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Economic Botany 55(1) p. 129166. 2001q 2001 by The New York Botanical Garden Press, Bronx, NY 10458-5126 U.S.A.
PLANT RESOURCES OF THE TEHUACA N-CUICATLA NVALLEY, MEXICO1
ALEJANDRO CASAS, ALFONSO VALIENTE-BANUET, JUAN LUIS VIVEROS,JAVIER CABALLERO, LAURA CORTE S, PATRICIA DA VILA,RAFAEL LIRA, AND ISELA RODRGUEZ
Casas, Alejandro, Alfonso Valiente-Banuet, Juan Luis Viveros (Instituto de Ecologa,Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Apartado Postal 27-3, Xangari 58089, Morelia,Michoacan, Mexico), Javier Caballero, Laura Cortes, (Jardn Botanico, Instituto de Biol-oga, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. Apartado postal 70-614, Mexico, D.F.04510, Mexico), Patricia Davila, Rafael Lira, and Isela Rodrguez (Unidad de Biotecnol-oga y Prototipos, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Profesionales Iztacala, Universidad Na-cional Autonoma de Mexico, Avenida de Los Barrio, s. n., Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla,54090 Estado de Mexico). PLANT RESOURCES OF THE TEHUACA N-CUICATLA N VALLEY, ME XICO.Economic Botany 55(1):129166, 2001. Information on richness of plant resources, and theirforms of use and management in the biosphere reserve Tehuacan-Cuicatlan, Mexico is an-alyzed. This 10 000 km2 region hosts nearly 2700 vascular plant species, and it is acknowl-edged as one of the arid areas with the highest floristic diversity in North America. Theseven indigenous ethnic groups that live in this region have cultural roots that date backalmost 10 000 years. Based upon ethnobotanical and floristic studies, as well as bibliograph-ical sources, a total of 808 useful plant species were identified, most of them (90%) beingnative, and 44 species being endemic to the region. A total of 681 species are wild plants,109 are weeds and ruderal plants, and 86 are domesticated crops. However, it was notedthat considerable overlap exists between the species of these 3 categories. For example, whilewild and ruderal plants (706 species) are foraged by both humans and domestic animals, 59species of this group are also managed in situ. On the other hand, 168 wild, ruderal anddomesticated species are cultivated. The Tehuacan-Cuicatlan Valley is one of the richestregions of Mexico in plant resources. Local knowledge on use and management of plants isa valuable source of information for designing conservation and social development strate-gies for the biosphere reserve.RECURSOS VEGETALES DEL VALLE DE TEHUACA N-CUICATLA N, ME XICO. Se analiza informacionsobre la riqueza de recursos vegetales, as como sus formas de uso y manejo en la reservade la biosfera Tehuacan-Cuicatlan, Mexico. Esta region, con una extension de 10 000 km2,alberga a cerca de 2700 especies de plantas vasculares y es reconocida como una de laszonas aridas con mayor diversidad florstica de Norteamerica. Incluye ademas a siete gruposetnicos indgenas con una historia cultural iniciada hace aproximadamente 10 000 anos.Con base en estudios etnobotanicos y florsticos, as como informacion bibliografica, seidentificaron un total de 808 especies de plantas utiles, la mayor parte de las cuales (90%)son nativas y 44 son endemicas para la region. Un total de 681 especies son silvestres, 109son arvenses y ruderales, y 86 son domesticadas, con algunas especies presentando al mismotiempo condicion de silvestres, arvenses y domesticadas. En total, 706 especies de plantassilvestres, arvenses y ruderales son forrajeadas tanto por humanos como por animales do-mesticos en las areas donde se encuentran, pero 59 de ellas son tambien manejadas in situ,mientras que 168 especies silvestres, arvenses y ruderales, as como domesticadas, son cul-tivadas. El Valle de Tehuacan es una de las regiones de Mexico con mayor diversidad derecursos vegetales. El conocimiento indgena sobre uso y manejo de las plantas locales esuna fuente de informacion valiosa para el diseno de estrategias de conservacion y desarrollosocial para la reserva de la biosfera.Key Words: domestication; ethnobotany; Tehuacan-Cuicatlan Valley; Mixtec; Popoloca; Nahua.
1 Received 21 June 1999; accepted 1 September 2000.
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130 [VOL. 55ECONOMIC BOTANY
Throughout a cultural history of nearly10 000 years (Flannery 1986; Wenke 1990;MacNeish 1992), human groups inhabiting theMexican territory have developed complexforms of interaction with plants. The spectrumof interactions includes foraging of wild orweedy plants, different forms of managing insitu communities and populations of wild andweedy plants, as well as cultivation and selec-tion of plant variants adapted to specific envi-ronments and human cultural requirements (seeBye 1993; Hernandez-Xolocotzi 1993; Caballe-ro 1995; Casas and Caballero 1996; Casas et al.1996, 1997a,b). Currently, Mexico, and specifi-cally the cultural area known as Mesoamerica,is recognized as one of the more important cen-ters of plant domestication in the world (Harlan1975; Hawkes 1983). The importance of thisarea is explainable in terms of its long and richcultural history, as well as its plant diversity,which is amongst the highest in the world.
A result of such history of human interactionswith plants are the nearly 5000 to 7000 speciesof useful plants that at present have been iden-tified within the Mexican territory (Caballero1984; Casas, Viveros, and Caballero 1994), aswell as an incalculable amount of infraspecificvariation that can be associated with human ma-nipulation. This extraordinary variation of usefulplants is undoubtedly an important source of ge-netic resources for satisfying the requirements ofan ever-developing society. At present, only fewof these species (maize, beans, cocoa, squashes,chili peppers, avocado, among others) are im-portant plant resources utilized throughout theworld. However, thousands of other useful plantspecies are utilized at only regional or local lev-els, but could become important in wider areas.Although these numbers may be impressive,there are probably still hundreds of other usefulplant species to be discovered. Compiling an in-ventory of Mexican plant resources, therefore,continues to be a research priority in Mexico.Many areas with high levels of biodiversity, aswell as many indigenous communities, have yetto be explored, whereas the risk of loss of bothnatural areas and indigenous cultures is increas-ing.
