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Context
NPPs in operation in Latin America
Nuclear expansion programmes
Technical cooperation
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Source: IAEA 4
Cultural roots
Language
Early nuclear developments
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•Argentina (2)
•Brazil (2)
•Mexico (2)
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3-6% energy matrix
Atucha I
Atucha II (under construction)
Embalse
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PHWR (SIEMENS)
Heavy water (D2O)
Fuel: ULE 0.85%
357 MWe
In operation since 1974
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PHWR (CANDU)
Heavy water (D2O)
Natural U
648 MWe
In operation since 1983
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PHWR
Heavy Water (D2O)
Natural U
745 MWe
Expected operation: 2011
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2011 – Atucha II
2013 – Life extension Embalse
2017 - 4th NPP modular 2x750 MWe PHWR
2023 - plus 1600 MWe
Ref. Coppari, 2009 11
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A R N : Nuclear Regulator
C N E A : R&D
N A S A : NPP Operation and construction
C O N U A R : Fuel Element Industry
E N S I - P I A P : Heavy Water Plant
D I O X I T E K : UO2 production , Co60
F A E : Zircaloy elements
I N V A P : Reactors Engineering and Construction(Peru, Algeria, Egypt, Australia)
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Balseiro Institute
Dan Beninson Nuclear Technology Institute
SOURCE: Instituto Balsero
(LAS-ANS Symposium, 2009, Argentina
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Nuclear Power Plants
Angra - Rio de Janeiro
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Simulator
ANGRA 1 – 626 MWe - 2 loop PWR
In operation since 1982.
ANGRA 2 – 1275 MWe - 4 loop PWR
In operation since 2000.
ANGRA 3 – 1275 MWe - 4 loop PWR
under construction; expected to be ready in 2014
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Under the bilateral agreement with Germany.
Capacity: 1 reactor/year (reactor vessel, steam generator, etc.)
“nuclear qualification”
Maritime terminal
Produced Angra I newsteam generator
New contract: condensers for
Angra 3 (2012)21
Mining and milling
Enrichment
Reconversion
Fuel Assembly
NAVY – submarine nuclear powered
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Angra 3
Additional 4000 MWe (≈5% share)
industrial fuel cycle
Radwaste deposit
Multipurpose reseach reactor
Nuclear Expansion
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Simulation Angra 3
Angra 2Angra 1
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Recife
Manaus
Brasília
São PauloItaipu
Porto Alegre
Fortaleza
Salvador
BeloHorizonte
Angra
NPPs
Angra
NORTHEAST
SOUTHEAST
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Post graduation
Nuclear Engineering graduation
Exchange of information: INAC
Regulator – operators - public: ENIR
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66 Post-graduation scholarships48 master and 18 doctorate; 5-year investment: US$3,3 million)
Post-graduation courses:
355 Short-term scholarships
Course Students (2009) Institute
Doctorate 203 IPEN – São Paulo
Master 234
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IPEN – São Paulo
IEN – Rio de Janeiro
CDTN – Belo Horizonte
IRD – Rio de Janeiro
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Conventions:› Physical Protection on Nuclear Materials
› Prompt Notification on Nuclear Accident
› Assistance in case of Nuclear Accident and Radiological Emergency
› Civil Responsibility for Nuclear Hazards
› Nuclear Safety
› Safe Management of Irradiated Fuels and Radioactive Wastes
Aiming the peaceful use of nuclear energy, Brazil maintains technical cooperation agreements with more than thirty (30) countries.
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Source: Rivera, 2007
B W R / 5 , Mark I I Containment, with Mitsubishi Turbine
Power Uprate Programme (to increase the licensedthermal power level of a plant from the „original‟ powerrating to a higher value)
C F E awarded contract to IBERDROLA (Spain) to execute the Implemntation Phase
EP U Project Cost : O v e r US$ 6 0 0 m i l l i o n for 2 units
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Chile
Cuba
Peru
Uruguay
Venezuela
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Task group nuclear electricity 2007 (“Comisión Zanelli”)
Nuclear programme depends on:
› Public support
› Economic feasibility
› Adequate regulatory framework
› Human resources development
› Safety culture
› Emergency planning and preparedness
Identification and mitigation of any deficiency on the above
before decision is taken 39
In 1976, Cuba and the Soviet
Union signed an agreement
to construct two 440-
megawatt NPP (VVER-440)
The NPP construction in Cuba
has drawn staunch opposition
from the United States and
lack soviet economic aid.
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Juragua
Nuclear Centre Oscar Mir
Quesada de Miró la Guerra
(RACSO), Huarangal, 1988
Research reactor: 10 MWth
Radioisotope production
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Nuclear Committee (2008)
Main recomendation: Start phase 1 of
the IAEA “Milestones in the Development
of a National Infrastructure for Nuclear
Power”
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Multilateral:
› ARCAL, facilitated by IAEA
› Foro Iberoamerican of Regulators
Bilateral
› Governmental
› Institutional Level
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PHASE I (1985 –1989) - Infrastructure tosupport nuclear technology - 15 projects
PHASE II (1990 –1994) - Concrete applications - 24 projects
PHASE III (1995 –1999) – Continuations plus33 new projectos
PHASE IV (2000 –2004) – Ratification of theinergovernmental agreement. Consolidation of the process
PHASE V (2005 a 2009) – Progressevaluation. Recognition and demonstration of the agregated value
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Food safety
Human health
Environment
Energy and Industry
Safety
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Under the IAEA extrabudgetary framework, the
network is developed and operated by the
members so that the regulators can share, analyze
and extract relevant information información on
nuclear safety and security
Knowledge management: documents, working areas, new,
events, etc.
Open to public, except working groups area
Modular type
www.foroiberam.org
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An organization for verification and
safeguards control
May announce issues, but it has no
enforcement power
› 1995 - Argentina adhere to Non Proliferation
Treaty (NPT).
› 1998 - Brasil adhere to NPT.
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Reactor
Fuel cycle
Nuclear safety
Security
Nuclear Applications
Safeguards
Emergency planning
Regulatory control
Harmonization of regulations51
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The nuclear industries landscape is a globalized one and
therefore international cooperation and
information exchange are fundamental to
maintain the adequate level of competence
Regional cooperation is positive
Political suport is fundamental
Heavy and related industry is basic to build a NPP (civil,
mechanical, digital instrumentation, etc.)
More than 10 years to prepare experts in several areas –
dedicated training centers proved to be an assset53
Operational risks reduced: safety, security, controlledcosts and energy availability. However,
1. Is public acceptance still an issue in Latin America?
2. How to construct new/ expand nuclear capacity in
time, in budget, and in scope?
3. Can regional cooperation reduce entrepreneurial
risks?
4. What is the next step for design standardization
worldwide?
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