eco-pccm fifth meeting, barcelona, spain, september 4-5, 2006 1 development and design of...
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ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, Spain, September 4-5, 2006Spain, September 4-5, 2006
11
Development and design of Development and design of recycling-reuse of composite recycling-reuse of composite
componentscomponents
PROJECTPROJECTEco-Houses Based on Eco-Friendly Polymer Eco-Houses Based on Eco-Friendly Polymer
Composite Construction Materials - ECO-PCCMComposite Construction Materials - ECO-PCCM
11 OKTOMVRI
EUROKOMPOZIT
ISO 9001:2000
22ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, Spain, September 4-5, 2006Spain, September 4-5, 2006
AIMSAIMS
Investigation of the recycling ability of the PP and Investigation of the recycling ability of the PP and PLA matrixPLA matrix
Application of the Application of the recycled matrixrecycled matrix for production of for production of the Rice Straw - composites and Kenaf - the Rice Straw - composites and Kenaf - compositescomposites
Investigation of the Investigation of the recyclingrecycling ability of the Rice ability of the Rice Straw - Straw - compositescomposites and Kenaf - and Kenaf - compositescomposites
33ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, Spain, September 4-5, 2006Spain, September 4-5, 2006
Part 1Part 1Preparation and characterization of PP matrix by recycling one and two times and PLA Preparation and characterization of PP matrix by recycling one and two times and PLA matrix by recycling oncematrix by recycling once
Part 2Part 2Preparation and characterization of the composites based of PP recycled (one and two Preparation and characterization of the composites based of PP recycled (one and two times) matrix and composites based on PLA recycled (one time) matrixtimes) matrix and composites based on PLA recycled (one time) matrix
Part 3Part 3Preparation and characterization of the Rice Straw based composites by recycling one and Preparation and characterization of the Rice Straw based composites by recycling one and two times two times
Part 4Part 4Preparation and characterization of the Kanaf based composites by recycling one and two Preparation and characterization of the Kanaf based composites by recycling one and two times times
SUMMARYSUMMARY
44ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, Spain, September 4-5, 2006Spain, September 4-5, 2006
PART 1: PART 1: Preparation and characterization of the recycled Preparation and characterization of the recycled matrixmatrix
PreparationPreparation
PP matrixPP matrix- extruded one and two times (PP x1 and PP x2) into strips with a single - extruded one and two times (PP x1 and PP x2) into strips with a single screw extruder at 200screw extruder at 200ooCC- the obtained recycled matrices were cut in pellets form to perform the - the obtained recycled matrices were cut in pellets form to perform the sheets sheets - thay have been molded by thermo compression at T= 185- thay have been molded by thermo compression at T= 185ooC, t=10 min C, t=10 min with continuous increasing pressure up to 10 000 pounds.with continuous increasing pressure up to 10 000 pounds.
PLA matrixPLA matrix - extruded one time (PLA x1) into strips with a single screw extruder at - extruded one time (PLA x1) into strips with a single screw extruder at 190190ooCC- the obtained recycled matrix was cut in pellets form to perform the sheets - the obtained recycled matrix was cut in pellets form to perform the sheets - it has been molded by thermo compression at T= 175- it has been molded by thermo compression at T= 175ooC, t=10 min with C, t=10 min with continuous increasing pressure up to 10 000 pounds.continuous increasing pressure up to 10 000 pounds.
MARIA’S HANDS!
55ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, Spain, September 4-5, 2006Spain, September 4-5, 2006
PART 1: PART 1: Preparation and characterization of the recycled Preparation and characterization of the recycled matrixmatrix
From the recycled matrices the plates with thickness 3 mm From the recycled matrices the plates with thickness 3 mm are producedare produced
The flexural tests are performed on unnotched (Young’s The flexural tests are performed on unnotched (Young’s Modulus) and on notched samples (Kc and Gc)Modulus) and on notched samples (Kc and Gc)
TGA analysesTGA analyses
CharacterizationCharacterization
66ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, Spain, September 4-5, 2006Spain, September 4-5, 2006
The flexural testsThe flexural tests
Stress at Stress at peak, MPapeak, MPa
Standard Standard DeviationDeviation
Modulus, MPaModulus, MPa Standard Standard DeviationDeviation
PP neatPP neat 51,551,5 5,55,5 10811081 120120
PP x1PP x1 52,852,8 2,12,1 13051305 6464
PP x2PP x2 49,549,5 2,92,9 13411341 101101
PLA neatPLA neat 32,032,0 3,83,8 24162416 204204
PLA x1PLA x1 32,032,0 6,16,1 24312431 193193
KKcc, MN, MN-3/2-3/2mm GGcc, kJ/mm, kJ/mm22
PLA neatPLA neat 1,221,22 0,610,61
PLAx1PLAx1 1,151,15 0,530,53
77ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, Spain, September 4-5, 2006Spain, September 4-5, 2006
Recycling propertiesRecycling properties
PP recycled one and two times
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
0 1 2Number of recycles
Pro
pe
rty
rete
ntio
n, %
Flexural Strength
Flexural Modulus
PLA recycled one times
98
99
100
101
102
0 1
Number of recycles
Pro
pe
rty
rete
ntio
n, %
Flexural Strength
Flexural Modulus
88ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, Spain, September 4-5, 2006Spain, September 4-5, 2006
TGATGA analyses: recycled PP analyses: recycled PP
TTd d [[ooC]C]
(weight residual)(weight residual)
~ 90 %~ 90 %
TTdd [[ooC]C](weight residual)(weight residual)
~ 50 %~ 50 %
TTdd [[ooC]C](weight residual)(weight residual)
~ 10 %~ 10 %
PP neatPP neat 377,60 (90,38 %)377,60 (90,38 %) 429,32 (50,38 %)429,32 (50,38 %) 449,79 (10,38 %)449,79 (10,38 %)
PP x1PP x1 357,49 (90,89 %)357,49 (90,89 %) 414,67 (50,87 %)414,67 (50,87 %) 438,64 (10,89 %)438,64 (10,89 %)
PP x2PP x2 354,87 (86,37 %)354,87 (86,37 %) 403,64 (46,37 %)403,64 (46,37 %) 427,15 (11,37 %)427,15 (11,37 %)
PP neatPP neat PP x1PP x1 PP x2PP x2
99ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, Spain, September 4-5, 2006Spain, September 4-5, 2006
TGATGA analyses: recycled PLA analyses: recycled PLA
TTd d [[ooC]C](weight residual)(weight residual)
~ 90 %~ 90 %
TTdd [[ooC]C](weight residual)(weight residual)
~ 50 %~ 50 %
TTdd [[ooC]C](weight residual)(weight residual)
~ 10 %~ 10 %
PLA neatPLA neat 332,22 (90,53 %)332,22 (90,53 %) 362,52 (50,53 %)362,52 (50,53 %) 380,07 (10,53 %)380,07 (10,53 %)
PLA x1PLA x1 329,68 (90,54 %)329,68 (90,54 %) 364,21 (50,54 %)364,21 (50,54 %) 382,98 (10,54 %)382,98 (10,54 %)
PLA x1PLA x1PLA neatPLA neat
1010ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, Spain, September 4-5, 2006Spain, September 4-5, 2006
CONCLUSION for the first partCONCLUSION for the first part
From the investigation of the From the investigation of the recycled ability of the PP matrix recycled ability of the PP matrix and PLA matrix can conclude: and PLA matrix can conclude:
recycled matricesrecycled matrices can be use for can be use for production of the compositesproduction of the composites
1111ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, Spain, September 4-5, 2006Spain, September 4-5, 2006
Part 2:Part 2: Preparation and characterization of the composites Preparation and characterization of the composites based on PP recycled and composites based on PLA recycled based on PP recycled and composites based on PLA recycled
PP recycled based compositesPP recycled based compositesPP/RS/CA 60/30/10 wtwt//wtwt
PPx1/RS/CA 60/30/10wtwt//wtwt
PPx2/RS/CA 60/30/10wtwt//wtwt
PP/kenaf/CA 60/30/10wtwt//wtwt
PPx1/kenaf/CA 60/30/10wtwt//wtwt
-The obtained recycled PP matrices were mixed in a Brabender together with the -The obtained recycled PP matrices were mixed in a Brabender together with the copuling agent (PP-g-MA)copuling agent (PP-g-MA) and with Rice Straw and Kenaf fibers (reactive blending)and with Rice Straw and Kenaf fibers (reactive blending)--melt mixing in Brabender at 180melt mixing in Brabender at 180ooC, time 10 min:C, time 10 min:
PP; PP; dry rice straw; dry rice straw; PPx1; } + CA (3 min) + { dry kenaf fibers; (7 min)PPx1; } + CA (3 min) + { dry kenaf fibers; (7 min)
PPx2;PPx2;- the obtained composites were cut in pellets form to perform the sheets - the obtained composites were cut in pellets form to perform the sheets - thay have been molded by thermo compression at T= 185- thay have been molded by thermo compression at T= 185ooC, t=10 min with increasing C, t=10 min with increasing pressure up to 10 000 pounds.pressure up to 10 000 pounds.
