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Expansion for development and production of
Uber-2 well and Group Gathering Station,
Jambusar, Gujarat
Doc. No. CHSE/ANK/2018
Rev. No. 02
Issue date 11.06.2018
Page No. 1
Environmental Impact Assessment Report
for
Expansion for development and production of
Uber-2 well and Group Gathering Station,
Jambusar, Gujarat
Submitted By
Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited
Corporate Health, Safety and Environment
3rd
Floor, Tower A, Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Urja Bhawan,
Plot No. 5A & 5B, Vasant Kunj, Nelson Mandela Marg,
New Delhi-110070
Expansion for development and production of
Uber-2 well and Group Gathering Station,
Jambusar, Gujarat
Doc. No. CHSE/ANK/2018
Rev. No. 02
Issue date 11.06.2018
Page No. 2
Expansion for development and production of
Uber-2 well and Group Gathering Station,
Jambusar, Gujarat
Doc. No. CHSE/ANK/2018
Rev. No. 02
Issue date 11.06.2018
Page No. 3
Expansion for development and production of
Uber-2 well and Group Gathering Station,
Jambusar, Gujarat
Doc. No. CHSE/ANK/2018
Rev. No. 02
Issue date 11.06.2018
Page No. 4
EIA Sector Number as per
NABET 2 Sector Name
Offshore and onshore oil and gas
exploration, development & production
EIA Coordinator
Name Dr. J. S. Sharma
Signature & Date
Period of Involvement February, 2018 onwards
Contact Information ONGC, CHSE, PDDUUB, 3rd Floor, Tower A,
5, Vasant Kunj, Nelson Mandela Marg, New Delhi
Mobile:9868282230
Functional Area Experts
Name Functional Area Signature & Date
Dr. J S Sharma Air Pollution Monitoring, Prevention & Control.
Meteorology, Air Quality Modeling & Prediction
Dr. Ravi Misra Hydrology, ground water and water conservation
Mr. Debashis Chakravorty Geology
Mr. Amlan Chakraborty Risk Assessment & Hazard Management
Mr. Nilay Meshram Land Use
H J Godbole Water Pollution Monitoring, Prevention & Control.
Mr. S.K. Mohapatra Socio- economics
Dr. Archana Yadav Ecology & Bio-diversity
Team Members Mr Setu Goyal, Mr. Vipul Sharma, Mr. Vikranth C N
ONGC undertakes the ownership of the contents, data and information of this EIA report as per the
Office Memorandum no. J-11013/41/2006 IA II (I) dated 05th October, 2011 of Ministry of
Environment, Forest & Climate Change.
Expansion for development and production of
Uber-2 well and Group Gathering Station,
Jambusar, Gujarat
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 13-26
TOR COMPLIANCE 27-29
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 30 1.2. ABOUT OIL AND NATURAL GAS CORPORATION LIMITED....................................................................... 30 1.3. PROPOSED PROJECT OBJECTIVES ........................................................................................................... 30 1.4. PROPOSED PROJECT................................................................................................................................ 31 1.4.1. CONVERSION/EXPANSION OF EXPLORATORY WELL TO DEVELOPMENT WELL: ..................................... 31 1.5. NEED FOR THE PROJECT AND ITS IMPORTANCE TO THE COUNTRY / REGION .......................................... 33 1.6. DEMAND-SUPPLY GAP ........................................................................................................................... 33 1.7. DOMESTIC / EXPORT MARKETS .............................................................................................................. 33 1.8. EMPLOYMENT GENERATION (DIRECT AND INDIRECT) DUE TO THE PROJECT.......................................... 33 1.9. APPROACH TO SITE ................................................................................................................................ 33 1.10. SCOPE OF THE STUDY ............................................................................................................................. 34 1.11. METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY .............................................................................................................. 35 1.12. STATUS & STAGE OF REGULATORY FRAMEWORK.................................................................................. 37 1.12.1. THE CONSULTANT .................................................................................................................................. 37 1.13. PROJECT CHRONOLOGY ......................................................................................................................... 37 CHAPTER 2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
2.1. TYPE OF THE PROJECT ............................................................................................................................ 38 2.2. NEED FOR THE PROJECT ......................................................................................................................... 39 2.3. LOCATION OF THE PROJECT .................................................................................................................... 39 2.4. PROJECT OVERVIEW ............................................................................................................................... 39 2.4.1. EVACUATION STRATEGY: ....................................................................................................................... 39 2.5. DRILLING TECHNOLOGY ........................................................................................................................ 41 2.5.1. DRILLING SITE SELECTION ..................................................................................................................... 42 2.5.2. SITE CLEARANCE ................................................................................................................................... 42 2.5.3. ACCESS AND TRANSPORT ....................................................................................................................... 43 2.5.4. TECHNOLOGY AND DRILLING PROCESS DESCRIPTION ............................................................................ 43 2.5.5. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS OF DRILLING ................................................................................................ 45 2.5.6. SPILL CONTAINMENT SYSTEM ................................................................................................................ 50 2.5.7. WASTE WATER STORAGE PIT ................................................................................................................ 50 2.5.8. DRILL CUTTINGS DISPOSAL PIT ............................................................................................................. 50 2.5.9. DOMESTIC SEWAGE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL SYSTEM ..................................................................... 51 2.5.10. SOLID AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT .................................................................................... 51 2.5.11. AIR EMISSIONS ....................................................................................................................................... 51 2.5.12. NOISE GENERATION ............................................................................................................................... 52 2.6. SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT .................................................................................................................. 54 2.7. ABANDONMENT OF OPERATIONS ........................................................................................................... 55 2.7.1. TEMPORARY SUSPENSION OF ACTIVITIES ............................................................................................... 55 2.7.2. DECOMMISSIONING UPON ABANDONMENT ............................................................................................ 55 CHAPTER 3 DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT
3. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT ..................................................................................................... 57 3.1. AMBIENT AIR QUALITY.......................................................................................................................... 58 3.1.1. RECONNAISSANCE .................................................................................................................................. 58
Expansion for development and production of
Uber-2 well and Group Gathering Station,
Jambusar, Gujarat
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3.1.2. AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING NETWORK AND ANALYTICAL METHODS .................................... 58 3.1.3. MICRO-METEOROLOGY .......................................................................................................................... 60 3.1.4. LONG TERM METEOROLOGY – BHARUCH DISTRICT............................................................................... 60 3.1.5. WIND ..................................................................................................................................................... 61 3.1.6. BASELINE METEOROLOGICAL DATA – BHARUCH DISTRICT ................................................................... 61 3.1.7. BASE LINE STATUS OF AIR QUALITY ..................................................................................................... 64 3.1.8. OBSERVATION AND INFERENCES: ........................................................................................................... 69 3.2. NOISE ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................................................................ 70 3.2.1. SELECTION OF SAMPLING STATIONS FOR NOISE MONITORING ............................................................... 70 3.3. WATER ENVIRONMENT .......................................................................................................................... 72 3.3.1. RECONNAISSANCE .................................................................................................................................. 72 3.3.2. METHODOLOGY OF WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT ............................................................................... 72 3.3.3. QUALITY OF SURFACE WATER (RIVER WATER) ..................................................................................... 76 3.3.4. RESULTS OF GROUND WATER SAMPLES ................................................................................................ 78 3.4. LAND ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................................................................. 79 3.4.1. METHODOLOGY ADOPTED FOR LAND USE/LAND COVER STUDY ............................................................ 79 3.4.2. STUDY AND COLLECTION OF RELEVANT DOCUMENTS AND MAPS ......................................................... 79 3.4.3. FIELD SURVEY: ...................................................................................................................................... 80 3.4.4. CLASS WISE AREA STATISTICS ............................................................................................................... 80 3.5. SOIL QUALITY ........................................................................................................................................ 82 3.5.1. RECONNAISSANCE .................................................................................................................................. 82 3.5.2. SOIL SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................. 82 3.5.3. SOIL IN BHARUCH DISTRICT ................................................................................................................... 85 3.5.4. ANALYSIS OF QUALITY SOIL SAMPLES COLLECTED: .............................................................................. 87 3.6. BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT .................................................................................................................. 88 3.6.1. DATA SOURCE OF THE STUDY AREA ...................................................................................................... 88 3.6.2. PERIOD OF THE STUDY AND STUDY AREA ............................................................................................... 89 3.6.3. TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEM OF THE STUDY AREA .................................................................................... 89 3.6.4. AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM OF THE STUDY AREA ........................................................................................... 90 3.6.5. SPECIES COMPOSITION ........................................................................................................................... 92 3.6.6. SPECIES DIVERSITY ................................................................................................................................ 92 3.6.7. METHODOLOGY ..................................................................................................................................... 94 3.6.8. FLORAL DIVERSITY OF STUDY AREA ..................................................................................................... 94 3.6.9. TREES ..................................................................................................................................................... 95 3.6.10. SHRUBS: ................................................................................................................................................. 98 3.6.11. HERBS: ................................................................................................................................................... 99 3.6.12. CLIMBERS AND TWINERS: .................................................................................................................... 103 3.6.13. MAJOR CROPS ...................................................................................................................................... 104 3.6.14. MINOR CROPS ...................................................................................................................................... 104 3.6.15. MAJOR HORTICULTURAL CROPS ........................................................................................................... 104 3.6.16. RARE AND ENDANGERED FLORA IN THE STUDY AREA ......................................................................... 104 3.6.17. FAUNAL BIODIVERSITY OF THE STUDY AREA IN BHARUCH DISTRICT .................................................. 106 3.6.18. BIRDS OF THE STUDY AREA ................................................................................................................. 106 3.6.19. BUTTERFLIES OF THE STUDY AREA ...................................................................................................... 108 3.6.20. HERPETOFAUNA ................................................................................................................................... 110 3.6.21. MAMMALS ........................................................................................................................................... 110 3.6.22. AS PER WILD LIFE PROTECTION ACT, 1972 ......................................................................................... 111 3.6.23. ANIMAL HUSBANDRY .......................................................................................................................... 112
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3.7. SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS .................................................................................................................. 113 3.7.1. BHARUCH DISTRICT (CENSUS, 2011) ................................................................................................... 113 3.7.2. LITERACY RATE 2011 .......................................................................................................................... 114 3.7.3. SEX RATIO 2011 ................................................................................................................................... 114 3.7.4. CHILD POPULATION 2011 ..................................................................................................................... 114 3.7.5. HOUSELESS CENSUS ............................................................................................................................. 114 3.7.6. POPULATION 2015 ................................................................................................................................ 115 3.7.7. DISTRICT URBAN/RURAL 2011 ............................................................................................................ 115 3.7.8. EDUCATION FACILITIES ........................................................................................................................ 116 CHAPTER 4 ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS & MITIGATION MEASURES
4. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ASSOCIATED WITH DRILLING AND PRODUCTION ...................................... 118 4.1. AIR ENVIRONMENT .............................................................................................................................. 120 4.1.1. ASSESSMENT OF AIR QUALITY IMPACTS .............................................................................................. 121 4.1.2. DECOMMISSIONING OF PROJECT ........................................................................................................... 122 4.1.3. IMPACT FROM AIR EMISSION ................................................................................................................ 123 4.1.4. MITIGATION MEASURES ....................................................................................................................... 135 4.2. NOISE ENVIRONMENT .......................................................................................................................... 136 4.3. LAND ENVIRONMENT ........................................................................................................................... 138 4.4. WATER ENVIRONMENT ........................................................................................................................ 140 4.5. BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT ................................................................................................................ 142 4.5.1. TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................................................... 142 4.5.2. AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT ..................................................................................................................... 142 4.6. SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ........................................................................................................ 143 4.7. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT ................................................................................................ 143 4.7.1. AIR ENVIRONMENT .............................................................................................................................. 143 4.7.2. NOISE ENVIRONMENT .......................................................................................................................... 144 4.7.3. LAND ENVIRONMENT ........................................................................................................................... 145 4.7.4. WATER ENVIRONMENT ........................................................................................................................ 145 4.7.5. BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT ................................................................................................................ 146 4.7.6. SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ........................................................................................................ 146 4.8. POSITIVE IMPACTS ............................................................................................................................... 148 4.9. NEGATIVE IMPACTS ............................................................................................................................. 148 4.10. MITIGATION MEASURES ....................................................................................................................... 149 4.11. PROJECT POST MONITORING PROGRAM ................................................................................................ 150 4.12. OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM: .......................................................................... 150 CHAPTER 5 ADDITIONAL STUDIES
5. ADDITIONAL STUDIES .......................................................................................................................... 151 5.1. PUBLIC CONSULTATION ....................................................................................................................... 151 5.2. RISK ASSESSMENT STUDY .................................................................................................................... 151 5.2.1. OBJECTIVES .......................................................................................................................................... 152 5.2.2. SCOPE OF WORK .................................................................................................................................. 152 5.2.3. IDENTIFICATION OF RISKS HAZARDS .................................................................................................... 152 5.3. MAJOR HAZARDS ................................................................................................................................. 160 5.3.1. BLOWOUT ............................................................................................................................................ 160 5.3.2. BLOWOUT CONSEQUENCES AND EFFECTS ........................................................................................... 161 5.4. CONTROL MEASURES FOR MAJOR HAZARDS ....................................................................................... 162 5.4.1. BLOWOUT ............................................................................................................................................ 162 5.5. RISK MITIGATION MEASURES .............................................................................................................. 163
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Uber-2 well and Group Gathering Station,
Jambusar, Gujarat
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5.5.1. DRILLING OPERATIONS ........................................................................................................................ 163 5.5.2. WELLS.................................................................................................................................................. 165 5.5.3. PREVENTIVE MEASURES FOR SPILLAGE AND ACCIDENT DUE TO STORAGE OF CHEMICALS ................... 165 5.5.4. FLOW SENSOR ...................................................................................................................................... 166 5.5.5. CONTROL PANEL .................................................................................................................................. 166 5.5.6. INSTRUMENTATION IN MUD SYSTEM ................................................................................................... 167 5.5.7. RISKS TO PERSONNEL ........................................................................................................................... 167 5.5.8. PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES FOR FALLING OBJECTS ........................................................................... 168 5.6. DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN (DMP) ............................................................................................... 168 5.6.1. OBJECTIVES .......................................................................................................................................... 169 5.6.2. KEY ELEMENTS .................................................................................................................................... 169 5.6.3. BASIS OF THE PLAN .............................................................................................................................. 169 5.6.4. EMERGENCY PLANNING AND RESPONSE PROCEDURES ........................................................................ 169 5.6.5. ACCIDENT PREVENTION PROCEDURES / MEASURES FOR DRILLING...................................................... 170 5.6.6. PROTECTING THE WELL FROM EXTERNAL INTERFERENCE ................................................................... 171 5.6.7. FIRE PREVENTION PLANNING AND MEASURES ..................................................................................... 171 5.6.8. ON-SITE DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN ............................................................................................. 172 5.6.9. OFF-SITE DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN ............................................................................................ 173 5.6.10. OIL SPILL RESPONSE PLAN ................................................................................................................... 174 5.6.11. RESPONSE STRATEGIES – ONSITE SPILLS ............................................................................................. 175 5.6.12. RESPONSE STRATEGIES – OFF-SITE SPILLS .......................................................................................... 176 5.7. HYDROGEN SULPHIDE (H2S) ............................................................................................................... 177 5.7.1. H2S GAS DETECTION SYSTEM ............................................................................................................. 177 5.8. FIRE FIGHTING FACILITY ...................................................................................................................... 179 5.8.1. FIRE WATER SYSTEM ........................................................................................................................... 179 5.8.2. FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENT AT DRILLING RIG ..................................................................................... 180 CHAPTER 6 ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN
6. ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN ................................................................................................... 182 6.1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 182 6.2. EMP DURING VARIOUS PROJECT PHASES ............................................................................................ 182 6.3. ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE COMPANY ....................................................................................... 183 6.4. ORGANISATION STRUCTURE - HSE ...................................................................................................... 183 6.5. EMP PLAN FOR THE PROPOSED PROJECT.............................................................................................. 183 6.6. ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION AND RECLAMATION PLAN ...................................................................... 185 6.7. ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN ................................................................................................... 186 6.7.1. AIR ENVIRONMENT .............................................................................................................................. 186 6.7.2. NOISE ENVIRONMENT .......................................................................................................................... 186 6.7.3. WATER ENVIRONMENT ........................................................................................................................ 187 6.7.4. BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT ................................................................................................................ 187 6.7.5. LAND ENVIRONMENT ........................................................................................................................... 188 6.7.6. SOIL ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................................................................. 188 6.7.7. STORAGE AND HANDLING OF MATERIALS AND SPOILS ........................................................................ 189 6.7.8. SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ............................................................................................................... 189 CHAPTER 7 PROJECT BENEFITS
7. PROJECT BENEFITS ............................................................................................................................... 192 7.1. BENEFITS FOR THE COUNTRY ............................................................................................................... 192 7.2. IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE ........................................................................... 193 7.3. IMPROVEMENT IN THE SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE ................................................................................ 193
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7.4. EMPLOYMENT POTENTIAL .................................................................................................................... 194 7.5. OTHER TANGIBLE BENEFITS ................................................................................................................ 195 CHAPTER 8 ENVIRONMENT MONITORING PROGRAMME
8. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME ..................................................................................... 196 8.1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 196 8.2. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND REPORTING PROCEDURE ............................................................ 196 8.2.1. OBJECTIVES OF MONITORING ............................................................................................................... 197 8.3. ENVIRONMENTAL COSTS ...................................................................................................................... 197 8.4. AUDIT AND REVIEW ............................................................................................................................. 197 8.4.1. INTERNAL AUDIT ................................................................................................................................. 198 8.4.2. AUDIT TYPE FREQUENCY ..................................................................................................................... 199 8.4.3. NON-CONFORMITY, CORRECTIVE ACTION AND PREVENTATIVE ACTION ............................................. 199 8.4.4. MANAGEMENT REVIEW ........................................................................................................................ 199 8.4.5. MAINTENANCE OF RECORDS: ............................................................................................................... 200
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LIST OF TABLES
Table
No.
