFFIRME.

SO ORERE.

Fern#n, C.0., Fe)i(i#no, !i$in #n$ Cortes, 00., (on(&r

THIRD DIVISION

[G.R. No. 157804. $%/* 14, 2005]

SONF $=SI# ENTERTAIN$ENT !PHILS.", IN#. %&' I<PI !SO=THEAST ASIA", LTD., petitioners" vs. HON. =DGE DOLORES L. ESPANQOL O< THE

REGIONAL TRIAL #O=RT, 9RAN#H 60, DAS$ARIAS, #AVITE, ELENA S.LI$, S=SAN L. TAN, DAVID S. LI$, A$ES H. =F, ILSON ALEANDRO, R.,OSEPH DE L=NA, $ARIA A. VELA #R=, DAVID #H=NG, A$ES =F,OHN DOES AND ANE DOES, AND SOLID LAG=NA#ORPORATION,respondents.

D E # I S I O N

GAR#IA, J .)

Ass%+' %&' soug*t to + &u+' & t*s -+tto& o/ +/to/%/ t* %--%to&o/ &u&t+ /++ %/+ t*+ o/'+/s ssu+' t*+ /+s-o&'+&t u'g+ o& <une =9,

=>>=[1] %&' <anuary 5, =>>?,[2]

t*+ /st u%s*&g %earch 'arrant 0o. =:78>>, %&' t*+ s+o&', '+&&g /+o&s'+/%to& o t*+ /st.

</o; t*+ -+tto&, t*+ o;;+&t t*+/+o& o -/%t+ /+s-o&'+&ts, t*+/ /+s-+t+%&&+?+s, %&' ot*+/ -+%'&gs +' t*+ -%/t+s, t*+ #ou/t g%t*+/s t*+oo&g /++%&t %ts)

I& % /;&% o;-%&t +' t* t*+ D+-%/t;+&t o ust+ !DO", t*+V'+og/%; R+gu%to/ 9o%/' !VR9"[3] *%/g+' *+/+& -/%t+/+s-o&'+&ts<ames @y, 2avid Ahung, (lena im %&' %&ot*+/ o+/ o/+s-o&'+&t %olid aguna Aorporation !SL#" t* o%to& o P/+s'+&t%D+/++ !PD" No. 168.[4] As %+g+' & t*+ o;-%&t, 'o+t+' %s .%. 0o.

=>>>8:945, t*+ ou/ !4" +/+ +&g%g+' & t*+ /+-%to&, /+-/o'uto& %&''st/uto& o '+og/%;s t*out +&s+ %&' %ut*o/t /o; VR9. O& %ou&to t*s %&' -+tto&+/sC o& o;-%&ts o/ o-/g*t &/&g+;+&t, t*+ N%to&%9u/+%u o I&+stg%to& !N9I", t*/oug* Ag+&t <+/'&%&' $. L%&, %--+' o&S+-t+;+/ 18, 2000, t* t*+ R+go&% T/% #ou/t %t D%s;%/%s, #%t+,9/%&* 80, -/+s'+' t*+ /+s-o&'+&t u'g+, o/ t*+ ssu%&+ o s+%/*%//%&ts %g%&st -/%t+ /+s-o&'+&ts 2avid Ahung, <ames @y, <ohn %&'<ane 2oes, 'o&g us&+ss u&'+/ t*+ &%;+ %&' st+ >$+'% G/ou-B &s'+ t*+%to/ %&' -/o'uto& %t o SL# %t So' o/&+/ #%;%'o Sts., L%gu&%I&t+/&%to&% I&'ust/% P%/, 9%&, L%gu&%.[5]

Du/&g t*+ -/o++'&gs o& t*+ %--%to&, Ag+&t L%& -/+s+&t+', %st&+ss+s, Ro'oo P+'/%+@, % '+-ut@+' %g+&t o VR9, %&' R+&+ #. 9%t%@%/,%& &+stg%to/ /+t%&+' t*+ % /; ).B. 2omingo C -ssociates,

-+tto&+/sC %tto/&+:&:%t. I& t*+/ so/& st%t+;+&ts, t*+ t*/++ st%t+' t*%t-+tto&+/s soug*t t*+/ %ssst%&+, o;-%&&g %out t*+ ;%&u%tu/+, s%+%&' 'st/uto& o %/ous tt+s o o;-%t 'ss !#Ds" & o%to& o-+tto&+/sC /g*t %s o-/g*t o&+/s t*%t %t&g o& t*+ o;-%&t, Ag+&t L%&%&' t*+ t&+ss+s o&'ut+' %& &+stg%to&, & t*+ ou/s+ o ** u&&%;+'-+/so&s &o/;+' t*+; t*%t %+g+' &/&g&g o/ -/%t+' 'ss +/+ +&g

;%&u%tu/+' so;+*+/+ & %& &'ust/% -%/ & L%gu&% t*%t & t*+ -/o+ss ot*+/ o-+/%to&, t*+ +/+ %+ to +&t+/, %o;-%&+' %&ot*+/ u&&%;+'sou/+, t*+ -/+;s+s o SL# %&' to s++ %/ous /+-%t&g +u-;+&t %&'st%s o #Ds %&' t*%t t*+ +/+ to' t*+/ %&o&;ous sou/+ t*%t t*+ 'ss+/+ +&g ;%&u%tu/+' & t*+ s%;+ -/+;s+s. T*+ %so t+st+' t*%t -/%t+/+s-o&'+&ts +/+ !1" +&g%g+' & t*+ /+-/o'uto& o/ /+-%to& o %u'o %&''+o o;-%ts 'ss t*out t*+ /+ust+ %ut*o/@%to& /o; VR9, & o%to&o S+to& 7 o PD No. 168, -/+s+&t&g % VR9 +/t%to& to su* ++t %&'!2" -+/ -+tto&+/sC +/t%to& %&' % st&g o So& ;us tt+s, &/&g&g o&-+tto&+/sC o-/g*ts & o%to& o S+to& 208 o R+-u At !RA" No. 8263,

ot*+/s+ &o& %s I&t++tu% P/o-+/t #o'+.[7]O& t*+ %ss o t*+ o/+go&g so/& st%t+;+&ts, t*+ /+s-o&'+&t u'g+ssu+'%earch 'arrant 0o. =:78>>[] o/ o%to& o S+to& 208 o R.A. No.8263 %&'%earch 'arrant 0o. ==>8>>[8] o/ o%to& o S+to& 7 o PD No.168.

T*+ oo&g '%, ++;+&ts o t*+ P*--&+ N%to&% Po+ #/;&%I&+stg%to& %&' D+t+to& G/ou-, +' PO2 R+gg+ #o;%&'%&t+, +&o/+'ot* %//%&ts %&' /oug*t t*+ s+@+' t+;s to % -/%t+ %/+*ous+ o #%/+-%$o&g %&' Sto/%g+ %t 1234 Vo&o Ro%', Su%t, P%/%&%u+ #t %&' t*+/usto' tu/&+' o+/ to VR9.[6] A& &+&to/ o s+@+' t+;s,[10] %s + %s %>R+tu/& o S+%/* %//%&tB +/+ %t+/ +' t* t*+ /+s-o&'+&t ou/t.