The Tehuacan-Cuicatlan Valley deserves spe-cial attention since both biological and culturalaspects suggest that this region could be amongthe richest of Mexico in plant resources. As sug-gested by the plant and animal inventories, this
10 000 km2 area (see Fig. 1) has probably thehighest biological diversity for an arid zone inNorth America. Davila et al. (1993) recorded2703 flowering plant species, with nearly 30%of them being endemic to the area. Valiente-Banuet et al. (n.d.) reported 29 vegetation typesin the valley, whereas Rojas-Martnez and Val-iente-Banuet (1996) reported 34 species of batsand Arizmendi and Espinoza de los Monteros(1996) identified 91 species of birds in the re-gion. In addition, the Tehuacan-Cuicatlan Valleyalso possesses important human cultural diver-sity, including Nahua, Popoloca, Mazatec, Chin-antec, Ixcatec, Cuicatec and Mixtec indigenousethnic groups. These peoples still maintain astrong presence in the region since nearly 30%of the approximately 650 000 inhabitants of theValley are speakers of at least one of these in-digenous tongues (Instituto Nacional Indigenista1992a,b). The historical presence of thesegroups and probably other extinct indigenouspeoples in the area appears to be very long.MacNeish (1967, 1992) reported the earliest ev-idence of human occupation of the area fromstrata of approximately 12 000 years ago, al-though more recent studies (see Hardy 1996)suggest that human occupation may have begunnearly 10 000 years ago. Because of the dry en-vironment of the Tehuacan Valley, MacNeishand other archaeologists were able to reconstructa reasonably complete chronology of humansubsistence in Mesoamerica, and this was basedupon some of the oldest remains of plant do-mestication and agriculture so far discovered inthe New World (MacNeish 1967, 1992; Smith1967).
The Tehuacan-Cuicatlan Valley, therefore,represents an important scenario for the inter-action of biological and cultural diversity over along period of time, and this has resulted in theaccumulation of a vast indigenous knowledgeresource base with respect to the utilization ofnative plants. Paradoxically, relatively few eth-nobotanical reports have been published for theregion. Among the ethnobotanical studies pub-lished on Tehuacan-Cuicatlan are articles onuseful plants by Miranda (1948) and Smith(1965, 1967), as well as the preliminary reporton plant resources of the region by Casas andValiente-Banuet (1995) and the ethnobotanicaldata on columnar cacti by Casas et al. (1997a)and Casas, Caballero and Valiente-Banuet(1999). However, more comprehensive infor-
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2001] 131CASAS ET AL.: PLANT RESOURCES OF THE TEHUACA N-CUICATLA N VALLEY
Fig. 1. Study area. The Tehuacan-Cuicatlan Valley. 1 5 Ajalpan; 2 5 Coxcatlan; 3 5 Rancho el Aguaje; 45 San Rafael; 5 5 Cuicatlan; 6 5 Tequixtepec; 7 5 Chazumba; 8 5 Tehuacan; 9 5 San Lorenzo; 10 5 Coapan;11 5 San Juan Raya; 12 5 Los Reyes Metzontla; 13 5 Zapotitlan de las Salinas; 14 5 Tecamachalco.
mation and therefore exhaustive studies are stillrequired. Such studies are crucial to improve un-derstanding of agricultural origins and plant do-mestication in the region. In addition, these stud-ies could reveal information about strategies oflocal environmental management that could helpin designing conservation efforts. Plant utiliza-tion as related to biological conservation is animportant issue because the region is now a bio-
sphere reserve, created by government decree inSeptember 1998.
Accordingly, this research focuses on to as-sessing the richness of useful plants in the Te-huacan-Cuicatlan Valley, their uses and forms ofmanagement. The aims were (1) to investigategeneral patterns of plant utilization, manipula-tion, and domestication processes in the area, (2)to evaluate the importance of this region within
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132 [VOL. 55ECONOMIC BOTANY
the context of the diversity of Mexican plant re-sources, and (3) to provide data for managementprograms of natural resources within the bio-sphere reserve.
STUDY AREASeven municipalities of the Tehuacan-Cuica-
tlan Valley were studied:
(1) Municipality of Zapotitlan de las Salinas.This region is located in the southwestern partof the Tehuacan-Cuicatlan Valley in the state ofPuebla (Fig. 1). The 3 Chocho-Popoloca villagesthat were studied here (Zapotitlan, San JuanRaya, and Los Reyes Metzontla) lie at elevationsbetween 1500 and 2300 m. The climate of thearea is arid (an average of 542.5 mm of rain andan annual temperature of 19.88C, according toGarca 1988). Thorn-scrub forest is the predom-inant type of vegetation. The subtypes of thorn-scrub vegetation include cardonal, dominatedby the giant columnar cactus Cephalocereus co-lumna-trajani (Karw.) K. Schum; tetechera,in which Neobuxbaumia tetetzo (F. A. C. Weber)Backeb. is the dominant species; and matorralrosetofilo or rosette scrub forest in which Aga-ve spp., Beaucarnea spp., Dasylirion spp., andYucca periculosa F. Baker are important ele-ments of the landscape. Mediterranean type veg-etation commonly called mexical or chaparralis also present, covering hills up to 2000 m (Val-iente-Banuet et al. 1998 n.d.).
(2) Municipality of Tehuacan. This area is lo-cated in the central portion of the valley and isinhabited mainly by Nahua-speaking people. Al-though this municipality includes the urbanizedTehuacan City, it is surrounded by rural villageswhere the use and management of native plantsis part of their economic activities. Elevationsrange from 1600 to 1800 m. Garca (1988) liststhe annual mean temperature and precipitationas 19.18C and 590 mm, respectively. Vegetationis predominantly thorn-scrub and rosette scrubforests, as well as mesquite, Prosopis laevigata(Humb. & Bonpl. Ex Willd.) M. C. Johnston for-est in alluvial deposits (Valiente-Banuet et al.n.d.). San Lorenzo, Coapan and Tehuacan werethe villages studied in the municipality of Te-huacan.
(3) Municipalities of Coxcatlan and (4) Ajal-pan. Both areas are inhabited by Nahua-speak-ing people and are located in the state of Pueblaat the southeastern part of the Tehuacan-Cuica-
tlan Valley. Elevations range from 1000 to 1400m. Garca (1988) reports the annual mean tem-perature and precipitation as 23.88C and 440.6mm, respectively. Vegetation is predominantlytropical deciduous forest as well as chiotillaland cardonal, types of plant associationwhere the columnar cacti Escontria chiotilla (F.A. C. Weber) Rose and Pachycereus weberi (J.Coulter) Backeb. are particularly abundant (Val-iente-Banuet et al. submitted). Ajalpan, the maintown of the municipality of Ajalpan; San Rafael,Rancho el Aguaje, and Coxcatlan, in the munic-ipality of Coxcatlan, in the state of Puebla werethe villages studied.
