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CULTURAL AWARENESSCULTURAL AWARENESSFOR SUSTAINABLEFOR SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT IN ADEVELOPMENT IN A
GLOBALIZED WORLDGLOBALIZED WORLDFelipe M. de Leon, JrFelipe M. de Leon, Jr
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Cultural IdentityCultural Identity
The world view and values,The world view and values,beliefs systems, knowledge,beliefs systems, knowledge,
skills and practices, coreskills and practices, coreprinciples and ideas sharedprinciples and ideas shared
by a society - the uniqueby a society - the uniquetotality of which constitutestotality of which constituteswhat we call cultural identity.what we call cultural identity.
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Cultural IdentityCultural Identity
Cultural identity is aCultural identity is a sine qua nonsine qua non forforbecoming activebecoming active in the worldin the world. It is. It is
the fundamental source of socialthe fundamental source of social
empowermentempowerment.. Rob a people of their identity and theyRob a people of their identity and they
become passive, lost, indolent,become passive, lost, indolent,
uncreative and unproductive, prone touncreative and unproductive, prone todepression and substance abuse, anddepression and substance abuse, and
plagued by a pervasive feeling ofplagued by a pervasive feeling of
malaise and powerlessness.malaise and powerlessness.
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The Genesis ofThe Genesis of
SubservienceSubservience To suppress and weaken thisTo suppress and weaken this
identity and successfully impose anidentity and successfully impose an
alien culture on a people is toalien culture on a people is to
reduce them into a passive, docilereduce them into a passive, docilemass subservient to the powermass subservient to the power
wielders of the alien culture.wielders of the alien culture.
They lose their originality, nativeThey lose their originality, native
intelligence and skills, treasureintelligence and skills, treasure
troves of knowledge, accumulatedtroves of knowledge, accumulated
wisdom, and creativity.wisdom, and creativity.
G
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The Genesis ofT e Genes s o
SubservienceSubservience
They lose their collective will and visionThey lose their collective will and visionof life. They become disunited, self-of life. They become disunited, self-serving, indulgent and short-sighted.serving, indulgent and short-sighted.
This is why the first objective of aThis is why the first objective of a
colonizing power is to erase the culturalcolonizing power is to erase the culturalmemory of the conquered people, tomemory of the conquered people, toinduce a collective amnesia about theirinduce a collective amnesia about theirpast and supplant it with the culture ofpast and supplant it with the culture of
the colonizers,the colonizers, especially throughespecially througheducationeducation..
In this lie the roots of Filipino derivativenessIn this lie the roots of Filipino derivativeness
and inferiority complex vis-a-vis the West.and inferiority complex vis-a-vis the West.
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Un-Filipino PerspectiveUn-Filipino Perspective
The moment we began to viewThe moment we began to view
ourselves through Westernourselves through Western
eyes,eyes, what we held sacredwhat we held sacredsuddenly became worthlesssuddenly became worthless,, ourour
virtues turned into vices, andvirtues turned into vices, andour strengths began to be seenour strengths began to be seen
as weaknessesas weaknesses..
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Un-Filipino PerspectiveUn-Filipino Perspective
Anything indigenous became a source ofAnything indigenous became a source of
embarrassment and uneasinessembarrassment and uneasiness. We. We
would hide whatever is native soundingwould hide whatever is native soundingor native in origin. Centuries of beingor native in origin. Centuries of beingregarded as backward and inferior by theregarded as backward and inferior by the
white colonizers engendered in us thiswhite colonizers engendered in us this
collective self-contempt, a psychiccollective self-contempt, a psychicmalady that afflicts all of us but mostmalady that afflicts all of us but mostespecially the elites.especially the elites.
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The Beauty of Filipino NamesThe Beauty of Filipino Names AGANI - harvestAGANI - harvest
AKASI god of well-beingAKASI god of well-being ALAYA - dawnALAYA - dawn ALO - consoleALO - console ANDEL - trustANDEL - trust
ANNI - springANNI - spring ARO - loveARO - love ASI - mercyASI - mercy AVID beauty, MAVID - beautifulAVID beauty, MAVID - beautiful AYAD goodnessAYAD goodness AYO fineness, goodnessAYO fineness, goodness BANAAG - ray of lightBANAAG - ray of light BIGHANI - allurement, fascinationBIGHANI - allurement, fascination BIKAS eleganceBIKAS elegance
BINI modestyBINI modesty
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The Beauty of Filipino NamesThe Beauty of Filipino Names
CHAYA - heaven, skyCHAYA - heaven, sky
DANIW - poetryDANIW - poetry DARIL - reasonDARIL - reason DAWANI goddess of the rainbow; rainbowDAWANI goddess of the rainbow; rainbow DAYON - lasting, stableDAYON - lasting, stable
DIAYA - gift, offering; heroDIAYA - gift, offering; hero DURRI a precious gemDURRI a precious gem EDEL - gemEDEL - gem GITING heroism, determinationGITING heroism, determination HALI - repose, peace of mindHALI - repose, peace of mind HAMILI - nobleHAMILI - noble HIRAYA, HARAYA - visionHIRAYA, HARAYA - vision INARO belovedINARO beloved IGI - finenessIGI - fineness
IJIN fortune, luckIJIN fortune, luck
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The Beauty of Filipino NamesThe Beauty of Filipino Names
JAN - reasonJAN - reason
JANJI promise, pledgeJANJI promise, pledge JATTI - pure JATTI - pure KAISA harmoniousKAISA harmonious KALI - repose, peace of mindKALI - repose, peace of mind KARI promise, oathKARI promise, oath KASI love, affectionKASI love, affection KASIL strength, vigorKASIL strength, vigor KAYA ability, competenceKAYA ability, competence KISSA - legendKISSA - legend LAAD flame, ardorLAAD flame, ardor LAGOR love, affectionLAGOR love, affection LAILO affection, caressLAILO affection, caress LAMI joyLAMI joy
LAYA freedom, emancipationLAYA freedom, emancipation
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The Beauty of Filipino NamesThe Beauty of Filipino Names
LENOS windLENOS wind
LIKHA creation, inventionLIKHA creation, invention LINANG cultivated, refined, developedLINANG cultivated, refined, developed LIYAG belovedLIYAG beloved LOREM cloudLOREM cloud
MAAN to understand, know; meaningMAAN to understand, know; meaning NILAY to reflectNILAY to reflect MALIW knowledge, wisdomMALIW knowledge, wisdom MANI harvestMANI harvest MARIGON strongMARIGON strong MARIS colorMARIS color SADYA happinessSADYA happiness SANGHAYA charisma, distinctionSANGHAYA charisma, distinction SIDHA perfectionSIDHA perfection
SIDHAYA - eloquenceSIDHAYA - eloquence
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The Beauty of Filipino NamesThe Beauty of Filipino Names
SIDHI intensity, potencySIDHI intensity, potency
TIMYAS purity, of love, regard, loyalty, etc.TIMYAS purity, of love, regard, loyalty, etc. MAVID - beautifulMAVID - beautiful MIRAD pillarMIRAD pillar MITHI ideal, virtueMITHI ideal, virtue
MUNI reflect, ponderMUNI reflect, ponder NATRA legendNATRA legend NAYAD careNAYAD care NURI a magical birdNURI a magical bird PAROS - windPAROS - wind PATNUBAY guidePATNUBAY guide PITHAYA deep desirePITHAYA deep desire RAMIL reasonRAMIL reason RAYA to growRAYA to grow
RIGA redRIGA red
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The Beauty of Filipino NamesThe Beauty of Filipino Names
SAHAYA - splendor, claritySAHAYA - splendor, clarity SEGA - sunSEGA - sun SIBOL growthSIBOL growth SUDI brilliance, lusterSUDI brilliance, luster TAL indigenous, genuineTAL indigenous, genuine TALIMA to care forTALIMA to care for TANI pledgeTANI pledge TASI - witnessTASI - witness UPPI dreamUPPI dream WAGAS pureWAGAS pure WALI seerWALI seer
WILI appreciation, interestWILI appreciation, interest
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Identity Is PowerIdentity Is Power
Having no identity is like having noHaving no identity is like having nonamename
If a person or thing has no name,If a person or thing has no name, itit
is as if it does not existis as if it does not exist We feel slighted if somebodyWe feel slighted if somebody
forgets our nameforgets our name
The more important and well-The more important and well-known a person is, the more he isknown a person is, the more he is
said to have a name,said to have a name, maymay
pangalan.pangalan.