Title Page
No.
1 Salient Features of the Project 7
2 Block Details of the proposed location 8
3 Land use distribution of study area 9
1.1 Salient Features of the Project 24
1.2 Block Details of the proposed location 26
1.3 Environmental Attributes and Frequency of Monitoring 29
2.1 Additional equipment / facilities envisaged at GGS-Jambusar 33
2.2 Ingredients of Water Based Drilling Fluid 39
2.3 Additives and their functions in Drilling Fluids 39
2.4 Water Requirement 40
3.1 Analytical Methods used for Quantification of Air Quality Parameters in
the Ambient Air
52
3.2 Mean Meteorological Data for Pre Monsoon season (Bharuch District) 55
3.3 National ambient Air Quality Standards 57
3.4 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations (Locations) 59
3.5 Average, Maxima & Minima Particulate Matter (PM10) 59
3.6 Average, Maxima & Minima Particulate Matter (PM2.5) 60
3.7 Ambient Air Quality Status of SO2 60
3.8 Ambient Air Quality Status of NOx 61
3.9 Levels of CO, Volatile Organic Pollutants, Methane & Non Methane HC 61
3.10 Noise Monitoring Stations in the Study Area 64
3.11 Results of Noise level survey 64
3.12 Water Quality Monitoring Parameters and Standard Analytical Methods 66
3.13 Surface Water Sampling Locations (River Samples) 67
3.14 Ground Water Quality Sampling Locations 67
3.15 Surface water quality parameters of sampling locations 68
3.16 Ground water quality parameters of sampling locations 70
3.17 Area Statistics of Land use/ Land cover Classification used for the Project 73
3.18 Methodology of Soil Sample Monitoring, Standard Methods and
Procedures
76
3.19 Sampling Locations for Soil Quality Monitoring 79
3.20 Soil sampling analysis results 79
3.21 Scale for Shannon Weiner Diversity Index 86
3.22 Phytoplankton and Zooplankton Diversity Index of Study Area 86
3.23 List of Trees in the Study Area 88
3.24 List of Shrubs in the Study Area 91
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3.25 List of Herbaceous species in the Study Area 93
3.26 List of Climbers in the Study Area 96
3.27 Systematic List of birds in the study area with its residential status 99
3.28 Butterflies in the Study Area 101
3.29 Reptiles in the Study Area 103
3.30 Mammals in the Study Area 103
3.31 Species provided Protection as per Wild Life Protection Act 1972 in
Study Area
105
3.32 Social Profile of the Study Area, Census 2001 & 2011 109
3.33 Population dynamics of the study area 110
4.1 Impact Significance Criteria 111
4.2 Identification of Likely Impacts from Drilling and Production –
Impacts/Risks Interaction Environmental Sensitivities
112
4.3 Impact significance of Air Quality during the project 114
4.4 Emission during drilling of wells 114
4.5 Impact Significance of Waste Generation during Drilling 132
4.6 Impact Significance of Waste Resource Quality during Drilling 133
4.7 Noise Exposure levels to Typical Drilling Rigs 137
4.8 Prediction of Qualitative Impacts on socio-Economic Environment 139
5.1 Major hazards and risks of Oil/Gas well drilling 146
5.2 Criteria for the Risk Ranking 147
5.3 Risk Categories and Significance of Criteria 153
5.4 Location of the Fire fighting Equipments At Drilling Rig 173
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
No.
Title Page No.
1.1 Map of Block Location 25
2.1 Details of the scheme as envisaged at GGS Jambusar 33
2.2 A Typical Drilling Rig 46
3.2 Photographs of Meteorological Station set up at Project Location 56
3.3 Wind Rose Diagram for Bharuch District 56
3.4 Photographs showing Installed Ambient Air Quality Monitoring
Systems at different Locations
62
3.5 Soil texture 77
3.6 Soil of Bharuch District 78
3.7 Biological and Aquatic sampling of the study area 83
3.8 Prosopis juliflora found in the study area 90
3.9 Nilgiri plantation in the study area 92
3.10 Major Crops in the Study Area 98
3.11 Birds found in the Study Area 101
3.12 Butterfly found in study area 102
3.13 Langoor found in the study area 104
3.14 Animal Husbandry found in study area 105
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1. Introduction
Project Highlights
Oil & Natural Gas Corporation Limited (ONGC), a premier Govt. of India Undertaking and
the major National Oil Company, is a vertically integrated company producing crude oil,
natural gas and value added products like LPG, NGL, Petrol, HSD etc. Operations of ONGC
extend over both onshore as well as offshore within India and outside India.
ONGC has proposed for expansion with only existing well i.e. Uber-2 which produced gas
and condensate during initial testing in exploratory phase. Well fluid from Uber-2, will be
routed to GGS, Jambusar, through pipeline for processing of well fluid. The proposed one
development well UBER-II is located in NELP-VI block UBER and covered under Jambusar
Taluka, Bharuch district district of Gujarat State. The total Block Area is 10.78 km2. The
Total Project Cost is INR 29.50 Cr. This report is based on the TOR approved by Ministry of
Environment and Forests, Government of India vide letter- No.IA-J-11011/227/2017-IA-II(I)
dated 22nd
March 2018.
Objective and Scope of EIA study
The EIA study is a part of EC process as per EIA Notification 2006, and is essential to
conduct for obtaining Environment Clearance from Ministry of Environment, Forest and
Climate Change, for any new proposal. The EIA study is a tool to identify the impacts on
surrounding environment due to the various activities of the proposed project and quantifying
this impact through models considering thorough details of baseline data of all the
environmental aspects.
The scope of the EIA study includes detailed characterization of the existing status of the
terrestrial and socio-economic environment within the study area, identification of the
potential environmental impacts of the project, and formulation of an effective Environmental
Management Plan (EMP) to prevent, control & mitigate the adverse environmental impacts,
and ensuring the environmental compliance. Apart from suggesting mitigation measures to
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the negative impacts, the report suggests implementation of various positive and
enhancement measures as a part of project benefit program to people of the nearby areas
2. Project Description
ONGC proposes conversion of one exploratory well to Developmental well, depth of 4501
meters in the mining leases of the NELP-VI block CB-ONN-2004/3(UBER) block.
Conversion/Expansion of Exploratory Well to Development Well:
In the old exploration project covered under exploratory environment clearance, no. J-
11011/390/2007-IA.II(I), dt. 14.11.2008drilling operations were completed, and in one of the
well (Uber-2) sufficient indications of hydrocarbons were noticed while drilling. Field
development of UBER is planned with only existing well i.e. Uber-2 which produced gas and
condensate during initial testing in exploratory phase. Expected peak production from the
field is 40,000 m3/d of gas and 21 m3/d of condensate. Well fluid from UBER-2, would be
routed to GGS, Jambusar, through pipeline for processing of well fluid.
Table 1: Salient Features of the Project
Sl. No. Salient Features Details of the Project
1. Proposal Number IA/GJ/IND2/64683/2017
2. Terms of Reference No.IA-J-11011/227/2017-IA-II(I)
3. Location Jambusar, Gujarat
4. Total No. of Blocks 01
5. Total Area 10.78 sq.km
6. Project capacity 40000 m3/day
7. Estimated Project Cost 2950 lacs
8. Nearest Town Jambusar
9. National Highway Vadodara-Jambusar highway -15km
10. Nearest Railway Station Jambusar, 14 km
11. Nearest Airport Baroda, 62 km
12. Water Bodies Mahi river, 1km
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3. Description of the Baseline Study
The study area comprises of the 01 Block with a Block Area of 10.78 km2. The existing/
baseline environmental set-up of the proposed operational Area has been studied during the
months of March to May, 2018 i.e. Pre Monsoon Season as described in following sub-
headings.
Geology & Topography
Bharuch district is flat level plain except for small hilly tract in the eastern part covering the
talukas of Jhagadiya and valia where elevation ranges between 200 m to 400 m above msl in
remaining areas altitude varies between 5 m to 100 m above msl.
Block Details of the proposed location is given in Table 2:
Table 2: Block Details of the proposed location
Sl. No. Name of Block Area of Block in square km Depth of well in Meter
1. UBER 10.78 4501
Seismic Consideration
According to seismic-zoning map of India [IS 1893: 2002], the study region falls in Zone III
of the seismic zones of India.
Climate and Meteorology
The period from March to May is one of the continuous increase in temperature. May is
generally the hottest month with a mean daily maximum temperature of about 41.70 and
mean daily minimum of about 26.20. The weather is intensely hot in summer and on some
days the day temperature reach upto 450. About 93 percent of the annual rainfall in the region
is received during the southwest monsoon months i.e. June to September.
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Land Use
The Land Use Land Cover (LULC) within the block have been studied and it can be broadly
classified into Seven major categories, namely, Built Up Land, Agricultural Land,
Wastelands, Water Bodies, Vegetation Cover, Forest and Others. The land use distribution
of the study area is given below in Table 2.
Table 3: Land use distribution of study area
Sl.
No.
Primary
Classification
Secondary
Classification
Area, Secondary Class Area, Primary Class
~km2 Ha ~% ~km
2 Ha ~%
1.
Built-up
Land or
Habitation
Residential /
Commercial 198.375 19837.5 2.47 271.97 27197.3 3.38
Industrial 73.598 7359.8 0.92
2. Agricultural
Land
Crop
Land/Fallow
Land 4344.763 434476.3 54.04 4369.34 436934.1 54.35
Plantations 24.578 2457.8 0.31
3 Wastelands
Land without
Scrub 92.874 9287.4 1.16
1013.21 101321.3 12.60
Salt Affected
Land 5.041 504.1 0.06
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Sl.
No.
Primary
Classification
Secondary
Classification
Area, Secondary Class Area, Primary Class
~km2 Ha ~% ~km
2 Ha ~%
Mud flat 907.906 90790.6 11.29
Sandy Area 7.392 739.2 0.09
4. Water Bodies
Reservoir /
Lakes /
Ponds /
Tanks 42.994 4299.4 0.53
1183.73 118373.3 14.72
River Beds 371.797 37179.7 4.62
Sea 768.942 76894.2 9.56
5. Vegetation
Cover
Scrub 678.687 67868.7 8.44
1036.76 103675.5 12.89
Open
Vegetation 266.786 26678.6 3.32
Close
Vegetation 25.028 2502.8 0.31
Mangroves 66.254 6625.4 0.82
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Sl.
No.
Primary
Classification
Secondary
Classification
Area, Secondary Class Area, Primary Class
~km2 Ha ~% ~km
2 Ha ~%
6. Forest Close Forest 2.009 200.9 0.02 2.009 200.9 0.02
7. Others Salt pan 162.517 16251.7 2.02 162.517 16251.7 2.02
Air Quality
Air quality was monitored at 08 (Eight) different locations within the study area. The 24-
hourly average of PM10 and PM2.5 levels varied station wise between 44.58 µg/m3 - 66.16
µg/m3 and 16.54 µg/m
3 - 45 µg/m
3 respectively. The 24-hourly average values of SO2
varied between 4.0 µg/m3 and 9.0 µg/m
3.The 24-hourly average NOx level measured in the
study area ranged between 9.52 µg/m3 and 17.2µg/m
3. The analytical result of value reveals
that the concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, SO2 and NOx were found within the prescribed
standard limits at all the monitoring locations. VOC and CO were found within the limits at
all the monitoring locations. It is expected that there will no significant impact on air quality
because of the project.
Noise Quality
Ambient noise intensity at 05 locations within the study area has been collected. Noise
monitoring was carried out on a 24-hour basis to assess the baseline noise-levels and to
evaluate the impact. The values of noise level, which were recorded, was in the range of
48.4-70.6 dB at day time and 40.8-53.6 dB at night time which is under the permissible limit
of CPCB standards in the residential, commercial and industrial area.
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Soil Quality:
Five soil samples were collected from different places within the study area. The sampling
and analysis of soil were carried out as per standards of IS: 2720.
Soil pH varied in the range 7.22- 7.63. The textural analysis of soil revealed the loamy sand
nature of the soil, with the percentage of sand ranging from 52-62%, whereas the clay and
silt quantity ranged from 18 -24% and 18-26%, respectively. The Organic Carbon Value in
the sampled soil is in the range of 0.32-0.36% by weight of the soil. It was observed from
the analyzed data that the soil of the study area is sandy loam in nature.
Water Quality
Two water samples were collected from ground water source and two samples are collected
from surface water bodies in the study area. The major use of both surface and ground
water is for agricultural purpose since there are very few industries in the study area. Apart
from irrigational purposes bore well water was used for drinking purposes in most of the
places directly without any treatment by rural population.
The major use of the water w.r.t detailed information was discussed in the Chapter-3 of the
present environmental condition. The physico-chemical characteristics of groundwater w.r.t
the block area indicate pH in the range of 7.15-7.79; temperature during study period is in
the range of 250. The inorganic parameters viz., Alkalinity was in the range of 200-720
mg/l; Total Hardness 210-310 mg/l; Chlorides 250-280 mg/l; Sulphates 68-124 mg/l);
Microbiological parameter Total coliforms was absent in ground water.
The physico-chemical characteristics of surface water indicate pH in the range of 80.1-8.11;
temperature 260C. The inorganic parameters viz., Total Hardness 235-240 mg/l; Chlorides
165-170 mg/l; Sulphates 26-27 mg/l; Microbiological parameter Total coliforms was also
present in all surface water samples.
Based on the analyzed parameters, it can be concluded that the surface water is not fit for drinking
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purposes unless it is treated and disinfected while the ground water is good for drinking as well as
irrigation purpose.
Biological Characteristics
The area supports diverse flora rich in rare and endemic elements. The vegetation of the area
ranges from small herbs to very large trees. No ecologically sensitive areas such as National
Park/Sanctuary/Biosphere Reserve/Elephant Reserve/ Tiger Reserve/ Historical or
Archaeological Monument/ World Heritage Centre, etc… are present within the study area.
The area has also no grazing and forest land in the close vicinity.