PreparationPreparation
1212ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, Spain, September 4-5, 2006Spain, September 4-5, 2006
Part 2:Part 2: Preparation and characterization of the composites Preparation and characterization of the composites based on PP recycled and composites based on PLA recycled based on PP recycled and composites based on PLA recycled
PLA recycled based compositesPLA recycled based composites
PLA / RH / CA 65/30/5 wtwt//wtwt
PLA x1 / RH / CA 65/30/5 wtwt//wtwt
--melt mixing in Brabender at 170melt mixing in Brabender at 170ooC , time 10 min:C , time 10 min: PP; PP; dry rice straw; dry rice straw; PLAx1; } + CA (3 min) + { dry kenaf fibers; (7 min)PLAx1; } + CA (3 min) + { dry kenaf fibers; (7 min)
- the obtained composites were cut in pellet form to perform the sheets - the obtained composites were cut in pellet form to perform the sheets
- thay have molded by thermo compression at T= 185- thay have molded by thermo compression at T= 185ooC , t=10 min with C , t=10 min with continuous adding a pressure up to 10 000 pounds.continuous adding a pressure up to 10 000 pounds.
PreparationPreparation
1313ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, Spain, September 4-5, 2006Spain, September 4-5, 2006
From the obteined composites the plates with thickness 3 mm have From the obteined composites the plates with thickness 3 mm have donedone
The flexural tests are performed on unnotched (Young’s Modulus) The flexural tests are performed on unnotched (Young’s Modulus) and on notched samples (Kc and Gc)and on notched samples (Kc and Gc)
TGA analyses TGA analyses
SEM analyses on the cryogenically fractured surfaceSEM analyses on the cryogenically fractured surface
CharacterizationCharacterization
Part 2:Part 2: Preparation and characterization of the composites Preparation and characterization of the composites based on PP recycled and composites based on PLA recycled based on PP recycled and composites based on PLA recycled
1414ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, Spain, September 4-5, 2006Spain, September 4-5, 2006
The flexural tests The flexural tests for PP recycled based compositesfor PP recycled based composites
Stress at peak, Stress at peak, MPa MPa
Standard Standard DeviationDeviation
Modulus, MPa Modulus, MPa Standard Standard DeviationDeviation
PP / RS / CAPP / RS / CA
60/30/10 60/30/10 wtwt//wtwt
42,642,6 3,43,4 19411941 8282
PPx1 / RS / CAPPx1 / RS / CA
60/30/10 60/30/10 wtwt//wtwt
42,242,2 1,21,2 18251825 4141
PPx2 / RS / CAPPx2 / RS / CA
60/30/10 60/30/10 wtwt//wtwt
39,639,6 4,64,6 18421842 6363
PP / Kenaf / CAPP / Kenaf / CA
60/30/10 60/30/10 wtwt//wtwt
51,351,3 4,84,8 21062106 6868
PPx1 / Kenaf / CAPPx1 / Kenaf / CA
60/30/10 60/30/10 wtwt//wtwt
51,151,1 3,03,0 23462346 204204
1515ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, Spain, September 4-5, 2006Spain, September 4-5, 2006
The flexural tests The flexural tests for PLA recycled based compositesfor PLA recycled based composites
Stress at peak, Stress at peak, MPa MPa
