enabling antenna technologies for the software defined radio
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SD
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4
Enab
ling
Ant
enna
Tec
hnol
ogie
s fo
r the
En
ablin
g A
nten
na T
echn
olog
ies
for t
he
Softw
are
Def
ined
Rad
ioSo
ftwar
e D
efin
ed R
adio
Car
lo D
i Nal
lo, G
iorg
i Bit-
Bab
ik, a
nd A
nton
io F
arao
neC
orpo
rate
EM
E R
esea
rch
Labo
rato
ryFo
rt L
aude
rdal
e, F
lorid
a, U
SA
John
Svi
gelj
App
lied
tech
nolo
gy D
epar
tmen
tSc
haum
burg
, Illi
nois
, USA
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SD
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42
Mot
orol
a C
orpo
rate
EM
E R
esea
rch
Lab
Mot
orol
a C
orpo
rate
EM
E R
esea
rch
Lab
Mot
orol
a C
orpo
rate
EM
E R
esea
rch
Lab
►EM
E re
sear
ch p
rogr
am fo
unde
d in
197
4Pr
ogra
m s
tart
ed b
y D
r. Q
uirin
o B
alza
no
Bio
logi
cal e
ffect
s of
ele
ctro
mag
netic
ene
rgy
(EM
E) e
xpos
ure
Rad
iofr
eque
ncy
dosi
met
ry fo
r pro
duct
saf
ety
and
com
plia
nce
Ant
enna
R &
DEM
C/E
MI c
ompl
ianc
e
►20
04 Dr.
May
s Sw
icor
d –
Hea
d of
the
EME
prog
ram
sD
r. C
-K C
hou
–M
otor
ola
Chi
ef E
ME
Scie
ntis
t12
rese
arch
sta
ff (6
Ph.
D.,
4 M
SEE)
Lead
ing
EME
prog
ram
in th
e w
irele
ss in
dust
rySi
gnifi
cant
invo
lvem
ent i
n sa
fety
and
com
plia
nce
stan
dard
sIE
EE, I
EC, C
ENEL
ECSi
gnifi
cant
invo
lvem
ent i
n go
vern
men
t rel
atio
ns w
orld
wid
e
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43
EME
@ M
otor
ola
(con
tinue
d)EM
E @
Mot
orol
a EM
E @
Mot
orol
a (c
ontin
ued)
(con
tinue
d)
Firs
t SA
R
mea
sure
men
t sy
stem
fo
r han
dhel
d tr
ansc
eive
rs [1
] EME
com
plia
nce
for m
obile
ra
dio
equi
pmen
t [2]
“Fer
ris W
heel
”Ex
posu
re s
yste
m
for i
n-vi
vobi
oass
ays
[3]
EME
com
plia
nce
for w
irele
ss
infr
astr
uctu
re
equi
pmen
t [4-
5]
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44
Ant
enna
R&
D P
rogr
amA
nten
na R
&D
Pro
gram
Ant
enna
R&
D P
rogr
am
►G
oal
Pur
sue
reac
h ou
t tec
hnol
ogie
s w
hile
als
o pr
oduc
ing
shor
t/med
ium
term
im
pact
on
prod
ucts
Atta
in a
nd m
aint
ain
indu
stry
lead
ersh
ip in
ant
enna
tech
nolo
gies
that
ar
e re
leva
nt to
Mot
orol
a bu
sine
sses
►Fo
cus
Sof
twar
e D
efin
ed R
adio
(SD
R) e
nabl
ing
tech
nolo
gies
The
SDR
fram
ewor
k es
tabl
ishe
s pe
rhap
s th
e ut
mos
t cha
lleng
e fo
r m
ulti-
band
por
tabl
e ra
dios
that
ena
ble
the
“sea
mle
ss m
obili
ty”
visi
on
Tech
nolo
gies
Mul
ti-ba
nd a
nten
nas
Tuna
ble
ante
nnas
Wid
eban
d an
tenn
asA
ctiv
e an
tenn
a sy
stem
s
Per
form
ance
Effi
cien
cy, b
andw
idth
, siz
e, c
ompl
exity
, cos
t, re
liabi
lity,
etc
.