The dominant trees growing this area are, Mangiferaindica, Cocosnucifera,
Azadirachtaindica, Peltophorumpterocarpum, Acacia auriculiformis, Prosopis cineraria, and
Pithecellobiumdulce. The tree species observed in the study area. Shrubs are, represented
mainly by, Prosopisjuliflora, Lawsoniainermis, Calotropisprocera, C. gigantea,
Zizyphusnummularia,Tecomastans, Cassia auriculata, Ipomoea fistulosa, and Lantana
camara. Climbers/ twiners in the study area dominated by, Ipomoea pes-tigridis (Wagpadi),
Ipomeapes-caprae (Darianivel), Ipomeaaquatica (NaliniBhaji), Cocciniagrandis (Ghiloda)
,Luffacylindrica (Galku), and Abrusprecatorius (Chanothai).
The Tuver (Cajanusindica), Wheat (Triticumaestivum) and Cotton (Gossypiumherbaceum)
are cultivated as major crops. Bajra (Pennisetumtyphoides) and Jowar (Sorghum bicolar) are
cultivated in in this region.
The most commonly spotted water bird species of this area were;, Cattle Egret, Intermediate
Egret, Little Egret, Indian Cormorant, Black-winged Stilt, Red-wattled Lapwing, Red-naped
Ibis, Black-headed Ibis, White-breasted Water hen.
Among the reptiles, Indian cobra (Najanaja) and Common rat snake (Ptyasmucosus) were
provided protection as per schedule –II of Wild life protection Act, 1972.
Among mammals; Langur, (Semnopithecus entellus) is Schedule-II animal while
Nilgai(Boselaphustragocamelus) is Schedue-III animal of Wild Life Protection Act, 1972.
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The aquatic macrophytes including free floating algae, submerged hydrophytes, emergent
hydrophytes and semi aquatic plant like rooted herbs were observed during survey in the
study area. Planktonic population: five species of plankton under the order of
Bacillariophyceae (Naviculasp.,Cyclotella sp.,) Myxophyceae (Anabaena and Nostoc sp.,),
Chlorophyceae (Microsporasp.,Spirogyra sp. ) were found. Six species of Zooplankton under
the orders of Cladocera (Daphnia sp., and Moina sp.) Rotifers (Diaptomus sp.,)were
identified in the aquatic habitats. Bacillariophyceae as dominant life form in phyto planktons
and largest group of biomass producer on earth are dominated by diatoms like Navicula sp.
Followed by Anabaena sp. And Nostoc sp. and Zooplanktons are dominated by Rotifers
(Diaptomus sp.)
Socio-Economic Environment
The block area is located in Bharuch District. The key demographic details of the district is
given below.
Sl. No. Details Bharuch District
1 Rural Population 10,26,060
2 Urban Population 5,24,959
3 Male Population 8,05,707
4 Female Population 7,45,312
5 Total Population 15,51,019
6 Population Density (/Km2) 238
7 Sex Ratio(Per 1000) 925
8 Literates 11,18,276
9 Literacy Rate 81.51
10 Male Literacy Rate 87.45
11 Female Literacy Rate 75.09
Source: Census of India, 2011
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4. Anticipated Environment Impacts And Mitigation Measures
Based upon the Baseline data of, air , noise, water, soil, biological and socio-economic aspect
impact interaction and baseline information, the following impacts are anticipated for which
suitable mitigation measures have been proposed.
Air Environment
The site preparation activities (such as clearance of land, etc), operation of generators and
other machineries & equipments, gas flaring activities, transportation of materials &
personnel, and fugitive emissions have the impact on air quality during construction as well
as operation phase. However, the impacts during the construction phase shall be temporary,
restricted to the construction site and adoption of suitable measures (such as routine
maintenance of the vehicles/vessels/machineries, etc); whereas impacts during the operation
phase shall be minimized by adopting good maintenance practices and suitable measures such
as Minimization of emissions from drilling machineries, generators and optimize fuel
efficiency, adequate stack height, special flare tip design for effective combustion etc.
Noise Quality
The main sources of noise generation during the construction and operation phase are:
Site preparation activities (earth work, digging, etc)
Operation of machineries and equipment (such as generators, compressors, fluid
pumps, mud pumps, etc)
Movement of vehicles.
These activities may affect the surrounding social and ecological environment. However,
impacts due to these activities have been envisaged to be local and temporary in construction
phase and also, adopting suitable measures such as routine maintenance of
vehicles/vessels/machineries, use of noise attenuation devices, shall minimize the impacts in
construction as well as in operation phase.
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Water Quality
The water quality is likely to get affected due to installation of pipeline, operational &
domestic discharges, hydraulic testing of pipeline and accidental spillage of lubricants, oil &
other chemicals from the operation of rigs and other equipment& machineries. However,
these impacts shall be minimize by adopting precautionary and suitable measures such as
installation of sewage and effluent treatment plant, utilization of produced water, etc.
Sediments and Soil Quality
The quality of sediments and soil is likely to get affected due to accidental spillage of
lubricants & other chemicals, operational discharges, site preparation activities (such as
removal of top soil due to land clearance, etc) wastewater discharges, and deployment of rigs,
etc. However impacts shall be mitigated by adoption of suitable measures and
implementation of waste management plan.
Biological Environment
The impacts on flora and fauna may occur due to site preparation activities (land clearance,
etc), gas flaring activities, movement of vehicles, noise generation from machineries &
equipment, operational discharges and accidental spillage of oil, lubricants and other
chemicals during construction and operation phase. However, these impacts shall be local and
minimized by adopting suitable measures (such as adequate flare tip design, use of noise
attenuation devices, waste management plan etc).
Socio-Economic Environment
The near by human settlement is get meager effects due to proposed activities (such as
movement of vehicles, operation of generators, compressors and other machineries &
equipment, gas flaring activities, etc.) during construction and operation phase ( as most of
the sites are located far away from human settlements ). However, these impacts shall be
mitigated by adopting suitable measures such as waste management plan, special flare tip
design for effective combustion, etc. The proposed activities will generate indirect
employment opportunities (contractual basis)in the region. The proposed project will also
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result in the implementation of social welfare project as per Company’s CSR policy and
improvement in existing infrastructure facilities (such as roads etc.).
5. Additional Studies
Risk Assessment
ONGC is committed to maintain high standards for health and safety at all times. However,
on rare occasions, an unplanned event can have the potential to jeopardize the safety of the
crew and cause environmental damage. Potential non-routine events that may occur during
the proposed activities of drilling operations, expansion of onshore terminal and installation
of pipeline:
Blowout
Oil Spills
H2S Emissions
Gas leakage
Fire (if gas comes in contact with source of ignition)
Occupational Hazards
Specific procedures and trainings are being be carried out at all the work centers of ONGC to
ensure that the correct action would be taken in the event of unplanned occurring. The drill
site will be equipped with suitable safety measures such as firefighting facility (fire suit, fire
extinguisher, gas sensors etc.), medical facilities, etc. The operating personnel will be
provided PPEs and trained for such an eventuality and the key responsible people will be
required to hold relevant well control certifications.
Disaster Management Plan and Emergency Response Plan
The Disaster Management Plan (DMP) and Emergency Response Plan (ERP) also includes in
this chapter. The objectives of DMP and ERP are to:
Obtain an early warning of emergency conditions so as to prevent a negative impact
on personnel, the environment and assets.
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Immediate response to emergency with effective communication and organized
procedures.
Safeguard personnel to prevent injuries or loss of life by either protecting personnel
from the hazard or evacuating them from the facilities.
Minimize the impact of such an event on the environment and the facilities by
mitigating the potential for escalation and, where possible, containing the release.
The following key elements of DMP and ERP are:
Contingency plan
Accident prevention procedures/measures
Accident/emergency response planning procedures
Onsite and offsite crisis management, communication, contact information etc.
6. Environment Management Plan
The detailed baseline study has conducted for all the environmental parameters and all the
parameters are well within the permissible limits defined by CPCB. Also the proposed
activity is for very short duration hence the likely impact on these environmental aspects will
not be of much significance. In spite of that various precautionary measures i.e. use of
biodegradable chemicals, use of water based mud, proper HDPE lining of pits to prevent
ground water contamination, water recycling, proper acoustic enclosures for the DG sets and
restoration plan for the sites after completion of activity are undertaken to prevent any
harmful impact on environment.
In addition to this, the site-specific Environment Management Plans (EMP) has been
developed to prevent and mitigate significant adverse impacts and to accentuate beneficial
impacts which shall be implemented by ONGC for the proposed project. The relevant
mitigation measures are proposed for the following environment issues.
Rig Mobilization
Wastewater and Effluent Management
Fuels, Lubricants and Chemicals
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Non-routine events and accidental releases (Well kicks, blow out)
Air emissions
Noise and Vibration
Solid wastes (hazardous and non-hazardous waste)
Sediments and soil quality
Ecological Impacts
Socio-economic impacts
To facilitate field level implementation, a waste management plan is framed which will be
subjected to fine tuning depending on site conditions. Appropriate measures and engineering
practices will be taken as per established standards and requirements such as adequate stack
height, effluent discharge as per CPCB standards, installation of generators set as per notified
norms by MoEFCC, installation of HSD Tanks, fire protection system and occupational
health safety program as per OISD rules and Factories Act etc. Socio-economic welfare plan
shall also be implemented as per company’s CSR policy.
Environmental training is also an essential part, which will help to ensure that the
requirements of the EMP are clearly understood and followed by all project personnel
throughout the project period for operations. The primary responsibility for providing training
to all project personnel will be that of the HSE Officer, ONGC.
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Point wise compliance of TOR for Expansion for development and production of
Uber-2 well and Group Gathering Station, Jambusar, Gujarat by M/s ONGC
Ltd. MoEF No. No.IA-J-11011/227/2017-IA-II(I) dated 22.03.2018
Sl. No Terms of Reference Status
1. Executive summary of a project. Provided at page no. 9-22
2. Project description, project objectives and project benefits. Project Description is
provided in Chapter 2 page
no. 34
A project objective is
provided in Chapter 1 at 1.3
page no. 26.
project benefits is provided in
Chapter 7 page no. 188
3.
Cost of Project and Period of completion Provided in Chapter 1 Table
1.1, page no. 27.
4. Site details within 1 km of the each proposed well, any
habitation, any other installation/activity, flora and fauna,
approachability to site, other activities including
agriculture/land, satellite imagery for 10 km area. All the
geological details shall be mentioned in the Topo sheet of
1:40000 scale, superimposing the well locations and other
structures of the projects. Topography of the project site.
Site details provided in
Chapter 1, Table 1.1 page no
27. Proposed site is a waste
land. No habitation within 1
km of the proposed site. No
national park/wildlife
sanctuary/reserved
forests/Eco sensitive areas
near the locations. Topo-sheet
with 1: 40000 are given in
Chapter 1 Figure 1.1, page
28. Topography provided in
page no. 11
5. Details of sensitive areas such as National Park, Wildlife
sanctuary and any other eco-sensitive area along with map
indicating distance.
No habitation within 1 km of
the proposed sites. No
national park/wildlife
sanctuary/reserved
forests/Eco sensitive areas
near the locations.
6. Approval for the forest land from the State/Central Govt.
under Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980, if applicable.
Not applicable.
7. Recommendation of SCZMA/CRZ clearance as per CRZ
Notification dated 6th January, 2011 ( if applicable).
Not applicable.
8. Distance from nearby critically/severely polluted area as per
Notification, if applicable. Status of moratorium imposed on
the area.
Not applicable.
9. Does proposal involve rehabilitation and resettlement? If yes,
details thereof
No
10.
Environmental considerations in the selection of the drilling
locations for which environmental clearance is being sought.
Present any analysis suggested for minimizing the foot print
giving details of drilling and development options considered.
Provided in Chapter 2 at
2.5.1, page no. 38.
11. Baseline data collection for air, water and soil for one season Provided in Chapter 3 page
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leaving the monsoon season in an area of 10 km radius with
centre of Oil Field as its centre covering the area of all
proposed drilling wells.
no. 53-113.
12. Climatology and Meteorology including wind speed, wind
direction, temperature rainfall relative humidity etc.
Provided in Chapter 3, at
3.1.6 page no. 57-58.
13. Details of Ambient Air Quality monitoring at 8 locations for
PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NOx, CO, VOCs, Methane and non-
methane HC.
Provided in Chapter 3, at
3.1.7 page no. 60-65.
14. Soil sample analysis (physical and chemical properties) at the
areas located at 5 locations.
Provided in Chapter 3, at 3.5
page no. 78-83.
15. Ground and surface water quality in the vicinity of the
proposed wells site.
Provided in Chapter 3, at 3.3
page no. 68-75.
16. Measurement of Noise levels within 1 km radius of the
proposed wells.
Provided in Chapter 3, at 3.2
page no. 66-67.
17. Vegetation and land use; flora/fauna in the block area with
details of endangered species, if any
Vegetation & land use is
provided in Chapter 3, 3.4
page no. 75-78, flora/fauna
study is provided at 3.6 page
no. 84-108.
18. Incremental GLC as a result of DG set operation, flaring etc Provided in Chapter 4, 4.1 &
4.1.3, page 117-132.
19. Potential environmental impact envisaged during various
stages of project activities such as site activation,
development, operation/ maintenance and decommissioning.
Provided in Chapter 4, page
no. 114.
20. Actual source of water and 'Permission' for the drawl of water
from the Competent Authority. Detailed water balance,
wastewater generation and discharge.
Provided in Chapter 2, 2.5.5
(c) page no. 43.
21. Noise abatement measures and measures to minimize
disturbance due to light and visual intrusions.
Provided in Chapter 4, Table
4.2, page no. 115, 132.
22. Details on wastewater generation, treatment and utilization
/discharge for produced water/ formation water, cooling
waters, other wastewaters, etc. during all project phases.
Provided in Chapter 2, 2.5.8
page no. 46.
23. Details on solid waste management for drill cuttings, drilling
mud and oil sludge, produced sand, radioactive materials,
other hazardous materials, etc. including its disposal options
during all project phases.
Provided in Chapter 2, 2.5.8-
10 page no. 46-47.
24. Disposal of spent oil and lube Provided in Chapter 2, 2.5.10,
page no. 47.
25. Storage of chemicals and diesel at site. Hazardous material
usage, storage and accounting.
Provided in Chapter 2, page
no. 44.
26. Commitment for the use of water based mud (WBM) only Provided in Chapter 2, 2.5.10,
page no. 47.
27. Oil spill emergency plans for recovery/ reclamation. Provided in Chapter 5, 5.6.10,
page no. 170
28. H2S emissions control. Provided in Chapter 5, 5.7,
page no. 173.
29. Produced oil/gas handling, processing and
storage/transportation.
Provided in Chapter 2, 2.4,
Page 35
30. Details of control of air, water and noise pollution during
production phase.
Provided in Chapter 4, Page
114
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31. Measures to protect ground water and shallow aquifers from
contamination.
Provided in Chapter 2,
2.4page no. 43 & Chapter 4
page no. 141.
32. Whether any burn pits being utilized for well test operations. Flare stack is used for
production testing. Provided
in Chapter 2, page no. 44.
33. Risk assessment and disaster management plan for
independent reviews of well-designed construction etc. for
prevention of blow out. Blowout preventer installation.
Provided at Chapter 5. Page
no. 156
34. Environmental management plan Provided in Chapter 6. Page
no. 178
35. Total capital and recurring cost for environmental control
measures.
Provided in Chapter 8, 8.3,
page no. 193.
36. Emergency preparedness plan. Provided at Chapter 5. Page
no. 165
37. Decommissioning and restoration plans. Provided at Chapter 2, 2.7.2,
page no. 51.
38. Documentary proof of membership of common disposal
facilities, if any
Not applicable.
39. Details of environmental and safety related documentation
within the company including documentation and proposed
occupational health and safety Surveillance Safety Programme
for all personnel at site. This shall also include monitoring
programme for the environmental.