Standard Standard DeviationDeviation
Modulus, MPa Modulus, MPa Standard Standard DeviationDeviation
PLA / RS / CAPLA / RS / CA
65/30/5 65/30/5 wtwt//wtwt
28,828,8 6,66,6 30313031 182182
PLAx1 / RS / CAPLAx1 / RS / CA
65/30/5 65/30/5 wtwt//wtwt
14,814,8 1,31,3 22752275 457457
KKcc, MN, MN-3/2-3/2mm GGcc, kJ/mm, kJ/mm22
PLA/RH/CA PLA/RH/CA 65 / 30 / 565 / 30 / 5 1,051,05 0.420.42
PLAx1/RH/CA PLAx1/RH/CA 65 / 30 / 565 / 30 / 5 0.570.57 0.170.17
1616ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, Spain, September 4-5, 2006Spain, September 4-5, 2006
Recycling propertiesRecycling properties
PP recycled/RS based composites
90
92
94
96
98
100
PP/RS/CA PPx1/RS/CA PPx2/RS/CA
Pro
pe
rty
rete
ntio
n, %
Flexural Strength
Flexural Modulus
PP recycled/Kenaf based composites
85
90
95
100
105
110
115
PP/kenaf/CA PPx1/Kenaf/CA
Pro
pe
rty
rete
ntio
n, %
Flexural Strength
Flexural Modulus
1717ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, Spain, September 4-5, 2006Spain, September 4-5, 2006
Recycling propertiesRecycling properties
PLArecycled/RS composites
45
56
67
78
89
100
PLA/RS/CA PLA X1/RS/CA
Pro
pe
rty
rete
ntio
n, %
Flexural Strength
Flexural Modulus
PLA/RS/CAPLA/RS/CA
PLAx1/RS/CAPLAx1/RS/CAThe color is darker than the The color is darker than the composite with neat PLAcomposite with neat PLA
1818ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, Spain, September 4-5, 2006Spain, September 4-5, 2006
TGATGA analyses: analyses: PP recycled based compositesPP recycled based composites
TTd d [[ooC]C](weight residual)(weight residual)
~ 90 %~ 90 %
TTdd [[ooC]C](weight residual)(weight residual)
~ 50 %~ 50 %
TTdd [[ooC]C](weight residual)(weight residual)
~ 10 %~ 10 %
PP / RS / CAPP / RS / CA 344,43 (89,74 %)344,43 (89,74 %) 411,21 (49,74 %)411,21 (49,74 %) 452,17 (9,74 %)452,17 (9,74 %)
PP x1/RS/CAPP x1/RS/CA 309,09 (87,51 %)309,09 (87,51 %) 385,22 (47,51 %)385,22 (47,51 %) 458,82 (12,51 %)458,82 (12,51 %)
PP x2/RS/CAPP x2/RS/CA 343,53 (86,82 %)343,53 (86,82 %) 405,97 (46,82 %)405,97 (46,82 %) 475,27 (11,82 %)475,27 (11,82 %)
PP x2/RS/CAPP x2/RS/CAPP x1/RS/CAPP x1/RS/CAPP /RS/CAPP /RS/CA
1919ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, Spain, September 4-5, 2006Spain, September 4-5, 2006
TGA analyses: TGA analyses: PP andPP and PLA recycled based compositesPLA recycled based composites
TTd d [[ooC] C] (weight residual)(weight residual)
~ 90%~ 90%
TTdd [[ooC]C](weight residual)(weight residual)
~ 50 %~ 50 %
TTdd [ [ooC]C](weight residual)(weight residual)
~ 10 %~ 10 %
PP / Kenaf / CAPP / Kenaf / CA 356,81 (85,94 %)356,81 (85,94 %) 408,94 (50,94 %)408,94 (50,94 %) 441,96 (10,94 %)441,96 (10,94 %)
PP x1/ Kenaf / CAPP x1/ Kenaf / CA 356,92 (86,98 %)356,92 (86,98 %) 412,35 (51,98 %)412,35 (51,98 %) 443,77 (11,98 %)443,77 (11,98 %)
PLA x1/ RH / CAPLA x1/ RH / CA 299,42 (88,41 %)299,42 (88,41 %) 341,70 (48,41 %)341,70 (48,41 %) 529,70 (13,41 %)529,70 (13,41 %)
PLAx1 /RS/CAPLAx1 /RS/CAPP /Kenaf/CAPP /Kenaf/CA PPx1 /Kenaf/CAPPx1 /Kenaf/CA
