電車的一切 all about electric carsntueg.cn.cserisa.com/pdf/electriccarb.pdf · f. 2016 volt...
Post on 26-May-2020
1 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
AllAboutElectricCarsCharlesSIh
EmeritusProf.ElectricalEngineeringUniversityofDelaware
ih@udel.edu
電車的一切
AllAboutElectricCars
CharlesSIhEmeritusProf.ElectricalEngineering
UniversityofDelawareih@udel.edu
A. IntroductionBriefHistoryDefinition
B. ComparisonIC(Conventional)CarElectricCar(EC)EV(ElectricVehicle)PHEV(Plug-inHybridElectricVehicle)FuelCellVehicles
C.AvailableElectricCars
D.ECAdvantagesandRemainingIssues
E. Economics
F. 2016VoltSpecificationsMyExperience
F. Conclusion
A. Introduction
BriefHistoryAbout100yrsago,peoplealsointerestedinEC(ElectricCar)becauseICcarsdifficulttostartandnottoomanyhighwaystodrivingon.1916WoodsMotorVehicle,"hybrid"$2,650.Othercars,$360.RecentinterestinEC,duetoGovernmentregulationstoreducegreenhousegas.Carsproduce40%ofgreenhousegasinCa.
A. Introduction
BriefHistory(cont.)
Jan.1996,GMEV1.$35,000 withNickel-Cadmiumbattery,doubletheER,$18,000vs$600leadacidbattery.TheGMstoppedtheEV1projectin2002.WhoKilledtheElectricCar?TheVoltwasintroducedin2011andNissanLeafandTeslamodelSin2012.AllnewEC'suselithiumionbatterieswithevenhigherER.
A. IntroductionEC(ElectricCar)DefinitionPropelledonlybyelectricalmeans
EV(ElectricVehicle)isEC
PHEV(Plug-inHybridElectricVehicle)MaybeormaynotbeECbymydefinition
A. IntroductionEC(ElectricCar)DefinitionPropelledonlybyelectricalmeans
PHEV(Plug-inHybridElectricVehicle)
ER(ElectricRange)>30milesisECER<30milesismostlikelynotEC
B. ComparisonsIC(Conventional)Car
ElectricCar(EC)EV(ElectricVehicle)PHEV(Plug-inHybridElectricVehicle)
(InElectricmode)
FuelCellVehicles
B. ComparisonsIC(Conventional)Car
InternalCombustionEngine,lowerefficiency,lowtorqueatlowspeed(usetransmission,gearbox),energyconversionirreversible,usingfossilfuelandemittinggreenhousegases.
Currentlystillthemosteconomicalandconvenienttooperate.
B.ComparisonElectricCar(EC)EV(ElectricVehicle)andPHEV(ER>30miles)
Muchhigherefficiency,providesrequiredtorqueatallspeed,greataccelerations,energyconversionreversible,regenerativespeedreductionandbrakingpossible,maynotneedfossilfuelandthusemittingnogreenhousegasespossible.
Tooexpensive,slowcharging,lackcharginginfrastructure.
B.ComparisonsFuelCellVehiclesManyappealingfeatures:emittingnogreenhousegases,quickrefueling,longdrivingranges.
However,fuelcelltechnologynotyetmatureandsusceptibletodamage,greenhydrogenveryexpensive,conventionalhydrogensourceworsethanGHgas,onetonofhydrogen,alsoproducing9to12tonsofCO2.Transportationofhydrogennotsimple.