All drilling rigs and
production installations are
certified for ISO-9001,
OHSAS-18001 and ISO-
14001. Documentation on
safety, occupational health
etc. has been covered in the
management & procedure
manuals available at drilling
site and production
installation.
40. A copy of Corporate Environment Policy of the company as
per the Ministry's O.M. No. J-11013/ 41/2006-IA.II(I) dated
26th April, 2011 available on the Ministry's website.
Corporate Environment
Policy is placed at Annexure
VII.
41. Any litigation pending against the project and or any
direction/order passed by any court of law against the project.
If so details thereof.
No.
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CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Introduction
This chapter provides background information of the project, brief description and objectives
of the project, description of the area, scope, methodology and organization of the study.
1.2. About Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited
Founded on August 14th, 1956, as Oil and Natural Gas Commission (ONGC) and converted
to Corporation in 1992, ONGC is the largest Indian public sector company. It is also the
second largest Indian company in terms of net profit and the third largest Indian company by
market capitalization. ONGC has been conferred the Maharatna status by the Central
Government on 16th November 2010.
ONGC is engaged in hydrocarbon exploration and production activities. Major functions of
ONGC are to plan, promote, organize and implement programs for exploration, development
of petroleum resources and the production. It is involved in exploring and exploiting
hydrocarbons in about 26 sedimentary basins of India.
1.3. Proposed Project Objectives
ONGC has been playing an important role to meet the energy requirements of the country.
The increase in demand of petroleum products has put a lot of pressure on ONGC for further
exploration and production of hydrocarbons. The proposed one development well UBER-II is
located in NELP-VI block CB-ONN-2004/3 (UBER) and covered under Jambusar district of
Gujarat State. The salient features of the proposed project are given in Table 1.1. No Eco
sensitive zone or reserved forest land lies within 10 km area of the proposed project. The
block area is shown in Map 1.1. The block detail is given in Table 1.2.
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Table 2.1: Salient Features of the Project
1.4. Proposed Project
ONGC proposes conversion of one exploratory well to Developmental well, depth of 4501
meters in the mining leases of the NELP-VI block CB-ONN-2004/3(UBER) block.
1.4.1. Conversion/Expansion of Exploratory Well to Development Well:
In the old exploration project covered under exploratory environment clearance, no. J-
11011/390/2007-IA.II(I), dt. 14.11.2008 drilling operations were completed, and in one of the
well (Uber-2) sufficient indications of hydrocarbons were noticed while drilling. Field
development of UBER is planned with only existing well i.e. Uber-2 which produced gas and
condensate during initial testing in exploratory phase. Expected peak production from the
field is 40,000 m3/d of gas and 21 m3/d of condensate. Well fluid from UBER-2, would be
routed to GGS, Jambusar, through pipeline for processing of well fluid.
Table 1.2: Block Details of the proposed location
Sl. No. Name of Block Area of Block in square km Depth of well in Meter
1. UBER 10.78 4501
Sl. No. Salient Features Details of the Project
1. Proposal Number IA/GJ/IND2/64683/2017
2. Terms of Reference No.IA-J-11011/227/2017-IA-II(I)
3. Location Jambusar, Gujarat
4. Total No. of Blocks 01
5. Total Area 10.78 sq.km
6. Project capacity 40000 m3/day
7. Estimated Project Cost 2950 lacs
8. Nearest Town/ City/ District
Headquarter
Jambusar
9. National Highway Vadodara-Jambusar highway -15km
10. Nearest Railway Station Jambusar, 14 km
11. Nearest Airport Baroda, 62 km
12. Water Bodies Mahi river, 1km
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Figure 2.1 Map of Block Location
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1.5. Need for the Project and its Importance to the Country / Region
The demand for petroleum has recorded a considerable increase over the year from
212.7 million tonnes in 2016, as against the global growth of 1.5 percent thereby
making it the third – largest oil consuming nation in the world. Oil imports rose
sharply year-on-year by 27.89 percent to US$ 9.29 billion in October 2017. This
growing demand poses a big challenge to oil producing companies. Proposed
expansion activity will be under taken by ONGC in this block may lead to in helping
to meet some part of the rising oil and gas requirement of the country along with
drilling exploratory well new discovery can be made for future oil demand. Also new
oil finds of the block will lead to reduction in India’s dependence on imported crude
oil and thereby resulting into considerable saving in foreign exchange.
1.6. Demand-Supply Gap
Presently India is importing 75% of its required crude oil.
1.7. Domestic / Export Markets
All produced crude oil can be refined in India and sold locally. In case of gas, it
would be fed through the pipeline within the state to local consumer.
1.8. Employment Generation (Direct and Indirect) due to the Project
10-15 persons would be engaged in providing support services during laying of
pipelines etc.,
1.9. Approach to Site
Available options of roads, railway lines and air transport to approach the proposed
location passing through study area (10km surrounding area of all the proposed
locations) are mentioned below.
Road-The project is well connected by road to Jambusar, Gujarat
By Rail-The nearest railway station from the project location is Jambusar
which is approximately 14km away.
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By Air-Nearest airport is at Vadodara, which is well connected to other major
cities through domestic flights.
1.10. Scope of the Study
With a view to assess the environmental impacts arising due to the proposed
expansion activity in the block, ONGC has to prepare EIA Report for various
environmental components including air, noise, water, land and biological
components along with parameters of human interest which may be affected and to
prepare an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for mitigating adverse impacts.
Environmental baseline monitoring has been carried out during March to May 2018
representing pre monsoon season and used to identify potential significant impacts.
The scope of the present study is in line with the TOR as recommended by MoEFCC.
The scope of study broadly includes:
To undertake environmental monitoring so as to establish the baseline
environmental status of the study area;
To identify various existing pollution activities in the ambient levels;
Establishing the relevant features of the proposed exploratory drilling that are
likely to have an impact on the environment;
Predicting the impacts on the environment due to exploratory drilling;
To evaluate the predicted impacts on the various environmental attributes in
the study area by using scientifically developed and widely accepted
environmental impact assessment methodologies;
To prepare a Disaster Management Plan (DMP) based on Risk Assessment,
studies;
To prepare an Environment Management Plan (EMP) outlining the measures
for improving the environmental quality and scope for future drilling activities
and Occupational Health and Safety for environmentally sustainable
development; and
To identify critical environmental attributes required to be monitored. The
literature review includes identification of relevant articles from various
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publications, collection of data from various Government agencies and other
sources.
1.11. Methodology of the Study
A reconnaissance survey and sampling locations were identified on the basis of:
Predominant wind directions in the study area as recorded by India
Meteorological Department (IMD);
Existing topography, location of surface water bodies like ponds, canals and
rivers;
Location of villages/towns/sensitive areas;
Accessibility, power availability and security of monitoring equipment,
pollution pockets in the area;
Areas which represent baseline conditions; and
Collection and analysis of baseline data for various environmental attributes
viz ambient air quality, Water quality, Soil, Noise and Bio diversity etc.
Field studies have been conducted for a period of three months March-May 2018
representing pre monsoon season to determine existing conditions of various
environmental attributes as outlined in Table-1.3. The applicable environmental
standard for the project are given in Annexure-II and the methodology of monitoring
and analysis is given in Annexure-III.
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Table: 1.3 Environmental Attributes and Frequency of Monitoring
Sl.
No
Environment
al
Component
Sampling
Locations
Sampling
Parameters
Total
Sampling
Period
Sampling
Frequency
1. Meteorology One central
location
Temperature, Wind
Speed, Wind
Direction, Relative
Humidity, Rainfall
One non
monsoon
season (Three
months)
Continuous
hourly
recording
2. Ambient Air
Quality
08 Locations PM2.5, PM10, SO2,
NOx, CO, VOCs,
Methane and non-
methane HC
Two days per
week for one
non -
monsoon
season
24 hourly
samples
3. Water Quality 2 Locations of
surface water &
2 locations of
Ground water
As per IS: 10500 Grab sampling Once during
study period
4. Noise
Monitoring
5 Locations Sound Pressure Levels Continuously
for 24 hours
Once during
study period
5. Soil Analysis 5 Locations Soil profile, Chemical
constituents
Composite
sample
Once during
study period
6. Ecology Terrestrial &
Aquatic
locations within
study area
Flora and fauna Field
observations
and secondary
sources
Once in
study period
7. Demography
and Socio-
economic
aspects
Total block
area
Demographic profile Based on District Census
Handbook
8. Land Use Total block
area
Trend of land use
change for different
categories
Based on District Census
Hand book and satellite
images
9. Geology - Geological history Data collected from Primary
sources
10. Hydrology - Drainage area and
pattern, nature of
streams, aquifer
characteristics,
recharge and
discharge rates
Based on data collected from
secondary sources
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1.12. Status & Stage of Regulatory Framework
As per the Schedule attached to the EIA Notification 2006, as amended till date, the
proposed project is covered under Project or Activity, 1(b), namely Offshore and
Onshore Oil and Gas Exploration, Development and Production. Such activities are
also listed as Category-A under the said Notification, requiring prior Environment
Clearance (EC) from the Impact Assessment Authority (IAA), i.e. the Ministry of
Environment, Forests & Climate Change (MoEF&CC), New Delhi.
1.12.1. The Consultant
Corporate HSE, ONGC, New Delhi, which is a Quality Council of India (QCI),
National Accreditation Board for Education and Training (NABET) Accredited
Consultant Organization vide certificate no NABET/EIA/1518/RA 0054 and is
qualified to prepare EIA reports for Project / Activity 1(b) (Onshore Oil and Gas
Exploration, Development and Production only), and undertaken the EIA studies of
the (Project Name). ONGC’s current NABET accreditation certificate is attached in
the beginning of EIA report.
1.13. Project Chronology
MoEFCC has granted the Standard ToR vide letter No.No.IA-J-
11011/227/2017-IA-II(I) dated 22.03.2018. The ToR letter is attached as
Annexure 1.
Thereafter, Environment group of Corporate HSE, ONGC being QCI/NABET
accredited has done EIA studies and prepared the report.
The baseline study was conducted during Pre Monsoon Season March-May 2018 in
accordance with the ToR issued by MoEFCC and presented the preliminary study
findings in this draft report released for the purpose of public consultation as per the
EIA Notification.
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CHAPTER-2
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
2. Project Description
This chapter provides a condensed description of those aspects of the project likely to
cause environmental effects. Details are described in the chapter with regards to type,
need, location, size or magnitude of project operations, technology and other related
activities.
India is heavily dependent on imports to meet the rapidly growing demand for
petroleum products. Current demand and supply projections indicate that the level of
self-sufficiency is likely to decline to about 30% over the next few years. Substantial
efforts are therefore, necessary to boost the level of exploration activity in the country,
so that new finds can be made and the level of crude oil and gas production
significantly increase in the years to come. Today India has the least explored regions.
It is also evident that vast amount of capital investments are necessary if exploration
efforts are to be substantially augmented. Therefore, there is need to attract both the
National as well as private sector oil companies to invest in this critical area. Now, we
have to explore in this block for oil and gas find.
2.1. Type of the Project
ONGC has proposed for expansion with only existing well i.e. Uber-2 which
produced gas and condensate during initial testing in exploratory phase. Work over
job will be carried out in well Uber-2 to put it on production. The initial and peak
production of gas is expected to be in the range of 40000m3/day. Well fluid from
Uber-2, would be routed to GGS, Jambusar, through pipeline for processing of well
fluid.
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2.2. Need for the Project
Facing an environment of increasing consumption, static reserves, increasing imports
and decreasing value of the Indian rupee vice a versa the US Dollar, it follows that
any accretion of hydrocarbon reserves in the country, is welcome.
2.3. Location of the Project
The project site of UBER block is located in Jambusar Taluka, Bharuch District.
2.4. Project Overview
2.4.1. Evacuation Strategy:
Scheme for Direct Routing of Well Fluid to GGS Jambusar for Processing and
Utilizing Existing Facilities:
Since no infrastructure is available in Uber field, the nearest installation, namely GGS
Jambusar, which is about 15kms away and has spare processing facilities namely
separators and storage tanks, has been considered for receiving and processing of gas
and condensate from well Uber-2
Evacuation through pipeline:
The well fluid from Uber-2 will be routed to GGS Jambusar by 4” x 15 km well fluid
line. Well fluid from Uber field via 4” line will be received at GGS at around 25-35
kg/cm2(g). It will be routed to a dedicated high pressure 2-phase separator at GGS
which will be operated at around 10 to 12 kg/cm2 (g). After separation, gas will be
routed through custody transfer meters to local consumers or to GGS Dabka for
further compression and delivery. The condensate will be further stabilized in a LP
separator at 2.5 kg/cm2 (g) before it is sent to storage tanks. Gas separated during
condensate stabilization can be routed either to fuel gas header or supply to local
consumers.
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Condensate from the tank will be measured by mass flow meter before being mixed
with the well liquid being sent to GGS Dabka. The separated water in the storage
tanks, if any, will be routed to the existing produced water treatment system.
Figure 2.1 Details of the scheme as envisaged at GGS Jambusar
List of Additional Equipment Required for Processing Uber Well Fluid at GGS
Jambusar are as follows:
For processing the well fluids at existing GGS-Jambusar after transporting the same
through pipeline from Uber field, existing process equipment, utilities and flare at
GGS-Jambusar is understood to be adequate for incremental gas i.e. gas from Uber
field. However, the additional equipment / facilities envisaged at this stage are:
Table 2.1 Additional equipment / facilities envisaged at GGS-Jambusar
Sl.
No.
Item/
Equipment Qty
Operating
conditions
Remarks
01 WF pipeline, 4”
X 15km 01
Pressure: 25-
35 Kg/cm2
From wellhead to GGS; along with
associated isolation & check valves,
field instrumentation with terminal
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2.5. Drilling Technology
To exploit hydrocarbon in sub-surface, an oil well is drilled by deploying a drill rig.
Drilling operations are conducted round-the-clock. The time taken to drill a well
depends on the depth of the hydrocarbon bearing formation and the geological
conditions. ONGC has drilled well to the depth up to 4501 m. This would typically
take ~60-90 days for each well under normal conditions – however drilling period
may change depending on well depth.
In the process of drilling, drilling fluid is used to lift the cutting from the hole to the
surface. Drilling fluid is formulated by earth clay and barites. Various types of bio-
degradable polymers are also added to maintain the specific parameters of the mud.
After completion of production casing the well is tested to determine & analyze
various parameters of producing fluid.
Where a hydrocarbon formation is found, initial well tests are conducted to establish
flow rates of oil & gas and formation pressure along with other reservoir parameters.
These tests may then generate oil, gas and formation water. On completion of testing,
the well would be declared oil / gas producer or dry.
connections; Impressed current
based cathodic protection system.
02
Gas flow meter
with access to
SCADA system
01 15 ksc,
45,000 SCMD
Suitable for hazardous area location
and measurement of required flow
03
Gas flow meter
with access to
SCADA system
01 2.5 ksc,
45,000 SCMD
Suitable for hazardous area location
and measurement of required flow
04
Condensate
flow meter
01 10ksc,
25 Cu.m/Hr.
Suitable for hazardous area location
and measurement of required flow
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2.5.1. Drilling Site Selection
The proposed well location has been selected based on the following considerations:
Identified at a place so that drill site is located at a safe distance i.e. minimum
500m away from the nearest village habitat, hospitals, highways & existing
rain water catchment tanks;
Natural drainage channels are avoided or drainage channels rerouted
to ensure unhindered flow of rain / flood water. Where necessary adequate
erosion control measures will be provided;
All practicable means will be followed to avoid or minimize detrimental
effects on the surrounding environment by virtue of the construction at the
location or the operation of the drilling rig. Maximum care will be taken to
avoid the cutting of the trees.
2.5.2. Site Clearance
The site selected for proposed drilling activity shall be first surveyed topographically
and site boundaries shall be marked. Land clearance for site construction at each
drilling site shall practicably be minimum in order to safely accommodate the
facilities required for installation. The area of land required would be approximately
of the order of 110 m x 110 m.