2020ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, Spain, September 4-5, 2006Spain, September 4-5, 2006
SEM analysesSEM analyses
A
B
C
A ) PP/RS/CAA ) PP/RS/CA
B ) PPX1/RS/CAB ) PPX1/RS/CA
C ) PPX2/RS/CAC ) PPX2/RS/CA
2121ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, Spain, September 4-5, 2006Spain, September 4-5, 2006
SEM analysesSEM analyses
A B
A ) PP/Kenaf/CAA ) PP/Kenaf/CA B ) PPX1/Kenaf/CAB ) PPX1/Kenaf/CA
2222ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, Spain, September 4-5, 2006Spain, September 4-5, 2006
SEM analysesSEM analyses
A
A ) PLAX1/RS/CAA ) PLAX1/RS/CA
2323ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, Spain, September 4-5, 2006Spain, September 4-5, 2006
Part 3:Part 3: Preparation and characterization of the Rice Straw Preparation and characterization of the Rice Straw based composites by recycling one and two times based composites by recycling one and two times
RS based compositesRS based compositesPP/RS/CA (X1) 60/30/10wtwt//wtwt
PP/RS/CA (X2) 60/30/10wtwt//wtwt
PLA/RS/CA (X1) 60/30/10wtwt//wtwt
PLA/RS/CA (X2) 60/30/10wtwt//wtwt
--melt mixing in Brabender at 180melt mixing in Brabender at 180ooC for PP and 170C for PP and 170ooC for PLA , time 10 min:C for PLA , time 10 min: PP + CA (3 min) + dry rice straw; (7 min)PP + CA (3 min) + dry rice straw; (7 min)
PLA + CA (3 min) + dry rice straw; (7 min)PLA + CA (3 min) + dry rice straw; (7 min)- the RS composites have been recycled one and two times- the RS composites have been recycled one and two times
- the obtained composites were cut in pellets form to perform the sheets - the obtained composites were cut in pellets form to perform the sheets - thay have been molded by thermo compression at T= 185- thay have been molded by thermo compression at T= 185ooC (T= 175C (T= 175ooC) , t=10 min C) , t=10 min with increasing pressure up to 10 000 pounds.with increasing pressure up to 10 000 pounds.
PreparationPreparation
2424ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, Spain, September 4-5, 2006Spain, September 4-5, 2006
Part 3:Part 3: Preparation and characterization of the Rice Straw Preparation and characterization of the Rice Straw based composites by recycling one and two times based composites by recycling one and two times
CharacterizationCharacterization
From the obtained composites the plates with thickness From the obtained composites the plates with thickness 3 mm have done3 mm have done
The flexural tests performed on unnotched (Young’s The flexural tests performed on unnotched (Young’s Modulus) and on notched samples (Kc and Gc)Modulus) and on notched samples (Kc and Gc)
TGA analyses TGA analyses
SEM analyses on the cryogenically fractured surfaceSEM analyses on the cryogenically fractured surface
2525ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, Spain, September 4-5, 2006Spain, September 4-5, 2006
The flexural testsThe flexural tests for recycled RS based compositesfor recycled RS based composites
Stress at Stress at peak, MPa peak, MPa
SDSD Modulus, Modulus, MPa MPa
SDSD KKcc, MN, MN-3/2-3/2mm GGcc, kJ/mm, kJ/mm22