$+%&*+, t*+ /+s-o&'+&ts & I.S. No. 2000:157 +%o/+' to -/o+ +o/+t*+ DO P/os+uto/% S+/+ t*%t, s&+ 1668 %&' u- to t*+ t;+ o t*+ s+%/*,t*+ +/+ +&s+' VR9 to o-+/%t+ %s /+-%to/ %&' 'u-%to/ o'+og/%;s.

O& t*+ st%t+' &'&g t*%t >respondents can not . . . be considered an

unauthori!ed reproducers o% videograms) , +&g 'licensed to engage in

reproduction in videograms under SC in &hich they are the o%%icers and1or or

o%%icials) , t*+ DO, via % resolution dated <anuary :9, =>>:,[11] 's;ss+'

VR9Cs o;-%&t & I.S. No. 2000:157.O& <+/u%/ 7, 2001, -/%t+ /+s-o&'+&ts, %/;+' t* t*+ DO /+souto&%'+/t+' to, ;o+' to u%s* t*+ s+%/* %//%&ts t*us ssu+'.[12] VR9&t+/-os+' %& o--osto& o/ t*+ /+%so& t*%t t*+ DO *%s +t to /+so+ t*+;oto& o/ /+o&s'+/%to& t +' & I.S. No. 2000:157.

E+&tu%, t*+ DO '+&+' VR9Cs ;oto& o/ /+o&s'+/%to&, -/o;-t&g -/%t+/+s-o&'+&ts to ;o+ %&+ o/ t*+ u%s*% o t*+ s+%/* %//%&ts. I& tssu--+;+&t to ;oto&, -/%t+ /+s-o&'+&ts %tt%*+' o-+s o SL#Cs +&s+ %s'+og/%; 'u-%to/ %&' /+-%to/.

I& %& o/'+/ '%t+' Oto+/ 30, 2001,[13] t*+ /+s-o&'+&t u'g+, t&g t*+%&u%/ 15, 2001 DO /+souto& & I.S. No. 2000:157, g/%&t+' -/%t+/+s-o&'+&tsC ;oto& to u%s*, %s su--+;+&t+', 's-ost+ st%t&g)

>No&+t*++ss, su* +&g t*+ %s+, t*+ %o/+s%' S+%/* %//%&ts %/+

=ASHEDB

P+tto&+/s o/t*t* soug*t %/%to& o& *+t*+/ o/ &ot t*+ u%s*% o/'+//++//+' to ot* s+%/* %//%&ts o/ to S+%/* %//%&t No. 220:00 %o&+, s&+ t%s t*+ %tt+/ t*%t %s %s+' o& t*+ *%/g+ o o%to& o PD No. 168.[14]T*+/+s-o&'+&t u'g+, & % ;o'%to/ o/'+/ '%t+' %&u%/ 26, 2002,[15] %/+'

t*%t *+/ -/+ous o/'+/ u%s*+' o& S+%/* %//%&t No. 220:00.$+%&*+, o/ o& No+;+/ 22, 2001, -+tto&+/s +' t* t*+ DO %& %'%t:o;-%&t, 'o+t+' t*+/+%t %s .%. 0o. =>>:8::9, *%/g&g &''u% -/%t+/+s-o&'+&ts t* o-/g*t &/&g+;+&t & o%to& o S+to&s 12 %&' 208 &/+%to& to ot*+/ -/oso&s o RA No. 8263.[17] Att%*+' to t*+ %'%t:o;-%&t +/+ +/t%& 'ou;+&ts %&' /+o/'s s+@+' /o; SL#Cs -/+;s+s,su* %s -/o'uto& %&' '++/ /+o/'s.

<oo&g t*+/ /++-t o DO:ssu+' su-o+&%s to + ou&t+/:%'%ts,-/%t+ /+s-o&'+&ts ;o+', & t*+ s+%/* %//%&t %s+, t*%t t*+ + %o+' to+?%;&+ t*+ s+@+' t+;s to +&%+ t*+; to &t+g+&t -/+-%/+ t*+/ '++&s+.

[1]O& %&u%/ 30, 2002, /+s-o&'+&t u'g+ ssu+' %& o/'+/ %o&g t*+'+s/+' +?%;&%to&, -/o'+' t s ;%'+ u&'+/ t*+ su-+/so& o t*+ ou/tCss*+/ %&' & t*+ > presence o% the applicant o% Search 2arrant 3o. 456077 B.[18]

O& <+/u%/ 8, 2002, t*+ -%/t+s, /+-/+s+&t+' t*+/ ou&s+s, /+-%/+' to t*+#%/+-% %/+*ous+. A& N9I %g+&t /+-/+s+&t&g Ag+&t L%& %--+%/+'. T*++?%;&%to&, *o++/, '' &ot -us* t*/oug* o& %ou&t o -+tto&+/sC ou&s+&sst+&+ o& Ag+&t L%&Cs -*s% -/+s+&+.[16] P/%t+ /+s-o&'+&ts +/+%+ to ;%+ %& +?%;&%to& o& t*+ oo&g s*+'u+' s+tt&g, <+/u%/ 15,2002, %+t t %s ;t+', %s t*+ ;&ut+s o t*+ &s-+to& 'sos+s, to&s-+t&g o& o&+ !1" o? o&t%&&g 35 %sso/t+' #Ds, t+st&g st%;-+/s,

's+tt+s, % %+&'%/, o/g%&@+/s %&' so;+ o'+/s %&' 'ou;+&ts. T*+;&ut+s %so o&t%&+' %& +&t/ st%t&g : >Other items1machines &ere not

e#amined because they cannot be identi%ied as they are not properly

segregated %rom other items1machines in the &arehouse. The parties agreed to

schedule another e#amination on *to be agreed by the parties+ a%ter the

items1machines sub8ect o% the e#amination shall have been segregated %rom

the other items1machines by Carepak Moving and Storage " Inc .B[20]

Du/&g t*+ -/+;&%/ &+stg%to& o&'ut+' o& <+/u%/ 27, 2002 & I.S. No.2001:1158, *o++/, -+tto&+/sC ou&s+ o+t+' to %& u/t*+/ +?%;&%to&,%;&g t*%t su* +?+/s+ %s % ;+/+ sut+/ug+ to '+% -/o++'&gs.[21]