Earth moving equipment typically a bull dozer armed with a grader blade / ripper
teeth and scoop bucket will be used for the leveling / grading and excavation work.
The natural contours will be worked on to minimize off-site disposal of excavated
earth. The site area (except the pit areas) will be provided with hard-standing by
providing a layered base of coarse aggregate covered gravel. This is done to provide
sufficient load- bearing capacity to enable all construction and drilling operations to
be executed safely.
The earthwork to be carried typically involves approximately 450 m³ of excavation
and about 1000 m³ of rolling and compaction of aggregate and gravel for the hard
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standing base. The civil works related to the construction of foundation, pits and
paving would involve about 50 MT (for mobile rig site, mechanical rig) and 90 MT
cement (for electrical rig site). During the construction phase approximately 6-7
truckloads per day of material movement would take place. The drill site construction
would be done largely employing local labor.
2.5.3. Access and Transport
Access roads will be prepared to provide access to drilling site wherever required for
movement of drilling machinery, equipment, supply vehicles etc. Existing
infrastructure will be used to the extent possible, however where it is not possible
ONGC may construct suitable route. These roads will be constructed as far as possible
as overlays on existing roads, by strengthening and broadening the roads, and
made with the consent of the local village administration and the concerned
regulatory authorities. This would result in an added advantage to the local
community, since the existing roads would be converted to heavy duty all
weather roads. In case new roads are to be made, compensation for right of way will
be provided. The choice to leave these newly constructed roads or to restore them
back to original land use condition will depend on the requirements of the
local authorities.
2.5.4. Technology and Drilling Process Description
Entire gamut of Exploration drilling activities primarily involve geological studies,
well logging, well completion, reservoir studies and laboratory services as exploration
activities, drilling of oil and gas wells, casing and cementing of wells as drilling
activities.
Crude oil and natural gas resources are found in subsurface reservoirs. The drilling of
oil and gas wells is necessary to produce these hydrocarbons. Drilling through the
earth's crust is accomplished by using rigs to handle pipes to for drilling the well bore
to allow fluids to flow to the surface for processing at production facilities. Thus, the
purpose of oil /gas well drilling is to exploit oil and gas deposits in the reservoir from
the surface. Rotary drilling is the most common process for this purpose. Major
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equipment used in drillings are- DG sets and PCR(Power control room),Mud pumps,
Mud circulation system, Blow out prevention equipment, Choke and kill manifold,
Kelly, kelly hose, rotary table, safety devices like chronometric and floriated devices,
Escape line, cat head and cat lines, tongs and handling tools etc. Drilling of oil well is
carried out through drilling rigs operating with rotary drilling technology in
conformance to geotechnical order wherein casing policy and drilling parameters at
various depths are explicitly defined.
Drilling of oil/gas wells employs mobile drilling rig. The drilling rig consists of a
derrick at the top of which is mounted a crown block. A hoisting block having a hook
is suspended from the crown block and a swivel is attached to the hoisting block by its
shackle. From the swivel a tube of square section is suspended, which is called “Kelly
stem”. The Kelly stem is passed through a square hole in horizontal rotary table which
is driven by electric motor. At the beginning of drilling operations, a round drill pipe
at its end is screwed to the Kelly stem. The electric motor located near derrick rotates
the rotary table through the Kelly stem rotations are transmitted to the drill pipe and
finally to the bit. Kelly stem is needed to facilitate rotation, as round pipes are difficult
to grip for rotating during drilling operations. As the hole is deepened, new sections
are screwed to the drill pipe. Each section of drill pipe is about 9 to 10 meters in
length and threaded at both ends. A string constitutes two/three drill pipes. Usually
several such strings are kept ready at the derrick, so that they can be rapidly screwed
with the help of special devices, as the well deepens.
The drill cuttings are removed by flushing the well and for doing so a hose is
connected to stationary part of the swivel, through which a slush pump forces special
drilling mud fluid also known as mud, down the string of drill pipes. The mud fluid is
eco-friendly, non-toxic and non-hazardous in nature. The drilling mud then passes
through the openings in bit to the bottom of the hole and back upwards between the
walls of the well and drill pipes, thus bringing along with it the rock cuttings. The
slush pump draws this mud fluid from special mud tanks. The diameter of the bit is
always greater than that of a drill pipes, so as to ensure sufficient clearance between
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drill pipe and walls of the well along with which mud fluid returns to the surface after
flushing the well.
The drilling mud fluid not only carries along with it crushed rock from the bottom
hole but it also cools the bit which heats up during the drilling. Moreover, it reinforces
the walls of the well by lining them with clay or pudding them thereby diminishing
possibility of crumbling or caving in of the well walls. However, such pudding of the
well walls is often ineffective and only in very hard rock the wells are free from
danger of caving. It is for this reason, deep wells are usually reinforced by lowering
casing pipes down their shafts. The mud fluid is discharged from well along a trough
back into the mud tank and it is returned to the well after heavier particles of rock
have been removed. In this way, it performs a continuous cycle. Mud fluids are
prepared from particular types of clays capable of forming highly dispersed colloidal
solutions. The most suitable clays for this purpose are Bentonite clays. Drilling Mud
fluid is prepared in tanks in nearby centrally located Mud Preparation Plant. The clay
and water are fed to mud mixers and the resulting solution is filtered for separating
un-dissolved lumps of clay and gravel. The volume of mud fluid in mud tank is
always kept to about three times than that of entire mud circulating system. Before
use, mud is always tested for its density, viscosity, water loss and put into drilling
operations only if the test results are satisfactory.
2.5.5. General Requirements of Drilling
a. Drilling muds
Drilling of wells requires specially formulated muds which basically comprise inert
earth materials like bentonite and barite in water with several additives to give mud
weight, fluidity and filter cake characteristics while drilling. The drilling muds have
several functions like lubrication and cooling of the drill bit, balancing subsurface
formation, bringing out the drill cuttings from the well bore, thixotropic property to
hold cuttings during non-operations, formation of thin cake to prevent liquid loss
along well bore etc. Several additives are mixed into the mud system to give the
required properties. Water based mud will be used to the possible extent in
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exploratory drilling but use of synthetic based mud may require due to complexities
associated with the geological formations and associated hole stability problems. The
constituents of water based mud (WBM) are given in Table 2.2.The special additives
and their functions in WBM are shown in Table 2.3.
Table 2.2: Ingredients of Water Based Drilling Fluid
Sl. No. Chemicals Sl. No Chemicals
1 Barite 6 Spotting Fluid
2 Bentonite 7 EP Lube
3 Carboxy Methyl Cellulose 8 Caustic Soda
4 Mud Thinner / Conditioner 9 Potassium Chloride
5 Resinated Lignite 10 Soda Ash
Table 2.3: Additives and their functions in Drilling Fluids
Sl. no. Additive Functions
1 Sodium bicarbonate Eliminate excess calcium ions due
contamination
2 Sodium chloride Minimize borehole washout in salt zone
3 Groundnut shells and mica
flakes
Minimize loss of drilling mud to formation
4 Cellulose polymers or
starch
Forms thin, sticky filter cake on the well bore
to decrease filtrate loss to formation
5 Aluminium stearate Minimize foaming
6 Vegetable oil lubricant Reduce torque and drag on drill string
7 Pill of oil-based mud
spotting fluid
Counter differential pressure sticking of
drilling string; Pill is placed down hole
opposite contact zone to free pipe
b. Power Generation
The drilling process requires movement of drill bit through the draw works which
require power. The power requirement of the drilling rig will be met by using the 3
Diesel Generator sets (2 running and 1 standby) with a diesel consumption of about 2-
3 Kl/day.
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c. Water requirements
The drilling operation and maintenance of the drill site facilities have various water
requirements. The most significant of these requirements in terms of quantity is that
for mud preparation. The other requirements would be for engine cooling, floor /
equipment / string washing, sanitation, fire-fighting storage / make-up and drinking.
Water for emergency fire-fighting would be stored in a pit of 200 m3capacity and
make-up of the same will have to be made on a regular basis. For this project, it is
anticipated that a total requirement of ~35m3/day/well will be required for drilling
purposes, out of which 10 m3/day will be recycled. Thus a fresh water requirement of
~25 m3/day.
The requirement of water expected for sanitation and drinking purposes of the
workers shall be insignificantly low in terms of quantity. ONGC has planned to meet
the requirement of water at the drilling site through water supplied by tankers and
sourced from nearest ONGC installation. Since, there is no quality criterion for usage
of raw water for the various uses mentioned above (other than drinking), the tanker
water shall be directly used without any treatment. The potable water requirements
shall be met by procuring adequately treated water from off-site locations.
The potable water requirement shall be met by procuring adequately treated water
from off-site. Table 2.4 gives a quantitative break-up of the peak water requirement
on daily basis for the drilling period at each site. Actual consumption figures if
averaged on daily basis are likely to be lower.
Table 2.4 Water Requirement
Sl.
No.
Purpose Peak water required during
Drilling period (KLD) per well
Drilling Operation
1. Mud preparation 18
2. Drill cutting washing 05
Derrick floor Washing
3. Desander/ Desilter 05
4. Domestic requirement 05
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5. Mud Pump 02
Total Water requirement for Drilling
(KLD)
35
Actual Requirement of fresh water (KLD) 25
d. Domestic wastewater
The operating personnel in the drilling rigs will operate from drill site accommodation
(DSA) in the vicinity of the location. Suitable soak pits will be available at the DSA.
e. Solids removal
The rock cuttings and fragments of shale, sand and silt associated with the return
drilling fluid during well drilling will be separated using shale shakers and other
solids removal equipment like desanders and desilters. The recovered mud will be
reused while the rejected solids will be collected and discharged into the waste pit.
f. Testing
Testing facilities will be available at drilling rig for separation of liquid phase and
burning of gaseous hydrocarbons during testing. The test flare boom will be located at
a safe distance from the drilling rig.
g. Storage of chemicals and other materials
The drilling rig will have normal storage facilities for fuel oil, required chemicals and
the necessary tubular and equipment. The storage places will be clearly marked with
safe operating facilities and practices.
h. Logistics
Crew transfers to and from the drilling rig, materials, diesel and chemicals will be
through light vehicles, trucks and trailers.
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i. Manpower Arrangement
During the drilling operations, about 30-40 persons may be working in 8/12 hour
shifts at site. Workers will be able to return to their camp/homes during duty – off
period. Once drilling is over no person is required at site, except security cover
through a contractor.
j. Land Requirement
ONGC shall acquire the land approx. 110m x 110m per well on temporarily basis for
the purpose of preparation of the drill site and drilling operations. The site may
require temporary approach road from an existing one for transportation of rig and
other equipment necessary for drilling work. The site shall be fenced in the event the
well is successful.
k. Surface Drainage
Drilling sites will have an adequate drainage and wastewater conveyance system, so
that all wastewater are contained and can be disposed as per the GPCB discharge
norms. The drilling rig location will be connected with paved drains to the lined
drilling fluid collection pits. Storm water flows will be conveyed through surface
drainage system. Surface drains will be adequately graded and maintained and kept
debris free to ensure quick disposal of their contents.
l. Waste Oil Collection, Storage & Disposal System
Waste oil from pumps or other machinery will be trapped and manually collected and
stored in a paved waste oil storage area. The storage area will be provided with paved
flooring, containment binding and covered roofing. The storage facility shall be
designed based on the CPCB guidelines for hazardous waste storage. The waste oil
will be recycled as per GPCB & MoEFCC authorized waste oil recyclers at the end of
the drilling operations.
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2.5.6. Spill Containment System
Containment systems and oil traps will be provided to trap any escape of oil before it
can leave the drilling site. All potential sources of spillage will be equipped with
drainage facilities or drip pans in order to contain spills.
2.5.7. Waste Water Storage Pit
The waste water storage pit of approx. 3000 to 4000 m3 (depending on well depth)
will be available at drill site to collect waste water, which come from the drilling
operations. The waste water present in the waste pits will be recycled and reused
during drilling phase. Water based drilling fluids, which are of an environmentally
acceptable nature with regards to current Indian legislation and which are non-
hazardous, will be used. The residual wastewater and the drilling fluid from the
drilling operation will be collected in waste pits for solar drying. The pit will be lined
with HDPE sheet and the overlaps welded together with the edges brought over the
rim and tucked into the soil. At the end of the drilling phase, the liquid fraction of the
waste drilling fluid will be allowed to evaporate and the pit is filled with thick layer of
native top-soil.
2.5.8. Drill Cuttings Disposal Pit
The drilling rig system to be employed for drilling will be equipped for the separation
of drill cuttings and solid materials from the drilling fluid. The drill cuttings, cut by
the drill bit, will be removed from the fluid by the shale shakers (vibrating screens)
and centrifuges and transferred to the cuttings containment area. Once the drilling
fluid / mud have been cleaned it will be returned to the fluid tank and pumped down
the drill string again.
Drill Cutting and drilling mud will be disposed off in accordance with Notification
dated 30th August 2005 - G.S.R 546 (E) point no C “Guidelines for Disposal of Solid
Waste, Drill Cutting and Drilling Fluids for Offshore and Onshore Drilling
Operation”.
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2.5.9. Domestic Sewage Treatment and Disposal System
The domestic sewage generated from the drill site operations will be treated in
a septic tank–soak pit system. The septic tank would be adequately sized so as to
cater to a volumetric capacity of 4–5 m3 per day.
2.5.10. Solid and Hazardous Waste Management
The top layer of soil shall be stacked at site for reuse after completion of drilling
operations. The solid waste generated from drilling operation will be disposed in
following manner.
a. Drill Cuttings – 150-800 MT / well will be generated, which are mainly inert
solids. Drill cuttings shall be water washed and then solar dried at site in HDPE
lined pit at site. Drill cuttings are collected dried and disposed of as per GSR
546(E) dated 30th August 2005 guidelines for disposal of solid waste, drill
cuttings and drilling fluids for Onshore drilling process. Dry cuttings shall be
covered with top layer of soil.
b. Spent Oil – During the drilling approx. 200 l. of spent oil shall be generated. This
oil shall be sent to authorize recyclers, as per CPCB guidelines and Hazardous
Waste Rules. 2016.
c. Oil Sludge/ Hazardous waste – The proposed drilling is temporary activity and
exploratory in nature, no hazardous waste shall be generated. In case of any Oil
Sludge/ Hazardous waste is generated during the drilling activities, same shall be
sent for incineration to a TSDF site.
d. Drilling Mud – Only Water base drilling mud shall be used, approx. 200m3 -600
m3 drilling mud per well is required.
2.5.11. Air Emissions
The Emissions to the atmosphere from the drilling operations shall be from the DG
sets and temporary from flaring activity (during testing).
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2.5.12. Noise Generation
The source of noise generation during this phase of operations would be the operation
of rig and diesel generating sets. The expected noise generation at source, due to
operation of rig is 101 dBA (Source: “Control of Noise Pollution from Diesel
Generator Sets”, Programme Objective Series; Probes/71/1998-99, Central Pollution
Control Board). Besides certain pumps are expected to be in operation during this
phase for mud circulation. The noise generation work however is transient and limited
to the drilling period only.
Noise levels were measured near various noise generating equipment and at site
boundary. The noise levels were observed as follows (based on earlier site visit of
typical drilling site)
Near well head – 80 to 85 dB (A)
Near Mud Pump- 80- 85 dB (A)
Near DG set – 70-75 dB (A)
Near Shale Shaker- 70 to 75 dB (A)
Near Site Boundary- 55 to 60 dB (A)
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Figure 2.2: A Typical Drilling Rig
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2.6. Safety and Environment
Adequate safety measures such as fire-fighting equipment shall be provided at the site
in accordance with the norms of OISD 189. A high-pressure influx of formation fluids
(water and/or gas) into the well bore is commonly known as a 'kick'. Well control is
aimed at preventing the kick and a possible blowout. The function of well control can
be conveniently sub-divided into two main categories, namely primary well control
and secondary well control. These categories are briefly described below.
a. Primary Well Control
This is the maintenance of sufficient hydrostatic head of fluid in the well bore to
balance the pressure exerted by the fluids in the formation being drilled. This means
that the pressure exerted by the density of the drilling fluid should be greater than the
pressure of the formation fluids. It should be noted that balancing formation pressure
is a theoretical minimum requirement; good drilling practice dictates that a sufficient
excess of hydrostatic head over the formation pressure be maintained at all times to
allow for contingencies.
b. Secondary Well Control
If, for any reason, the effective hydrostatic head in the well bore should fall below
formation pressure, an influx of formation fluids (kick) into the well bore would
occur. If this situation occurs, the Blowout preventer (BOP's) must be closed to
prevent the loss of fluid from the well. The purpose of secondary well control is to
rectify the situation by closing the well in and circulating the invading fluid out of the
well, while at the same time increasing the fluid weight to prevent any further influx.
