enthalpies of formation. an enthalpy of formation, h f, is defined as the enthalpy change for the...

Enthalpies of Formation

Enthalpies of Formation

An enthalpy of formation, Hf, is defined as the enthalpy change for the reaction in which a compound is made from its constituent elements in their elemental forms.

Standard Enthalpies of Formation

Standard enthalpies of formation, Hf°, are measured under standard conditions (25 °C and 1.00 atm pressure).

Standard Enthalpies of Formation

• The law of summation of heats of formation states that the enthalpy of a reaction is equal to the total formation energy of the products minus that of the reactants.

is the mathematical symbol meaning “the sum of”, and m and n are the coefficients of the substances in the chemical equation..

)reactants(Hm)products(HnH of

of

o

A Problem to Consider

• You record the values of Hfo under the

formulas in the equation, multiplying them by the coefficients in the equation.

- You can calculate Ho by subtracting the values for the reactants from the values for the products.

)9.45(4 )0(5 )3.90(4 )8.241(6

)g(OH6)g(NO4)g(O5)g(NH4 223

Practice Problem 6.45

Practice Problem 6.46

Calculation of H

• Imagine this as occurringin three steps:

C3H8 (g) + 5 O2 (g) 3 CO2 (g) + 4 H2O (l)

C3H8 (g) 3 C (graphite) + 4 H2 (g)

3 C (graphite) + 3 O2 (g) 3 CO2 (g)

4 H2 (g) + 2 O2 (g) 4 H2O (l)

Calculation of H

• Imagine this as occurringin three steps:

C3H8 (g) + 5 O2 (g) 3 CO2 (g) + 4 H2O (l)

C3H8 (g) 3 C (graphite) + 4 H2 (g)

3 C (graphite) + 3 O2 (g) 3 CO2 (g)

4 H2 (g) + 2 O2 (g) 4 H2O (l)

Calculation of H

• Imagine this as occurringin three steps:

C3H8 (g) + 5 O2 (g) 3 CO2 (g) + 4 H2O (l)

C3H8 (g) 3 C (graphite) + 4 H2 (g)

3 C (graphite) + 3 O2 (g) 3 CO2 (g)

4 H2 (g) + 2 O2 (g) 4 H2O (l)

C3H8 (g) + 5 O2 (g) 3 CO2 (g) + 4 H2O (l)

C3H8 (g) 3 C (graphite) + 4 H2 (g)

3 C (graphite) + 3 O2 (g) 3 CO2 (g)

4 H2 (g) + 2 O2 (g) 4 H2O (l)

C3H8 (g) + 5 O2 (g) 3 CO2 (g) + 4 H2O (l)

Calculation of H

• The sum of these equations is: