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Context

NPPs in operation in Latin America

Nuclear expansion programmes

Technical cooperation

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Source: IAEA 4

Cultural roots

Language

Early nuclear developments

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•Argentina (2)

•Brazil (2)

•Mexico (2)

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3-6% energy matrix

Atucha I

Atucha II (under construction)

Embalse

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PHWR (SIEMENS)

Heavy water (D2O)

Fuel: ULE 0.85%

357 MWe

In operation since 1974

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PHWR (CANDU)

Heavy water (D2O)

Natural U

648 MWe

In operation since 1983

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PHWR

Heavy Water (D2O)

Natural U

745 MWe

Expected operation: 2011

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2011 – Atucha II

2013 – Life extension Embalse

2017 - 4th NPP modular 2x750 MWe PHWR

2023 - plus 1600 MWe

Ref. Coppari, 2009 11

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A R N : Nuclear Regulator

C N E A : R&D

N A S A : NPP Operation and construction

C O N U A R : Fuel Element Industry

E N S I - P I A P : Heavy Water Plant

D I O X I T E K : UO2 production , Co60

F A E : Zircaloy elements

I N V A P : Reactors Engineering and Construction(Peru, Algeria, Egypt, Australia)

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Balseiro Institute

Dan Beninson Nuclear Technology Institute

SOURCE: Instituto Balsero

(LAS-ANS Symposium, 2009, Argentina

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Angra I

Angra II

Angra III (under construction)

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Nuclear Power Plants

Angra - Rio de Janeiro

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Simulator

ANGRA 1 – 626 MWe - 2 loop PWR

In operation since 1982.

ANGRA 2 – 1275 MWe - 4 loop PWR

In operation since 2000.

ANGRA 3 – 1275 MWe - 4 loop PWR

under construction; expected to be ready in 2014

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Under the bilateral agreement with Germany.

Capacity: 1 reactor/year (reactor vessel, steam generator, etc.)

“nuclear qualification”

Maritime terminal

Produced Angra I newsteam generator

New contract: condensers for

Angra 3 (2012)21

Mining and milling

Enrichment

Reconversion

Fuel Assembly

NAVY – submarine nuclear powered

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Angra 3

Additional 4000 MWe (≈5% share)

industrial fuel cycle

Radwaste deposit

Multipurpose reseach reactor

Nuclear Expansion

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Simulation Angra 3

Angra 2Angra 1

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Recife

Manaus

Brasília

São PauloItaipu

Porto Alegre

Fortaleza

Salvador

BeloHorizonte

Angra

NPPs

Angra

NORTHEAST

SOUTHEAST

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Post graduation

Nuclear Engineering graduation

Exchange of information: INAC

Regulator – operators - public: ENIR

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66 Post-graduation scholarships48 master and 18 doctorate; 5-year investment: US$3,3 million)

Post-graduation courses:

355 Short-term scholarships

Course Students (2009) Institute

Doctorate 203 IPEN – São Paulo

Master 234

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IPEN – São Paulo

IEN – Rio de Janeiro

CDTN – Belo Horizonte

IRD – Rio de Janeiro

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Conventions:› Physical Protection on Nuclear Materials

› Prompt Notification on Nuclear Accident

› Assistance in case of Nuclear Accident and Radiological Emergency

› Civil Responsibility for Nuclear Hazards

› Nuclear Safety

› Safe Management of Irradiated Fuels and Radioactive Wastes

Aiming the peaceful use of nuclear energy, Brazil maintains technical cooperation agreements with more than thirty (30) countries.

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BWR

Laguna Verde 1 682 Mwe, since 1989

Laguna Verde 2 682 Mwe, since 1994

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Source: Rivera, 2007

B W R / 5 , Mark I I Containment, with Mitsubishi Turbine

Power Uprate Programme (to increase the licensedthermal power level of a plant from the „original‟ powerrating to a higher value)

C F E awarded contract to IBERDROLA (Spain) to execute the Implemntation Phase

EP U Project Cost : O v e r US$ 6 0 0 m i l l i o n for 2 units

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Chile

Cuba

Peru

Uruguay

Venezuela

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Task group nuclear electricity 2007 (“Comisión Zanelli”)

Nuclear programme depends on:

› Public support

› Economic feasibility

› Adequate regulatory framework

› Human resources development

› Safety culture

› Emergency planning and preparedness

Identification and mitigation of any deficiency on the above

before decision is taken 39

In 1976, Cuba and the Soviet

Union signed an agreement

to construct two 440-

megawatt NPP (VVER-440)

The NPP construction in Cuba

has drawn staunch opposition

from the United States and

lack soviet economic aid.

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Juragua

Nuclear Centre Oscar Mir

Quesada de Miró la Guerra

(RACSO), Huarangal, 1988

Research reactor: 10 MWth

Radioisotope production

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Nuclear Committee (2008)

Main recomendation: Start phase 1 of

the IAEA “Milestones in the Development

of a National Infrastructure for Nuclear

Power”

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Multilateral:

› ARCAL, facilitated by IAEA

› Foro Iberoamerican of Regulators

Bilateral

› Governmental

› Institutional Level

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PHASE I (1985 –1989) - Infrastructure tosupport nuclear technology - 15 projects

PHASE II (1990 –1994) - Concrete applications - 24 projects

PHASE III (1995 –1999) – Continuations plus33 new projectos

PHASE IV (2000 –2004) – Ratification of theinergovernmental agreement. Consolidation of the process

PHASE V (2005 a 2009) – Progressevaluation. Recognition and demonstration of the agregated value

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Food safety

Human health

Environment

Energy and Industry

Safety

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Under the IAEA extrabudgetary framework, the

network is developed and operated by the

members so that the regulators can share, analyze

and extract relevant information información on

nuclear safety and security

Knowledge management: documents, working areas, new,

events, etc.

Open to public, except working groups area

Modular type

www.foroiberam.org

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An organization for verification and

safeguards control

May announce issues, but it has no

enforcement power

› 1995 - Argentina adhere to Non Proliferation

Treaty (NPT).

› 1998 - Brasil adhere to NPT.

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Reactor

Fuel cycle

Nuclear safety

Security

Nuclear Applications

Safeguards

Emergency planning

Regulatory control

Harmonization of regulations51

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The nuclear industries landscape is a globalized one and

therefore international cooperation and

information exchange are fundamental to

maintain the adequate level of competence

Regional cooperation is positive

Political suport is fundamental

Heavy and related industry is basic to build a NPP (civil,

mechanical, digital instrumentation, etc.)

More than 10 years to prepare experts in several areas –

dedicated training centers proved to be an assset53

Operational risks reduced: safety, security, controlledcosts and energy availability. However,

1. Is public acceptance still an issue in Latin America?

2. How to construct new/ expand nuclear capacity in

time, in budget, and in scope?

3. Can regional cooperation reduce entrepreneurial

risks?

4. What is the next step for design standardization

worldwide?

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