compounds that have a high percentage of carbon by mass are classified as organic compounds;...
Post on 28-Dec-2015
214 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
• Compounds that have a high percentage of carbon by mass are classified as organic compounds; otherwise they are considered to be inorganic compounds.
• Inorganic compounds can be molecular or ionic based on the type of bonds that hold the components (elements) together.
• Inorganic ionic compounds can be classified as acids, bases, or salts depending on their properties.
Classifying Inorganic Compounds8.1
VOCABULARY
organic compounds
inorganic compounds
acids
bases
salts
aqueous
acidity
pH scale
Classifying Inorganic Compounds
• Salts are substances that release positive ions and
negative ions other than H+ and OH- in solution.
• For example sodium chloride, NaCl
• Acids are substances that release H+ ions in solution;
bases are substances that release OH- ions in solution.
• Acidity is the measure of the relative amounts of H+
and OH- in a solution and is often measured on a
pH scale.
8.1
VOCABULARY
organic compounds
inorganic compounds
acids
bases
salts
aqueous
acidity
pH scale
Another Look at Bonding—Lewis Diagrams8.2
VOCABULARY
Lewis diagram
bonding pair
electron dot diagram
octet rule
covalent chemical bond
lone electron pairs
• Lewis diagrams only show valence
electrons, which are typically
represented by dots around the
element’s symbol.
• Wherever possible, an element's
valence electrons are arranged as
single electrons before bonding occurs.
• Single electrons from one element pair
with single electrons from other elements
to form bonding pairs of electrons.
• Atoms of elements tend to complete their
valence shells similar to the nearest noble
gas. This is known as the octet rule. noble gas
Organic Compounds8.3
VOCABULARY
organic chemistry
structural formulas
hydrocarbons
• Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon
compounds.
• Organic molecules contain carbon, hydrogen, and
sometimes oxygen, nitrogen, and other non-metals,
and they have covalent bonds.
• Simplified Lewis diagrams or structural formulas can
be drawn to help visualize organic molecules.
Organic Compounds8.3
VOCABULARY
organic chemistry
structural formulas
hydrocarbons
• Organic compounds are so numerous that an
elaborate classification system is necessary. • Families of organic compounds include hydrocarbons,
alcohols, and ethers.
hydrocarbon
alcohol ether
Classifying Chemical Compounds
• All chemical compounds are either organic
or inorganic.• Compounds that have a high percentage
of carbon by mass are classified as
organic compounds; otherwise they are
considered to be inorganic compounds.
• Inorganic compounds can be molecular or ionic.• They can also be classified as acids, bases, or salts depending on
their properties.
8CHAPTER
Classifying Chemical Compounds
• Lewis diagrams (electron dot) illustrate how molecular compounds
form as a result of bonding pairs of electrons.
• Lewis diagrams only show valence electrons.
• Atoms of elements have a tendency to achieve complete valence
shells similar to their nearest noble gas. This is the octet rule.
8CHAPTER
Classifying Chemical Compounds
• Organic compounds are molecular and contain carbon and hydrogen.
• They may also contain oxygen, nitrogen, and other non-metals.
• Families of organic compounds include hydrocarbons, alcohols, and
ethers.
8CHAPTER
Classifying Chemical Compounds
Activity
Using the information in Tables 1 and 2 on page 203, classify each
compound below as an acid, base, or salt based on its properties:
1. HCl: reacts with metals; turns litmus paper red
2. KBr: conducts electric current; chemical indicators do not change colour
3. NH3: turns methyl red indicator yellow
4. NaNO3: does not react with metals; conducts electric current;
phenolphthalein indicator remains colourless
5. HNO3: turns indigo carmine from yellow to blue
8CHAPTER
Classifying Chemical Compounds8
Key Ideas
• All chemical compounds are either organic or inorganic.
• Inorganic compounds can be molecular or ionic (acids, bases,
or salts).
• Lewis diagrams (electron dot) can explain how molecular
compounds form as a result of bonding pairs of electrons.
• Organic compounds are molecular and contain carbon and
hydrogen.
CHAPTER
top related