B i Id i i
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Borrowing an Identity is toBorrowing an Identity is to
Empower the Source of theEmpower the Source of the
IdentityIdentity
The one who names (or is theThe one who names (or is the
source of the name) will have thesource of the name) will have the
power and authority because hepower and authority because he
defines who we are.defines who we are. This holds true for the source ofThis holds true for the source of
concepts, ideas, images, theories,concepts, ideas, images, theories,
structures, tools and techniques structures, tools and techniques for all of these arefor all of these are forms offorms of
identity.identity.
We can harness with a certainWe can harness with a certain
Th P f I diTh P f I di
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The Power of IndigenousThe Power of Indigenous
ThoughtThought
Harnessing our own minds,Harnessing our own minds,understandings, definitions,understandings, definitions,categories and concepts is certainlycategories and concepts is certainlyto have confidence, power andto have confidence, power and
control over our own lives.control over our own lives.Economic power naturally followsEconomic power naturally follows
from thisfrom this.. For instance, if we worshipFor instance, if we worship alien ideas ofalien ideas of
beauty,beauty, whose art works, music, fashionwhose art works, music, fashionmodels and beauty products do wemodels and beauty products do weglorify and spend forglorify and spend for? If we do not? If we do notdevelop ourdevelop our indigenous pharmacologyindigenous pharmacology
andand healing modalitieshealing modalities,, how much do wehow much do we
h f di
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The Power of IndigenousThe Power of Indigenous
ThoughtThought Our misplaced belief in the superiority ofOur misplaced belief in the superiority of
English and other foreign modes ofEnglish and other foreign modes of
thinking largely explains our lack ofthinking largely explains our lack of
cultural leadership and assertiveness incultural leadership and assertiveness inthe world. We have instead athe world. We have instead a gaya-gayagaya-gaya
mentalitymentalityand tendency to worshipand tendency to worship
anything from the West.anything from the West.
The more entrepreneurial Chinese wouldThe more entrepreneurial Chinese would
rather dominate English with their ownrather dominate English with their own
thought patterns:thought patterns:
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Chinese EnglishChinese English
Efficacy: This product by use of natural plantEfficacy: This product by use of natural plantVitamin B3, Vc and mulberry extractionVitamin B3, Vc and mulberry extractiondistillate, availability wipe off face die cell,distillate, availability wipe off face die cell,restrain melanin, strengthen cell renovate,restrain melanin, strengthen cell renovate,restr in melanin and blemish, skin whitening,restr in melanin and blemish, skin whitening,look brand- new.look brand- new.
USE: Days for sub-two, first shall faceUSE: Days for sub-two, first shall facewetness, and weild the product gently knead,wetness, and weild the product gently knead,then with cleanly water washing.then with cleanly water washing.
Notice: avoid into eyeball, if immodesty,Notice: avoid into eyeball, if immodesty,shortly washing for cleanly water.shortly washing for cleanly water.
As a result, Chinese productivity does notAs a result, Chinese productivity does notsuffer.suffer.
HARNESSING INDIGENOUSHARNESSING INDIGENOUS
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HARNESSING INDIGENOUSHARNESSING INDIGENOUS
RESOURCES, SKILLS ORRESOURCES, SKILLS OR
GENIUSGENIUS These are readily available, at noThese are readily available, at no
cost at all or requiring minimalcost at all or requiring minimalcapitalcapital
Our minds are in full command ofOur minds are in full command ofthe indigenous, thus can producethe indigenous, thus can producesuperior and creative results,superior and creative results,
unlike when we think with aunlike when we think with aborrowed mindborrowed mind
Our indigenous strengths/culturalOur indigenous strengths/cultural
genius is our contribution to thegenius is our contribution to the
SOURCES OF SOFT POWERSOURCES OF SOFT POWER
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SOURCES OF SOFT POWER,SOURCES OF SOFT POWER,
WHETHER OF A PERSON ORWHETHER OF A PERSON OR
NATIONNATION
AASTRONG, DISTINCTSTRONG, DISTINCTIDENTITYIDENTITY
A definite notion of identity, of whoA definite notion of identity, of whowe are, gives us a basis forwe are, gives us a basis for
Determining our direction in lifeDetermining our direction in life
Organizing our prioritiesOrganizing our priorities Making commitmentsMaking commitments
Knowing our responsibilitiesKnowing our responsibilities
Defining our place in society/worldDefining our place in society/world
L k f id i b iL k f id i b i
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Lack of pride in beingLack of pride in being
FilipinoFilipino Lack ofLack ofpridepride in being Filipinoin being Filipino
results in lack ofresults in lack ofcommitmentcommitmentto the nation and, consequently,to the nation and, consequently,
a low level ofa low level ofachievementachievement ororeven mediocrity, the pwede naeven mediocrity, the pwede nayan mentality.yan mentality.
For the anthropologist Dr. F. LandaFor the anthropologist Dr. F. LandaJocano,Jocano, PridePride,, commitmentcommitmentandand
excellenceexcellence are inseparableare inseparable
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FILIPINO SOCIAL PATHOLOGIES: THEFILIPINO SOCIAL PATHOLOGIES: THE
PSYCHOLOGY OF THE COLONIZEDPSYCHOLOGY OF THE COLONIZED
PSYCHEPSYCHE
The negative programming ofThe negative programming ofcolonial experiencecolonial experience::
Cult ofCult ofsmallnesssmallness
Celebration of DefeatCelebration of Defeat
Dona VictorinaDona VictorinaSyndromeSyndrome
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The Curse of SmallnessThe Curse of Smallness
Representations of the FilipinoRepresentations of the Filipinoseemingly encouraged by the Americanseemingly encouraged by the Americancolonial regime were of the smallestcolonial regime were of the smallest
kind.kind.The bahay kubo became very small.The bahay kubo became very small.The little rice bird, the maya, became theThe little rice bird, the maya, became the
national bird. The tiny sampaguita wasnational bird. The tiny sampaguita was
declared the national flower by Americandeclared the national flower by American
Governor General Frank Murphy in 1934.Governor General Frank Murphy in 1934.Photographs taken of Filipinos and AmericansPhotographs taken of Filipinos and Americanstogether often deliberately exaggerated thetogether often deliberately exaggerated the
Filipinos diminutive stature beside that of theFilipinos diminutive stature beside that of the
towering American Caucasian.towering American Caucasian.
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The Curse of SmallnessThe Curse of Smallness
Could this be an important reasonCould this be an important reasonwhy until recently many Filipinowhy until recently many Filipino
school children were expected toschool children were expected to
memorize the Latin name of, andmemorize the Latin name of, andeven to be proud of having in Bikol,even to be proud of having in Bikol,
the smallest fish in the world?the smallest fish in the world? MostMost
Filipinos then were not aware that weFilipinos then were not aware that wealso have thealso have the biggest fish in thebiggest fish in the
worldworld in the same province.in the same province.
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The Curse of SmallnessThe Curse of Smallness
Could this also be one of theCould this also be one of thepsychological reasons why manypsychological reasons why manyFilipinos think small?Filipinos think small? Rather thanRather thanbecome innovators, entrepreneurs,become innovators, entrepreneurs,
creative thinkers, producers andcreative thinkers, producers andmanufacturers, Filipinos, includingmanufacturers, Filipinos, includinggraduates of elite schools, are just toograduates of elite schools, are just toohappy to find employment, especiallyhappy to find employment, especially
overseas.overseas. In 1954 our government enacted a retail tradeIn 1954 our government enacted a retail trade
nationalization law, which took effect in 1964,nationalization law, which took effect in 1964,preventing the Chinese from doingpreventing the Chinese from doing tingi,tingi, so theso the
Chinese simply shifted from retail to the much biggerChinese simply shifted from retail to the much bigger
L S lf t B d i O S lfLo Self esteem Bordering On Self
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Low Self-esteem Bordering On Self-Low Self-esteem Bordering On Self-
Contempt:Contempt: TheDona VictorinaTheDona Victorina
SyndromeSyndrome Doubt in the Filipino capacity forDoubt in the Filipino capacity for
achievementachievement
Perverse delight among FilipinosPerverse delight among Filipinosto constantly belittle themselvesto constantly belittle themselves
Serious lack of respect orSerious lack of respect or
contempt for each othercontempt for each other Wallowing in a negative self-Wallowing in a negative self-
image that is tantamount to aimage that is tantamount to a
self-fulfilling prophecyself-fulfilling prophecy
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TheDona Victorina SyndromeTheDona Victorina Syndrome
Filipinos are perhaps theFilipinos are perhaps the worstworstself-bashersself-bashers in the world. We arein the world. We areblind to our own capacities andblind to our own capacities andidealize those of others, especiallyidealize those of others, especially
Westerners.Westerners. If something is poorlyIf something is poorlymade it must be Filipino. If it ismade it must be Filipino. If it iswell made it must be foreign.well made it must be foreign.