(5) Municipality of Cuicatlan. This area is lo-cated in the southeastern part of the Valley, andas such is included in the state of Oaxaca. Peo-ple of the Cuicatec and Mixtec cultures inhabitit. Elevations range from 1200 to 1600 m, andthe annual mean temperature and precipitationare 25.58C and 553 mm, respectively (Garca1988). Vegetation is predominantly tropical de-ciduous forest, chiotillal, as well as cardonalesdominated by Pachycereus weberi and Mitro-cereus fulviceps (F. A. C. Weber) Backeb. (Val-iente-Banuet et al. n.d.). In this municipality, thevillages of Cuicatlan, Tomelln and Valerio Tru-jano were studied
(6) Municipalities of Chazumba and, (7) SanPedro y San Pablo Tequixtepec. These areas arelocated in the state of Oaxaca in the extremesouthwestern part of the Valley. Mixtec peopleinhabit the region. Elevations range from 1600to 1800 m, and the annual mean temperature andprecipitation is given by Garca (1988) as 20.68Cand 720 mm, respectively. Tropical deciduousforest is the most important vegetation type. Thevillage of Chazumba was studied in the munic-ipality of Chazumba, whereas Tequixtepec andSanta Catalina Chinango were studied in themunicipality of San Pedro y San Pablo Tequix-tepec.
MATERIALS AND METHODSEthnobotanical studies were conducted in 22
villages throughout the entire Tehuacan-Cuica-tlan Valley, as well as in the main markets ofthe municipalities of Tehuacan, Ajalpan, Zapo-titlan, Chazumba, Coxcatlan and Cuicatlan. De-tailed studies, consisting of botanical collectionsand lengthy ethnobotanical interviews, wereconducted only in the 16 villages mentioned inthe previous section. Plant specimens were col-
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2001] 133CASAS ET AL.: PLANT RESOURCES OF THE TEHUACA N-CUICATLA N VALLEY
TABLE 1. FORMS OF UTILIZATION OF THE 808 USE-FUL PLANT SPECIES OF THE TEHUACA N-CUICATLA NVALLEY.
UseNumber of
species
FodderMedicinalEdibleFirewoodOrnamentalWood and materials for construction
492243242151
9591
Handicrafts manufactureSoil protection and reforestationLiving fencesPoisonsUseful resins, latex and sapFibers
666348352719
SaponiferousColorantsMelliferousAlcoholic beveragesStimulants
1913121111
ShadeGluesAromatizingCeremonialFood preservative
114583
lected in wild and anthropogenic areas in thepresence of local people participating as infor-mants. The collected voucher specimens weredeposited in the National Herbarium of Mexico(MEXU) under Valiente-Banuet et al.; Lira &Soto; and Davila et al. collection numbers. Atotal of 68 peasants participated (37 in villagesof detailed studies, 12 in other villages), givinginformation on plants, their local names, formsof use, techniques of preservation and prepara-tion, forms of management, economic value, aswell as the seasonal availability of useful prod-ucts.
Interviews were complemented with datafrom the data base developed by the projectPlant Resources of the Tehuacan-Cuicatlan Val-ley (Davila et al. 1993), and bibliographic sourc-es such as the checklists by Jaramillo (1982);Jaramillo and Gonzalez-Medrano (1983); Oso-rio-Beristain et al. (1996); Valiente-Banuet et al.(n.d.), the ethnobotanical reports from the Te-huacan Valley (Casas 1997; Casas and Valiente-Banuet 1995; Casas et al. 1997a; Miranda 1948;Ramrez 1996; Smith 1965, 1967) and ethno-botanical reports from other neighboring regions(Casas et al. 1994, 1996; Vazquez 1986; Villa-Kamel 1991). Additonal information was com-piled from ethnobotanical inventories of Mexicoby Martnez (1994), Argueta (1994) and the database on useful plants of Mexico (Banco de In-formacion Etnobotanica de Plantas Mexicanas,BADEPLAM) of the Jardn Botanico, Univer-sidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, as well asfrom studies on particular groups of plants suchas those by Bravo-Hollis (1978) and Arias,Gama and Guzman (1997) for Cactaceae; Zarate(1994) for Leucaena species; Casas, Caballeroand Valiente-Banuet (1999) for columnar cacti,and Meja and Davila (1992) for Gramineae.
RESULTSA total of 808 plant species were recorded as
utilized by people in the region (Appendix 1).Most of them are used as fodder, human food,firewood and medicine, but also important areother uses shown in Table 1. The useful plantspecies may have one to eleven different uses(average 6 S. D. 5 2.1 6 1.5 uses). Among thespecies with more categories of use are Acaciafarnesiana L. (Wild.) (11 uses), Guazuma ul-mifolia Lam. (11 uses), Pithecellobium dulce(Roxb.) Benth. (10 uses), Alnus acuminata
Kunth (9 uses), Cyrtocarpa procera Kunth (8uses), and Bursera aloexylon Engelm. (8 uses).
Useful plant species belong to 98 plant fam-ilies. However, nearly 60% of the total belongto the following families: the Gramineae (208species), Leguminosae (104 species), Cactaceae(48 species), Asteraceae (47 species), Cypera-ceae (42 species), Fagaceae (25 species), andSolanaceae (21 species). Some of these plantfamilies are among the highest in species diver-sity (Asteraceae, Leguminosae, Gramineae, So-lanaceae), whereas others attain importance asdominant groups in the landscapes of the region(Asteraceae, Leguminosae, Cactaceae, Fagaceaeand Cyperaceae) (Table 2). However, if onecompares the regional proportion of speciesrichness that is represented within each familyto the proportion of its useful species, it will beseen that Gramineae, Leguminosae, Cactaceae,Cyperaceae and Fagaceae are over-representedamong the useful plant species. This indicatesthat these families constitute the main sources ofplant resources for the region. On the otherhand, Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, Orchidaceae, Mal-vaceae, Scrophulariaceae and Crassulaceae are
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134 [VOL. 55ECONOMIC BOTANY
TABLE 2. NUMBER OF USEFUL PLANT SPECIES IN THE DOMINANT PLANT FAMILIES OF THE TEHUACA N-CUICATLA N VALLEY.