O& A-/ 11, 2002, &''u% -/%t+ /+s-o&'+&ts, t*/oug* ou&s+, +'%'Motion To 9uash Search 2arrant *And To :elease Sei!ed ,roperties+ Bg/ou&'+' o& % o -/o%+ %us+ to ust ssu%&+ o s+%/* %//%&t, t+&g inter alia %+g+' t*%t t*+ %--%&t %&' *s t&+ss+s %+' t*+ /+ust+-+/so&% &o+'g+ to ust t*+ %' ssu%&+ o % s+%/* %//%&t t*%t t*+%//%&t '' &ot su+&t '+s/+ t*+ t+;s to + s+@+' %&' t*%t t*+ %//%&t%s ;-/o-+/ +&o/+'.[22] To t*s ;oto& to u%s*, -+tto&+/s &t+/-os+' %&o--osto& '%t+' $% , 2002 -/+'%t+' o& ou/ !4" g/ou&'s.[23] O& u&+ 27,2002, /+s-o&'+&t SL# +' % $%&+st%to& o&&g ts o:/+s-o&'+&ts &, %&'%'o-t&g, t*+/ ;oto& to u%s*.[24]

O& <une =9, =>>=, t*+ /+s-o&'+&t u'g+ ssu+' t*+ *+/+& first assailed orderu%s*&g S+%/* %//%&t No. 216:00 -/&-% o& t*+ g/ou&' t*%t t*+ &t+g/to t*+ s+@+' t+;s %s +'+&+ *%' ++& o;-/o;s+', o;;&g+' %s t*+

+/+ t* ot*+/ %/t+s. /ot+ t*+ /+s-o&'+&t u'g+)

9%s+' o& t*+ /+-o/t su;tt+', t %--+%/s t*%t o& <+/u%/ 15, 2002, %&+?%;&%to& %s %tu% o&'ut+'. =&o/tu&%t+, t*+ %+g+' s+@+' t+;s+/+ o;;&g+' t* %&' &ot s+g/+g%t+' /o; t*ous%&'s o ot*+/ t+;s sto/+'& t*+ %/+*ous+. O& o&+ o? . . . +/+ !s" +?%;&+' & t*+ -/+s+&+ o

ot* -%/t+s t* t*+ s*+/, su* t*%t %&ot*+/ '%t+ %s s+t . . . . O& <+/u%/22, 2002, 'u/&g t*+ *+%/&g +o/+ t*+ D+-%/t;+&t o ust+ !DO",[-+tto&+/sC ou&s+] Att. A/+%o ;%&+st+' t*+/ o+to& to t*+ u/t*+/+?%;&%to& o& t*+ %+g+' g/ou&' t*%t % o t*+ t+;s su+t o t*+ DOo;-%&t *%+ ++& +?%;&+'.

A&%@&g t*+ /+-o/t %&' t*+ &'+&ts /+%t+ t*+/+to, t s*os t*%t t*+ t+;ssu+t o t*+ u+sto&+' S+%/* %//%&t +/+ o;;&g+' t* ot*+/ t+;s &t*+ %/+*ous+ o #%/+-% /+sut&g & t*+ %u/+ to '+&t t*+ ;%*&+s %&'ot*+/ t+;s su+t o t*s S+%/* %//%&t, *+ t*+ ot*+/ t+;s +&u;+/%t+' &t*+ s%' I&+&to/ o S+@+' It+;s %&' #+/t%to& o L+g%t, O/'+/&+ss %&'

R+gu%/t & t*+ E?+uto& %&' +&o/+;+&t o S+%/* %//%&ts +/+ &ot+?%;&+', *+&+, t*+ *%/g+ ;-ut+' %g%&st t*+ /+s-o&'+&ts ou' &ot ++st%s*+' %s t*+ +'+&+ to s*o su* o%to& %s to '+t+/;&+ t*+u-%t o s%' /+s-o&'+&ts, t*us, o%t&g t*+/ o&sttuto&% /g*ts.[25]

E?+-t&g, -+tto&+/s ;o+' o/ /+o&s'+/%to&, %/gu&g o& t*+ ;%& t*%t t*+u%s*% o/'+/ %s +//o&+ous %s+' o& % g/ou&' outs'+ t*+ -u/+ o %;oto& to u%s*.[27] To t*s ;oto&, -/%t+ /+s-o&'+&ts &t+/-os+' %&o--osto&, %g%&st ** -+tto&+/s ou&t+/+' t* % /+-.

O& <anuary 5, =>>?, /+s-o&'+&t u'g+ ssu+' t*+ second assailed order '+&&g -+tto&+/sC ;oto& o/ /+o&s'+/%to& o& t*+ st/+&gt* o t*+ oo&g

-/+;s+s)

#%/+u s/ut& o t*+ /+o/'s o t*+ %s+ /++%s t*%t t*+ %--%to& o t*+%o+:+&tt+' %s+ st+;;+' /o; t*+ %--%to& o/ S+%/* %//%&t %+g&gt*%t t*+ /+s-o&'+&t %s &ot +&s+' to 'u-%t+ o/ /+-%t+ #Ds %&' V#Ds.T*+ #ou/t %s ;s+' *+& t*+ %--%&ts '+%/+' t*%t So' L%gu&%#o/-o/%to& !SL#" s &ot +&s+' to +&g%g+ & /+-%t&g'u-%t&g #Ds %&'V#Ds, *+& & t/ut* %&' & %t, SL# %s st % *o'+/ o % %' %&' +?st&gVR9 +&s+. #o&s'+/&g t*+ %t t*%t /+s-o&'+&t %s 'u +&s+' **%ts !s" %s &ot %' %/+ to t*s #ou/t *+& t*+ %--%to& o/ /t %s +' t*+ -/%t+ o;-%&%&t t*/oug* t*+ N%to&% 9u/+%u o I&+stg%to&, t*s#ou/t *+/+ /+%s %&' u%s*+s t*+ %o+ /t.

L%st, t%&g &to %ou&t t*%t /+s-o&'+&ts +/+ +&s+' to +&g%g+ &/+-%t&g'u-%t&g #Ds %&' V#Ds, t*+ ssu%&+ o s+%/* %//%&t %s o &oo/+ %&' ++t %s t*+/+ %s %s+&+ o -/o%+ %us+ to ust s%'ssu%&+. ???[2]

H+&+, -+tto&+/sC -/+s+&t /+ou/s+.

I& % R+souto& '%t+' <+/u%/ 16, 2003,[28] t*+ #ou/t ssu+' % t+;-o/%//+st/%&&g o/'+/ +&o&&g t*+ /+s-o&'+&ts /o; ;-+;+&t&g %&' +&o/&gt*+ /+s-o&'+&t u'g+Cs u+sto&+' o/'+/s.

P+tto&+/s %s/+ o& t*+ /+s-o&'+&t u'g+ t*+ o;;sso& o g/%+ %us+ o's/+to& %;ou&t&g to % o/ & +?+ss o u/s'to& & ssu&g t*+ /st%ss%+' o/'+/ & t*%t)

1. It %s %s+' o& % g/ou&' t*%t s &ot % %ss o/ u%s*% o % s+%/* %//%&t,i.e." -/%t+ /+s-o&'+&tsC %u/+ to +?%;&+ t*+ s+@+' t+;s, ** g/ou&' s+?t/%&+ous to t*+ '+t+/;&%to& o t*+ %'t o t*+ ssu%&+ o t*+ s+%/*%//%&t.