Even negative qualities that areEven negative qualities that areuniversal human failings are claimeduniversal human failings are claimedby Filipinos as distinctly Filipino, e.g.by Filipinos as distinctly Filipino, e.g.crab mentality, graft and corruption,crab mentality, graft and corruption,
greed, lack of discipline, etc.greed, lack of discipline, etc.
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B k k l b tB kas ang kalooban not
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Bukas ang kalooban, notBukas ang kalooban, not
privateprivateWindows all aroundWindows all around
ancestral housesancestral houses
Aliwalas, airy spaciousnessAliwalas, airy spaciousnessand openness of interiorsand openness of interiors
Space surrounds spaceSpace surrounds spaceHigh value placed on beingHigh value placed on being
natural, informal, personalnatural, informal, personal
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TheDona VictorinaT eDona V ctor na
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The Dona VictorinaT e Dona V ctor naSyndromeSyndrome
The underdevelopment of PhilippineThe underdevelopment of Philippinesociety is fundamentally rooted insociety is fundamentally rooted in
this chronic loss of Filipino self-this chronic loss of Filipino self-
esteem due to centuries ofesteem due to centuries ofcolonization and miseducation.colonization and miseducation.
Yet we do not have a monopoly ofYet we do not have a monopoly of
human faultshuman faults.. Other nations, evenOther nations, eventhose nations Filipinos tend tothose nations Filipinos tend to
idolize, are equally, if not moreidolize, are equally, if not more
stuck with negative traits that westuck with negative traits that we
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Crab Mentality WorldwideCrab Mentality Worldwide
Crab mentality, for example, is very much a worldwide social phenomenon:Crab mentality, for example, is very much a worldwide social phenomenon:
FromFrom Ottawa, Canada,Ottawa, Canada,Autumn 1995Autumn 1995Bucket of CrabsBucket of Crabs
A wise old sage (actually, my father-in-law) used to say that some peopleA wise old sage (actually, my father-in-law) used to say that some peopleare like a bunch of crabs in a shallow bucket: when one crab manages toare like a bunch of crabs in a shallow bucket: when one crab manages toget a claw up and is on the verge of escape, another crab will inevitablyget a claw up and is on the verge of escape, another crab will inevitably
grab him and pull him back down. Thegrab him and pull him back down. The crab mentalitycrab mentality is, "If I can't have it,is, "If I can't have it,then neither can you.then neither can you.
Our egalitarian federal Health Minister, Diane Marleau is ourOur egalitarian federal Health Minister, Diane Marleau is ourchoice for "Crab of the month.choice for "Crab of the month.
While our debt-drowning federal government certainly can't adequatelyWhile our debt-drowning federal government certainly can't adequatelyfund health care,fund health care, Ms. Marleau will make sure that "wealthier Canadians"Ms. Marleau will make sure that "wealthier Canadians"
(read: other crabs that have half a claw up on you) do not jump ahead of(read: other crabs that have half a claw up on you) do not jump ahead ofthe worsening line-ups and spend their own money to better, or perhapsthe worsening line-ups and spend their own money to better, or perhapseven save, their lives.even save, their lives.
To allow someone to buy superior health care is, according to Ms.To allow someone to buy superior health care is, according to Ms.Marleau's thinking, self-evidently evil, and her government will do all it canMarleau's thinking, self-evidently evil, and her government will do all it canto suppress a private market in health care.to suppress a private market in health care. What her government's policyWhat her government's policyamounts to is:"Better that we all stay and die in the bucket together."amounts to is:"Better that we all stay and die in the bucket together."
i C b li
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American Crab MentalityAmerican Crab Mentality
From Boston, MassachusetsFrom Boston, Massachusets
A Drink Before the War by DennisA Drink Before the War by DennisLehaneLehanePublished by HarperTorch; ReissuePublished by HarperTorch; Reissue
edition (April 2003)edition (April 2003) Among the poor and middle-classAmong the poor and middle-class
suburbs of Boston, like those whosuburbs of Boston, like those who
live on the narrow streets oflive on the narrow streets ofDorchester, hope is a dream, not aDorchester, hope is a dream, not agoal.goal. The crab mentality pullsThe crab mentality pullsback on those who try to climbback on those who try to climb
their way outtheir way out.. Crime is the realmCrime is the realm
I di C b M liI di C b M t lit
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Indian Crab MentalityIndian Crab Mentality
The Magic Of TeamworkThe Magic Of Teamwork
Sam Pitroda,Sam Pitroda, Chairman & CEO of World Tel.Chairman & CEO of World Tel.
(One Indian = 10 Japanese, 10 Indians = One Japanese)(One Indian = 10 Japanese, 10 Indians = One Japanese)
Lack of teamwork and co-operation is one of the most serious problemsLack of teamwork and co-operation is one of the most serious problemsaffecting progress in all areas of India and wherever Indians workaffecting progress in all areas of India and wherever Indians workworldwide.worldwide.
The key problem in India is always implementation, not lack of policies. WeThe key problem in India is always implementation, not lack of policies. Wehave great policies and ideas about how to do things, but severely lackinghave great policies and ideas about how to do things, but severely lackingin teamwork.in teamwork.
When the Japanese came to work in India to develop the MarutiWhen the Japanese came to work in India to develop the MarutiSuzuki car, a joke went around that one Indian was equal to 10Suzuki car, a joke went around that one Indian was equal to 10
Japanese: Indians were very smart, capable and dedicatedJapanese: Indians were very smart, capable and dedicated
individuals. But 10 Indians were equal to 1 Japanese: Indiansindividuals. But 10 Indians were equal to 1 Japanese: Indianslacked team spirit and co-operation.lacked team spirit and co-operation.
What makes matters even worse is ourWhat makes matters even worse is our crab mentalitycrab mentality. If someone. If someoneis trying to climb higher and achieve more, the others just dragis trying to climb higher and achieve more, the others just draghim down. The signal that the others send out is, " I wouldn't do it;him down. The signal that the others send out is, " I wouldn't do it;I wouldn't let you do it; and if by chance you start succeeding, weI wouldn't let you do it; and if by chance you start succeeding, we
will all gang up and make sure that you don't get to do it."will all gang up and make sure that you don't get to do it."
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Celebration of DefeatCelebration of Defeat
Fall of BataanFall of Bataan Fall of CorregidorFall of Corregidor
Fall of Tirad PassFall of Tirad Pass
Capture of AguinaldoCapture of Aguinaldo Death of Rizal, etc.Death of Rizal, etc.
Why not celebrate triumphs like TheWhy not celebrate triumphs like The
Siege of Baler, The Bells ofSiege of Baler, The Bells of
Balanginga, The Defeat of theBalanginga, The Defeat of the
Spaniards by the FilipinoSpaniards by the Filipino
Revolutionaries?Revolutionaries?
Ali ti f O S f C lt lAlienation from Our Sources of Cultural
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Alienation from Our Sources of CulturalAlienation from Our Sources of Cultural
Energy: Thinking in Borrowed Forms andEnergy: Thinking in Borrowed Forms and
the Economics of Dependencythe Economics of Dependency
Up to the present time, our educationalUp to the present time, our educationalsystem remains colonial rather than culturallysystem remains colonial rather than culturallyappropriate, causingappropriate, causing a great loss ofa great loss ofcultural energycultural energy..