PP / RS / CAPP / RS / CA
60/30/10 60/30/10 wtwt//wtwt
42,642,6 3,43,4 19411941 8282
PP / RS / CA (x1)PP / RS / CA (x1)
60/30/10 60/30/10 wtwt//wtwt
44,844,8 3,03,0 18841884 163163
PP / RS / CA (x2)PP / RS / CA (x2)
60/30/10 60/30/10 wtwt//wtwt
38,538,5 7,27,2 19101910 5959
PLA / RS / CAPLA / RS / CA
65/30/5 65/30/5 wtwt//wtwt
26,826,8 6,66,6 30313031 182182 1,051,05 0,420,42
PLA / RS / CA (x1)PLA / RS / CA (x1)
65/30/5 65/30/5 wtwt//wtwt
12,112,1 4,84,8 32113211 381381 0,530,53 0,120,12
PLA / RS / CA (x2)PLA / RS / CA (x2)
65/30/5 65/30/5 wtwt//wtwt
10,710,7 2,52,5 33073307 176176 0,450,45 0,110,11
2626ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, Spain, September 4-5, 2006Spain, September 4-5, 2006
Recycling propertiesRecycling properties
Recycled RS composites
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
PP/RS/CA PP/RS/CA (x1) PP/RS/CA (x2)
Pro
pe
rty
rete
ntio
n, %
Flexural Strength
Flexsural Modulus
Recycled RS composites
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
PLA/RS/CA PLA/RS/CA (x1) PLA/RS/CA (x2)P
rop
ert
y re
ten
tion
, %
Flexural Strength
Flexsural Modulus
2727ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, Spain, September 4-5, 2006Spain, September 4-5, 2006
TGATGA analyses: analyses: Recycled RS composites Recycled RS composites
TTd d [[ooC] C] (weight residual)(weight residual)
~ 90 %~ 90 %
TTdd [[ooC]C](weight residual)(weight residual)
~ 50 %~ 50 %
TTdd [[ooC]C](weight residual)(weight residual)
~ 10 %~ 10 %
PP / RS / CAPP / RS / CA 344,43 (89,74 %)344,43 (89,74 %) 411,21 (49,74 %)411,21 (49,74 %) 452,17 (9,74 %)452,17 (9,74 %)
PP / RS / CA (x1)PP / RS / CA (x1) 336,66 (90,91 %)336,66 (90,91 %) 409,93 (50,91 %)409,93 (50,91 %) 471,04 (10,91 %)471,04 (10,91 %)
PP / RS / CA (x2)PP / RS / CA (x2) 322,63 (86,99 %)322,63 (86,99 %) 389,01 (46,99 %)389,01 (46,99 %) 455,28 (11,99 %)455,28 (11,99 %)
PP /RS/CAPP /RS/CA PP/RS/CA (x2)PP/RS/CA (x2)PP/RS/CA (x1)PP/RS/CA (x1)
2828ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, Spain, September 4-5, 2006Spain, September 4-5, 2006
TGATGA analyses: analyses: Recycled RS composites Recycled RS composites
TTd d [[ooC] C] (weight residual)(weight residual)
~ 90 %~ 90 %
TTdd [[ooC]C](weight residual)(weight residual)
~ 50 %~ 50 %
TTdd [[ooC]C](weight residual)(weight residual)
~ 10 %~ 10 %
PLA neatPLA neat 332,22 (90,53 %)332,22 (90,53 %) 362,52 (50,53 %)362,52 (50,53 %) 380,07 (10,53 %)380,07 (10,53 %)
PLA / RS / CA (x1)PLA / RS / CA (x1) 294,40 (86,50%)294,40 (86,50%) 328,52 (46,50 %)328,52 (46,50 %) 517,28 (11,50%)517,28 (11,50%)
PLA / RS / CA (x2)PLA / RS / CA (x2) 289,08 (88,08%)289,08 (88,08%) 328,47 (48,08 %)328,47 (48,08 %) 531,14 (13,08 %)531,14 (13,08 %)
PLA/RS/CA (x1)PLA/RS/CA (x1) PLA/RS/CA (x2)PLA/RS/CA (x2)
2929ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, Spain, September 4-5, 2006Spain, September 4-5, 2006
SEM analysesSEM analyses
A
B
C
A ) PP/RS/CAA ) PP/RS/CA
B ) PP/RS/CA (x1)B ) PP/RS/CA (x1)
C ) PP/RS/CA (x2)C ) PP/RS/CA (x2)