2. Pu /+s-o&'+&t, & ++t, o&'ut+' % 'preliminary investigationB t*%t

%so+' t*+ -/%t+ /+s-o&'+&ts /o; %& %t o/ o-/g*t &/&g+;+&t.3. Pu /+s-o&'+&t /+og&@+' t*+ ;oto& to u%s* s+%/* %//%&t +' -+/so&s *o '' &ot *%+ %& st%&'&g to u+sto& t*+ %//%&t.

P+tto&+/s %so '+-o/+ t*+ ssu%&+ o t*+ s+o&' %ss%+' o/'+/ ** t*+t%g %s -/+'%t+' o& % g/ou&' ;;%t+/% to S+%/* %//%&t No. 216:00.

P/%t+ /+s-o&'+&ts +' t*+/ #o;;+&t o& $% 13, 2003, +ss+&t%/+t+/%t&g t*+/ %/gu;+&ts & t*+ 'Motion To 9uash Search 2arrant *And To

:elease Sei!ed ,roperties"B. A-%/t t*+/+/o;, t*+ %+/ t*%t -+tto&+/s o%t+'t*+ /u+ o& *+/%/* o ou/ts &g t*+ -+tto& '/+t t* t*s #ou/t. As to

+ +?-+t+', -+tto&+/sC /+- to o;;+&t t/%+/s+' -/%t+ /+s-o&'+&tsC-osto&.

O&g to t*+/ &%t to o%t+ /+s-o&'+&t D%' #*u&g, -+tto&+/s ;o+'%&' t*+ #ou/t sus+u+&t %--/o+' t*+ '/o--&g, t*out -/+u'+, o s%'/+s-o&'+&t /o; t*+ %s+.[26]

O& <+/u%/ 20, 2004, -/%t+ /+s-o&'+&ts +' t*+/ R+o&'+/, t*+/+& &t&g%tt+&to& to -+tto&+/ I<PICs %u/+ to +?+ut+ t*+ +/t%to& o& &o&:o/u;s*o--&g %s /+u/+' Ru+ , S+to& 5 o t*+ Ru+s o #ou/t %&' u+sto&&gt*+ %'t o t*+ S-+% Po+/s o Atto/&+ o -+tto&+/sC %tto/&+:&:%t to+ t*s %s+.

I& R+souto& o $%/* 31, 2004, t*+ #ou/t g%+ 'u+ ou/s+ to t*+ -+tto& %&''/+t+' t*+ su;sso& o ;+;o/%&'% ** t*+ -%/t+s, %t+/ +%* s+u/&g%& +?t+&so&, '' su;t.

T*+ u&'+/&g ssu+ +o/+ =s /+o+s o& t*+ -/o-/+t o t*+ u%s*%o %earch 'arrant 0o. =:78>> **, & tu/&, /+so+s ts+ &to u+sto& o t*+-/o-/+t o t*+ %//%&tCs ssu%&+ & t*+ /st -%+.

It *%s /+-+%t+' ++& s%' t*%t o&+Cs *ous+, *o++/, *u;+ s *s %st+*+/+ *s -+/so&, -%-+/s %&' ++ts s*% + s+u/+' %&' *+&+ *+ s*%+&o u&'stu/+' -/% +?+-t, to o//o /o; ;illanueva vs. 9uerubin,[30] 'in case o% overriding social need and then only under the stringent proceduralsa%eguards.B T*+ -/ot+to& %g%&st +g% s+%/*+s %&' s+@u/+ *%s ou&' ts% &to ou/ 1635 %&' 163 #o&sttuto&s %&' s &o +;o'+' & A/t+ III,S+to& 2 o t*+ 168 #o&sttuto&, t*us :

T*+ /g*t o t*+ -+o-+ to + s+u/+ & t*+/ -+/so&s, *ous+s, -%-+/s %&'++ts %g%&st u&/+%so&%+ s+%/*+s %&' s+@u/+s o *%t++/ &%tu/+ %&' o/%& -u/-os+ s*% + &o%+, %&' &o s+%/* %//%&t o/ %//%&t o %//+st s*%ssu+ +?+-t u-o& -/o%+ %us+ to + '+t+/;&+' -+/so&% t*+ u'g+%t+/ +?%;&%to& u&'+/ o%t* o/ %/;%to& o t*+ o;-%&%&t %&' t*+t&+ss+s *+ ;% -/o'u+, %&' -%/tu%/ '+s/&g t*+ -%+ to + s+%/*+'%&' t*+ -+/so&s o/ t*&gs to + s+@+',

%&' & S+to& 4, Ru+ 127 o t*+ Ru+s o #ou/t, vi! :

S+. 4. R+ust+s o/ ssu&g s+%/* %//%&t. J A s+%/* %//%&t s*% &ot ssu+

ut u-o& -/o%+ %us+ . . . to + '+t+/;&+' -+/so&% t*+ u'g+ %t+/+?%;&%to& u&'+/ o%t* o/ %/;%to& o t*+ o;-%&%&t %&' t*+ t&+ss+s *+;% -/o'u+, %&' -%/tu%/ '+s/&g t*+ -%+ to + s+%/*+' %&' t*+t*&gs to + s+@+'.

#o;-+;+&t&g t*+ %o/+uot+' -/oso&s s S+to& 5 o t*+ s%;+ Ru+,

/+%'&g)SE#. 5. E?%;&%to& o t*+ o;-%&%&t /+o/'. T*+ u'g+ ;ust, +o/+ssu&g t*+ %//%&t, -+/so&% +?%;&+ & o/; o s+%/*&g u+sto&s %&'%&s+/s, & /t&g %&' u&'+/ o%t*, t*+ o;-%&%&t %&' %& t&+ss+s *+ ;%-/o'u+ o& %ts -+/so&% &o& to t*+; %&' %tt%* to t*+ /+o/' t*+/ so/&st%t+;+&ts tog+t*+/ t* %& %'%ts su;tt+'.

To -/++&t st+%t* +&/o%*;+&t u-o&, o/ g/%'u% '+-/+%to& o t*+ /g*t to-/%, % +/% o&st/uto& & s+%/* %&' s+@u/+ %s+s s g+& & %o/ ot*+ &''u%. #o&sst+&t t* t*s -ostu%t+, t*+ -/+su;-to& o /+gu%/t su&%%&g & %' o t*+ s+%/* -/o+ss *+& %& o+/ u&'+/t%+s to ust t.