As a result, many of our schools do notAs a result, many of our schools do notproduce people who are highly resourceful,produce people who are highly resourceful,creative and adaptable to a fast changing andcreative and adaptable to a fast changing andextremely complex contemporary world.extremely complex contemporary world.TheyThey
encourage dependency, a job-seeking,encourage dependency, a job-seeking,employability mentality rather than originalityemployability mentality rather than originalityof thought, entrepreneurial qualities and self-of thought, entrepreneurial qualities and self-reliance on native skills, knowledge andreliance on native skills, knowledge andstrengths.strengths.
S i A th C t S i A th C t
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Serving Another CountrysServing Another Countrys
Need Through EducationNeed Through Education
Our country has been spending valuableOur country has been spending valuablepublic money for the education of Filipinopublic money for the education of Filipinoprofessionals in the arts and sciences andprofessionals in the arts and sciences andmany other fields. But since the culturalmany other fields. But since the culturalsources of their education are Western, it issources of their education are Western, it isinevitable thatinevitable that the expertise they acquire willthe expertise they acquire willbebe more applicable or appropriate to amore applicable or appropriate to aWestern industrialized society than toWestern industrialized society than to
the rural, agricultural setting of mostthe rural, agricultural setting of mostPhilippine provinces.Philippine provinces.
So a great number of our graduates will endSo a great number of our graduates will endup migrating to rich Western or Westernizedup migrating to rich Western or Westernized
countries.countries.
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Serving Another CountrysServing Another Countrys
Need Through EducationNeed Through Education
It looks like the Philippines is spendingIt looks like the Philippines is spending
its money for the training of manpowerits money for the training of manpower
for the more affluent countries...This,for the more affluent countries...This,then, isthen, is the essence of our colonialthe essence of our colonial
education - the training of oneseducation - the training of ones
countrys citizens to become anothercountrys citizens to become another
countrys assetscountrys assets.. (Florentino Hornedo, The(Florentino Hornedo, TheCultural Dimension of PhilippineCultural Dimension of Philippine
Development)Development)
Di i i f S lf*Di i ti f S lf*
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Diminution of Self*Diminution of Self*
THE MOST INSIDUOUS BECAUSE SUBTLETHE MOST INSIDUOUS BECAUSE SUBTLEALIENATION OF THE FILIPINO FROM HISALIENATION OF THE FILIPINO FROM HISCULTURAL ROOTS BEGAN WITH THECULTURAL ROOTS BEGAN WITH THEWESTERNIZED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM THE U.S.WESTERNIZED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM THE U.S.ESTABLISHED IN OUR COUNTRYESTABLISHED IN OUR COUNTRY..
THIS PROCESS CONTINUES TO THE PRESENT DAY:THIS PROCESS CONTINUES TO THE PRESENT DAY: WEWEMAY OBSERVE THAT THE HIGHER (i.e., THE MOREMAY OBSERVE THAT THE HIGHER (i.e., THE MORESPECIALIZED) A FILIPINOS LEVEL OF EDUCATIONSPECIALIZED) A FILIPINOS LEVEL OF EDUCATIONIS, THE GREATER IS THE LOSS OF A COMMUNAL ORIS, THE GREATER IS THE LOSS OF A COMMUNAL OR
SOCIAL SELF.SOCIAL SELF.____________________________
**Those who receive a well-rounded, interdisciplinary education inThose who receive a well-rounded, interdisciplinary education inwhich subjects are taught within a broad social, cultural andwhich subjects are taught within a broad social, cultural andhumanistic context, showing the interconnectedness of all thingshumanistic context, showing the interconnectedness of all thingsdo not necessarily succumb to this diminution process.do not necessarily succumb to this diminution process.
Alienation from theAlienation from the
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Alienation from theAlienation from theCommunityCommunity
As one ascends the academic ladder, the moreAs one ascends the academic ladder, the more
Westernized and alienated from his culturalWesternized and alienated from his culturalroots the Filipino becomesroots the Filipino becomes. That is why the. That is why themore specialized a Filipinos education is, themore specialized a Filipinos education is, themore likely he or she will find his means ofmore likely he or she will find his means oflivelihood away from his community, perhaps inlivelihood away from his community, perhaps inManila or some other country.Manila or some other country.
An Ifugao child who receives only a high schoolAn Ifugao child who receives only a high schooleducation is more likely to remain in hiseducation is more likely to remain in hiscommunity than another who finishes college.community than another who finishes college.And the reason for this is not just because theAnd the reason for this is not just because thelatter has greater work opportunities, butlatter has greater work opportunities, butbecausebecause his education is often not culturallyhis education is often not culturallyrooted in his community, especially if it is arooted in his community, especially if it is a
rural, indigenous village.rural, indigenous village.
Constriction of SocialConstriction of Social
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Constriction of SocialConstriction of Social
ConsiousnessConsiousness
Especially prone to the diminution of socialEspecially prone to the diminution of socialconsciousness are professionals in highlyconsciousness are professionals in highlytechnical, narrow specializations.technical, narrow specializations. It used toIt used tobe that a doctor specialized in EENTbe that a doctor specialized in EENTmedicine. But eye specialists have sincemedicine. But eye specialists have since
parted ways with the ear-nose-throat doctors.parted ways with the ear-nose-throat doctors.And now there is even a left-eye or right-eyeAnd now there is even a left-eye or right-eyespecialist.specialist.
By reducing reality into small pieces,By reducing reality into small pieces, thethe
narrow specialist is in danger of losing allnarrow specialist is in danger of losing allsense of realitysense of reality.. He and his tiny circle of co-He and his tiny circle of co-experts tend to define their own limited fieldexperts tend to define their own limited field --that is, their specialized theories andthat is, their specialized theories andmethods -methods - as the final reality or theas the final reality or therepresentation of total realityrepresentation of total reality
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Specialistic InnocenceSpecialistic Innocence
This naivete makes him utterly helpless inThis naivete makes him utterly helpless infacing many complex issues of today.facing many complex issues of today. Thus,Thus,
he is apt to surrender easily to all sorts ofhe is apt to surrender easily to all sorts ofideologies. The modern specializedideologies. The modern specialized
intellectual gets nervous outside his field ofintellectual gets nervous outside his field ofexpertise where he feels an awful sense ofexpertise where he feels an awful sense of
emptiness. All throughout history, it has beenemptiness. All throughout history, it has been
the technocratic scientists or engineers, who,the technocratic scientists or engineers, who,because of their ignorance of the socialbecause of their ignorance of the socialprocesses and political contexts in which theyprocesses and political contexts in which they
operated, easily succumbed to the whims ofoperated, easily succumbed to the whims of
dictators and fascists of all kinds.dictators and fascists of all kinds.
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Professional TribalismProfessional Tribalism
Narrow technical, professional education mayNarrow technical, professional education maydevelop expertise and the professions but maydevelop expertise and the professions but mayalso breed selfishness, lack of socialalso breed selfishness, lack of socialresponsibility and professional tribalism, whichresponsibility and professional tribalism, whicharises from thearises from the cult of the professional egocult of the professional ego(promoting ones profession at the expense of public(promoting ones profession at the expense of public
good).good).
This is clearly a manifestation of the materialism ofThis is clearly a manifestation of the materialism ofindustrial or industrializing societies where, for instance,industrial or industrializing societies where, for instance,scientists advance science for its own sake no matterscientists advance science for its own sake no matterwhat the social costswhat the social costs,, medical doctors gang up onmedical doctors gang up onoutsiders to protect the medical establishmentoutsiders to protect the medical establishment, and, andbusinessmen sacrifice valuable goods or form cartels justbusinessmen sacrifice valuable goods or form cartels just
to maintain enormous profitsto maintain enormous profits
.
.
f i l ib liP f i l T ib li
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Professional TribalismProfessional Tribalism
Society becomes splintered into ruthlesslySociety becomes splintered into ruthlessly
competing self-interest tribes of experts, eachcompeting self-interest tribes of experts, eachwith its ownwith its own god or kinggod or king (celebrity figures such as Stephen(celebrity figures such as Stephen
Hawking in physics or Bill Gates in technologyHawking in physics or Bill Gates in technologyand business)and business)
church or templechurch or temple (convention hall, opera(convention hall, operahouse, museum, etc.)house, museum, etc.)
holy bookholy book (professional journal or manual),(professional journal or manual), sacred languagesacred language (jargon)(jargon) andand religious attirereligious attire (business suit, white laboratory(business suit, white laboratory
gown, etc.).gown, etc.).