3030ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, Spain, September 4-5, 2006Spain, September 4-5, 2006
SEM analysesSEM analyses
A
A ) PLA/RS/CA (x1)A ) PLA/RS/CA (x1) B ) PLA/RS/CA (x2)B ) PLA/RS/CA (x2)
B
3131ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, Spain, September 4-5, 2006Spain, September 4-5, 2006
Part 3:Part 3: Preparation and characterization of the Kenaf based Preparation and characterization of the Kenaf based composites by recycling one and two times composites by recycling one and two times
RS based compositesRS based compositesPP/Kenaf/CA (X1) 60/30/10wtwt//wtwt
PP/Kenaf/CA (X2) 60/30/10wtwt//wtwt
--melt mixing in Brabender at 180melt mixing in Brabender at 180ooC, time 10 min:C, time 10 min:
PP + CA (3 min) + dry kenaf; (7 min)PP + CA (3 min) + dry kenaf; (7 min)
- the RS composites have been recycled one and two times- the RS composites have been recycled one and two times
- the obtained composites were cut in pellets form to perform the sheets - the obtained composites were cut in pellets form to perform the sheets - thay have been molded by thermo compression at T= 185- thay have been molded by thermo compression at T= 185ooC, t=10 min with C, t=10 min with increasing pressure up to 10 000 pounds.increasing pressure up to 10 000 pounds.
PreparationPreparation
3232ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, Spain, September 4-5, 2006Spain, September 4-5, 2006
The flexural testsThe flexural tests for recycled Kenaf based compositesfor recycled Kenaf based composites
Stress at Stress at peak, MPa peak, MPa
StandardDeviatStandardDeviationion
Modulus, Modulus, MPa MPa
Standard Standard DeviationDeviation
PP / Kenaf / CA 60/30/10 PP / Kenaf / CA 60/30/10 wtwt//wtwt 51,351,3 4,84,8 21062106 6868
PP / Kenaf / CA (x1) 60/30/10 PP / Kenaf / CA (x1) 60/30/10 wtwt//wt wt 51,851,8 9,19,1 25312531 179179
PP / Kenaf / CA (x2) 60/30/10 PP / Kenaf / CA (x2) 60/30/10 wtwt//wtwt 48,748,7 4,74,7 25752575 8080
Recycled Kenaf composites
90
100
110
120
130
PP/Kenaf/CA PP/Kenaf/CA (x1) PP/Kenaf/CA (x2)
Pro
pe
rty
rete
ntio
n, %
Flexural Strength
Flexsural Modulus
Recycling propertiesRecycling properties
3333ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, Spain, September 4-5, 2006Spain, September 4-5, 2006
TGATGA analyses: analyses: Recycled Kenaf composites Recycled Kenaf composites
TTd d [[ooC]C]
~ 90 %~ 90 %
TTdd [[ooC]C]
~ 50 %~ 50 %
TTdd [[ooC]C]
~ 10 %~ 10 %
PP / Kenaf / CAPP / Kenaf / CA 340,57 (90,94 %)340,57 (90,94 %) 408,94 (50,94 %)408,94 (50,94 %) 441,96 (10,94 %)441,96 (10,94 %)
PP/Kenaf/CA (x1)PP/Kenaf/CA (x1) 343,10 (91,11 %)343,10 (91,11 %) 413,71 (51,11 %)413,71 (51,11 %) 447,01 (11,11 %)447,01 (11,11 %)
PP/Kenaf/CA (x2)PP/Kenaf/CA (x2) 344,28 (91,02 %)344,28 (91,02 %) 414,94 (51,02 %)414,94 (51,02 %) 448,84 (11,02 %)448,84 (11,02 %)
PP /Kenaf/CAPP /Kenaf/CA PP/Kenaf/CA (x1)PP/Kenaf/CA (x1) PP/Kenaf/CA (x2)PP/Kenaf/CA (x2)
3434ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, Spain, September 4-5, 2006Spain, September 4-5, 2006
TGA analysesTGA analyses
TTdd [[ooC]C]
~ 50 % w.r.~ 50 % w.r.