Proceeding of the SDR 04 Technical Conference and Product Exposition. Copyright © 2004 SDR Forum. All Rights Reserved
SD
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45
Seam
less
Mob
ility
and
SD
R/C
RSe
amle
ss M
obili
ty a
nd S
DR
/CR
Seam
less
Mob
ility
and
SD
R/C
R
►SD
R …th
e re
sult
of a
n ev
olut
iona
ry p
roce
ss fr
om p
urel
y ha
rdw
are-
base
d eq
uipm
ent t
o fu
lly s
oftw
are-
base
d eq
uipm
ent…
(FC
C N
PRM
)
All
wav
efor
ms
are
softw
are
defin
able
SDR
is re
prog
ram
mab
le v
ia th
e ai
r-in
terf
ace
Upg
rade
able
in th
e fie
ld
►C
ogni
tive
radi
o
“sm
art a
nd a
lert
”
Loca
tion
awar
enes
sSp
ectr
um a
vaila
bilit
y an
d se
lect
ion
Usa
ge p
atte
rn a
war
enes
s an
d pr
edic
tion
Air-
inte
rfac
e se
lect
ion
(cos
t/per
form
ance
)
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SD
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SDR
/CR
requ
irem
ents
on
ante
nna
syst
ems
SDR
/CR
requ
irem
ents
on
ante
nna
syst
ems
SDR
/CR
requ
irem
ents
on
ante
nna
syst
ems
►Si
mul
tane
ous
or s
elec
tive
spec
trum
cov
erag
e
E.g.
, 800
MH
z-2.
5 G
Hz
100
MH
z –
6 G
Hz
(PS
radi
o)
Abi
lity
to o
pera
te in
mul
tiple
ba
nds
sim
ulta
neou
sly
Abi
lity
to in
crea
se s
yste
m
capa
city
MIM
OD
iver
sity
Abi
lity
to b
eam
-ste
er
Abi
lity
to o
pera
te a
cros
s te
rres
tria
l and
sat
ellit
e ne
twor
ksIR
IDIU
M, e
tc.
GPS
, Gal
ileo
T1
R1,
R4
T2
T3R
3
R3,
T4
Inte
rfer
ing
Sign
al P
lace
dIn
Nul
l
Tran
smitt
er fo
rms
Bea
m T
owar
d In
tend
ed R
ecip
ient
Rec
eive
r for
ms
Nul
l Tow
ard
Inte
rfere
nce
Sou
rces
Spat
ial -
Bea
m S
teer
ing
and
Nul
l Ste
erin
g
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SD
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Ant
enna
Tec
hnol
ogie
sA
nten
na T
echn
olog
ies
Ant
enna
Tec
hnol
ogie
s
►M
ulti-
band
(int
egra
ted)
ant
enna
sPI
FAFI
CA
DR
AM
P-H
►R
econ
figur
able
Ant
enna
sTu
NA
►W
ideb
and
ante
nnas
Tear
drop
on
hand
set f
orm
fact
ors
►A
ctiv
e an
tenn
asC
ompa
ct a
nten
na s
truc
ture
s w
ith m
ulti-
octa
ve b
andw
idth
►M
ulti-
ante
nna
syst
ems
MIM
OD
iver
sity
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48
Mul
ti-ba
nd te
chno
logy
: PIF
AM
ulti
Mul
ti --ba
nd te
chno
logy
: PIF
Aba
nd te
chno
logy
: PIF
A
►PI
FA (P
lana
r Inv
erte
d-F
Ant
enna
) is
the
mos
t wid
ely
adop
ted
tech
nolo
gy in
mul
ti-ba
nd c
ellu
lar p
hone
s
Nok
ia p
ione
ered
PIF
A in
tegr
atio
n in
mob
ile p
hone
sEm
ploy
ed to
day
by m
ost c
ellp
hone
man
ufac
ture
rsC
ompa
tible
with
aes
thet
ic fo
rm fa
ctor
sA
llow
s fle
xibl