[31] <o/, t*+ -/+su;-to& 8uris tantum o /+gu%/t %&&ot, ts+, -/+%%g%&st t*+ o&sttuto&% -/ot+t+' /g*ts o %& &''u% +%us+ @+% & t*+-u/sut o /;&%s %&&ot +&&o+ t*+ us+ o %/t/%/ ;+t*o's t*%t t*+#o&sttuto& ts+ '+t+sts.[32]

A o/+ /+ust+ +o/+ % %//%&t s*% %' ssu+ s t*+ +?st+&+ o %-/o%+ %us+, ;+%&&g >the e#istence o% such %acts and circumstances &hich

&ould lead a reasonably discreet and prudent man to believe that an o%%ense

has been committed and that the ob8ects sought in connection &ith the o%%ense

are in the place to be searched B.[33] A&' *+& t*+ % s-+%s o %ts, t*+/++/+&+ s to %ts, '%t% o/ &o/;%to& -+/so&% &o& to t*+ %--%&t %&'

t*+ t&+ss+s *+ ;% -/+s+&t. As+&t t*+ ++;+&t o -+/so&% &o+'g+ t*+ %--%&t o/ *s t&+ss+s o t*+ %ts u-o& ** t*+ ssu%&+ o % s+%/*%//%&t ;% + ust+', t*+ %//%&t s '++;+' &ot %s+' o& -/o%+ %us+%&' s % &ut, ts ssu%&+ +&g, & +g% o&t+;-%to&, %/t/%/, %s *+' us & #ou;% Ptu/+s, I&. s. #ou/t o A--+%s.[34]T+st;o& %s+' o& *%ts su--os+' to' to % t&+ss, +&g -%t+&t *+%/s% %&', %s /u+, o &o+'+&t%/ +g*t[35]o/ -/o%t+ %u+, *+t*+/ o+t+' to o/ &ot,[37] ou',%o&+, &ot su+ u&'+/ t*+ % o& t*+ +?st+&+ o -/o%+ %us+.

I& ou/ +, t*+ ssu%&+ o t*+ s+%/* %//%&t & u+sto& '' &ot ;++t t*+/+u/+;+&ts o -/o%+ %us+. T*+ /+s-o&'+&t u'g+ '' &ot %o/'&g +//& u%s*&g t*+ s%;+, +t %o&+ g/%+ %us+ *+/ 's/+to&.

P+tto&+/s %/gu+ t*%t t*+ &st%&t -+tto& s o& % ou/s t* Columbia"

[3]*+/+& t*+ en banc #ou/t u-*+' t*+ %'t o s+%/* %//%&ts %s+' o&t*+ t+st;o&+s o t*+ %--%&t %&' *s t&+ss+s *o o&'ut+' %&&+stg%to& o& t*+ u&%u /+-/o'uto& %&' 'st/uto& o '+o t%-+s oo-/g*t+' ;s.

+ %/+ &ot -+/su%'+'.

I& Columbia" t*+ ssu&g ou/t -/o+' t*+ %--%&tCs %&' *s t&+ss+sC-+/so&% &o+'g+ o t*+ %t o &/&g+;+&t. It %s, *o++/, '+t+/;&+' t*s #ou/t t*%t 'u/&g t*+ %--%to& *+%/&g, t*+/+& -+tto&+/Cs %tto/&+:&:%t, % t&+ss o t*+ %--%&t, >stated in his a%%idavit and %urther e#pounded in

his deposition that he personally kne& o% the %act that private respondents had

never been authori!ed by his clients to reproduce" lease and possess %or the

purposes o% selling any o% the copyrighted %ilms.B[38] Sg&%&t, t*+ #ou/t, &u-*o'&g t*+ %'t o t*+ /t ssu+' u-o& o;-%&t o #ou;% Ptu/+s,I&.,et al ., st%t+' t*%t >there is no allegation o% misrepresentation" much less

%inding thereo% by the lo&er court" on the part o% petitioners &itnesses.B[36]

T*+/+& +s t*+ '+/+&+ t* t*+ &st%&t %s+.

H+/+, %--%&t Ag+&t L%& %&' *s t&+ss+s, P+'/%+@ %&' 9%t%@%/, *+&u+/+' 'u/&g t*+ %--%to& *+%/&g *o t*+ &+ t*%t %u'o %&' '+oo;-%t 'ss +/+ &/&g&g o/ -/%t+', /++' o/ t*+ ;ost -%/t o& *%t%+g+' u&&%;+' sou/+s to' t*+; %&'o/ o& +/t%to&s o/ sts ;%'+ -+/so&s *o +/+ &++/ -/+s+&t+' %s t&+ss+s. I& &+t ++t, t*+ t+st+'u&'+/ o%t* %s to t*+ t/ut* o %ts t*+ *%' &o -+/so&% &o+'g+ o. T*+oo&g +?+/-ts o t*+ '+-osto&s o %--%&t L%& %&' *s t&+ss+ssugg+st %s ;u*)

A. D+-osto& o Ag+&t L%&

28. u+sto&) *%t *%--+&+' &+?tM A&s+/) + t*+& +&t to t*+ L%gu&% I&'ust/% P%/, ou/ Ho&o/ . . . + t*+&+/+' /o; %& &o/;%&t t*%t D%' #*u&g, %;+s = . . . u&'+/ t*+ &%;+ %&'st+ $+'% G/ou- +/+ t*+ o&+s /+-%t&g t*+ &/&g&g #Ds.

??? ??? ???

37. u+sto&) Ho 'o ou &o t*%t % o t*+s+ V#Ds %&' #Ds ou-u/*%s+' o/ %/+ &'++' &/&g&gM

A&s+/) I *%+ t* ;+ t*+ VR9 +/t%to& t*%t t*+ V#Ds %/+ u&%ut*o/@+'o-+s. I %so *%+ t* ;+ t*+ #o;-%&t:A'%t o So& $us %&' I<PI t*%t

+/t+' t*%t t*+s+ %/+ &/&g&g o-+s, %s + %s t*+ tt+ st o So& $us*+/+& so;+ o t*+ #Ds -u/*%s+' %/+ &'%t+'. !A&&+? >10B, #o;;+&t,Roo, -. 841"

9. D+-osto& o 9%t%@%/

18. u+sto&) *%t '' ou s++ & t*%t %''/+ssM

A&s+/) + s% t*%t t*+ *%' & sto s++/% &/&g&g, -/%t+' %&'u&%ut*o/@+' #Ds. T*+ %so *%' '+og/%;s t*out VR9 %+s, %s'+ /o;%/to/s %&' %+s. o*& Do+ g%+ us % >*o+so;+B #D *+ %&+ Do+g%+ us >(+&& Rog+/s V'+o+B %&' >E&g++/t Hu;-+/'& V'+o+B **

t*+ &o/;%&t to' us +/+ +&g /+-/o'u+' & t*%t %t. T*+ &o/;%&tu/t*+/ s*o+' us t*+ /oo;s *+/+ t*+ /+-%t&g %&'o/ st%;-&g ;%*&+%s o%t+'.