Family
Total number ofspecies inthe region1
% of plantspecies inthe region1
Number ofuseful species
% of usefulplant species
Number ofvegetation typesas dominants2
AsteraceaeLeguminosaeGramineaeEuphorbiaceaeLamiaceaeSolanaceae
345290215106
9576
12.810.78.03.93.52.8
47104208
204
21
5.812.925.8
2.50.52.6
1612
1130
CactaceaeOrchidaceaeMalvaceaeScrophulariaceaeCrassulaceae
7460565549
2.72.22.12.01.8
480700
6.00.00.90.00.0
110000
BromeliaceaeVerbenaceaeCyperaceaeAsclepiadaceaeFagaceae
4743424125
1.71.61.61.50.9
159
429
25
1.91.15.21.13.1
01103
1 Based upon Davila et al. 1993.2 Number of vegetation types of the region, out of 29, in which the family is among the six more dominant families, based upon Valiente-Banuet
et al., n.d.
under-represented among the useful plant spe-cies. Since these last families are known to beimportant sources of medicinal and ornamentalplants in other regions of Mexico (Table 3) aswell as in other areas of the world (Moerman etal. 1999), these particular families probablywould be worth studying anew in Tehuacan. Asshown in Table 3, the Tehuacan plant familiesthat are the most important in terms of numberof useful species are also the ones that are im-portant in other regions of Mexico. This illus-trates that these plants have consistently attract-ed the attention of humans for utilization. Theone exception is the Cyperaceae, which rankshigh in importance only in Tehuacan. This maybe because this family has a high diversity andabundance in the region, and because the speciesof this family are widely utilized as fodder.
The useful plant species are mostly wildplants (681 species); whereas 109 are weeds andruderal plants and 168 are cultivated (Table 4).At least 90 species have been introduced to theTehuacan-Cuicatlan Valley from other regions ofMexico and other parts of the world. These in-clude 79 cultivated species, and 11 wild orweedy species that have become naturalized.Therefore, nearly 90% of the useful plant spe-cies recorded are native and, among them, 44species are endemic to the region (Appendix 1).
Different forms of management by local peo-ple were observed among the useful plant spe-cies (see Appendix 1 and Table 4). The mostextended human-plant interaction is gathering orextraction of useful products (including foragingby domestic animals) in wild, weedy or ruderalplant populations. Except for 99 species that oc-cur in the region exclusively under cultivation,the remainder (709 species) is foraged by bothhumans and domestic animals in wild, weedy orruderal environments. However, 59 of these spe-cies receive some form of in situ managementin their wild populations. One form of manage-ment involves the sparing of useful plant specieswithin areas that are cleared during the prepa-ration of agricultural fields in swidden systems.Moreover, it is interesting to note that farmerswill often selectively spare only particular phe-notypes of a species, according to their utilitar-ian characteristics (see Casas et al. 1996,1997a,b, 1999). Still other wild forms may bedeliberately propagated or enhanced by peoplewithin natural populations in order to increasetheir numbers. Another group of 168 species arecultivated. Some of these are brought from theirwild populations to agricultural fields or homegardens, where they are sown or transplanted(Table 4, Appendix 1), but 86 (both native andintroduced) of these species show clear signs of
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2001] 135CASAS ET AL.: PLANT RESOURCES OF THE TEHUACA N-CUICATLA N VALLEY
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136 [VOL. 55ECONOMIC BOTANY
TABLE 4. FORMS OF MANAGEMENT OF USEFUL PLANTS IN THE TEHUACA N-CUICATLA N VALLEY (NOTE:CONSIDERABLE OVERLAP EXISTS BETWEEN THE SPECIES OF EACH CATEGORY).
Ecological status Foraging Management in situ Cultivation Total
WildWeeds and ruderalDomesticatedTotal
681109
7061
5514?
592
647
861683
68141094
868084
1 Eighty-four wild species of this category have weedy and ruderal variants (see Appendix 1).2 Ten wild species managed in situ have weedy and ruderal variants.3 Of the wild species of this category, one has a ruderal variant, 14 have domesticated variants, and 1 has both ruderal and domesticated variants.
Also, three ruderal cultivated plants have domesticated variants; and 30 species of cultivated plants are neither wild nor weedy, but have beenintroduced from other regions of Mexico. The latter show no signs of domestication (see Appendix 1).
4 Some species listed in the wild, weedy and ruderal categories are also listed in the situ manage and/or cultivated categories (see Appendix 1).
having gone through the domestication process.A total of 18 domesticated species have nativewild, weedy and/or ruderal relative populations.Although domestication processes have beensuspected to occur in wild or weedy populationsmanaged in situ, these have been documentedfor only one species of columnar cactus (Sten-ocereus stellatus) in the region (Casas et al.1997a; Casas, Valiente-Banuet, and Caballero1998; Casas et al. 1999a,b)
DISCUSSIONWhen compared with other regions in terms
of richness of plant resources, the Tehuacan-Cui-catlan Valley appears to be one of the richest inMexico in terms of useful plants (Table 5). Suchrichness in economic plants is explainable inpart by the high floristic diversity of the area.For example, the arid to semiarid Tehuacan-Cui-catlan Valley has nearly 2700 plant species with-in its 10 000 km2 territory, as compared to near-ly 3000 plant species in 275 000 km2 for theSonoran Desert and nearly 4000 plant species in453 000 km2 for the Chihuahuan Desert inNorthern Mexico (Valiente-Banuet et al. n.d.).However, the cultural diversity of this region (7indigenous ethnic groups) and the relative im-portance of its indigenous people (30% of pop-ulation in the region but higher in rural areas)(Instituto Nacional Indigenista 1992 a,b), as wellas the length of time occupied by indigenouspeople (nearly 10 000 years) also contribute tothe high richness of useful plants.
The universe of human-plant interactions inTehuacan is characterized by a broad spectrumof situations, as in other parts of Measoamerica(see Bye 1993; Caballero 1995; Casas et al.1996, 1997b). As discussed in other studies (Ca-
sas et al. 1997a; Casas, Caballero, and Valiente-Banuet 1999), regimes of human-plant interac-tions in the region and their level of intensityappear to be influenced by: (1) the role of plantsin human subsistence, (2) the availability ofplant products in relation to human demand, (3)the quality of plant products, and (4) the viabil-ity of manipulation of a plant given its biologicalcharacteristics, such as type of reproductive sys-tems, length of life cycle, and adaptability tomanipulated environments. The documentationof how these processes occur in the region isbeing carried out for some groups of plants (Ca-sas, Caballero, and Valiente-Banuet 1999), butmore work needs to be done. This informationis particularly relevant to understand how thedomestication process occurs at the present time,but could also be helpful to construct hypothesesabout how these processes could have occurredin the past. For instance, although most of theuseful plant species recorded in this study arewild or weedy plants, it is important that a con-siderable number of them (59 species) are ma-nipulated within their wild or weedy popula-tions, and some others (68 species) are takenfrom the wild and cultivated in home gardensand fields. In relation to this topic, it is importantto mention that in the case of Stenocereus stel-latus, S. pruinosus and Leucaena esculenta,these types of in situ and ex situ manipulationhave been involved in the domestication pro-cesses (Casas and Caballero, 1996; Casas et al.1997, 1999a,b; Luna 1999). Domestication insitu therefore appears to be an important processto document and it could lead to a revision oftheories on origins of agriculture in the area,which generally consider that domestication is a
-
2001] 137CASAS ET AL.: PLANT RESOURCES OF THE TEHUACA N-CUICATLA N VALLEY
TAB
LE5.