e ch
oice
of a
nten
na lo
catio
n an
d vo
lum
e sh
ape
Mul
ti-ba
nd o
pera
tion
base
d on
a “
volu
me-
shar
ing”
prin
cipl
e
Sub-
optim
al u
se o
f the
ant
enna
vol
ume
due
to h
igh-
Q o
f eac
h re
sona
nce
Eric
sson
T68i
Low
Ban
dH
igh
Ban
d
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Mul
ti-ba
nd te
chno
logy
: FIC
AM
ulti
Mul
ti --ba
nd te
chno
logy
: FIC
Aba
nd te
chno
logy
: FIC
A
►FI
CA
(Fol
ded
Inve
rted
Con
form
al A
nten
na) a
dvan
ces
the
curr
ent
stat
e-of
-the-
art f
or m
ulti-
band
inte
grat
ed c
ellp
hone
ant
enna
s
Impl
emen
ts a
“vo
lum
e-re
use”
prin
cipl
e yi
eldi
ng th
ree
reso
nanc
es
Res
onan
ces
exhi
bit l
ower
Q th
an fo
r PI
FAs
havi
ng th
e sa
me
volu
me
Mot
orol
a IP
R
Com
mon
Mod
eD
iffer
entia
l Mod
eSl
ot M
ode
Mot
orol
aE3
98
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SD
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0
FIC
A R
eson
ance
sFI
CA
Res
onan
ces
FIC
A R
eson
ance
s
CO
MM
ON
MO
DE
SLO
T M
OD
ED
IFFE
REN
TIA
L M
OD
E
CD
S
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SD
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1
FIC
A v
s PI
FAFI
CA
vs
PIFA
FIC
A v
s PI
FA►
Mot
orol
a T1
92 (d
ual b
and
GSM
)
01020304050607080
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
Freq
uenc
y (M
Hz)
Efficiency (%)
FIC
API
FA
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2
Mul
ti-ba
nd te
chno
logy
: DR
AM
ulti
Mul
ti --ba
nd te
chno
logy
: DR
Aba
nd te
chno
logy
: DR
A
►M
ulti-
mod
e D
RA
s (D
iele
ctric
Res
onat
or A
nten
nas)
DR
A m
ade
of lo
w-lo
ss, h
igh-
K d
iele
ctric
mat
eria
lPa
rtia
lly c
onfin
ed v
olum
e re
sona
nce
yiel
ds h
igh
effic
ienc
yC
ompa
ct, s
elf-c
onsi
sten
t ant
enna
whe
n hi
gh-K
(>80
) is
used
Man
ufac
turin
g is
sues
Mot
orol
a IP
R
-25
-20
-15
-10-50
11.
21.
41.
61.
82
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3
Freq
uenc
y, GH
z|S11|, dB D
imen
sion
s of
die
lect
ric re
sona
tor a
re:
Dim
ensi
ons
of d
iele
ctric
reso
nato
r are
: 25
x 2
3 x
2 m
m ;
25 x
23
x 2
mm
; εε rr
=80;
50
=80;
50 --
Ohm
feed
ing
Ohm
feed
ing
mic
rost
rip o
n 31
mil
FRm
icro
strip
on
31 m
il FR
-- 44
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3
DR
A F
ield
Con
figur
atio
nsD
RA
Fie
ld C
onfig
urat
ions
DR
A F
ield
Con
figur
atio
ns►►
Res
onan
t mod
es
Res
onan
t mod
es
Res
onan
ce fr
eque
ncie
s N
OT
in
Res
onan
ce fr
eque
ncie
s N
OT
in
harm
onic
rela
tion
harm
onic
rela
tion
Gro
und
plan
e or
gro
unde
d su
bstr
ate
Gro
und
plan
e or
gro
unde
d su
bstr
ate
can
be u
sed
to re
duce
the
heig
ht o
f ca
n be
use
d to
redu
ce th
e he
ight
of
the
reso
nato
rth
e re
sona
tor
Gro
und
plan
e in
trod
uces
a s
igni
fican
t G
roun
d pl
ane
intr
oduc
es a
sig
nific
ant
back
back
-- toto
-- fro
nt ra
tiofr
ont r
atio
111y
TE
121y
TE TEy 13
1
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4
Mul
ti-ba
nd te
chno
logy
: MP-
HM
ulti
Mul
ti --ba
nd te
chno
logy
: MP
band
tech
nolo
gy: M
P-- HH
►M
P-H
(Mul
ti-Pi
tch
Hel
ical
) tec
hnol
ogy
enab
les
mul
ti-ba
nd p
ublic
sa
fety
radi
os (V
HF/
700/
800)
Rel
iabl
e, c
ost-e
ffect
ive
tech
nolo
gy fo
r pro
fess
iona
l SD
RPa
ttern
cha
ract
eris
tics
are
cont
rolla
ble
in o
rder
to e
nhan
ce th
eco
mm
unic
atio
n ra
nge
Terr
estr
ial a
nd s
atel
lite
cove
rage
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5
Rec
onfig
urab
le te
chno
logy
: TuN
AR
econ
figur
able
tech
nolo
gy: T
uNA
Rec
onfig
urab
le te
chno
logy
: TuN
A
►Tu
NA
(Tun
able
Nar
row
band
Ant
enna
) tec
hnol
ogy
prov
ides
ex
trem
ely
com
pact
siz
e an
d m
ulti-
octa
ve tu
ning
rang
eSe
lect
ive
cove
rage
of b
road
spe
ctru
mC
ontin
uous
or d
isco
ntin
uous
tuni
ng ra
nge
50-o
hm m
atch
mai
ntai
ned
acro
ss tu
ning
rang
e “M
ATC
HED
TU
NA
BIL
ITY”
Con
vent
iona
l sw
itch
tech
nolo
gy e
mpl
oyed
to re
aliz
e tu
ning
sta
tes
Switc
hes
oper
ate
in a
con
duct
ed c
urre
nt e
nviro
nmen
tH
igh
effic
ienc
y (~
70%
) dem
onst
rate
dH
igh
depe
nden
cy o
f sw
itch
tech
nolo
gy e
volu
tion
Mot
orol
a IP
R p
endi
ng
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6
TuN
A D
emo
TuN
A D
emo
TuN
A D
emo
►M
EMS
switc
h (M
agfu
sion
)B
ista
ble
3V d
rivin
g vo
ltage
►Tu
ning
net
wor
k2
switc
hes
3 tu
ning
sta
tes
►A
nten
na e
lem
ent
3.6
cm3
ante
nna
elem
ent
40 x
90
cm2
PCB
►Q
uadb
and
GSM
Effic
ienc
y >
50%
Frac
tiona
l BW
cov
ers
RX/
TX
►M
ore
stat
es n
eede
d
-20
-18
-16
-14
-12
-10-8-6-4-20
0.7
0.9
1.1
1.3
1.5
1.7
1.9
2.1
2.3
Freq
uenc
y [G
Hz]
Return Loss [dB]
S11
sta
te #
0S
11 s
tate
#1
S11
sta
te #
2
0102030405060708090100 80
0 10
0012
0014
0016
0018
0020
00
Freq
uenc
y [M
Hz]
Radiated Efficiency [%]
Stat
e#0
Stat
e#1
Stat
e#2
850
MHz
18
80 M
Hz
925
MHz
1710
MHz
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7
Wid
eban
d an
tenn
as: T
eard
rop
Wid
eban
d an
tenn
as: T
eard
rop
Wid
eban
d an
tenn
as: T
eard
rop
►Ex
tern
al, v
olum
inou
s an
tenn
a In
stan
tane
ous
wid
e ba
ndA
nten
na h
eigh
t det
erm
ines
low
er
freq
uenc
y bo
und
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8
Tear
drop
vs
Hel
ixTe
ardr
op v
s H
elix
Tear
drop
vs
Hel
ix
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9
Act
ive
ante
nna
syst
ems
Act
ive
ante
nna
syst
ems
Act
ive
ante
nna
syst
ems
►A
nten
na s
yste
m c
ompr
isin
g ac
tive
circ
uitr
y to
syn
thes
ize
desi
red
func
tions
Wid
eban
d tu
ning
or m
atch
ing
Com
pact
siz
e
Cha
lleng
esLi
near
ity (d
ynam
ic ra
nge)
Rec
eive
onl
y?Pa
rasi
tics
at h
igh
freq
uenc
ies
Cos
t and
com
plex
ityR
elia
bilit
y
Mot
orol
a IP
R p
endi
ng
Sim
ulat
ed re
spon
se o
f 3 c
c “a
cten
na”
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0
Mul
ti-an
tenn
a Sy
stem
sM
ulti
Mul
ti --an
tenn
a Sy
stem
san
tenn
a Sy
stem
s
►Im
plem
entin
g M
IMO
(Mul
tiple
-Inpu
t Mul
tiple
Out
put)
on p
orta
ble
radi
os w
ill re
quire
mul
tiple
ant
enna
s, p
ossi
bly
feat
urin
g
Low
pat
tern
cor
rela
tion
Hig
h is
olat
ion
Com
pact
dim
ensi
ons
Com
para
ble
effic
ienc
y
Cha
lleng
esSi
ze v
s B
W a
nd e
ffici
ency
Inte
grat
ion
Alte
rnat
ive:
sin
gle
ante
nna
exhi
bitin
g m
ultip
le ra
diat
ing
mod
esLe
ss e
xpen
sive
Mor
e co
mpa
ct
Ant
enna
sys
tem
s su
itabl
e fo
r MIM
O c
an a
lso
be e
mpl
oyed
to im
plem
ent
dive
rsity
sch
emes
Low
/Hig
h B
and
PIFA
pai
r
Proceeding of the SDR 04 Technical Conference and Product Exposition. Copyright © 2004 SDR Forum. All Rights Reserved
SD
R 2
00
42
1
Ref
eren
ces
Ref
eren
ces
Ref
eren
ces
[1]
Bal
zano
et a
l., "
Elec
trom
agne
tic e
nerg
y ex
posu
re o
f sim
ulat
ed u
sers
of p
orta
ble
cellu
lar
tele
phon
es,"
IEEE
Tra
nsac
tions
on
Vehi
cula
r Tec
hnol
ogy,
Aug
. 199
5.[2
]M
cCoy
et a
l., "
Fiel
d st
reng
ths
and
spec
ific
abso
rptio
n ra
tes
in a
utom
otiv
e en
viro
nmen
ts,"
IE
EE T
rans
actio
ns o
n Ve
hicu
lar T
echn
olog
y, J
uly
1999
.[3
]B
alza
no e
t al.,
"A
n ef
ficie
nt R
F ex
posu
re s
yste
m w
ith p
reci
se w
hole
-bod
y av
erag
e SA
R
dete
rmin
atio
n fo
r in
vivo
ani
mal
stu
dies
at 9
00 M
Hz,
" IE
EE T
rans
actio
ns o
n M
icro
wav
e Th
eory
and
Tec
hniq
ues,
Nov
. 200
0.[4
]Fa
raon
e et
al.,
"Es
timat
ion
of th
e av
erag
e po
wer
den
sity
in th
e vi
cini
ty o
f cel
lula
r bas
e-st
atio
n co
lline
ar a
rray
ant
enna
s,"
IEEE
Tra
nsac
tions
on
Vehi
cula
r Tec
hnol
ogy,
May
200
0.[5
]C
icch
etti
and
Fara
one,
"Es
timat
ion
of th
e pe
ak p
ower
den
sity
in th
e vi
cini
ty o
f cel
lula
r and
ra
dio
base
sta
tion
ante
nnas
," IE
EE T
rans
actio
ns o
n El
ectr
omag
netic
Com
patib
ility
, May
20
04.
Proceeding of the SDR 04 Technical Conference and Product Exposition. Copyright © 2004 SDR Forum. All Rights Reserved
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