16. u+sto&) Ho '' ou '+t+/;&+ t*%t t*+ #Ds ou -u/*%s+' %/+ou&t+/+t, -/%t+' o/ u&%ut*o/@+'M

A&s+/) T*+ Atto/&+:&:%t o So& $us %&' I<PI +/t+' & *s#o;-%&t:A'%t t*%t t*+ %/+ u&%ut*o/@+' o-+s. I %so *%+ t* ;+ %st&g o So& $us tt+s %&' so;+ o t*+ #Ds I -u/*%s+' %/+ & t*%t st.[40]

#. D+-osto& o P+'/%+@

2. u+sto&) *%t -/oo 'o ou *%+ t*+ %/+ -/o'u&g &/&g&g ;%t+/%sM

A&s+/) + +/+ g+& so;+ s%;-+s o*& Do+ %&' %&+ Do+. T*+s+%/+ (+&& Rog+/s V'+o+, E&g++/t Hu;-+/'& V'+o+, %&' A&'/+ E.

*o+so;+ #D. T*+ &o/;%&t to' us t*%t t*+ s%' s%;-+s +/+ +&g/+-/o'u+' & t*+ %t.

28. u+sto&) Ho 'o ou &o t*%t % o t*+s+ V#Ds ou -u/*%s+' o/ got%/+ &'++' u&%ut*o/@+'M

A&s+/) T*+ VR9 *%s +/t+' t*%t t*+ %/+ u&%ut*o/@+' o-+s. !A&&+?

>12B, #o;;+&t, Roo, --. 846:852".=&+ t*+/ ou&t+/-%/ts & Columbia*o +/+ ou&' to + -+/so&%&o+'g+%+ %out t*+/ %ts" Ag+&t L%& %&' *s t&+ss+s, u'g&g /o;t*+/ %o+ uot+' %&s+/s, *%' &o -+/so&% &o+'g+ t*%t t*+ 'ss t*+s%, -u/*%s+' o/ /+++' +/+, & %t, -/%t+' o/ &/&g&g o& -+tto&+/sCo-/g*ts. To us, t s &ot +&oug* t*%t t*+ %--%&t %&' *s t&+ss+s t+stt*%t t*+ s% st%s o s++/% %+g+' &/&g&g, -/%t+' %&' u&%ut*o/@+''ss & t*+ su+t %t. T*+ ;o/+ '+s+ o&s'+/%to& '+t+/;&%t+ o*+t*+/ o/ &ot % -/o%+ %us+ ot%&s to ust t*+ ssu%&+ o % s+%/*%//%&t s t*%t t*+ *%' -+/so&% &o+'g+ t*%t t*+ 'ss +/+ %tu%

&/&g&g, -/%t+' o/ u&%ut*o/@+' o-+s.[41]$o/+o+/, u&+ & Columbia";s/+-/+s+&t%to& o& t*+ -%/t o t*+ %--%&t %&'*s t&+ss+s *%' ++& +st%s*+' & t*s %s+.

T*s s &ot to s% t*%t t*+ ;%st+/ t%-+s s*ou' *%+ ++& -/+s+&t+' & +'+&+'u/&g t*+ %--%to& *+%/&g, %s -/%t+ /+s-o&'+&ts, oous *%&g & ;&'t*+ *o'&g & 47 t2 Century $o# $ilm Corp. vs. Court o% Appeals,[42] ou' *%+t*s #ou/t +++. It s t/u+ t*%t t*+ #ou/t, & 47 t2 Century $o#" u&'+/so/+' t*+&++sst, & '+t+/;&&g t*+ +?st+&+ o -/o%+ %us+ & o-/g*t&/&g+;+&t %s+s, o -/+s+&t&g t*+ ;%st+/ t%-+s o t*+ o-/g*t+' o/. 9ut,

%s +;-*%t% %/+' & Columbia>such au#iliary procedure" ho&ever" doesnot rule out the use o% testimonial or documentary evidence" depositions"

admissions or other classes o% evidence ### especially &here the production in

court o% ob8ect evidence &ould result in delay" inconvenience or e#penses out o%

proportion to its evidentiary value.[43]*%t t*s #ou/t s s%&g s t*%t %&+'+&+ -/+s+&t+' & +u o t*+ ;%st+/ t%-+s, &ot /+%' %%%+, & s;%/%--%to& -/o++'&gs ;ust + /+%+, %&', t+st;o&%, t ;ust, %t t*+ +/+%st, + %s+' o& t*+ t&+ssC -+/so&% &o+'g+.

P+tto&+/s %/gu+, t&g ,eople v. Chua <y ,[44] t*%t Ag+&t L%&Cs &o/;%&tsCt+st;o&+s %/+ &ot &'s-+&s%+ %s t*+ ou' o& + o//oo/%t+.[45] L+

Columbia" Chua <y s &ot % &&&g %/' o/ -+tto&+/s, o/, & t*+ %tt+/ %s+,t*+/+ %s % /+%+ t+st;o& to o//oo/%t+ *%t t*+ %--%&t t+st+' to, i.e.,t*+ t+st;o& o t*+ -o+ -os+u/:u+/ & % u:ust o-+/%to& &o&g-/o*t+' '/ugs. T*+ /u;st%&+s %/+ '+/+&t & t*s %s+ *+/+& t*+%--%&t %&' *s t&+ss+s *%' &o -+/so&% &o+'g+ t*%t t*+ 'ss t*+-u/*%s+' +/+ &/&g&g o/ -/%t+' o-+s. It %&&ot + o+/+;-*%s@+' t*%t&ot o&+ o t*+; t+st+' s++&g t*+ -/%t+' 'ss +&g ;%&u%tu/+' %t SL#Cs-/+;s+s. *%t t*+ st%t+' &st+%' %s t*%t t*+ +/+ g+& o-+s o >=enny

:ogers ;ideokeB, >>ngelbert Humperdinck ;ideokeB %&' > Andre& >.

2holesome C/B to %&o&;ous sou/+s, *+ +t %&ot*+/ &o/;%&t to'

t*+; t*%t t*+ 'ss +/+ ;%&u%tu/+' %t s%' -/+;s+s.I&t% *+%/s% &o/;%to& o/ t-s /o; o&'+&t% &o/;%&ts ou' +/ +s+/+ %s %ss o/ t*+ ssu%&+ o % s+%/* %//%&t, oo+' u- -+/so&% t*+ /+-+&t %&' %'%t+',[47] %s *%t t/%&s-/+' & Columbia. =&o/tu&%t+,

t*+ /+o/'s s*o t*%t su* s &ot t*+ %s+ +o/+ us.