RIC
HN
ESS
OF
USE
FUL
PLA
NT
SPEC
IES
INTH
ETE
HU
ACA
N
-CU
ICA
TLA
NV
ALL
EYA
SCO
MPA
RED
TOO
THER
REG
ION
SO
FM
EXIC
O.
Reg
ion
Hab
itat
No.
ofu
sefu
lsp
ecie
sA
rea
(km2 )
Rel
ativ
eric
hnes
s1So
urce
Tehu
acan
Valle
y
Sier
raN
orte
dePu
ebla
Thor
nsc
rub
fore
stTr
opi
cald
ryfo
rest
Tem
pera
tefo
rest
Tem
pera
tefo
rest
Clou
dfo
rest
Tro
pica
lrai
nfo
rest
808
720
1000
0
1300
0
0.08
0.06
This
stud
y
Mar
tnez
etal
.(19
95)
Uxp
anap
a,Ve
racr
uz
Selv
aLa
cand
ona,
Chia
pas
Sian
Ka
an,Q
uintan
aRoo
Hua
stec
regi
onTe
pehu
anre
gion
Tro
pica
lrai
nfo
rest
Tro
pica
lrai
nfo
rest
Tro
pica
lrai
nfo
rest
Tro
pica
lrai
nfo
rest
Tem
pera
tefo
rests
325
415
316
445
380
5000
1300
052
80
1050
0
0.07
0.03
0.06
0.04
Tole
doet
al.(
1995
)To
ledo
etal
.(19
95)
Tole
doet
al.(
1995
)A
lcor
n(19
84)
Penn
ingt
on(19
69)
Sier
rade
Man
antla
n
Tzel
talr
egio
no
fTe
neja
pa
Tro
pica
ldry
fore
stCl
oud
fore
stTe
mpe
rate
fore
stsCl
oud
fore
stTe
mpe
rate
fore
stsTr
opi
cald
ryfo
rest
650
645
1400
0.46
Ben
zet
al.(
1994
)
Ber
lin,B
reed
love
and
Rav
en(19
74)
Pen
nsu
lade
Yu
cata
n
Mon
tana
deG
uerre
ro
Tro
pica
ldry
fore
stTr
opi
calr
ain
fore
stTr
opi
cald
ryfo
rest
Tem
pera
tefo
rest
1000 43
0
140
056
1100
0
0.01
0.04
Flor
es(19
99)
Casa
s,V
iver
osan
dCa
balle
ro(19
94)
1Ex
pres
sed
asa
ratio
betw
een
the
num
bero
fuse
fuls
peci
esan
dth
ear
eaoft
here
gion
.
-
138 [VOL. 55ECONOMIC BOTANY
process associated to artificial selection undercultivation ex situ.
The factors influencing the types of interac-tion between people and plants referred to abovemay extend to a number of regions of Mexicoas well as to other parts of the world but, un-doubtedly, there are important particularitiesadopted by such interactions in the Tehuacan-Cuicatlan Valley. Although five of the ethnicgroups occurring in the Valley have occupiedwider areas of Mesoamerica and cultural ex-change has been intense throughout history, it isnecessary to point out that at present two of theethnic groups (the Cuicatec and Ixcatec) occuronly within the region and that at least 44 spe-cies of useful plants recorded are endemic. Inaddition, Davila et al. (1993) indicate that nearly30% of the vascular plant species occurring inthe Valley are endemic, and Valiente-Banuet etal. (n.d.) state that nine of the 29 types of veg-etation described for the Tehuacan Valley occurexclusively in this region. It is still necessary tostudy local knowledge of plants by people inmore detail and to document the possible en-demic interactions between local peoples andlocal plants and environments. Such particular-ities should be taken into account when planningactions for conservation and utilization of plantresources in the area.
The broad spectrum of plant resources, uses,and ways of management shown here offers nu-merous options of plant resources and technol-ogies to be considered when designing strategiesfor conservation and development as part of thebiosphere reserve programs. This valuableknowledge is part of an experience developedby local cultures for thousands of years and itcan be the keystone for improving their lives andtheir environment.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThe authors received financial support for fieldwork from the Biodi-
versity Program of the World Wildlife Fund; from the Direccion Generalde Asuntos del Personal Academico, UNAM (project IN 207798); andfrom the Comision Nacional de la Biodiversidad (CONABIO) and CON-ACYT (400389G35-450), Mexico, for different aspects of the research.
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-
2001] 141CASAS ET AL.: PLANT RESOURCES OF THE TEHUACA N-CUICATLA N VALLEY
APP
END
IX1.
USE
FUL
PLA
NTS
OF
THE
TEH
UA
CA
NV
ALL
EY.
Spec
ies
Com
mon
nam
eU
ses1
Cultu
ral
stat
us2
Ref
eren
ces3
Aca
ntha
ceae
Carlo
wrig
htia
neesi
ana
(Sch
auer
exN
ees)
T.D
anie
lCa
rlowr
ight
iapr
ingl
eiR
ob.&
Gre
enm
.Ju
stic
iam
exic
ana
Ros
eRu
ellia
abb
revi
ata
D.G
ibso
nRu
ellia
hirs
uto-
glan
dulo
sa(O
ersted
)Hem
sley
Mui
tle
1 1 1 1 1
W W W W W
(V63
)(V
174)
(V10
1,12
1,20
4,59
5)(V
161)
(V14
2,19
8,37
8,45
2)Si
phon
oglo
ssa
ram
osa
Oer
sted
Thun
berg
iaa
lata
Hoo
k.A
gava
ceae
Agav
ea
meri
cana
L.Ag
ave
an
gust
ifolia
Haw
.
Agav
ea
trov
iren
sK
arw
.ex
Salm
-Dyc
k
Ojo
depa
jaro
Chic
him
eco
Mag
uey
Mag
uey
man
so
1 6 2,6,
7,8,
157,
8,15
,16
3,7,
8,9,
12,1
5,16
W Ci W,C
W,C
C d
(V53
4,93
0)A
,B
A,O
A,O
A,O
Agav
esp
.Ag
ave
karw
insk
iiZu
cc.
Agav
eke
rcho
veiL
em.