Each tribe is after its own good alone.Each tribe is after its own good alone. ProfessionalProfessionaladvancement is the highest good. And financial success theadvancement is the highest good. And financial success the
highest reward (a market of warring, competing tribes?)highest reward (a market of warring, competing tribes?)
b i f i li
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Barbarism of Specialism*Barbarism of Specialism*
The specialist and his small circle of co-The specialist and his small circle of co-
experts are inclined to define their own littleexperts are inclined to define their own littlefield(i.e. their specialized theories andfield(i.e. their specialized theories andmethods) as the final reality or asmethods) as the final reality or as thetherepresentation of total reality. (Zejderveld,representation of total reality. (Zejderveld,
Abstract Society). Thus, he has a tendencyAbstract Society). Thus, he has a tendencytoward arrogance inspite of his naivete in alltoward arrogance inspite of his naivete in allmatters outside his own limited field.matters outside his own limited field.
Typically, he feels detached from the largerTypically, he feels detached from the largercommunal, social context in which he livescommunal, social context in which he lives
and become solely devoted to theand become solely devoted to theadvancement of his profession.advancement of his profession.
________________________________________________
* Narrow specialization* Narrow specialization
B b i f S i liBarbarism of Specialism
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Barbarism of SpecialismBarbarism of Specialism(or Narrow Specialization)(or Narrow Specialization)
Who then cares for society as a whole?Who then cares for society as a whole? ItItseems that with few exceptions, we have inseems that with few exceptions, we have inour midst economists who formulate policiesour midst economists who formulate policiesas if people do not matter, scientists whoas if people do not matter, scientists whopursue knowledge uninformed by socialpursue knowledge uninformed by social
considerations, artists who create for otherconsiderations, artists who create for otherartists and art experts alone, politicians whoartists and art experts alone, politicians whoplace party interests above all else, andplace party interests above all else, andofficials more worried about self-preservationofficials more worried about self-preservationthan their peoples well being.than their peoples well being.
These things are now common knowledge and muchThese things are now common knowledge and muchthought and study have already been made on thethought and study have already been made on thebarbarism of specialism.barbarism of specialism. Can we educate theCan we educate theFilipinos, whether formally and non-formally, againstFilipinos, whether formally and non-formally, against
this barbarism?this barbarism?
The Monstrous CulturalThe Monstrous Cultural
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The Monstrous CulturalThe Monstrous CulturalDivideDivide
Paradoxically, our colonial, narrowlyParadoxically, our colonial, narrowlyspecialized education creates aspecialized education creates asituation wheresituation where our most educated classour most educated classturns out to be the least nationalisticturns out to be the least nationalistic
FilipinosFilipinos - an elite with whom the- an elite with whom thecolonial powers could easily collaborate.colonial powers could easily collaborate.
A serious consequence of this is culturalA serious consequence of this is cultural
fragmentation.fragmentation. In the Philippines,In the Philippines, thisthiscreated thecreated the monstrous culturalmonstrous culturaldividedivide between the Western-educatedbetween the Western-educatedruling elite and the more or lessruling elite and the more or less
culturally indigenous majority.culturally indigenous majority.
The Monstrous CulturalThe Monstrous Cultural
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The Monstrous CulturalThe Monstrous CulturalDivideDivide
Without a common culturalWithout a common culturalidentity there is no common,identity there is no common,unified action.unified action.
A culturally fragmentedA culturally fragmented
and atomized mass is theand atomized mass is the
worst conceivable sourceworst conceivable source
material for thematerial for the
development processdevelopment process..
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the elite and commonthe elite and common
peoplepeople
The alienation of the elite from theThe alienation of the elite from theculture of our people makes them feelculture of our people makes them feelno sense of responsibility to the people.no sense of responsibility to the people.
We have aWe have a soft statesoft state because of self-because of self-serving elite intervention andserving elite intervention andmanipulation. As a result, the culture ofmanipulation. As a result, the culture of
the bureaucracy, including the policethe bureaucracy, including the policeand the military, is moreand the military, is more attuned to theattuned to theneeds and values of the elite than to theneeds and values of the elite than to thevast majority of Filipinos.vast majority of Filipinos.
A Peop e Can On y Be Un te By t e T ngseop
e an n y e n e y e ngsTh L d Di id d B th Thi ThTh
L d Di id d B th Thi Th
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y y gy y gThey Love, and Divided By the Things TheyThey Love, and Divided By the Things They
HateHate..
Generations of contempt forGenerations of contempt forFilipinos by the colonizers haveFilipinos by the colonizers havebeen imbibed by many Filipinosbeen imbibed by many Filipinosthemselves, especially by the rulingthemselves, especially by the ruling
elites, who were most exposed toelites, who were most exposed toWestern rule.Western rule.
Actually, as a research of SWS hasActually, as a research of SWS has
indicated, it is this classindicated, it is this class who havewho havethe lowest regard for themselvesthe lowest regard for themselves asasFilipinosFilipinos, having been the most, having been the mostconditioned to idolize Westernconditioned to idolize Western
ways. Their low regard for Filipinosways. Their low regard for Filipinos
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ThemselvesThemselves Always Unites aAlways Unites a
PeoplePeople If we are to become one nation, we haveIf we are to become one nation, we have
to begin deconstructing the veryto begin deconstructing the very
negative self-images that have beennegative self-images that have been
ingrained in us by centuries of colonialingrained in us by centuries of colonial
misrule and miseducation,misrule and miseducation, especiallyespecially
among the elites who are the poweramong the elites who are the power
wielders and thus have the greatestwielders and thus have the greatest
responsibility to serve and be one withresponsibility to serve and be one withour people.our people.
We can never erect a viable nation if weWe can never erect a viable nation if we
continue to denigrate ourselves, even incontinue to denigrate ourselves, even in
the presence of foreigners.the presence of foreigners.
Social Self-Images As Self-Fulfilling: TheSocial Self-Images As Self-Fulfilling: The
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Social Self-Images As Self-Fulfilling: TheSocial Self-Images As Self-Fulfilling: The
Need to Develop a Strong Shared VisionNeed to Develop a Strong Shared Vision
It is the image a people create ofIt is the image a people create ofthemselves that is the psycho-themselves that is the psycho-
cultural basis of their strengths andcultural basis of their strengths and
weaknesses, triumphs and failuresweaknesses, triumphs and failures.. For a nations self-image tendsFor a nations self-image tends
to be self-fulfillingto be self-fulfilling(A peoples(A peoplesperception of themselvesperception of themselvesinevitably becomes a realityinevitably becomes a reality Kenneth Boulding,Kenneth Boulding,The ImageThe Image).).
Social Self-Images As Self-Fulfilling:Social Self-Images As Self-Fulfilling:
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Social Self Images As Self Fulfilling:Social Self Images As Self Fulfilling:
The Need to Develop a StrongThe Need to Develop a Strong
Shared VisionShared Vision
If in our minds we think we will beIf in our minds we think we will be
defeated, we have already lost. Ifdefeated, we have already lost. If
we think we are an inferior people,we think we are an inferior people,we will tend to lower our standardswe will tend to lower our standards
and be satisfied with good enough.and be satisfied with good enough.
Negative self-images, whetherNegative self-images, whetherindividual or collective, can causeindividual or collective, can cause
untold social and cultural damage.untold social and cultural damage.
Social Self-Images As Self-Fulfilling: TheSocial Self-Images As Self-Fulfilling: The
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g gg g
Need to Develop a Strong SharedNeed to Develop a Strong Shared
VisionVision
We lose nothing and gainWe lose nothing and gaineverything by focusing on theeverything by focusing on the
most exalted aspects of ourmost exalted aspects of our
self/being as a basis of ourself/being as a basis of ourself-imageself-image
Cultivating our strengths notCultivating our strengths notonly empowers us butonly empowers us but
eliminates our so-calledeliminates our so-called
weaknesses in the processweaknesses in the process Social Self-Images As Self-Fulfilling:Social Self-Images As Self-Fulfilling:
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g gg g
The Need to Develop a StrongThe Need to Develop a Strong
Shared VisionShared Vision
An inspiring image ofAn inspiring image ofourselves emerges from theourselves emerges from the
very core of our culture:very core of our culture:aahighly relational, holistic,highly relational, holistic,
participatory and creativeparticipatory and creative
people with a strongpeople with a strong
nurturing and caringnurturing and caring
orientation.orientation.
Filipino Healing CultureFilipino Healing Culture
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Filipino Healing CultureFilipino Healing Culture We are highly relational We are highly relational SocialSocial
interconnectednessinterconnectedness leads to longevityleads to longevity ExpressivenessExpressiveness, especially through, especially through
music and dance, releases harmfulmusic and dance, releases harmful
emotionsemotions Everyday creativityEveryday creativity promotes well-beingpromotes well-being
Touching as a way of lifeTouching as a way of life increasesincreases
immunity to diseaseimmunity to disease
Deep belief in GodDeep belief in God makes Filipinosmakes Filipinos
optimistic and provides meaning to lifeoptimistic and provides meaning to life
Strong sense of humorStrong sense of humor enables us toenables us to
rebound easily from any tragedyrebound easily from any tragedy
POSITIVE SELF IMAGEPOSITIVE SELF IMAGE
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POSITIVE SELF-IMAGEPOSITIVE SELF-IMAGE
A positive self-image is the basis ofA positive self-image is the basis ofsocial/national unity, synergy andsocial/national unity, synergy andcooperation since everybody identifiescooperation since everybody identifieswith the positivewith the positive
Negativism about ourselvesNegativism about ourselvesdiscourages foreign investments,discourages foreign investments,tourism and trade - bringing about atourism and trade - bringing about aconsiderable loss of economic, politicalconsiderable loss of economic, political
and social opportunitiesand social opportunities Self-denigration lowers respect for theSelf-denigration lowers respect for the
Filipino, diminishing our stature in theFilipino, diminishing our stature in theworld and making us unacceptable orworld and making us unacceptable orunwelcome in other countries.unwelcome in other countries.
A Filipino PerspectiveA Filipino Perspective
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A Filipino PerspectiveA Filipino Perspective
Build on Filipino/ IndigenousBuild on Filipino/ IndigenousStrengthsStrengths
-- Need for Positive Self-Image:Need for Positive Self-Image:-- Root cause of Philippine under-Root cause of Philippine under-
development:development:
Filipino tendency towards self bashingFilipino tendency towards self bashingesp. among the Westernized elite,esp. among the Westernized elite,
preventing us from tapping our greatestpreventing us from tapping our greatest
asset for sustainable developmentasset for sustainable development -- ourour
cultural strengths and resources.cultural strengths and resources.
A Fili i P tiA Fili i P ti
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A Filipino PerspectiveA Filipino Perspective Work for the Good of the NationWork for the Good of the Nation
as a Whole:as a Whole:
ACT LOCALLY, THINK NATIONALLYACT LOCALLY, THINK NATIONALLYoror
ACT LOCALLY, THINK GLOBALLYACT LOCALLY, THINK GLOBALLY
DevelopDevelopPridePride,, CommitmentCommitment,,
andand ExcellenceExcellence
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DEVELOPING A FILIPINO AND HUMANISTICDEVELOPING A FILIPINO AND HUMANISTIC
PERSPECTIVEPERSPECTIVE
Missions and policy research can lay the basisMissions and policy research can lay the basis
forfor programs that can:programs that can:1. Heighten social consciousness and1. Heighten social consciousness and
sense ofsense of
responsibility to the nation byresponsibility to the nation by
Making Filipinos and foreigners know deeply theMaking Filipinos and foreigners know deeply thehistory and cultural geography of the Filipinohistory and cultural geography of the Filipino
peoplepeople, with emphasis on, with emphasis on local strengths.local strengths. Broadly situating in a socio-cultural contextBroadly situating in a socio-cultural context thethe
teaching of highly technical courses, especiallyteaching of highly technical courses, especially
DEVELOPING A FILIPINO AND HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVEDEVELOPING A FILIPINO AND HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVE
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DEVELOPING A FILIPINO AND HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVEDEVELOPING A FILIPINO AND HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVE
Balancing Individual Freedom withBalancing Individual Freedom with
Sense of CommunitySense of Community
Our professionals can strive to achieve aOur professionals can strive to achieve a
balanced outlook, one that can appreciatebalanced outlook, one that can appreciate
the Western ideals of individual freedom asthe Western ideals of individual freedom aswell as the profound and lasting Asianwell as the profound and lasting Asianvalues of communal togetherness, nationalvalues of communal togetherness, national
unity, spiritual oneness of humanity and,unity, spiritual oneness of humanity and,especially,especially, Filipino psychologies ofFilipino psychologies of
cooperation and communal ways, such ascooperation and communal ways, such asthe Filipino ideal ofthe Filipino ideal ofpakikipagkapwapakikipagkapwa,, whosewhose
deepest meaning is shared goodness ordeepest meaning is shared goodness or
DEVELOPING A FILIPINO AND HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVEDEVELOPING A FILIPINO AND HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVE
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DEVELOPING A FILIPINO AND HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVEDEVELOPING A FILIPINO AND HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVE
Maintaining core programs or thrusts on:Maintaining core programs or thrusts on:
What it means to be humanWhat it means to be human andand FilipinoFilipino,,sustainable living and understanding of thesustainable living and understanding of theecologyecology,, realization of creative potentialrealization of creative potential, etc., etc.
AcquiringAcquiring truly interdisciplinary perspectivestruly interdisciplinary perspectivesthat broaden intellectual horizons andthat broaden intellectual horizons and
promote multiple intelligences andpromote multiple intelligences anddemonstrate the interconnectedness of alldemonstrate the interconnectedness of all
phenomena.phenomena. Establishing, especially for the young FilipinosEstablishing, especially for the young Filipinos
here and abroad,here and abroad, pasyal-aral activities inpasyal-aral activities in
selected places in the Philippines for culturalselected places in the Philippines for cultural
immersionimmersion..
DEVELOPING A FILIPINO AND HUMANISTICDEVELOPING A FILIPINO AND HUMANISTIC
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PERSPECTIVEPERSPECTIVE
2. Demonstrate that the arts are not isolated from2. Demonstrate that the arts are not isolated from
other cultural phenomena, and are the most lucidother cultural phenomena, and are the most lucidmirrors of social consciousnessmirrors of social consciousness
The arts do not exist in a vacuumThe arts do not exist in a vacuum. Every artistic. Every artisticstatement is also a political one, even from thestatement is also a political one, even from themost seemingly, innocuous decorative ones.most seemingly, innocuous decorative ones.There is no escape from social responsibility. ItsThere is no escape from social responsibility. Itseither you are promoting art for the commoneither you are promoting art for the commonpeople, for the elite, or for the nation as a whole.people, for the elite, or for the nation as a whole.For whom does the artist create?For whom does the artist create? can always becan always be
asked.asked.
Interdisciplinary, world arts, arts and ideas,Interdisciplinary, world arts, arts and ideas,comparative and other expansive approaches tocomparative and other expansive approaches toart studiesart studies can be an antidote to specialisticcan be an antidote to specialisticinnocenceinnocence
ART DOES NOT BECOME EXCLUSIVE INART DOES NOT BECOME EXCLUSIVE IN
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ART DOES NOT BECOME EXCLUSIVE INART DOES NOT BECOME EXCLUSIVE IN
TRADITIONAL CULTURESTRADITIONAL CULTURES
Participation in creative, artisticParticipation in creative, artistic
activities is not limited to a fewactivities is not limited to a few..
Everybody in the community takes partEverybody in the community takes part
in making art and creative things. Thisin making art and creative things. Thisresults in aresults in a vast resource pool ofvast resource pool ofpractitioners of arts and crafts, thuspractitioners of arts and crafts, thus
promoting creative diversity.promoting creative diversity. ForForexample, farmers become expertexample, farmers become expert
puppeteers, housewives becomepuppeteers, housewives become
accomplished weavers, a barber anaccomplished weavers, a barber an
DEVELOPING A FILIPINO AND HUMANISTICDEVELOPING A FILIPINO AND HUMANISTIC
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PERSPECTIVEPERSPECTIVE
3. Promote people participation,3. Promote people participation,local genius and culturallocal genius and cultural
diversity bydiversity by
Identifying local cultural geniusIdentifying local cultural geniusand promoting it nationally andand promoting it nationally and
internationally, based on theinternationally, based on the
assumption thatassumption that we are boundwe are boundtogether by the good or thetogether by the good or the
positivepositive
DEVELOPING A FILIPINO ANDDEVELOPING A FILIPINO ANDS C S C
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HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVEHUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVE
To achieve this, we must view ourselvesTo achieve this, we must view ourselves
from our own cultural perspectives,from our own cultural perspectives,appropriate to the conditions under whichappropriate to the conditions under whichmost of our people live, and relevant tomost of our people live, and relevant totheir needs.their needs.
Indigenous concepts and ideasIndigenous concepts and ideas,,knowledge systems and practicesknowledge systems and practices,, formsformsof expressionof expression,, traditional artstraditional arts andand nativenativelanguageslanguages that continue to exist today arethat continue to exist today arethethe basis of policies and programs forbasis of policies and programs forsustainable development because theysustainable development because theyare in consonance with our psyche andare in consonance with our psyche andour needs, containing wisdom testedour needs, containing wisdom tested
through timethrough time.. Local genius or indigenousLocal genius or indigenous
Intangible Cultural Heritage asIntangible Cultural Heritage as
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Intangible Cultural Heritage asIntangible Cultural Heritage as
the Wellspring of Local Geniusthe Wellspring of Local Genius
According to the UNESCO 2003 convention, ICH is the mainspring ofAccording to the UNESCO 2003 convention, ICH is the mainspring ofcultural diversity and its maintenance a guarantee for continuingcultural diversity and its maintenance a guarantee for continuingcultural diversity. ICH is manifested in the ff. domainscultural diversity. ICH is manifested in the ff. domains
Oral traditions and expressions includingOral traditions and expressions including
languages as a vehicle of intangible culturallanguages as a vehicle of intangible culturalheritageheritage
Performing arts (such as traditional music,Performing arts (such as traditional music,dance and theatre)dance and theatre)
Social Practices, rituals and festive eventsSocial Practices, rituals and festive events Knowledge and practices concerning natureKnowledge and practices concerning nature
and the universeand the universeTraditional craftsmanshipTraditional craftsmanship
Intangible Cultural Heritage as theIntangible Cultural Heritage as the
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Wellspring of Local GeniusWellspring of Local Genius
Regardless of his specialization, it is imperativeRegardless of his specialization, it is imperativethat a local cultural worker - whether athat a local cultural worker - whether apractitioner, manager or educator - be steepedpractitioner, manager or educator - be steepedin the ICH of his community, i.e. in these fivein the ICH of his community, i.e. in these fivedomains.domains. In this way, he becomes culturally-In this way, he becomes culturally-
rooted, instead of being alienated from hisrooted, instead of being alienated from hispeople by a fragmented, narrow kind ofpeople by a fragmented, narrow kind ofeducation.education.
Cultural education, then, should not only be aCultural education, then, should not only be a
smattering of facts and disconnected bits ofsmattering of facts and disconnected bits ofinformation but knowing whole traditions,information but knowing whole traditions,systems, concepts, and practices; acquiringsystems, concepts, and practices; acquiringskills; and attaining insights andskills; and attaining insights andunderstandings within the contexts of onesunderstandings within the contexts of ones
local community and the nation as a whole.local community and the nation as a whole.
Tapping Local Cultural Genius forTapping Local Cultural Genius for
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Social and Economic AdvancementSocial and Economic Advancement
Programs, projects and activities that lead toPrograms, projects and activities that lead tothe enhancement of these elements of culturalthe enhancement of these elements of culturalworth among existing Filipino communities hereworth among existing Filipino communities hereor abroad will go a long way towards theor abroad will go a long way towards thepreservation of creative, artistic skills, and thuspreservation of creative, artistic skills, and thusgreatly contribute to their social and economicgreatly contribute to their social and economicwell-being.well-being.
A creatively vital community with a rich culturalA creatively vital community with a rich culturalheritage is preferable to a hundred museumsheritage is preferable to a hundred museums
that are merely a repository of dead objectsthat are merely a repository of dead objectsand artifacts that fail to show us the socio-and artifacts that fail to show us the socio-cultural contexts in which these artifactscultural contexts in which these artifactsexisted in the past.existed in the past.
ESTABLISHING SCHOOLS FORESTABLISHING SCHOOLS FOR
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LIVING TRADITIONSLIVING TRADITIONS
A museum where collections are shown in a diorama orA museum where collections are shown in a diorama ortableau type of presentation is much better in thistableau type of presentation is much better in thisregard.regard. Better still would be a museum of this categoryBetter still would be a museum of this categorywhere the tableaux on display represent living traditionswhere the tableaux on display represent living traditionsor dynamically existing village cultures in a nearbyor dynamically existing village cultures in a nearby
network of communities to which the museum isnetwork of communities to which the museum isconnected.connected.
The ideal type of institution for the preservation ofThe ideal type of institution for the preservation oftraditional creative skills, of course, is a School for Livingtraditional creative skills, of course, is a School for Living
Traditions located right within a traditional community.Traditions located right within a traditional community.In this center, living bearers of culture go aboutIn this center, living bearers of culture go aboutpracticing their skills in the context of their everydaypracticing their skills in the context of their everydaylife, with the presence of students or apprentices wholife, with the presence of students or apprentices whoare keenly interested in learning these traditions.are keenly interested in learning these traditions.
Promoting the Local But Thinking National or Global:Promoting the Local But Thinking National or Global:
C i i h S hH C iti t th St t th
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Human Communities, not the State, are theHuman Communities, not the State, are the
Ultimate Actors in the Development ProcessUltimate Actors in the Development Process
In mainstream development thinking, the stateIn mainstream development thinking, the stateis always seen as the social agent or subject ofis always seen as the social agent or subject ofthe development process.the development process. From a humanFrom a humandevelopment perspective, human beings ordevelopment perspective, human beings or
small communities of human beings, are thesmall communities of human beings, are theultimate actorsultimate actors. Most states are, after all,. Most states are, after all,artificial territorial constructions, usually theartificial territorial constructions, usually theresult of international wars or internalresult of international wars or internalcolonialism.colonialism.
The concept of a nation-state implies that theThe concept of a nation-state implies that theterritorial boundaries of the state coincide withterritorial boundaries of the state coincide withthe boundaries of a culturally homogeneousthe boundaries of a culturally homogeneousnation.nation. This is the exception rather than theThis is the exception rather than the
rulerule in a world with about thousands ofin a world with about thousands of
Promoting the Local But Thinking National orPromoting the Local But Thinking National or
Gl b l H C iti t th St tGlobal: Human Communities not the State are
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Global: Human Communities, not the State, areGlobal: Human Communities, not the State, are
the Ultimate Actors in the Development Processthe Ultimate Actors in the Development Process
We have to encourage celebration of the uniqueWe have to encourage celebration of the uniquecultural identities of cultural communities throughcultural identities of cultural communities throughvarious activities and expressive forms to provide forvarious activities and expressive forms to provide forcommunication and sustainable developmentcommunication and sustainable development. Failure to. Failure todo this may lead to violence, deviant behavior,do this may lead to violence, deviant behavior,depression, and suicide. Positive programs candepression, and suicide. Positive programs canencourage harmony and engagement in society.encourage harmony and engagement in society.Underlying these programs is theUnderlying these programs is the attitude of toleranceattitude of toleranceand respect for cultural diversity.and respect for cultural diversity.
A nations development, then, can be viewedA nations development, then, can be viewed
as proceeding along apparently divergentas proceeding along apparently divergentdirections,directions, one,one, towards a shared culturaltowards a shared culturaluniverse at the national leveluniverse at the national level and two,and two,towards thetowards the greatest possible intra-greatest possible intra-cultural diversity at the local level.cultural diversity at the local level.
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WAKASWAKAS
FINFIN
THE ENDTHE END
Salamat Po!!!Salamat Po!!!
