ecosystem based management in the national marine sanctuary system
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Ecosystem Based Managementin the
National Marine Sanctuary System
Ecosystem Based Managementin the
National Marine Sanctuary System
National Marine Sanctuaries Act
Little known fact:
Designation Standards:
- the area’s natural resource and ecological qualities, including its contribution to biological productivity, maintenance of ecosystem structure, maintenance of ecologically or commercial important or threatened species or species assemblages, maintenance of critical habitat of endangered species, and biogeographic representation of the site…
The word “ecosystem” is used one time in the NMSA
- improve the conservation, understanding, management, and wise and sustainable use of marine resources;
- enhance public awareness, understanding, and appreciation of the marine environment;
- maintain for future generations, the habitat, and ecological services, of the natural assemblage of living resources that inhabit these areas.”
NMSA 2000
“The National Marine Sanctuary System will -
Natural resourcesEcological qualities
Biological productivityEcosystem structure
Ecologically important speciesCommercially important species
Threatened species or assemblagesCritical habitat of endangered species
Natural habitats, populations, and ecological services
Ecosystem-Level Responsibility“…coordinated and comprehensive approach to
conservation and management of…”
EBM Characteristics
• Adaptive (tailored, monitored, and modified, as necessary)
• Collaborative (multiple stakeholders)
• Incremental (evolves with improved understanding)
• Geographically specified management areas (operates at sub-LME scales)
• Takes account of ecosystem knowledge and uncertainty
• Considers multiple external factors (ecological and anthropogenic)
• Balancing diverse societal objectives
National Marine Sanctuary System
“Responsible for More U.S. Territory than U.S. Park Service and FWS Refuges Combined.”
PAPAHANAUMOKUAKEAMARINE NATIONAL MONUMENT
- -
Conservation Science Supports NMS Management
Vessel trafficWildlife disturbance
User conflictsIntroduced species
Coastal developmentMilitary activities
Oil & gas developmentPersonal watercraft
DesalinationDredge disposal
Submerged cablesAlternative energy
Habitat alterationEmergency response
Water qualityAcoustics mitigation
Boundary modificationCultural resources
Fishing & harvestingTrawling impacts
Marine reserve effectivenessMarine debris
Threatened & endangered speciesHabitat restoration
Ecosystem Characterization: – Mapping, classification– Physical processes– Biodiversity– Ecological linkages– Social/cultural/economic
Monitoring:– Ecosystem integrity– Issue based PSR design– Water, habitat, living resources– Maritime archaeological
resources
Applied Research:– Process studies– Modeling, prediction
Conservation ScienceConservation Science
Connectivity: Bugs Without Borders
– SPLASH– PISCO/West Coast Obs– OCNMS– FKNMS– CEC Bioregional Status
NEW
AE
CD
IJ
Help from History
– Historical ecosystem context – HMAP SBNMS– HMAP FKNMS– Through the eyes of
fishermen
To Respond or Not: What’s Natural?
Event Response: Coral BleachingEvent Response: Coral Bleaching
Management Issue: Predicting and documenting coral bleaching
Information Needs:– Identifying areas of high bleaching risk – Measuring the extent of bleaching
Data Needs:Near real-time – Temperature– Wind– Light
Decision-Support Products:– Degree heating weeks– Hot spot maps
Management Response/Actions:– Sampling strategy – Media communications
Management Issue: Optimize reserve boundaries to achieve protection or restoration objectives
Information Needs:– Habitat & living resource distribution– Dispersal ranges & processes– Human activities
Data Types and Sources:– Multi-beam (USGS, NOAA, academia)– Satellite data (NOAA/NESDIS)– Fish surveys (NMFS, trained volunteers)– Larval fish (NCCOS)– Benthic classification (USGS, academia)– ROV/video transects (sanctuaries, academia)– Aerial surveys (OMAO, states)
Decision-Support Products:– GIS analysis (ecosystem & socio-economic)– Alternative analyses
Management Response/Actions:– Establish reserve boundaries encompassing target species critical habitat
Reserve BoundariesReserve Boundaries
Emergency Response: Oil SpillsEmergency Response: Oil SpillsManagement Issue:
Deciding on dispersant use following an oil spill
Information Needs:- Spill trajectory forecasts- Animal and plant distributions & risk- Dispersability (oil type & conditions)- Natural events (e.g. migrations, spawning)- Pre-event models of risk
Data Needs:– Surface and subsurface currents, & waves
• Satellites, buoys, ADCP, CODAR, archived data)
– Weather (esp. surface winds speed/direction)
– Baseline living resource distribution, abundance, condition, & sensitivity
Decision-Support Products:– Trajectory maps and projections– Dispersion predictions (depth, [])– Bathymetry & habitat– Ecosystem sensitivity maps
Management Response/Actions:– Dispersant use decision– Boom and skimmer deployment– Shoreline response team deployment
Fish RefugeFish RefugeManagement Issue:
Deciding whether to allow spearfishing
Information Needs:– Location and extent of essential habitat– Target species abundance & production (population
resilience)– Target species ecological roles– Current and projected use
Data Needs:– Habitat distribution and area – Spatial use and abundance by life stage– Trophic interactions and structure– Fecundity and survival – Currents, eddies
Decision-Support Products:– Amount and location of essential habitat – Essential habitats by life history stage– Forecasts of impacts and recovery
Management Response/Actions:– Public education during MPR– Regulatory decision
Management Issue: Identify areas of high risk for
vessel/whale collisions
Information Needs:Temporal data on vessel traffic patterns
and whale distributions
Data Needs:– Whale-watch records– Acoustic tagging (location, behavior)– Prey dynamics (location, persistence)– Vessel traffic patterns (AIS data)
Decision-Support Products:– Whale and traffic density maps– Traffic routing scenarios (changes in
risk vs. travel time/economics)
Management Response/Actions:– Establishing or modifying shipping
lanes– Speed limits in selected areas– Broadcasting alerts to mariners to
minimize collisions
Living Resource Protection: Living Resource Protection: Ship StrikesShip Strikes
Ecosystem Based Management
It’s not how you define it,
but how you do it.
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