PLA neatPLA neat 362,52362,52
PLA x1PLA x1 364,21364,21
PLA (x1) / RS / CAPLA (x1) / RS / CA 337,61337,61
PLA / RS / CA (x1)PLA / RS / CA (x1) 328,52328,52
PLA / RS / CA (x2)PLA / RS / CA (x2) 328,47328,47
PP neatPP neat 429,32429,32
PP/RS/CA (x1)PP/RS/CA (x1) 409,93409,93
PP/RS/CA (x2)PP/RS/CA (x2) 389,01389,01
PP/Kenaf/CA (x1)PP/Kenaf/CA (x1) 413,71413,71
PP/Kenaf/CA (x2)PP/Kenaf/CA (x2) 414,94414,94
}
The termal stability is the same for the neat PLA and recycled PLA
}The termal stability is the same for PLA/RS composites recycled one and two times
}
}The termal stability for The termal stability for PLA/RS composites is PLA/RS composites is lower than PP/RS lower than PP/RS compositescomposites
3535ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, Spain, September 4-5, 2006Spain, September 4-5, 2006
SEM analysesSEM analyses
AA
BB
CC
A ) PP/Kenaf/CAA ) PP/Kenaf/CA
B ) PP/Kenaf/CA (x1)B ) PP/Kenaf/CA (x1)
C ) PP/Kenaf/CA (x2)C ) PP/Kenaf/CA (x2)
3636ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, Spain, September 4-5, 2006Spain, September 4-5, 2006
CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION
PP recycled and PLA recycled based composites were produced by PP recycled and PLA recycled based composites were produced by reactive blending,reactive blending,
The flexural properties of the PP recycled based composites are very The flexural properties of the PP recycled based composites are very close to flexural properties of the composite with neat PP,close to flexural properties of the composite with neat PP,
The flexural properties of the PLA recycled based composite are The flexural properties of the PLA recycled based composite are lower (about 50%) compared to composite with neat PLA,lower (about 50%) compared to composite with neat PLA,
The termal stability of the PP recycled and PLA recycled composites The termal stability of the PP recycled and PLA recycled composites is slightly lower compared to composite with neat matrix,is slightly lower compared to composite with neat matrix,
Recycled PP matrix can be use for production of the compositesRecycled PP matrix can be use for production of the composites
3737ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, Spain, September 4-5, 2006Spain, September 4-5, 2006
Recycled RS and Kenaf based composites were produced by Recycled RS and Kenaf based composites were produced by reactive blending,reactive blending,
Recycled PP/Kenaf composites show higher flexural properties Recycled PP/Kenaf composites show higher flexural properties compared to PP/RS composites,compared to PP/RS composites,
Recycled PLA/RS composites show lower flexural properties Recycled PLA/RS composites show lower flexural properties compared to PP/RS and PP/Kenaf composites,compared to PP/RS and PP/Kenaf composites,
The termal stability of the recycled PP/Kenaf and PP/RS The termal stability of the recycled PP/Kenaf and PP/RS composites is slightly lower compared to base composite without composites is slightly lower compared to base composite without recycling,recycling,
The termal stability of the recycled PLA/RS composites is lower The termal stability of the recycled PLA/RS composites is lower compared to base composite without recyclingcompared to base composite without recycling
CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION
3838ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, Spain, September 4-5, 2006Spain, September 4-5, 2006
SEM analyses show that in all composites the interaction between SEM analyses show that in all composites the interaction between matrix and RS or Kenaf are very good, resulting in high interfacial matrix and RS or Kenaf are very good, resulting in high interfacial adhesion.adhesion.
Recycled PP matrix can be use for production of the compositesRecycled PP matrix can be use for production of the composites
Recycled PP/RS and PP/Kenaf composites are ability for reuse as Recycled PP/RS and PP/Kenaf composites are ability for reuse as composite componentscomposite components
CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION
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