O& t*+ ssu+ t*%t t*+ -u /+s-o&'+&t g/%+ %us+' *+/ 's/+to& &o&'ut&g *%t -+tto&+/s -+/++' %;ou&t+' to % > preliminary investigationB,t*s #ou/t *%s %/+%' /u+' & So' T/%&g+ S%+s #o/-. s. S*+/ o RT#u+@o& #t , 9/%&* 63 ,[4] t*%t >in the determination o% probable cause" the

court must necessarily resolve &hether or not an o%%ense e#ists to 8usti%y theissuance or ?uashal o% the &arrant). I& t*+ +?+/s+ o t*s ;%&'%t+ : ** +%& %o %s +&g %& to o&'ut&g % -/+;&%/ &+stg%to& : %us+ o's/+to& %&&ot -%us + %' %t t*+ 'oo/st+- o t*+ ssu&g ou/t o&%ou&t o ts prima %acie*o'&g t*%t &o o+&s+ *%s ++& o;;tt+', ++& o&s+u+&t to su* *o'&g % %//%&t s /+%+' %&' t*+ -/%t+ o;-%&%&t s&'+&t% '+-/+' o t% +'+&+ to -/o+ *s %s+. Solid Triangle su&t +?-%&s *)

T*+ -/o++'&gs o/ t*+ ssu%&+u%s*% o % s+%/* %//%&t +o/+ % ou/t o&t*+ o&+ *%&', %&' t*+ -/+;&%/ &+stg%to& +o/+ %& %ut*o/@+' o+/ o&

t*+ ot*+/, %/+ -/o++'&gs +&t/+ &'+-+&'+&t o +%* ot*+/. O&+ s &ot ou&' t*+ ot*+/Cs &'&g %s /+g%/'s t*+ +?st+&+ o % /;+. T*+ /st s to'+t+/;&+ *+t*+/ % %//%&t s*ou' ssu+ o/ + u%s*+', %&' t*+ s+o&',*+t*+/ %& &o/;%to& s*ou' + +' & ou/t.

*+& t*+ ou/t, & '+t+/;&&g -/o%+ %us+ o/ ssu&g o/ u%s*&g % s+%/*%//%&t, &'s t*%t &o o+&s+ *%s ++& o;;tt+', t 'o+s &ot &t+/+/+ t* o/+&/o%* u-o& t*+ -/o++'&gs & t*+ -/+;&%/ &+stg%to&. T*+ ou/t 'o+s&ot og+ t*+ &+stg%t&g o+/ &ot to + t*+ &o/;%to& o/ t*+ ou/tCs /u&gt*%t &o /;+ +?sts s o& o -u/-os+s o ssu&g o/ u%s*&g t*+ %//%&t. T*s'o+s &ot, %s -+tto&+/s ou' + to +++, o&sttut+ % usu/-%to& o t*+

+?+ut+ u&to&. I&'++', to s*/ /o; t*s 'ut ou' %;ou&t to %&%'%to& o % o&sttuto&% og%to&.[48]

*+ t*+ %&gu%g+ o t*+ /st u+sto&+' O/'+/ ;% + ++' %s +&/o%*&go& +?+ut+ u&to&s, &o&+t*++ss, t /+;%&s t*%t t*+ o/'+/ o u%s*% s+&t/+ &'+-+&'+&t o t*+ -/o++'&gs & I.S. No. 2001:1158. A&' &++'+ss tost/+ss, t*+ DO s &o ;+%&s o&u'+' t*+ /+s-o&'+&t u'g+Cs &'&gs%s /+g%/'s t*+ +?st+&+, o/ t*+ &o&:+?st+&+, o % /;+.

+ %&, to % -o&t, %o/' ;+/t to -+tto&+/sC %;+&t t*%t t*+ %ss o t*+ /stu+sto&+' o/'+/ " i.e." t*+ ;&g&g o t*+ s+@+' t+;s t* ot*+/ t+;s, s+?t/%&+ous to t*+ '+t+/;&%to& o t*+ %'t o t*+ ssu%&+ o t*+ s+%/*%//%&t. It s to + -o&t+' out, t*oug*, t*%t -u /+s-o&'+&t o//+t+' *+/+//o/ *+& t %s /%s+' & -+tto&+/sC ;oto& o/ /+o&s'+/%to&. T*+/+ %&/+% + &o s+/ous o+to& to % u'g+ o//+t&g o/ %tog+t*+/ %t+/&g *s%s+ 's-osto& o& % ;oto& o/ /+o&s'+/%to&, t +&g t*+ -u/-os+ o su*/+ou/s+ to -/o'+ t*+ ou/t %& o--o/tu&t to +%&s+ ts+ o %& +//o/u&tt&g o;;tt+', o/, t* + ++t, to %o t*+ %gg/++' -%/t t*+*%&+ to o&&+ t*+ ou/t t*%t ts /u&g s +//o&+ous.[46] A ;oto& o//+o&s'+/%to& +o/+ /+so/t to certiorari s /+u/+' -/+s+ >to a%%ord the

public respondent an opportunity to correct any actual or %ancied error attributed

to it by &ay o% re0e#amination o% the legal and %actual aspects o% the caseB.[50]

S;%/, %s to t*+ ;%tt+/ o t*+ /+s-o&'+&t u'g+Cs /+og&@&g t*+ A-/ 11,2002 ;oto& to u%s* s+%/* %//%&t[51] +' t*+ &''u% -/%t+/+s-o&'+&ts, &st+%' o SL#, %s -/+su;-t+ o&+/ o t*+ s+@+' t+;s,

su* +//o/ %s -/o-+/ %''/+ss+' *+& /+s-o&'+&t SL#, /+-/+s+&t+'t*/oug*out t*+ -/o++'&gs +o t*+ s%;+ ou&s+ o ts o:/+s-o&'+&ts,o/;% ;%&+st+' t*%t t %s %'o-t&g t*+ s%;+ ;oto& %s ts o&.[52]

It s %-/o-os to -o&t out %t t*s u&tu/+ t*%t -+tto&+/s *%+ ;-ut+' o&&''u% -/%t+ /+s-o&'+&ts /;&% %t, ut@&g %s toos o &'t;+&t t*+

+/ %/t+s %&' -%-+/s s+@+' /o; t*+ -/+;s+s o SL#. 9+ t*%t %s t ;%,-+tto&+/s s*ou' + '++;+' & +sto--+ to /%s+ t*+ -+/so&%t o &''u%-/%t+ /+s-o&'+&ts to &t+/-os+ % ;oto& to u%s*. To + su/+, t ou' +u&s-o/t&g o/ -+tto&+/s to -/os+ut+ &''u% -/%t+ /+s-o&'+&ts o& t*+%ss o s+@+' %/t+s ut o& t*+ s%;+ /+%t* '+& t*+ %tt+/ st%&'&g tou+sto& t*+ +g%t o t*+ s+@u/+ o& t*+ -ostu%t+ t*%t o& t*+ -%/t *os+/g*ts *%+ ++& ;-%/+' t*+/+, ;+%&&g SL#, %& /%s+ t*%t *%+&g+.T*+/+ %& + &o u&g t*%t &''u% -/%t+ /+s-o&'+&ts st%&' to +-/+u'+' o/ %t +%st + &o&+&+&t %& u'g;+&t & %& %s+ %s+' o&t*+ s+@+' -/o-+/t+s. I& % +/ /+% s+&s+, t*+/+o/+, t*+ %/+ /+% -%/t+s &&t+/+st *o oug*t &ot to + -/++&t+' /o; %ss%&g t*+ %'t o S+%/*

%//%&t 216:00, %+t t*+ %&&ot -%us %s+' o/ t*+ /++%s+ %&'%--/o-/%t+ %s t*+/ o& t*+ s+@+' %/t+s.