C. AvailableElectricCarsElectricVehicle(EV)
TeslaModel,S,240miles,$71,000TeslaModelX,250miles,$80,000
NissanLEAF,107miles,$29,000ChevroletSparkEV,82miles,$26,000TeslaModel3,200miles,$35,000ChevroletBolt,200miles,$37,500TeslaModelSP100D,>300miles.k
C. AvailableElectricCarsElectricVehicle(EV)(Cont.)
MercedesB-ClassElectricDrive,85miles,$42,400Fiat500e,84miles,$32,600VolkswagenE-Golf,83miles,$29,800BMWi3,81miles,$43,300SmartElectricDrive,68miles,$25,000Mitsubishii-MiEV,62miles,$23,800
C. AvailableElectricCarsPlug-inHybridElectricVehicle(PHEV)
ChevyVolt,53miles,$34,000.ForbesTestDrive,idealEV,8/24/16
CadillacELR,37miles,$76,000
KarmaAutomotiveRevero,50miles,$1,150,000MitsubishiOutlanderGX5h,32miles,£40,899.AudiA3E-Tron,16miles,$37,900BMW330e,14miles,$43,700BMWi8,25miles,$137,000BMWX5xdrive40e ,13miles,$64,000
C. AvailableElectricCarsPlug-inHybridElectricVehicle(PHEV)(Cont.)
FordC-MaxEnergi,19miles,$32,600FordFusionEnergi,19miles,$33,900HyundaiSonata,27miles,$35,400.6speedauto
transmission.MercedesC350,20miles,$46,400MercedesS550,20miles,TBD(Biggercar)PorscheCayenneS,14miles,$78,000PorschePanameraS,16miles,$93,000Porsche918Spyder,12miles,$845,000
C. AvailableElectricCarsPlug-inHybridElectricVehicle(PHEV)(Cont.)
ToyotaPrius(Prime),22miles,TBDVolvoXC90T8,17miles,$69,000McLarenP1,Coupe,19miles,$1,150,000
D. ECAdvantagesandRemainingIssues
Electricmotorsaresimple,efficiency,90%.goodtorqueatallspeed.No"transmissions".
Bestaccelerationpossible."Tanktowheel",3– 4timesmoreefficient
thanICcars.(80%vs20%).Regenerativebraking/speedreductioncan
recover70%oftheenergy,reducingbrakewear.
Chargingefficiency90%,Wirelesscharging,80%
D. ECAdvantagesandRemainingIssues(cont.)
Maynotneedfossilfuelandthusnogreen-gasemission.Nolocalgasemissions.
Nonoisepollution.Maintainhighefficiencyinstop-and-gotraffic.InEC,powerismeasuredinkilowatts(kW).100 kWisabout134horsepower.Theperformanceisbetterthana134horsepowerICengine,muchbetterinaccelerationandhillclimbing.
D. ECAdvantagesandRemainingIssues(cont.)
RemainingIssues
ECCoststilltoohighIncompletechargingstandards,level1and2,OK.HighspeedDCcharging,nostandard.Chargingspeedslow,bothtechnicalandinfrastructure.Charginginfrastructureneedsimprovementquickly.
E.Economics
ECCoststilltoohighHighbatterycostpluscomplicatesystemdesignandcontrolelectronics(Firmware)forPHEVBatterycostisexpectedtogodown.
Governmentsusefinancialincentives(taxcredit,rebate)andother(carpoollanepermit)topromotemoreECuse.
E.Economics(cont.)
AllManufacturersclaimthattheoperationcostofEVislow,3~5centspermile.Allpublicationsstatethesame.Thisistrueonlyifyouchargethecarathomeatthemostfavorablerate.
TheelectricityrateintheU.S.iscomplicated.Itvarieswithlocationsandwiththetimeofday.
E.Economics(cont.)
IfyouplantobuyanEC,checkyourlocalratesandmakesuretousethemostfavorableratetochargecarattherighttime(usuallyafter12:00am).Inmanyplaces,therateistiered.Ifyoudon'tchangetheelectricityrateplan,thehighestrateisused.
Thebestistouseaseparatemeterforthecharging.
E.Economics(cont.)
Commercialchargingstationsareexpensiveandnotexpectedtogodown.Asacomparison,Homecharging,(8– 12)to40cents/kWh,ChargingStations,>50cents/kWh.Atthisrate,itismoreexpensivethangasoline.