Agav
epe
acok
iiCr
ouch
er*
Agav
epo
tato
rum
Zucc
.Ag
ave
stri
cta
Salm
-Dyc
k
Mag
uey
cim
arro
n
Espa
dilla
Caca
llaM
ague
yix
tlero
Papa
lom
etl
Pelo
dean
gel
5,7,
156,
7,8,
158,
112,
3,7,
8,15
3,7,
9,15
6,7,
8,15
W,C
W,C
W W,
M,C
W,
M,C
W,C
O A,O
A,O
A,O
A,O (V10
8)Ag
ave
tria
ngul
aris
Jaco
bi*
Agav
esp
.Ag
ave
sp.
Yucc
ape
ricu
losa
F.B
aker
*A
lliac
eae
Alliu
mcepa
l.
Tun
echo
Mat
zitz
iG
uilim
etl
Izot
e
Cebo
lla
1,2,
3,7,
153,
7,9,
153,
7,9,
152,
3,8,
11
2,4
W,
M,C
W,C
W,C
W,M
Cid
A,O
O O (V10
07)
A,O
Alliu
mgl
andu
losu
mLi
nk&
Otto
Alliu
mku
nthi
iG.D
onAl
lium
sativ
umL.
Am
aran
thac
eae
Amar
anth
ushy
brid
usL.
Amar
anth
ushy
poco
ndria
cus
L.
Cebo
lleja
Cebo
llaci
mar
rona
Ajo Qu
inton
ilA
legr
a
2,4
2 2,4,
16
1,2,
41,
2
W W Cid
R,M C d
A,O
A,B
A,O (V51
0)O
Gom
phre
nade
cum
bens
Jacq
.G
omph
rena
sp.
Ires
ine
ca
lea
(Iban
ez)S
tand
ley
Ires
ine
disc
olor
Gre
enm
anIr
esin
esc
haffn
eriS.
Wat
son
Ires
ine
sp.
Am
orse
co
Bol
itas
Tlan
cuay
a
1,4
1,4,
111,
41 2,
41,
4
W,R
W,R
W W W W
(V44
7,54
7,92
8)(V
13,1
60,2
84,2
98)
A,C (V47
1,51
4)(V
268,
269)
V10
9
-
142 [VOL. 55ECONOMIC BOTANY
APP
END
IX1.
CON
TIN
UED
.
Spec
ies
Com
mon
nam
eU
ses1
Cultu
ral
stat
us2
Ref
eren
ces3
Ana
card
iace
aeAc
tinoc
heita
pote
ntill
ifolia
(Tu
rcz.
)Bul
lock
Cyrto
carp
apr
ocer
aK
unth
Man
gifer
aind
ica
L.Ps
eudo
smod
ingi
umm
ulti
folium
Ros
eRh
ustr
iloba
taN
utt.
Tecl
ate
Chup
andi
lloM
ango
Hin
chah
uevo
sA
grito
1,3
1,2,
3,4,
5,7,
11,1
22,
4,13
1,3,
4,11
2
W W,M
Cid
W W
(V90
2)(V
116,
410)
A,C
,U(V
186)
A,B
Schi
nus
mo
lleL.
Spon
dias
mo
mbi
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sp.
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onac
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iller
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heri
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ae
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ela
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dech
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e
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a
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eria
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.)Sc
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aro
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reng
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epia
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clep
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caL.
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dra
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ero
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detig
re
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ecne
.
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424,
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A,C
-
2001] 143CASAS ET AL.: PLANT RESOURCES OF THE TEHUACA N-CUICATLA N VALLEY
APP
END
IX1.
CON
TIN
UED
.
Spec
ies
Com
mon
nam
eU
ses1
Cultu
ral
stat
us2
Ref
eren
ces3
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hode
lace
aeAl
oeve
raL.
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erac
eae
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la4
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CiA
,C
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mis
ialu
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cian
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utt.
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haris
glut
inos
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rs.
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ifolia
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&Pa
von
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s.Bi
dens
sp.
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.Br
icke
llia
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herr
ima
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inso
n
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fiate
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iso
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rba
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rmig
aTz
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uitl
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)(V
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th)A
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tten
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llita
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osum
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ng.)
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ium
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thH
elia
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sa
nn
uu
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l
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ich.e
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uga
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ium
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tans
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reen
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.)Ca
ss.
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unth)
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phyl
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sp.
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che
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elite
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ata
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.)K
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e
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bas
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R W,R
(V15
,301
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)A
,CA
,C,U
-
144 [VOL. 55ECONOMIC BOTANY
APP
END
IX1.
CON
TIN
UED
.
Spec
ies
Com
mon
nam
eU
ses1
Cultu
ral
stat
us2
Ref
eren
ces3
Sim
siasa
ngu
inea
A.G
ray
Sonc
hus
ole
race
usL.
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tes
ere
cta
L.Qu
elite
deen
vid
iaCe
mpa
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il
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,20
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3)A
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ste
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thon
iatu
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mis(
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idax
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ana
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l
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erto
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ton
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abili
s
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rgat
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iera
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ultz-B
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ana
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ac
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imal
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e
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.
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unth)
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ua
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retia
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iotro
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i,M
Cid
A,C
,UA
,C
-
2001] 145CASAS ET AL.: PLANT RESOURCES OF THE TEHUACA N-CUICATLA N VALLEY
APP
END
IX1.
CON
TIN
UED
.
Spec
ies
Com
mon
nam
eU
ses1
Cultu
ral
stat
us2
Ref
eren
ces3
Bro
mel
iace
aeH
echt
iasp
.H
echt
iabr
acte
ata
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chug
uilla
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ith*
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ithii
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)(V
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z
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o
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ifolia
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eBu
rser
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unth)
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l
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atso
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era
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rele
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rez
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lem
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l
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.C.W
eber
)Brit
ton
&R
ose
Pita
yov
iejo
1,2,
3W
,M
A,C
,F
-
146 [VOL. 55ECONOMIC BOTANY
APP
END
IX1.
CON
TIN
UED
.
Spec
ies
Com
mon
nam
eU
ses1
Cultu
ral
stat
us2
Ref
eren
ces3
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aloc
ereu
sco
lum
na-tr
ajani
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.)S
chum
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llida
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ton
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alde
coyo
teN
opal
Choy
a
1,2,
3,5
2,4,
61,
2,4,
6,11
,14
1,2,
3,15
1,2,
3,15
1
W,M
W,C
Ci W W W
A,O
A,O
A,O (V32
8)(V
28)
(V54
3)O
punt
iapu
beru
laPf
eiffe
rO
punt
iato
men
tosa
Salm
-Dyc
kO
punt
iahu
ajuap
ensis
H.B
rav.
-H
oll.