The drilling personnel of the selected contractor are expected to be experienced in the
above procedures and the key personnel will be required to hold certificates to prove
competence in well control procedures. They will be trained and regular drills held to
ensure that they will know how to act in such events. Furthermore, they will be aware
of the safety aspects associated with the drilling operation, through training and
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experience. It must be also noted that blowouts are rare events during development
drilling operations conducted by experienced operators.
2.7. Abandonment of Operations
At the conclusion of the drilling program at each drilling site, an orderly withdrawal
of all personnel and the removal of all drilling and testing equipment and non-fixed
items from the drilling site will be undertaken.
Broadly, there are two such scenarios:
In case that the well is completed when economic quantities of hydrocarbons
are found, the well will be left with a wellhead in place, but all other
equipment and materials will be removed from the site. The well site will be
fenced and will be reduced to 30m X 30 m for the production phase and all
non-essential area will be fully reclaimed.
In any other case the site will be cleared and refurbished to permit recovery to
as near as possible the pre-existing local environment as per ONGC’s Standard
Operating Procedure (SOP) of Restoration.
2.7.1. Temporary Suspension of Activities
In the event that economic quantities of hydrocarbons are found, all empty
drums, wastes, used and unused drilling fluids, fuel and lubricants will be
removed from the drilling site. Water supply and effluent discharge hoses and
associated equipment will be removed. All solids & liner will be removed and
sent to an authorized TSDF site.
2.7.2. Decommissioning upon Abandonment
In the event that no economic quantities of hydrocarbons are found, a full
abandonment plan will be implemented for the drilling sites in accordance
with the applicable Oil Mines Regulation, 1984. The activities mentioned in
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the above section would apply to decommissioning upon abandonment as
well, but abandonment would be more permanent.
The overriding principle being that the environment should, with time, be
reinstated to broadly its original condition. Until such time as this is achieved,
ONGC would actively manage the reinstatement process. All concrete or steel
installations would be removed to at least 1 m below ground level, so as to
ensure that there are no protruding surface structures. In the unlikely event that
soil is found to be contaminated, measures would be taken to remove or treat
appropriately all contaminated topsoil to promote its remediation.
All concrete structures will be broken up, and the debris disposed of as per the
regulatory requirements.
All other waste products, solid and liquid, will be disposed of in accordance
with the requirements of the EIA and will be treated to render them harmless.
All fencing and access gates will be removed.
All pits whose contents will show regulatory compliance for on-site disposal,
at the time of site closure, will be backfilled and closed out as per the legal
requirements.
Restoration of unusable portion of the access track, removal of pilings and
landscaping.
In case of abandoned wells, where there are no indications of oil/gas, the site
will be restored by ONGC to its original condition as per ONGC’s policy on
site restoration, and land handed over to the land owner.
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CHAPTER-3
DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT
3. Description of the Environment
This chapter illustrates the description of the existing environmental status of the
study area with reference to the prominent environment attributes to assess
environmental impacts from the proposed project activity. Baseline environmental
quality in the study area was determined through collection of samples followed by
quantifying environmental indicators of air, noise, water, land, ecology and socio-
economic status. The baseline environmental quality has been determined for Pre
Monsoon season (March-May 2018) by following guidelines prescribed in MoEFCC,
EIA notification and ToR issued to the ONGC.
The baseline environmental qualities for the proposed exploratory drilling locations
have been assessed for the following environmental components, which are most
likely to be influenced by the drilling activity:
Ambient Air Quality
Meteorological conditions
Noise levels
Water quality (Surface & Ground water)
Soil quality
Biological and
Socio-economic studies.
The primary baseline environmental quality for the EIA is assessed through field
studies within the impact zone for various components of the environment, viz. air,
noise, water, Soil and socio-economic. Meteorological data has been obtained from
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Indian Meteorological Department, Govt. of India. Other data has been collected from
various published reports and papers.
3.1. Ambient Air Quality
3.1.1. Reconnaissance
A reconnaissance survey was undertaken to identify the sampling locations to
establish baseline status of Ambient Air quality in the study area. The sampling
stations were selected based on guidelines of air monitoring network siting criteria
such as:
Topography of the study area
Persistence of wind direction and speed
Representation of regional background
Populated and sensitive areas
Location of industries and their emission magnitude
Screening of maximum ground level concentrations and distances of their
likely occurrences as per climatological normal
Representation of valid cross-sectional distribution in down-wind direction.
3.1.2. Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Network and Analytical Methods
The ambient air quality around the location within 10 km radius was monitored at 08
stations to establish the baseline monitoring of air quality in the study area during
March to May 2018. Ambient Air Quality Monitoring stations were selected using
network design criteria and monitored as per CPCB guidelines.
As per NAAQS (2009) the pollutants viz., particulate matters (PM10 and PM2.5),
sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), VOCs,
methane & non-methane hydrocarbon were stipulated parameters for air quality
monitoring.. Standard analytical procedures were used for analysis and quantification
of air quality parameters and the details are given in Table 3.1.
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Table 3.1 Analytical Methods used for Quantification of Air Quality Parameters in
the Ambient Air
Sl.
No.
Air Quality
Parameter
Unit Analytical Method
used for
Testing/Analysis
Analytical
Measurement
Range
Standard value as
per NAAQs, 2009
and
Monitoring
duration
1. Particulate
Matter size <
10
microns or
PM10
µg/m³ Gravimetric
IS-5182: Part-23, 2006
5-5000 100 (24 h)
2. Particulate
Matter size <
2.5
microns or
PM2.5
µg/m³ Gravimetric
U.S.EPA EQM-0308-
170
5-500 60 (24 h)
3. Sulphur
Dioxide
(SO2)
µg/m³ EPA Improved West and
Gaeke Method
IS-5182: Part-2, 2001
5-1000 80 (24 h)
4. Nitrogen
Dioxide
(NOx)
µg/m³ Modified Jacobs-
Hachheiser Method IS-
5182: Part-6, 2006
7-750 80 (24 h)
5. Carbon
Monoxide
(CO)
mg/m³ Non Dispersive infrared
(NDIR) Spectroscopy
50-1000 2.0 (8 h)
4.0 (1 h)
6. VOCs μg/m³ U.S. EPA Method
TO17: 1999
0.01-10 0.01-500 (Annual)
7. Hydrocarbons
(Methane and
Non-Methane)
μg/m³ HC Analyzer for Spot
Concentration
0.01 – 10 -
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3.1.3. Micro-meteorology
The micro-meteorological data collection is an important part in air pollution studies
regarding prediction of impacts. The baseline studies for air quality within the study
area were carried out through reconnaissance survey followed by ambient air quality
monitoring program and micro-meteorological study.
The meteorological conditions of an area and the industrial process are both
intertwined and each has a definite influence over the other. Dispersion of different air
pollutants released into the atmosphere has significant impacts on neighbourhood air
environment. The dispersion/dilution of the released pollutant over a large area will
result in considerable reduction of the concentration of a pollutant. The dispersion in
turn depends on the weather conditions like the wind speed, direction, temperature,
relative humidity, mixing height and also the rainfall in the area. It also helps in
determining the sampling stations in predicting the post project environmental
scenario.
The micrometeorological data has been obtained by installing a portable wind
monitoring instrument (RainWiseinc WS-2000/MK111 Edition) at each air
monitoring station. Sensors were fixed on roof top of the buildings in the villages for
measuring the wind direction, speed, air temperature and relative humidity. The data
were recorded using data logger.
3.1.4. Long Term Meteorology – Bharuch District
The interpretation of climatic data is based on the long-term climatological tables
(1961 – 1990) published by Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) and the
climatological interpretations provided in the District Gazetteer of Bharuch (Published
in 1984). A copy of the long-term climatological data of Bharuch district is enclosed
as Annexure IV.
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3.1.5. Wind
During March to May wind mostly blows from north-west predominantly. June to
September, that is during the monsoon season wind blows mostly from south-west.
During the period from October to February, both the morning and evening winds are
mostly from northeast.
3.1.6. Baseline Meteorological Data – Bharuch District
Baseline meteorological data representing the Pre Monsoon Season March-May has
been collected inside the block area in Bharuch district by setting up mechanized
meteorological station.
A photograph of meteorological stations is shown in Fig 3.2.
Meteorological data shows that mean average wind speed during study period are 6.5
km/hr.
Wind rose prepared for study period is shown as Fig. 3.3. It can be observed that
during study period wind blows mostly from North-West direction.
Mean average temperature recorded during study period was 23°C with mean
maximum temperature of 28.31°C and mean minimum of 18.05°C.
The mean average relative humidity recorded was 51.6 % with mean maximum
humidity of 67.5% and mean minimum of 35.4 %.
The data obtained during the study period using mechanized meteorological data
collection instrument has then been compiled to obtain average data. Compiled mean
meteorological data is represented in Table 3.2.
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Table 3.2 Mean Meteorological Data for Pre Monsoon season (Bharuch District)
Time Temp °C Humidity %
0:00 21.55 55.5
1:00 20.88 57.2
2:00 20.24 58.6
3:00 19.57 60.3
4:00 18.98 62.7
5:00 18.6 64.9
6:00 18.22 67.1
7:00 18.05 67.5
8:00 18.06 67.5
9:00 19.85 61.8
10:00 22.34 51.8
11:00 24.41 45.9
12:00 26.04 41.4
13:00 27.28 38.6
14:00 27.82 37.7
15:00 28.11 37.2
16:00 28.31 35.4
17:00 28.03 35.9
18:00 26.93 40.7
19:00 25.55 46.3
20:00 24.68 48.9
21:00 23.8 51.1
22:00 23.02 51.8
23:00 22.39 52.4
Average/
Predominant 23 51.6
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Fig 3.3: Wind Rose Diagram for Bharuch District
NOTE: Frequencies indicate directions from which the wind is blowing
Figure 3.2: Photographs of Meteorological Station set up at Project Location
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3.1.7. Base Line Status of Air Quality
The collection of baseline information for air environment includes identification of
specific parameters expected to cause significant impacts and assessing their levels of
existence in ambient air within the impact zone. 8 stations per locations were selected
respectively in industrial, rural and mixed area for monitoring for Ambient Air
Quality. The frequency of monitoring was 24 hrs twice in a week at each location and
spread over 12 weeks. Parameters monitored are PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NOX, Total
Hydrocarbon, NMHC and Volatile Organic Compound (VOC), the equipment was
placed at open space free from trees and vegetation which otherwise acts as a sink of
pollutants resulting in lower levels in monitoring results. At locations close to
highways, the equipment was placed at least 100 m away from such highways/roads
to avoid influence of traffic exhaust emissions. Monitoring methodology adopted and
standards for AAQM is given in Table 3.3.
Table –3.3 National ambient Air Quality Standards
Sl.
No.
Pollutant Time
Weighted
Average
Concentration in Ambient Air
Industrial,
Residential,
Rural and
Area
Ecologically
Sensitive
Area
(Notified by
Central
Government)
Methods of
Measurement
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
1 Sulphur
Dioxide
(SO2),
ug/m3
Annual*
24
hours**
50 80 20 80 -Improved West and
Gaeke -Ultraviolsat
Fluorescence
2 Nitrogen
Dioxide
(NO2),
ug/m3
Annual*
24
hours**
40 0 30 80 -Modified Jacob &
Hochheiser (Na-
Arsenite)
Chemiluminescence
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3 Particulate
Matter (size
less then
10um) or
PM10
ug/m3
Annual*
24
hours**
60 100 60 100 - Gravimetric
-TOEM
-Beta attenuation
4 Particulate
Matter (size
less then
2.5um) or
PM2.5
ug/m3
Annual*
24
hours**
40 60 40 60 - Gravimetric
-TOEM
- Beta attenuation
5 Carbon
Monoxide
(CO)mg/m3
8 hours**
1 hours**
02 04 02 04 -non Dispersive
Infra Red (NDIR)
spectroscopy
6 VOCs
Grab
Sampling
- - As per equipment
manual
7 Methane
and non-
methane
HC
Grab
Sampling
- - As per equipment
manual
From the selected AAQM stations, air samples were collected in (Pre monsoon
Season (March-May 2018) and analysed for air quality parameters such as particulate
matter (PM10 and PM2.5), and gaseous pollutants (SO2, NOx, CO, and
hydrocarbons) and volatile compounds (VOCs) as per the ToR issued by MoEF&CC.
The data collected was subjected to statistical analysis like minimum, maximum,
average. The locations of ambient air quality stations are provided in Table 3.4. The
observed ambient air quality data within the study area from the project site is
reported in Table 3.5 to 3.9 and described briefly:
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Table-3.4 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations (Locations)
Sl. No. Stations Code Locations Direction
1. AAQMS1 Sarod Down wind
2. AAQMS2 Samod Down wind
3. AAQMS3 Nondhana Down wind
4. AAQMS4 Uber Down wind
5. AAQMS5 Dhuvaran Upwind
6. AAQMS6 Valipore Down wind
7. AAQMS7 Vedach Cross wind
8. AAQMS8 Kangam Cross wind
Table- 3.5 Average, Maxima & Minima Particulate Matter (PM10)
24 Hrs. Avg. Unit : µg/m3
Sl. No. Station Code Site Name Max. Min. Avg.
1. AAQMS1 Sarod 66 54 59.3
2. AAQMS2 Samod 62 50 56.5
3. AAQMS3 Nondhana 54 40 48.58
4. AAQMS4 Uber 54 40 46.83
5. AAQMS5 Dhuvaran 50 38 44.58
6. AAQMS6 Valipore 72 60 66.16
7. AAQMS7 Vedach 78 37 59
8. AAQMS8 Kangam 67 41 57
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Table- 3.6 Average, Maxima & Minima Particulate Matter (PM2.5)
24 Hrs. Avg. Unit : µg/m3
Sl. No. Station Code Site Name Max. Min. Avg.
1. AAQMS1 Sarod 20 21 22.8
2. AAQMS2 Samod 23 18 20.58
3. AAQMS3 Nondhana 22 16 19.04
4. AAQMS4 Uber 20 16 18.08
5. AAQMS5 Dhuvaran 19 14 16.54
6. AAQMS6 Valipore 32 24 26.95
7. AAQMS7 Vedach 47 21 33
8. AAQMS8 Kangam 55 31 45
Table 3.7 Ambient Air Quality Status of SO2
24 Hrs. Avg. Unit : µg/m3
Sr. No. Station Code Locations Max. Min. Avg.
1. AAQMS1 Sarod 5.2 4.0 4.38
2. AAQMS2 Samod 4.8 4.0 4.2
3. AAQMS3 Nondhana 5.3 4.0 4.27
4. AAQMS4 Uber 5.6 4.0 4.35
5. AAQMS5 Dhuvaran 4 4 4
6. AAQMS6 Valipore 8.6 5.2 6.35
7. AAQMS7 Vedach 10.2 8 9.0
8. AAQMS8 Kangam 10.6 8 9.0
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Table 3.8 Ambient Air Quality Status of NOx
24 Hrs. Avg. Unit : µg/m3
Sr. No. Station Code Locations Max. Min. Avg.
1. AAQMS1 Sarod 11.2 9.0 9.72
2. AAQMS2 Samod 11.2 9.0 9.72
3. AAQMS3 Nondhana 13.6 9.2 11.04
4. AAQMS4 Uber 24.5 10 17.1
5. AAQMS5 Dhuvaran 27.6 10.5 17.2
6. AAQMS6 Valipore 20.5 10 14.6
7. AAQMS7 Vedach 11.5 9 9.52
8. AAQMS8 Kangam 13.8 9.2 11.04
Table 3.9 Levels of CO, Volatile Organic Pollutants, Methane & Non Methane HC
Sr.
No.
Station
Code
Locations CO Benzene MHC NMHC
mg/m3 mg/m
3 ppm ppm
1. AAQMS1 Sarod 0.09 ND 0.05 0.05
2. AAQMS2 Samod 0.05 ND 0.04 0.03
3. AAQMS3 Nondhana 0.09 ND 0.06 0.05
4. AAQMS4 Uber 0.00 ND 0.09 ND
5. AAQMS5 Dhuvaran 0.03 ND
0.05 0.03
6. AAQMS6 Valipore
0.08 ND
ND ND
7. AAQMS7 Vedach
0.05 ND
0.06 0.05
8. AAQMS8 Kangam
ND ND ND ND
MHC= Methane Hydrocarbon; NMHC=Non methane Hydrocarbon * 8 hours
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3.1.8. Observation and Inferences:
From the results tabulated and it is observed that the 24 hourly average value of air
pollutants SO2, NOx were well below the permissible level as per CPCB since the
area were mostly agricultural fields and rural residential places. The levels of PM10
and PM2.5 were slightly higher due to the agricultural activities and local vehicular
emissions but still within the prescribed limit. Methane, VOC and NMHC were also
observed and found in insignificant quantities.
Figure 3.4 Photographs showing Installed Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Systems
at different Locations
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3.2. Noise Environment
3.2.1. Selection of Sampling Stations for Noise Monitoring
Noise can be defined as unwanted sound or any sound that is undesirable because it
interferes with speech and hearing, is intense enough to damage hearing or is
otherwise annoying. From the noise source, natural or man-made barriers between the
source and the impacted population, weather conditions which could potentially
absorb, reflect, or focus sound (such as wind speed, direction, temperature
inversions), and the scale of industrial activity. The environmental impact of noise can
vary from noise induced hearing loss (NIHL) to annoyance depending on the loudness
of noise levels and tolerance levels of individual.
The objective of noise monitoring survey in and around the proposed project site is to
identify the existing noise sources so as to measure background noise levels and to
suggest mitigation measures to alleviate adverse impact of noise. Noise monitoring
was carried out by Lutron noise recorder, Model: SL-4001/176752 at height of 1.5 m
from ground level to identify and quantify the ambient condition to predict the
increase in noise levels and causes of variability of noise levels as a result of the
proposed project. To quantify noise levels in the study area from the location, the
following criteria was followed to select sampling stations during field
reconnaissance.
Human settlements near the location, which can be affected
Locations of Industrial, residential, commercial, and silence zones in the study
area, as per the CPCB guidelines.
The noise levels recorded in 5 villages near the proposed locations (baseline data)
have been collected. Based on the reconnaissance, the noise quality monitoring
stations were identified within the study area outside the location; the details of the
locations are given in Table 3.10.
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Table 3.10 Noise Monitoring Stations in the Study Area
Location Code Location Date District
NL 1 Sarod 27-03-2018 Bharuch
NL 2 Samoj 02-04-2018 Bharuch
NL 3 Valipore 07-04-2018 Bharuch
NL 4 Nondhana 14-05-2018 Bharuch
NL 5 Uber 16-05-2018 Bharuch
Table 3.11 Results of Noise level survey
Sl. No Location Noise level reading (Location & Timing)
Residential Area Commercial area
Day (7AM) Night (7PM) Day(7AM) Night (7PM)
1 Sarod 50.6 41.8 49.6 40.8
2 Samoj 49.4 41.6 48.4 40.8
3 Valipore 51.2 42.2 57.9 53.6
4 Nondhana 49.8 41.4 53.0 46.3
5 Uber 52.6 44.6 70.6 48.4
In residential and commercial areas the noise levels during day time were observed to
be in the range with the low of 48.4 dB in Samoj village and high of 70.6 dB in Uber
village. Readings were observed to be marginally above the CPCB standards in
commercial area due to vehicular movement etc.,
In residential and commercial areas the noise levels during night time were observed
to be in the range with the low of 40.8 dB in Samoj and Sarod village and high of 53.6
dB in Valipore village. Readings were observed to be marginally above the CPCB
standards in commercial area due to vehicular movement etc.,
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3.3. Water Environment
3.3.1. Reconnaissance
A reconnaissance survey was undertaken to identify the sampling locations to
establish baseline status of water quality in the study area. Based on the
reconnaissance survey, the type of water bodies and their relative importance with the
project site and environmental issues within study area; surface and ground water
sampling locations were identified and water samples were collected in March to May
2018, pre monsoon season.
3.3.2. Methodology of Water Quality Assessment
Physico-chemical parameters have been determined to ascertain the baseline status of
the existing groundwater and surface water resources. Surface waters are collected
from nearby river.
The major river in the study area Mahi river which flows in Bharuch, Vadodara and
Anand districts. The Mahi river rises in Madhya Pradesh from the western Vindhya
Range is Minda Village situated in Dhar district Madhaya Pradesh. After flowing
through MP and Rajasthan, the river enters Gujarat and flows into Arabian Sea by a
wide estuary past Khambhat after about a 360-mile (580-km) course. It is one of three
west-flowing rivers in India, along with Tapti River and the Narmada River.
Two major dams build on the river Mahi are Mahi Dam near Banswara area in
Rajasthan and Kadana dam in Panchmahals District in Gujarat to provide drinking
water, irrigation, hydropower and flood protection.
Surface water samples were collected from the river Mahi in the study area.
Ground water samples are collected from the bore well (hand pumps) which is being
used for drinking and domestic purpose.
Sampling, preservation and transport of water samples from the field was done as per
of guidance manual ISO (ISO 5667-1; 1980 water quality sampling part I: ISO 5667-
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11: 1993 part II) for surface and groundwater sources. Samples were analyzed for
physico-chemical characteristics including physical, inorganic, organic, nutrient and
heavy metals and also for bacteriological characteristics for total and faecal coliforms
as per Standards IS: 10500. Standard Methods for Examination of Water &
Wastewater (APHA) as delineated in and listed in Table 3.12. Surface water and
ground water Sampling locations are listed in Table 3.13 and 3.14 respectively
Table 3.12 Water Quality Monitoring Parameters and Standard Analytical Methods
Sr. No. Parameter Standard Method of Analysis
(APHA, 22 Eds. 2012/ IS
Standard)
1. pH APHA-4500-H+ B,
2. Temperature (°C) APHA - 2550 B
3. Turbidity (NTU) APHA-2130 B
4. TSS (mg/L) APHA-2540 D
5. TDS (mg/L) APHA 2540 C
6. EC (μS/cm) APHA 2510 B
7. Total Hardness as CaCO3 (mg/L) APHA - 2340 C
8. Chlorides (mg/L) APHA - 4500 B
9. Sulphate (mg/L) IS 3025-24 (1986)
10. Total Sulphides as S (mg/L) IS 3025-29 (1986)
11. Sodium (mg/L) APHA - 3500 B
12. Potassium (mg/L) APHA - 3500 B
13. Nitrates as NO3 (mg/L) APHA - 4500 B
14. Phosphates (mg/L) IS 3025-31 (1988)
15. DO (mg/L) APHA - 4500 C
16. COD (mg/L) IS 3025-58 (2006)
17. BOD (mg/L) IS 30256-44 (1993)
18. TKN (mg/L) IS 3025-34 (1988)
19. Ammonical Nitrogen(mg/L) IS 3025-34 (1988)
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20. Oil & Grease (mg/L) APHA - 5520 B
21. Phenols (mg/L) IS 3025-43 (1992)
22. Fluoride (mg/l) APHA -4500 C
23. Benzene &Benzopyrene (mg/L) APHA - 6440 PAH (230), C
24. Heavy Metals (mg/L) APHA - 3030 E
25. Total Coliform MPN/100ml APHA – 9222 B
TSS, Total suspended solids; TDS, Total dissolved solids; EC, Electrical conductivity;
DO, Dissolved oxygen; COD, Chemical oxygen demand; BOD, Biochemical oxygen
demand; CFU, Colony forming unit
Table 3.13 Surface Water Sampling Locations (River Samples)
Code No. Date of Sampling Source
SW-1 23.05.2018 Mahi River Upstream
SW-2 23.05.2018 Mahi River Downstream
Table 3.14: Ground Water Quality Sampling Locations
Code No. Date of Sampling Source Location
GW 1 14.04.2018 Borewell Sarod
GW 2 23.05.2018 Borewell Jambusar
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Table 3.15 Surface water quality parameters of sampling locations
Sl.
No
Parameters Unit Classification for Inland Surface Water
(CPCB)
River Sample
A B C D E SW1 SW2
1 pH - 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 6-9 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 8.11 8.01
2 Conductivity, mhos
/cm
NS NS NS 1000 2250 830 840
3 Temperature, deg C NS NS NS NS NS 26 26
4 Dissolved
Oxygen
mg/l 6.0 5.0 4.0 4.0 NS 5.7 5.5
5 Turbidity NTU NS NS NS NS NS 13 15
6 Dissolved solids mg/l 500 NS 1500 NS 2100 535 542
7 Suspended solids mg/l NS NS NS NS NS 17 18
8 Total Hardness as
CaCO3
mg/l 200 NS NS NS NS 235 240
9 BOD mg/l 2.0 3.0 3.0 NS NS 1.2 1.3
10 COD mg/l 11 12
11 Chlorides as Cl mg/l 250 NS 600 NS 600 165 170
12 Sulphates as SO4 mg/l 400 NS 400 NS 1000 26 27
13 Calcium as Ca mg/l 200 NS NS NS NS 40 40
14 Magnesium as
Mg
mg/l 100 NS NS NS NS 33.5 34.1
15 Flourides as F mg/l 1.5 1.5 1.5 - - 0.45 0.46
16 Iron as Fe mg/l 0.3 NS 50 NS NS 0.06 0.06
17 Lead as Pb mg/l 0.1 NS 0.1 NS NS <0.005 <0.005
18 Copper as Cu mg/l 1.5 NS 1.5 NS NS <0.005 <0.005
19 Mercury as Hg mg/l 0.001 NS NS NS NS <0.005 <0.005
20 Nickel as Ni mg/l NS NS NS NS NS <0.005 <0.005
21 Zinc as Zn mg/l 15 NS 15 NS NS 3.2 3.2
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22 Chromium (Total
as Cr)
mg/l 0.05 1 0.05 NS NS <0.005 <0.005
23 Arsenic as As mg/l 0.05 NS 0.2 NS NS <0.005 <0.005
24 Manganese as Mn mg/l 0.5 NS NS NS NS <0.005 <0.005
25 Cadmium as Cd mg/l 0.01 NS 0.01 NS NS <0.005 <0.005
26 Oil and grease mg/l NS NS NS NS NS 1.5 1.6
27 Total Coliform
MPN/100ml
MPN
/100
ml
50 500 5000 - - 2800 3100
3.3.3. Quality of Surface Water (River Water)
The analysis results of river water were compared with Inland Surface Water (CPCB)
Standards. It is observed from the analysis report of surface water samples that:
pH of sample was found to be 8.01 to 8.11 for (Mahi River).
TDS was also within the prescribed range which was around 535 mg/l to 542
mg/l ((Mahi River).
Electrical Conductivity was also within the prescribed range which was 830-
840 µmhos/cm(Mahi River)
Total coliforms were 2800-3100 MPN/100 ml for Mahi River. Total coliforms
are found in the permissible limit.
Based on the analysed parameters, Mahi river is classified under class C and hence
they can be used for drinking purpose but only after treating and disinfecting the
water.
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Table 3.16 Ground water quality parameters of sampling locations
Sl.
No
Parameters Unit IS 10500 Standard Limits
for drinking water
Groundwater Analysis
Results
Desirable
limit
Permissible
limit
GW1 GW2
1 pH pH-Scale 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 7.79 7.15
2 Temperature C NS NS 25 25
3 Turbidity NTU 5 10 2 <1
4 TDS mg/l 500 2000 1460 1530
5 BOD mg/l NS NS <0.1 0.2
6 COD mg/l NS NS 4 5
7 Chlorides as
Cl
mg/l 250 1000 250 280
8 Sulphates as
SO4
mg/l 200 400 68 124
9 Nitrates as
NO3
mg/l 45 100 11.8 12.8
10 Total
Hardness as
CaCO3
mg/l 10 600 210 310
11 Calcium as
Ca
mg/l 75 200 36 36
12 Magnesium
as Mg
mg/l 30 100 29.2 53.5
13 Total
Alkalinity
mg/l 200 600 720 510
14 Fluorides as
F
mg/l 1 1.5 0.42 0.42
15 Sodium mg/l NS NS 145 52
16 Potassium mg/l NS NS 18 3
17 Ammonical
N as N
mg/l NS NS <0.1 <0.1
18 Total
Kjeldahl
Nitrogen
mg/l NS NS <0.5 <0.5
19 Dissolved
Phosphate
mg/l NS NS <0.1 <0.1
20 Total
Phosphate
mg/l NS NS <0.1 <0.1
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21 Cyanide mg/l 0.05 NR <0.01 <0.01
22 Arsenic as
As
mg/l 0.05 NR <0.001 <0.001
23 Chromium
as Cr
mg/l 0.05 NR <0.01 <0.01
24 Copper as
Cu
mg/l 0.05 1.5 <0.02 <0.02
25 Lead as Pb mg/l 0.05 NR <0.01 <0.01
26 Mercury as
Hg
mg/l 0.001 NR <0.0001 <0.0001
27 Iron as Fe mg/l 0.3 1 0.15 0.14
28 Zinc as Zn mg/l 5 15 1.24 0.82
29 Nickel as Ni mg/l - - <0.01 <0.01
30 Total
Coliform
MPN/100ml 10/100 ml 10/100 ml NIL NIL
3.3.4. Results of Ground Water Samples
It is observed that:
pH of sample was found to vary from 7.15 (Jambusar) to 7.79 (Sarod Village).
All samples were within the permissible limit (6.5 to 8.5)
TDS of sample was found to vary from 1460 mg/l (Sarod Village) to 1530
mg/l (Jambusar). TDS in all samples were below the permissible limit (2000
mg/l). Higher TDS at these locations is due to formational salinity in the
western region of the study area this is further confirmed by high hardness,
chloride, Fluorides and sulphates.
Chlorides content of sample were found to vary from 250 mg/l (Sarod Village)
to 280 mg/l (Jambusar). Chlorides in all samples were below the permissible
limit (1000 mg/l).
Sulphates content of sample were found to vary from 68 mg/l (Sarod Village)
to 124 mg/l (Jambusar). Sulphates in all samples were below the permissible
limit (400 mg/l).
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Total Hardness of samples was found to vary from 210 mg/l (Sarod Village) to
310 mg/l (Jambusar). Total Hardness in all samples was below the permissible
limit (600 mg/l).
Fluoride in all samples was 0.42 3g/l which is below the permissible limit (1.5
mg/l).
It can be concluded that the in the study area the groundwater quality was depleted
due to salinity. Analysis of collected samples revealed that all other parameters are
satisfying the permissible limits as per IS 10500 specified for drinking water.
3.4. Land Environment
3.4.1. Methodology adopted for Land use/Land Cover Study
The project area was placed, based on co-ordinates given by ONGC on satellite
imagery and the study area was determined for the proposed project. The resulting
satellite data of study area was interpreted through onscreen visual interpretation
using basic elements of interpretation resulting in the combined land use/ cover map
for the proposed project.
To accomplish the objective the following steps were undertaken:
Study and collection of relevant documents and maps
Interpretation of satellite data
Field survey
Final map preparation
The definitions for the primary and secondary level categories are given in Annexure-
2.