P+tto&+/sC /+%t+' %/gu;+&t t*%t SL# ou' &ot *%+ %' %'o-t+' &''u%-/%t+ /+s-o&'+&tsC ;oto& to u%s* 'u+ to %*+s s u&t+&%+.

T*+ /+o/'s s*o t*%t t*+ s+@u/+ & u+sto& %s ++t+' o& S+-t+;+/ 16,2000. T*+ o;-%&t & I.S. No. 2000:157 %s +' %g%&st t*+ o+/s o SL#,% o *o;, +?+-t o/ o&+, %/+ %so -/%t+ /+s-o&'+&ts & t*+ &st%&t -+tto&.I.S. No. 2000:157 %s o& /+so+' o& %&u%/ 15, 2001 *+& t*+ DO's;ss+' t*+ o;-%&t o& t*+ g/ou&' t*%t SL# %s, & %t, 'u +&s+'

t*+ VR9. S*o/t t*+/+%t+/, o/ o& <+/u%/ 7, 2001, +ss t*%& + !5" ;o&t*s%t+/ t*+ s+@u/+, -/%t+ /+s-o&'+&ts ;o+' to u%s* ot* s+%/* %//%&ts.[53] T*+ ;oto& +%/ &'%t+s -/%t+ /+s-o&'+&tsC '+s/+ o/ t*+ /+tu/& o t*+s+@+' t+;s, %&' t*+/+ s &ot*&g & t*+ /+o/'s s*o&g t*%t -+tto&+/so+t+' to t*+ ;oto& o& t*+ g/ou&' t*%t t*+ ;o%&ts *%' &o st%&'&g tou+sto& t*+ %//%&ts.

T*s /&g =s to t*+ s+o&' %ss%+' o/'+/. As +%/+/ st%t+', DO, & I.S. No.2000:157, ou&' /+s-o&'+&t SL# to + +&s+' VR9 to +&g%g+ & t*+us&+ss o /+-%t&g o/ 'u-%t&g '+og/%;s.

P+tto&+/s ou' *%+ t*+ #ou/t +++ t*%t t*+ s+o&' u+sto&+' o/'+/ %s%s+' o& % g/ou&' ;;%t+/% to t*+ *%/g+ o &/&g+;+&t. A s/ut& o t*+t+?t o t*+ s%' o/'+/, *o++/, s*os t*%t t*+ /+s-o&'+&t u'g+ '+&+'-+tto&+/sC ;oto& o/ /+o&s'+/%to& +%us+ s*+ %s ;s+' t*+%--%&tCs %&' *s t&+ss+sC t+st;o&. It ;% + t*%t % VR9 +&s+ s &o'++&s+ to % *%/g+ o o%t&g S+to& 208 o R.A. No. 8263. It ;ust +st/+ss+' & t*s /+g%/', *o++/, t*%t t*+ o/+ ssu+ *+/+ s t*+ %'t o t*+%//%&t ** %--%&t s+u/+' o& t*+ %ss o, %;o&g ot*+/s, *s/+-/+s+&t%to& ** tu/&+' out to + %s+.

As %o+ 'suss+', t*+ %&s+/s o Ag+&t L%& %&' *s t&+ss+s to t*+ -u/+s-o&'+&tCs s+%/*&g u+sto&s, -%/tu%/ t*os+ /+%t&g to *o t*+ &+t*%t t*+ o;-%t 'ss t*+ -u/*%s+' o/ /+++' +/+ +g%, u&%ut*o/@+' o/&/&g&g, +/+ %s+' o& +/t%to&s %&' &ot -+/so&% &o+'g+. T*+su+t %//%&t, %s + %s S+%/* %//%&t No. 220:00, %s ssu+'

&o&+t*++ss. It ;% + *%+ ++& t*%t t*+ ssu&g u'g+ %s, & t*+ +&',o&&+' to ssu+ t*+ %//%&ts ;+%&s o t*+ +//o&+ous VR9 +/t%to&-/+s+&t+' 'u/&g t*+ o&t %--%to& *+%/&g, o+//'&g *%t++/ ;sg&gss*+ ;% *%+ *%' t* t*+ %--%&tCs %&' *s t&+ss+sC ot*+/ %&s+/s. T*s#ou/t, *o++/, %&&ot +&g%g+ & su* s-+u%to& %&' s++s &o &++' to.

Su;;&g u-, t*+ ssu%&+ o S+%/* %//%&t No. 216:00 %s, %t otto;,-/+'%t+' o& t*+ so/& t+st;o&+s o -+/so&s t*out -+/so&% &o+'g+ o%ts t*+ +/+ t+st&g o& %&' *o /++' o& % %s+ +/t%to& ssu+' VR9. 9%s+' %s t +/+ o& *+%/s% %&' %s+ &o/;%to&, ts ssu%&+ %st*out -/o%+ %us+ %&', t*+/+o/+, &%'.

G+& t*+ o/+go&g -+/s-+t+, t*+ -+/-*+/% ssu+s o !%" *+t*+/ o/ &ot-+tto&+/ I<PI !Sout* E%st As%", Lt'. %+' to o;- t* t*+ /u+s /+u/&gt*+ &g o % +/t%to& o& &o&:o/u; s*o--&g %&' !" *+t*+/ o/ &ot I<PICso%/' o '/+to/s /%t+' ts o&'to&% %ut*o/@%to& o/ ts %tto/&+:&:%t to/+-/+s+&t I<PI & t*s -+tto&, &++' &ot '+t%& us o&g. I& ou/ /++ o t*+

/+o/'s, R.V. Do;&go Asso%t+s, *os+ %ut*o/t to /+-/+s+&t t*+-+tto&+/s & t*s -+tto& o&t&u+s, *%' 'u +?+ut+' t*+ so/& +/t%to&o& &o&: o/u; s*o--&g.

I& t*+ s%;+ ;%&&+/, t*s #ou/t, *%&g t%+& og&@%&+ o t*s -+tto&, &++'&ot +%o/ t*+ ssu+ o *+t*+/ o/ &ot -+tto&+/s *%+ %%+/ /+%*+' t*+/u+ o& *+/%/* o ou/ts. Su+ t to st%t+ t*%t, *+ t*+ #ou/t oos t*'s%o/ o& utt+/ 's/+g%/' o ts /u+s,[54]t s t*& ts -o+/ to sus-+&' tso& /u+s o/ to +?+-t % -%/tu%/ %s+ /o; ts o-+/%to& *+&++/ t*+ +&'s o ust+ so /+u/+s, %s *+/+.

'$()(*O)(, t*+ &st%&t -+tto& s *+/+ DIS$ISSED %&' t*+ t+;-o/%/

/+st/%&&g o/'+/ ssu+' o& <+/u%/ 16, 2003 s o&s+u+&t RE#ALLED.

#osts %g%&st -+tto&+/s.

SO ORDERED.

P%&g%&%&, !#*%/;%&", S%&'o%:Gut+//+@, %&' #o/o&%, ., o&u/.

#%/-o:$o/%+s, ., o& +%+.

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