Opu
ntia
hypt
iaca
ntha
F.A.C
.Web
erO
punt
iakl
eini
aeD
C.O
punt
iala
siaca
ntha
Pfei
ffer
Nop
alN
opal
Nop
alde
cerr
o
Nop
alTa
sajill
oN
opal
dece
rro
1 1,2,
151,
2,4,
6,15
,16
2 7 2
W W W Ci W,C
W
A,O (V27
)A
,OA
,KA
,KA
,KO
punt
iast
rept
acan
tha
Lem
aire
Opu
ntia
sp.
Pach
ycer
eus
holli
anus
(F.A
.C.W
eber
)Bux
b.*
Nop
alca
rdon
Nop
alde
burro
Bab
oso
2 1 1,2,
3,7,
15
W,C
W W,
M,C
d
A,K
A,O
A,O
Pach
ycer
eus
ma
rgin
atus
(DC.
)Brit
ton
&R
ose
Mal
inch
e1,
2,7,
14,1
5W
,M
,CA
,O
-
2001] 147CASAS ET AL.: PLANT RESOURCES OF THE TEHUACA N-CUICATLA N VALLEY
APP
END
IX1.
CON
TIN
UED
.
Spec
ies
Com
mon
nam
eU
ses1
Cultu
ral
stat
us2
Ref
eren
ces3
Pach
ycer
eus
web
eri(
J.Co
ulte
r)B
acke
b.Pe
resk
iops
isro
tund
ifolia
(DC.
)Brit
ton
&R
ose
Card
onCh
apist
le1,
2,3,
54
W,M
WA
,OA
,KPe
nioc
ereu
sse
rpen
tinus
(Lag
.&R
odr.)
Tayl
orPo
lask
iache
nde
(Gos
selin)
Gib
son
&H
orak
*Po
lask
iachi
chip
e(G
ossel
in)B
acke
b.*
Sten
ocer
eus
dum
ortie
ri(S
cheid
w.)F
.B
uxb.
Sten
ocer
eus
gris
eus
(Haw
.)F
.B
uxb.
Sten
ocer
eus
prui
nosu
s(O
tto)F
.B
uxb.
Pith
ayita
Chen
deCh
ichi
peCa
rdon
Pita
yoPi
tayo
dem
ayo
6 1,2,
3,7,
151,
2,3,
7,15
1,2,
3,5
1,2,
151,
2,3,
7,10
,15
W,C
W,
M,C
dW
,M
,Cd
W,M
Cid
W,
M,C
d
A,K
A,O (V46
8)A
,F,
OA
,OA
,E,F
,O
Sten
ocer
eus
stel
latu
s(P
feiffe
r)R
icco
b.St
enoc
ereu
str
elea
sei(
F.Va
upe
l)B
acke
b.C
anna
ceae
Cann
ain
dica
L.C
apri
folia
ceae
Abel
iaflo
ribun
daD
ecne
.
Xoc
onoc
htle
Pita
yo
Plat
anill
o
Abe
lia
1,2,
3,7,
9,15
1,2,
3,7,
15
6,22
6
W,
M,C
dW
,M
,C
Ci Ci
A,C
,OA
,E,O
A,B
,U
A,B
Car
icac
eae
Caric
apa
paya
L.Ja
cara
tiam
exic
ana
A.D
C.C
asua
rina
ceae
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arin
aequ
iset
ifolia
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heno
podi
acea
e
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yaB
onet
e
Casu
arin
a
2,4,
122,
4
6,15
Cid
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M,C
Ci
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A,F
,G
,U
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Atri
plex
pueb
lens
isSt
andl
ey*
Chen
opod
ium
am
bros
ioid
esL.
Chen
opod
ium
berla
dier
iMoq
.Ch
enop
odiu
mgr
aveo
lens
Will
d.Ch
enop
odiu
msp
.C
elas
trac
eae
Epaz
ote
Hua
uhtz
ontli
Epaz
ote
deco
yote
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uasq
uelit
e
1 1,2,
4,15
1,2
1,2,
41,
2
W,R
R,M
R,C
dW
,R,
W,
R,M
A,O (V72
)(V
241)
(V22
8)V
51,2
35,5
16)
Wim
mer
iapu
besc
ens
Rad
lk.
Com
mel
inac
eae
Calli
sian
avi
cula
ris(O
rtega
)D.H
unt
Com
mel
ina
co
ele
stis
Will
d.C
onvo
lvul
acea
eIp
omoe
aa
rbor
esce
nsG
.Don
Palit
och
ino
Casa
huat
e
1 1,4
2,4,
17
1,3,
4,6,
10,1
1
W W W W,
R,M
A,C (V21
9)A
,B,U
(V7,
175,
457)
Ipom
oea
mu
ruco
ides
Roe
mer
&Sc
hulte
sIp
omoe
apu
rpur
ea(L
.)R
oth.
Casa
huat
epr
ieto
Man
tode
laV
irgen
4 4,6
W,R
W,R
A,C
A,B
,CIp
omoe
asp
.Ip
omoe
asp
.Qu
iebrap
lato
Corre
yuel
a1 1
W,R
W,R
(V61
)(V
237)
-
148 [VOL. 55ECONOMIC BOTANY
APP
END
IX1.
CON
TIN
UED
.
Spec
ies
Com
mon
nam
eU
ses1
Cultu
ral
stat
us2
Ref
eren
ces3
Turb
ina
co
rym
bosa
(L.)
Raf
.C
ucur
bita
ceae
Sem
illa
dela
Virg
en4,
16W
,R
A,
B,
U
Apod
anth
era
asp
era
Cogn
.Ci
trullu
sla
natu
s(T
hunb
.)M
atsu
m&
Nak
aiCu
cum
isa
ngu
ria
L.Cu
cum
ism
elo
L.Cu
cum
issa
tivus
L.Cu
curb
itaa
rgyr
ospe
rma
Hub
erss
p.a
rgyr
ospe
rma
Mel
onci
lloSa
nda
Mel
onPe
pino
Cala
baza
tzom
po
2 2 1 2 2 1,2,
12
W,M
Cid
W Cid
Cid
C d
(L10
93)
A (V91
)A
,OA
,OA
,O
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rbita
ficifo
liaB
ouch
eCu
curb
itam
osc
hata
(Duc
h.ex
Lam
.)D
uch.
exPo
iret
Cucu
rbita
pepo
L.Cu
curb
itape
datifo
liaL.
Bai
ley
Lage
nari
asi
cera
ria
(Moli
na)S
tand
l.Lu
ffaa
egy
tiaca
Mill
er
Chila
cayo
teCa
laba
zata
mal
ayot
aCa
laba
zaCa
laba
cilla
Gua
jeEs
tropa
jo
1,2
1,2,
121,
2,12
12 11 11
Cid
C d C d W,
R,M
Cid
Cid
(L11
09,1
112,
1113
)A
,O (L10
92,1
095,
1108
)(L
1090
,110
5,11
07,
1110
)A
,OA
,OM
elot
hria
pend
ula
L.M
icro
sech
ium
helle
ri(P
eyr.)
Cogn
.Pa
rasi
cyos
diet
erle
aeLi
ra&
Torr
es*
Sech
ium
edu
le(Ja
cq.)
Sw.
Sicy
ospa
rviflo
rusW
illd.
Cup
ress
acea
e
Chila
cayo
tito
Chic
amol
eCh
ilaca
yotit
oCh
ayot
eCh
ayot
illo
1,2,
44,
12,1
04 2 2
W,
R,M
W W W,C
dW
,R
,M
A,C
,U(L
1117
)(L
1106
)(L
111,
1118
,111
9)(L
102)
Cupr
essu
slu
sitan
ica
Mill
Juni
peru
sde
ppea
naSt
eude
lJu
nipe
rus
flacc
idaSc
hldl
.C
yper
acea
eAb
ildga
ardi
am
exic
ana
(Pall
a)K
ral
Bulb
osty
lisca
pilla
ris(L
.)K
unth
Cedr
obl
anco
Sabi
noSa
bino
Zaca
teZa
cate
3,5,
63,
4,5
3,4,
5
1 1
W W,M
W,M
W W
S L,O
A,O
A,O
A,O
Bulb
osty
lisjun
cifor
mis(
Kunth
)Lin
dman
Bulb
osty
lisjun
coide
s(Va
hl)K
uken
thCa
rex
an
isos
tach
ysLi
ebm
.Ca
rex
cili
aris
Fern
.
Care
xhu
mbo
ldtia
naSt
eude
lCa
rex
long
icau
lisB
oeck
.Ca
rex
plan
osta
chys
Kun
tze
Zaca
teZa
cate
Zaca
teZa
cate
Zaca
teZa
cate
Zaca
te
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
W W W W W W W
A,O
A,O
A,O
A,O
A,O
A,O
A,O
Care
xsc
hied
eana
Kun
tze
Zaca
te1
WA
,O
-
2001] 149CASAS ET AL.: PLANT RESOURCES OF THE TEHUACA N-CUICATLA N VALLEY
APP
END
IX1.
CON
TIN
UED
.
Spec
ies
Com
mon
nam
eU
ses1
Cultu
ral
stat
us2
Ref
eren
ces3
Care
xsc
abr
ella
Vahl
Zaca
te1
WA
,OCa
rex
stan
dley
ana
Stey
erm
.
Care
xtu
rbin
ata
Lieb
m.
Care
xxa
lape
nsis
Kun
thCy
peru
sa
ggre
gatu
s(W
illd.
)End
l.
Zaca
teZa
cate
Zaca
teZa
cate
1 1 1 1
W W W W
A,O
A,O
A,O
A,O
Cype
rus
ele
gans
L.Cy
peru
sesc
ule
ntus
L.Cy
peru
sfla
vesce
nsL.
Cype
rus
laev
igat
usL.
Cype
rus
ma
nim
aeK
unth
Cype
rus
nig
erR
uz
&Pa
von
Zaca
teTu
lillo
Zaca
teZa
cate
Zaca
teZa
cate
1 1,2,
41 1 1 1
W W W W W W
A,O
A,O
A,O
A,O
A,O
A,O
Cype
rus
ochr
aceu
sVa
hlCy
peru
so
dora
tus
L.Cy
peru
spy
chno
stach
ys(K
unth)
Kun
thCy
peru
sse
slerio
ides
Kun
thCy
peru
ssp
ecta
bilis
Link
Cype
rus
suba
mbi
guus
Kuk
enth
Zaca
teCu
enta
sde
Sta.
Elen
aZa
cate
Zaca
tede
toch
eZa
cate
Zaca
te
1 1 1 1 1 1
W W W W W W
A,O
A,O
A,O
A,O
A,O
A,O
Cype
rus
suri
nam
ensi
sR
ottb
.Cy
peru
ste
nerr
imus
Pres
lCy
peru
sth
yrsifl
orus
Schl
dl.&
Cham
.Cy
peru
sto
luce
nsis
Kun
thCy
peru
ssp
.El
eoch
aris
geni
cula
ta(L
.)R
oem
er&
Schu
ltes
Zaca
teca
bezo
n
Tule
Peon
aZa
cate
Zaca
teZa
cate
1 1,11
1 1 1 1
W W W W W W
A,O
A,O
A,O
A,O (Z33
6)A
,OEl
eoch
aris
ma
cro
stac
hya
Brit
ton
Eleo
char
ism
on
tana
(Kun
th)R
oem
er&
Schu
ltes
Fim
brist
ylis
aest
ival
is(R
ez.)
Vahl
Fuir
ena
inco
mpl
eta
Nee
sFu
iren
asi
mpl
exVa
hlRh
ynch
ospo
ram
acro
cha
eta
Steu
del
Zaca
teZa
cate
Zaca
teZa
cate
Zaca
teZa
cate
1 1 1 1 1 1
W W W W W W
A,O
A,O
A,O
A,O
A,O
A,O
Scirp
usa
meri
canu
sPe
rs.
Scho
enop
lect
usa
meri
canu
s(P
ers.)
Volk
.Sc
hoen
usn
igri
cans
L.D
iosc
orea
ceae
Dio
scor
eaco
nvo
lvul
acea
eCh
am.&
Schl
dl.
Tule
esqu
inad
oZa
cate
Zaca
te
Cam
ote
blan
co
1 1 1 2
W W W W
A,O
A,O
A,O
A,B
Ebe
nace
aeD
iosp
yros
digy
naJa
cq.
Dio
spyr
oso
axa
ca
na
Stan
dley
Zapo
ten
egro
Zapo
tillo
2,4,
5,6,
105,
14Ci
dW
A,C
,UA
,F,
U
-
150 [VOL. 55ECONOMIC BOTANY
APP
END
IX1.
CON
TIN
UED
.
Spec
ies
Com
mon
nam
eU
ses1
Cultu
ral
stat
us2
Ref
eren
ces3
Ela
eoca
rpac
eae
Mun
tingi
aca
labu
raL.
Eph
edra
ceae
Ephe
dra
co
mpa
cta
Ros
e
Capu
ln
Tepo
pote
2,8
4
W W
A,B
SE
quise
tace
aeEq
uise
tum
hyem
ale
L.Eq
uise
tum
myr
ioch
aetu
mSc
hldl
.&Ch
am.
Eri
cace
aeVa
ccin
ium
co
nfer
tumK
unth
Vacc
iniu
mle
ucan
thum
Schl
dl.
Cola
deca
ballo
C
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