cultural policies for the dual city: culture, territory and citizenship in sao paulo
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Cultural Policies for the Dual City
Roberto RoccoSpatial Planning and StrategyTU Delft
#echolib
Sunday, 27February, 2011
Sunday, 27February, 2011
The City-region
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Utrecht
Rotterdam
Amsterdam
SPaulo
Santos
Campinas
0 10 20
Den Haag
0 10 20
Nordzee
S Atlantic
Area: 8.313 Km2 Area: 8.051 Km2c. 2.000 urbanised
São Paulo ‘in comparison’ with the Randstad
75km
50km
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The cliché image is misleading
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The Formal City
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… and the informal city are physically distant
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SpatialEconomicdichotomies
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Mapping average income in Sao PauloData source: Prefeitura Sao Paulo, Map: Roberto Rocco
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Mapping clandestine settlements in Sao PauloData source: IBGE, Map: Roberto Rocco
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Human Development Index Source: IBGE. Map: Roberto Rocco
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BOSS
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A colonial city
Rua Direita. Central Core circa 1860.
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1850:The Coffee Revolution
Sao Paulo Railway Station (1892) is built with English capitals.
1880: Pop 31.000
The great coffee plantations commercialise their products in the city. The coffee economy produces the development of urban activities, because it demands a complex organisation of financing, transport, commerce and export.
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European Immigration
Workers at Textile Factory around 1910. The factory belonged to Matarazzo family
The Black population is small in the city. Freed slaves establish in peripheral areas (later districts of the city)
Slavery abolished, it was necessary to have paid labour force. European and Japanese immigrants come to the city en masse.
1895 Pop 131.0001900Pop 239.820
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Praca do Patriarca, Down Town São Paulo, c. 1925
An ‘European’ city
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Central Business District
15 de Novembro Street c. 1906Sunday, 27February, 2011
Sao Joao Avenue 1951 • 1950
• Pop: 2.19 m
After WW II: An ‘American city”
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Tram 55 and bus 74 in Casa Verde District, 1953
After WW II: New Urban Paradigm
The adoption of more and more buses instead of tramways allows the sprawling of the city to distant peripheries.
Newly arrived migrants establish themselves in those peripheries.
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After WW II: New Urban Paradigm
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Migration from old colonised areas in the North-East of Brazil
Curiously, there are not many images of Nordeste immigrants taken at that time. These are artistic representations of immigration. Left: Immigrant family by Candido Portinari.
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SP Urban Growth Source: Meyer et al. 2004
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The contemporary ‘Alpha Global’ city
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A Corporate Global City
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….versus an ‘excluded’ peripheral city
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Why has this happened?The colonial heritage (imbalanced territorial
development)Explosive growth (uncontrolled rural migration)
Poor governance (military dictatorship)Lack of strong planning tradition
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Meanwhile cultural policies were being implemented
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But...what culture? For whom? And where?
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Two distinct types of policies
supporting “the” culture/ (globalized/ European/
central) X supporting local “alternative” culture (African/
Northeastern/ peripheral)Sunday, 27February, 2011
Creating spaces for corporate culture
Not only office buildings but theatres/ show houses/parks and other equipments for the
this culture to thrive
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Vi
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BOSS
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the establishment culture?Central/ white/ European/ GLOBAL
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Good tradition in organization of big events
São Paulo Fashion WeekVirada Cultural (equivalent to Paris Nuits Blanches)São Paulo Art BiennaleSão Paulo International Film FestivalSão Paulo Gay Pride ParadeAnima Mundi (International Animated Film Festival)
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São Paulo International Film Festival
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São Paulo Art Biennale
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São Paulo Fashion Week
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São Paulo Virada Cultural: the biggest event
2005 Estimated public: 300.000 attractions: 200
2006 Estimated public: 1,5 million attractions: 304
2007 Estimated public: 3 million attractions: 350
2008 Estimated public: 3,5 million attractions:700
2009 Estimated public: 4 million attractions: 800
2010 Estimated public: 4 million attractions: 1000
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São Paulo Gay Pride Parade3.1 million (2009)
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alternative culture?Peripheralnon-whiteLOCAL
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new cultural and artisticmovements created in the poor peripheries of São Paulo have articulated responsesto both urban violence and to the new forms of urban segregation.
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“I have an old bible, an automatic pistol, and a sentiment of revolt.I’m trying to survive in hell”
Hip Hop lyrics
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HIP HOP Culture
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In São Paulo, the centre is peripheral
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Graffiti as social contestation
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… and social affirmation
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…as opposed to graffiti as artistic expression
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‘revitalizing’ the
CENTRE:Projeto
Nova LuzSunday, 27February, 2011
Cracolandia, São Paulo Downtown
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Pinacoteca
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Luz Train Station
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Museum of the Portuguese Language
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State Music School
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Sala São PauloDowntown Revitalisa=on
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Centro Viejo
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Centro Viejo
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Projeto Nova Luz
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Development Strategy
• Commerce of electronics + Biggest technical college of São Paulo + ICT Businesses= TECHNOLOGY CENTRE
• Commerce of car parts + vehicle show rooms + new transportation modes + commercial events= MOBILITY CENTRE
• Existing museums + City orchestra + city ballet + music school + community centre + cinemas + shopping centres = CULTURAL AND ENTERTAINMENT AREA
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Sunday, 27February, 2011
The critique:GentrificationSpectacularisation (promotion of real estate operations)Promotion of an elitist culture etc.
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building citizenship in the
PERIPHERY
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Casas da Cultura de São PauloSão Paulo CULTURE POINTS and CEUS
Street smart teachers teach:Hip-hopGraffitiDance
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VAI Program Valorização de Iniciativas Culturais
Objectives:• Stimulate creation, access, formation
of the small creator in the city’s cultural development
• To promote cultural inclusion• To stimulate local cultural dynamics
and artistic creation
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Vocational programmes
• Cultural Action: continuous action to open dialogue fronts in order to allow the cultural occupation of OTHER SPACES IN THE CITY
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Vocational programmes
• Artistic and Pedagogic Research: to develop the capacity to instigate and formulate questions, to reflect upon and reinvent their artistic practices from the relationship between participant and PLACES where action takes place
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Vocational programmes
• Reflection on from and content: to propose an active relationship with the work of art, making the relation between WHAT one wants to express and HOW one wants to express it in artistic expression
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CEU Centro de Educacao Unificado
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CEU Centro de Educacao Unificado
Sports and cultural Bloc Didactical Bloc
External Areas
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THANK YOU!Obrigado!
Prepared by Roberto Rocco, Spatial Planning and Strategy, TU Delftr.c.rocco@tudelft.nl
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