Defining the FilipinoDefining the Filipino
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Defining the FilipinoDefining the Filipino
Meaning of Identity: Pattern ofMeaning of Identity: Pattern ofOrganization or RelationshipsOrganization or Relationships
The elements, ingredients, or parts of aThe elements, ingredients, or parts of a
whole never determine its identity,whole never determine its identity,becausebecause the whole is more than the sumthe whole is more than the sumof its partsof its parts.. It is how the parts areIt is how the parts arecombined or organized to form a wholecombined or organized to form a whole
that determines its identity.that determines its identity. No matterNo matterhow familiar or unoriginal the parts are,how familiar or unoriginal the parts are,the way they are combined can result inthe way they are combined can result insomething totally new, unique andsomething totally new, unique and
Meanings of FilipinoMeanings of Filipino
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Legal (a Filipino citizen)Legal (a Filipino citizen)
A person who is a legal citizen of theA person who is a legal citizen of thePhilippines may be just that,Philippines may be just that, a citizen ona citizen onpaperpaper..
In reality,In reality, he may not have developed anyhe may not have developed anynotion of responsibility and sense ofnotion of responsibility and sense ofcommitment to the nation of which he is acommitment to the nation of which he is amembermember.. He may even act in a mannerHe may even act in a mannercontrary to its welfarecontrary to its welfare, either out of, either out of
ignorance or for purely selfish reasons, like aignorance or for purely selfish reasons, like ascientist divulging the ingredients of a highlyscientist divulging the ingredients of a highlyeffective traditional medicine to a foreigneffective traditional medicine to a foreigncorporation for a fee, engaging in corruptcorporation for a fee, engaging in corruptpractices in thepractices in thegovernment, or engaging ingovernment, or engaging inille al lo in .illegal logging.
Meanings of Filipino IdentityMeanings of Filipino Identity22
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22 Superficial majority (prevalence of externalSuperficial majority (prevalence of external
features)features) Another apparent source of Filipino identity isAnother apparent source of Filipino identity is
thethe character or quality that arises from thecharacter or quality that arises from theprevalence of certain external features of theprevalence of certain external features of the
people.people.
These could easily be mistaken forThese could easily be mistaken for
genuine identity because their numericalgenuine identity because their numericaldominance makes them very visible. Majoritydominance makes them very visible. Majorityof the Filipinos, for example, are brown-of the Filipinos, for example, are brown-skinned, flat-nosed, medium-built, and withskinned, flat-nosed, medium-built, and with
black hair and eyes.black hair and eyes. ButBut this does not make Filipinos who do notthis does not make Filipinos who do not
resemble them any less Filipinoresemble them any less Filipino.. For culturalFor culturalidentity has absolutely nothing to do withidentity has absolutely nothing to do withbiology.biology. Culture is learned, not transmittedCulture is learned, not transmittedthrou h the enes.through the genes.
Meanings of FilipinoMeanings of Filipino
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Spurious (anecdotal, associative)Spurious (anecdotal, associative) A people or a nation becomes easilyA people or a nation becomes easily
identified with dramatic andidentified with dramatic and
sensational eventssensational events; extraordinary; extraordinary
political, social, and economicpolitical, social, and economic
phenomena; fortuitousphenomena; fortuitouscircumstances; charismatic orcircumstances; charismatic or
strong personalities; currentstrong personalities; current
conditions; and random impressionsconditions; and random impressions Meanings of FilipinoMeanings of Filipino
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Ideological (politically constructed fromIdeological (politically constructed from
the center)the center) A national ideology is aA national ideology is a relativelyrelatively
stable system of ideas and principlesstable system of ideas and principlesoften formulated by a government tooften formulated by a government to
serve as guiding force for the nationserve as guiding force for the nation..Its aim is to define how the nation mustIts aim is to define how the nation mustlive, ideas it should follow to achievelive, ideas it should follow to achievefull self-realizationfull self-realization.. It is intended toIt is intended to
harmonize the nation through a systemharmonize the nation through a systemof values that corresponds to theof values that corresponds to thenational character of the peoplenational character of the peopleconcerned.concerned. Only in this case will theOnly in this case will the
full self-realization of a nation befull self-realization of a nation be
Meanings of Filipino Identity 5Meanings of Filipino Identity 5
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Dominant Narrative (popular history orDominant Narrative (popular history orinterpretation)interpretation)
The development of Filipino consciousness and identityThe development of Filipino consciousness and identitybegan as a series of Filipino creative responses to thebegan as a series of Filipino creative responses to theabuses of the Spaniards, especially when the Filipinoabuses of the Spaniards, especially when the Filipinopriests Frs. Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora werepriests Frs. Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora were
guillotined in 1872 for simply asking for reforms.guillotined in 1872 for simply asking for reforms. Dr. Jose Rizal is on record as the first to conceive of aDr. Jose Rizal is on record as the first to conceive of a
separate Filipino nation. A man of peace, he did hisseparate Filipino nation. A man of peace, he did hisbest to pursue the path of reform through La Ligabest to pursue the path of reform through La LigaFilipina. When it became clear that the much-neededFilipina. When it became clear that the much-needed
reforms would not be granted by the Spaniards, Andresreforms would not be granted by the Spaniards, AndresBonifacio formed the Katipunan and, through theBonifacio formed the Katipunan and, through theleadership of Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo, waged aleadership of Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo, waged asuccessful armed struggle against the Spanish colonialsuccessful armed struggle against the Spanish colonialregime.regime.
This is the o ular histor of our nations ori in the
Meanings of FilipinoMean ngs o F p noId i 6Id tit 6
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Distinctiveness (a function of theDistinctiveness (a function of the
seven facets of cultural worth)seven facets of cultural worth) The seven facets of cultural worth mayThe seven facets of cultural worth may
be applied to any culture or place as anbe applied to any culture or place as aninstrument for identifying itsinstrument for identifying its
attractions, distinctive creations,attractions, distinctive creations,expressions or achievements.expressions or achievements.
OriginalityOriginality IndigenousnessIndigenousness
AuthenticityAuthenticity UniquenessUniqueness HistoricityHistoricity MagnitudeMagnitude
Excellence or GreatnessExcellence or Greatness
Promoting CulturalPromoting Cultural
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IdentityIdentity Cultural Identity is the Basis of SustainableCultural Identity is the Basis of Sustainable
Development:Development:
Sources of Cultural DistinctivenessSources of Cultural Distinctiveness
OriginalityOriginality,, IndigenousnessIndigenousness,,AuthenticityAuthenticity,,UniquenessUniqueness,, HistoricityHistoricity,, MagnitudeMagnitude,, andandExcellenceExcellence
Anywhere in the world people prefer theAnywhere in the world people prefer thedistinctive, one with character, notdistinctive, one with character, notanything bland and featurelessanything bland and featureless
Seven Facets of CulturalSeven Facets of Cultural
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WorthWorth
OriginalityOriginality (First of its Kind)(First of its Kind)
IndigenousnessIndigenousness (Original or(Original or
Native to a Place)Native to a Place)
AuthenticityAuthenticity
(Purity,Genuineness)(Purity,Genuineness)
UniquenessUniqueness (The Only One of its Kind)(The Only One of its Kind)
Seven Facets of CulturalSeven Facets of Cultural
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WorthWorth
HistoricityHistoricity (Connection to Past(Connection to Past
Significant or Momentous Events)Significant or Momentous Events)
MagnitudeMagnitude (Superlative Degree or(Superlative Degree orExtent,Quantitatively Measured)Extent,Quantitatively Measured)
ExcellenceExcellence oror GreatnessGreatness (in Artistic,(in Artistic,Intellectual, Scientific, Humanistic, orIntellectual, Scientific, Humanistic, or
Technical Quality)Technical Quality)
Meanings of Filipino Identity 7Meanings of Filipino Identity 7
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Shared Variety or Richness ( unique orShared Variety or Richness ( unique ordistinctive totality of cultural diversitydistinctive totality of cultural diversity
and creativity)and creativity) A bouquet with twelve different kinds ofA bouquet with twelve different kinds of
flowers will have a richer aggregate qualityflowers will have a richer aggregate qualitythan one with only three kinds even if thethan one with only three kinds even if the
total number of flowers in each bouquet is thetotal number of flowers in each bouquet is thesame.same. Both, however, will have aBoth, however, will have a distinctivedistinctivetotality arising from their uniquetotality arising from their uniquecompositions.compositions.
What is true of flowers is also true of cultures.What is true of flowers is also true of cultures.Philippine society
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