TeslaModelS&X,freechargingforlife.Model3,TBD.Rumorsays,buyachargingplanor$40/charge.
F.2016Volt
SPECIFICATIONS2016ChevroletVoltPremier,GreenCaroftheYear,2016and2011
BasePrice$37,570EngineTypealuminumalloy,directfuelinjection,regulargasoline
Horsepower101@5600rpmTorque(lb-ft)103@n/arpm
F.2016Volt(cont.)SPECIFICATIONS(cont.)
ElectricMotorspermanentmagnetACsynchronousHorsepower149@n/arpm,Torque294@n/arpmTransmissionVoltec electricdrive
BatterytypeLi-Ion,18.4kWh,Electricrange,53miles!(veryconservative).Totalrange,420miles.
Brakes,front/rearventeddisc/soliddiscplusregenerativebraking.
F.2016Volt(cont.)
SPECIFICATIONS(cont.)
ControlforRegenerativeSpeedReductIon(braking).DrivetrainFrontpowertrain,front-wheeldriveEPAFuelEconomy- milespergallon(regulargas),42mpg,hybrid,0to60mph8.4sec
F.2016Volt(cont.)
LikeallEC's,extremetemperatures,coldorhot,canreduceDR(drive)rangebyasmuchas40%.
UsingACorheatingcanreduceDRby10– 20%.Youcanuseindividualseatheating.
F.2016Volt(cont.)MyExperience
Trade-in2012modelfor2016modellastDecember.$7,500Federaltaxcredit,$1,500CArebate,$1,000GMrebate,$700Costco"rebate"fromCostcoautopurchasingprogram.Gotthe"last"CAcar-poollanepermit.Installed5.4kWsolarpanelwhen2012modelwaspurchased.SomyVoltmaybeconsideredpollutionfree.Itusesonly4MWh out6MWhproduced.
F.2016Volt(cont.)MyExperience(cont.)
Funtodrive,briskacceleration,alwaysquiet.Alwaysdrivingcarefully,got72 milesER,book,75.Almostneverneedgasdrivinglocally.ToSanFrancisco,need1gallongasifgettingnofreecharging.UsingAC/HeatingreducesERby10%- 15%.Usingindividualseatheatingtosaveenergy.Regenerative"braking"recovers70%oftheenergy.DrivingexperienceswithVoltandTesla.
F.2016Volt(cont.)MyExperience(cont.)
Had40,000milesonmy2012Volt,noapparentre-duction inElectricRange.
March8,2016,ErickBelmer's 2012ChevroletVoltjustcrossed300,000miles(100,000electricmiles),onFacebook,noapparentdegradationinitsbatteryrangeorcapacity.Soquiteadurableandreliablecar.
G.Conclusion
EVisthecarofthefuture.PHEVistheECnowwithoutrangeanxietyandistheEVinthetransitionphase.Thetransitionphaseisnowinthefifthyearandmaylastanother5,10,15ormoreyears.ThecompletetransitiontoEVrequireslowcost,fastchargingandtemperaturetolerantbatteries.ItalsorequiresfaststandardchargingstationswithoutoverloadingtheGrid.
G.Conclusion(cont.)
ThecompleteelectricGridneedstoupgradetosupportthecharginginfrastructure.Thelandscapeofcharging(refueling)stationswillbedifferent.Ourdrivinghabitneedstochangeaccordingly.(ThenextslidedoesnotconsiderthethresholdPhenomena)
References
1.TheGuidetoElectric,Hybrid&Fuel-EfficientCars,ByJacquesDuvalandDanielBreton.JuniperPublishing,256pages,ISBN9781988002446,June2016.ListPrice$29.95.
2.CarWars,TheRise,TheFall,AndtheResurgenceofTheElectricCar,byJohnJ.Fialka.ThomasDunne Books,St.Martin'sPress,NewYork,2015.
TheEnd
top related