3.4.2. Study and Collection of Relevant Documents and Maps
This covers:
Topographical maps as base map
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Reconnaissance survey of the study area to get general feel of the entire
ground area which can aid in the preliminary interpretation of the data.
3.4.3. Field Survey:
A detailed field survey was carried out to check the discrepancies of the interpreted
data. It comprises of data collection of ground features along with the respective
geographical position in terms of latitudes and longitudes. The aim of the field survey
is to confirm whether the interpreted land use /cover are correct thus improving the
quality of the output. Interaction was done with local people to gather background
information.
The field survey consisted of traversing the study area, cross checking of unidentified
features. Field notes were kept in the form of log sheets recording information
pertaining to co-ordinates, photographs and identified land use/cover. Additional
features identified or remarks made against existing interpretation were also recorded.
The field survey was carried out for block as well as buffer distance of 10 km from
the block boundary
3.4.4. Class wise Area Statistics
The area statistics of these classes are presented in Table 3.17.
Table 3.17: Area Statistics of Land use/ Land cover Classification used for the
Project
Sl.
No
Primary
Classification
Secondary
Classification
Area,
Secondary Class
Area,
Primacy Class
~km2 Ha ~% ~km
2 Ha ~%
1. Built-up Land
or Habitation
Residential /
Commercial
198.3
75
19837
.5
2.47 271.9
7
27197
.3
3.38
Industrial 73.59
8
7359.
8
0.92
2. Agricultural
Land
Crop
Land/Fallow
Land
4344.
763
43447
6.3
54.04 4369.
34
43693
4.1
54.35
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Plantations 24.57
8
2457.
8
0.31
3 Wastelands Land without
Scrub
92.87
4
9287.
4
1.16 1013.
21
10132
1.3
12.60
Salt Affected
Land
5.041 504.1 0.06
Mud flat 907.9
06
90790
.6
11.29
Sandy Area 7.392 739.2 0.09
4. Water Bodies Reservoir /
Lakes / Ponds
/ Tanks
42.99
4
4299.
4
0.53 1183.
73
11837
3.3
14.72
River Beds 371.7
97
37179
.7
4.62
Sea 768.9
42
76894
.2
9.56
5. Vegetation
Cover
Scrub 678.6
87
67868
.7
8.44 1036.
76
10367
5.5
12.89
Open
Vegetation
266.7
86
26678
.6
3.32
Close
Vegetation
25.02
8
2502.
8
0.31
Mangroves 66.25
4
6625.
4
0.82
6. Forest Close Forest 2.009 200.9 0.02 2.009 200.9 0.02
7. Others Salt pan 162.5
17
16251
.7
2.02 162.5
17
16251
.7
2.02
Following were observed and noted during the study:
The most observed category in the region was agriculture, vegetation cover
and habitation;
The crops grown in this region was mostly the major crops cultivated are Bajra
(Pennisetum glaucum), jowar (Sorghum vulgare), oil seeds Castor (Ricinus
communis), mustard, cotton (Gossypium herbaceum), tobacco, mung, gowar,
saunf etc. Jira and chilly;
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The plantation were mostly of Chikoo (Manikara zapota), Lemon (Citrus
limonum), Amla (Emblicaofficinalis) and Mango (Mangifera indica)
The major surface water bodies other than village ponds in the study area
away from the 10 km distance from proposed location i.e. River Mahi.
3.5. Soil Quality
3.5.1. Reconnaissance
A reconnaissance survey was undertaken to identify the sampling locations to
establish baseline status of soil quality in the study area. Based on the reconnaissance
survey, the type of soil and their relative importance with the project site and
environmental issues within study area; soil sampling locations were identified and
samples were collected in summer season March-May 2018.
3.5.2. Soil Sampling and Analysis
Keeping in view the existing and proposed activities at proposed location, the baseline
data related to nature & quality of soil, land use and cropping patterns in impact zone
are collected through field survey and available data sources including project
proponents.
5 agriculture soil samples were identified and collected from the 10-km study area
during summer season March-May 2018. Location of soil sampling is summarized in
Table 3.19. Representative soil samples from depth (0-30 cm) were collected from
selected villages around the project site for estimation of physical, chemical and
microbial properties and heavy metals concentration in the soils.
In order to carry out physical and chemical characteristics of soil, the samples were air
dried and then passed through sieve of 2 mm and stored in HDPE bottle for further
analysis. Heavy metals in the soil were determined by extracting soil with acid
mixture nitric acid and per chloric acid (1:3, v/v) and the extracted soil samples were
analysed on ICP (APHA, 2012). The chemical characteristics of soil were determined
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by preparing saturate extract of soil with distilled water in 1:2 ratio (as per Jackson
procedure, 1967). Organic matter was determined in terms of organic carbon by
Walkely & Black method (1972). Fertility status of soil in terms of available nitrogen,
phosphorus and potassium were determined by extracting soil with KCl, sodium
carbon and ammonium acetate (FAO Soils Bulletin, 38/2 Rome) and Olsen’s method
(1954) respectively. The international pipette Method (Back, 1964) was adopted for
determination of particle size analysis. The textural diagram was generated using
“SEE soil Class 2.0 version software based on United States Department of
Agriculture (USDA) classification of soils. Physical parameters such as bulk density,
porosity and water holding capacity were determined by KR Box Method (Keen and
Raczkowski, 1921). The details of soil analysis procedures are listed in Table 3.18
Table 3.18: Methodology of Soil Sample Monitoring, Standard Methods and
Procedures
Sampling
Parameters
Sample
collection
Analytical
Equipment
Methodology Remarks
Porosity Manual sample
collection using
hammer and
container tube
for collecting
undisturbed top
soil.
- IS: 2720 Part 7 Trial pit method
for topsoil
sample
collection;
disturbed
samples
Water holding
capacity
Keen Apparatus HMSO, UK
Permeability - IS: 2720 Part 17
Moisture
content
Electronic
Balance
IS: 2720 Part 2
Texture - IS: 2720 Part 4
Particle size
Distribution
Glass wares IS: 2720 Part 4 5% Leachate to
be made and
analyzed as per
APHA,
“Standard
Cation
Exchange
Capacity
Centrifuge IS: 2720 Part 24
(1976)
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SAR F. Photometer
(Na, K)
Titration ( Ca &
Mg)
Calculation Methods”
All method
numbers are as
per APHA
“Standard
Methods” (21st
edition, 2005)
pH pH Meter 4500 H+B
Electrical
Conductivity
Conductivity
Meter
As per IS 14767
-2000
Calcium Glass wares 3500 Ca B
Magnesium Glass Wares 3500 Mg B
Sodium (Na) F.Photometer 3500 Na B
Potassium F.Photometer 3500 K B
Figure 3.5: Soil texture
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3.5.3. Soil in Bharuch District
The brown and saline waste types of soils are found in the coastal area while
rocky type soil is seen in the eastern hilly area. The alluvival lying on the surface
is called older alluvivum of Holocene age. It is called older alluvium because of
its long antiqrity, this is highly weathered forgning lime kankar, cale- crusts etc, at
places, there are a few blown sand pockets also1. However the soils as classified
by the N.B.S.S & L.U.P (I.C.A.R), Nagpur, the district has Usterts – Ochrepts
type of soils.
Fig 3.6: Soil of Bharuch District
1 Source: Geological Survey of India publication
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Table: 3.19 Sampling Locations for Soil Quality Monitoring
Table: 3.20 Soil sampling analysis results
Sl.
No.
Parameters
Soil Sampling Locations
S-1 S-2 S-3 S-4 S-5
1 pH 7.63 7.29 7.22 7.32 7.47
2 Moisture , % 2.5 1.8 2.4 2.2 2.5
3 Organic Carbon 0.32 0.35 0.36 0.32 0.34
4 Organic Matter , % 0.55 0.60 0.62 0.55 0.59
5 Water Holding Capacity
,%
34 32 35 34 35
6 Permeability , cm/hours 0.12 0.06 0.11 0.08 0.12
7 Porosity, % 22 22 22 20 22
8 Texture Sandy
Loam
Sandy
Loam
Sandy
Loam
Sandy
Loam
Sandy
Loam
9 Sand, % 58 55 62 54 52
10 Silt, % 18 24 20 25 26
11 Clay ,% 24 21 18 21 22
12 Conductivity
,µmhos/cm
190 870 460 340 510
13 CEC, meq/100g 118 112 124 118 115
14 Calcium, mg/kg 240 1602 880 1040 1040
15 Magnesium, mg/kg 160 320 160 160 240
16 Available Sodium,
mg/kg
182 165 140 199 208
17 Available Potassium,
mg/kg
68.6 33 21.2 75 75
Sr. No. Location Date of Sampling District
1. Sarod 27-03-2018 Bharuch
2. Samoj 04-04-2018 Bharuch
3. Nondhana 06-04-2018 Bharuch
4. Uber 18-04-2018 Bharuch
5. Amanpor Mota 25/04/2018 Bharuch
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3.5.4. Analysis of Quality Soil samples collected:
Porosity of soil samples were in the range of 20% (Uber village) to 22% and
Water Holding Capacity (WHC) of Soil samples were in the range of 32%
(Samoj Village) to 35%
It has been observed that the texture of soil is mostly sandy loam type in the
study area. The pH of the soil ranged from 7.22-7.63 indicating the soil
Quality to be moderately alkaline in nature.
Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) of Soil samples were in range of 112
meq/100gm ( Samoj Village) to 124 meq/100gm (Nondhana Village)
Electrical Conductivity of Soil samples were in range of 190 µmhos/cm
(Sarod Village) to 870 µmhos/cm (Samoj). The high EC could be on account
using underground saline water.
The exchangeable cations i.e .Calcium were present in the range of 240mg/kg
(Sarod Village) to 1602mg/kg (Samoj Village) while Magnesium were found
in the range of 160mg/kg (Sarod Village) to 320 mg/kg (Samoj Village)
Available Sodium ranged from 140mg/kg (Nondhana village) to 208 mg/kg
(Amanpor Mota Village)
Available Potassium ranged from 21.2 mg/kg (Nondhana village) to 75 mg/kg
in (Uber village)
The physico-chemical analysis of soil samples collected from 5 locations of
the project area indicate that soils are normal for growth and development of
crops. Majority of soils have originated from trap popularly known as block
cotton soils (Vertisol) and falls under Sandy loam in texture.
The soils in the region do not pose serious management problem, however
there need to analyse (pH, EC and ESP) soils annually to assess built up of
salinity/sodicity as underground waters are saline/ sodic. Apply liberal
quantity (50-100 tons/ha) of organic manure for removal salts and if soil pH is
>8.5 apply gypsum as per gypsum requirement.
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3.6. Biological Environment
The vast array of interactions among the various components of biodiversity makes the
planet habitable for all species, including humans. There is a growing recognition that,
biological diversity is a global asset of tremendous value to present and future
generations. At the same time, the threat of species and ecosystems has never been as
great as it is today. Species extinction caused by human activities continues at an
alarming rate. Protecting biodiversity is in our self-interest. Ecological systems show
complex inter-relationships between biotic and abiotic components including
dependence, competition and mutualism. Biotic components comprise of both plant
and animal communities which interact not only within and between themselves but
also with the abiotic components viz. Physical and chemical components of the
environment. Generally, biological communities are good indicators of climatic and
edaphic factors. Studies on biological aspects of ecosystems are important in
Environmental Impact Assessment for safety of natural flora and fauna. Information
on the impact of environmental stress on the community structure serves as an
inexpensive and efficient early warning system to check the damage to a particular
ecosystem. The biological environment includes mainly terrestrial ecosystem and
aquatic ecosystem.
Ecological Impact Assessment is used to predict and evaluate the impacts of
development activities. The biodiversity baseline is an essential component of the
larger environmental management process. The baseline is necessary to inform impact
assessment and management planning in the EIA, as well as monitoring and adaptive
management over the life of the project. The assessment process should characterize
the baseline conditions to a degree that is proportional and specific to the anticipated
risk and significance of impacts.
3.6.1. Data Source of the Study Area
Total area of block covered is 10.78 sq.km. Out of which there is no area covered by
forest including reserved forest, protected forest and unclassified forest. The
assessment of wild life fauna was carried out by field observation, enquiring with local
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people and on the basis of secondary data collected from different government offices
like District forest office, Agriculture department etc. A comprehensive database on
the baseline environmental status/conditions of the study area has been established
through review, compilation, verification by field visits& analysis of:
Existing published secondary data/ literature/ information collected, and
Primary data generated/ collected through field study, survey and monitoring.
The baseline data provide the foundation for assessment studies since they help to
identify site-specific impacts on various components of environment. The baseline
status also helps relate the effects of the project activities on the environmental
components and allows the identification of the parameters that need to be monitored.
The information concerning these parameters for the present study has been collected
directly through field measurements and from secondary data sources.
The collected secondary data has been appropriately supplemented by conducting the
necessary primary data generation/ collection through field study/monitoring. The
field monitoring has been carried out as per the guidelines of CPCB and requirement
of the MoEFCC.
3.6.2. Period of the study and study area
The baseline study, for the evaluation of the floral and faunal biodiversity of the
terrestrial environment of the study area, within the demarcated Block area in the
Bharuch district was conducted during March-May 2018. Floristic and Faunistic
pattern of the area was studied based on inquiries from the local population, personal
observation and forest officials.
3.6.3. Terrestrial Ecosystem of the study area
The sampling plots for floral inventory were selected randomly in the suitable habitats
within the 10 km radius from the project well location and Block area. The
methodology adopted for faunal survey involve; faunal habitat assessment, random
intensive survey, opportunistic observations, diurnal bird observation, active search
for reptiles, active search for scats and foot prints and review of previous studies.
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The aim was to set baselines in order to monitor and identify trends after the
commissioning of the project. Emphasis has been placed on presence of rare,
endemic, migratory and threatened species, if any present in the study area. Desktop
literature review was conducted to identify the representative spectrum of threatened
species, population and ecological communities as listed by IUCN, ZSI, BSI and in
Indian wild Life Protection act, 1972.
3.6.4. Aquatic Ecosystem of the study area
The samples for qualitative and quantitative analysis of planktons were collected from
the sub surface layer at knee depth. Water samples were filtered through plankton net
of 20µ mesh size. The filtered samples were concentrated by using the centrifuge. By
using Lackey’s drops method and light microscope the quantitative analysis was
carried out for phytoplankton and Zooplankton. The Biological and aquatic sampling
locations are shown in Fig. 3.7.
Fig 3.7: Biological and Aquatic sampling of the study area
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Standard procedures were adopted for phytoplankton and zooplankton counts
involving preservation. Analysis of phytoplankton was done by lacked drop (micro
transect) method and counting was done as follows:
No. Of phytoplankton/ml = (C × A1) / (A2 × S ×V)
C : No, of organism counted
A1 : Area of cover strip, mm2
A2 : Area of one strip, mm2
S : No. Of strips counted and
V : Volume of sample under the cover strip, ml
Analysis of zooplankton is done by Sedwick-Rafter (SR) cell. The sedwick-Rafter cell
is 50 mm long, 20 mm wide and 1 mm deep. Total area is 1000 mm2 and the total
volume is 1 ml.
Counting of zooplankton was done as follows:
Number of Zooplankton n =Number C X ml/ V
Where,
C : Volume of concentrate in ml, V : Volume of sample filtered in ml
The results of phytoplankton and zooplankton counts are expressed as no./100 ml and
no./m3 respectively. The nature and population of biological species in water are
dependent on its physic-chemical characteristics, i.e. pH, conductivity, alkalinity,
BOD, salinity and nutrient levels. Thus, the type and population of plankton species
may serve as indicators of the physic-chemical quality and the trophic levels of water
body. Plankton community structure of a water body can be assessed through
following parameters.
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3.6.5. Species Composition
The type of a group of organisms the tropic conditions of aquatic environment.
Similarly many organisms have been known to be favored by certain physic-chemical
conditions, such as silicates for diatoms. Presence of desmids and diatoms indicate
good water conditions. Dominance of diatoms, protozoa, ciliates, Chlorophyceae and
Cyanophyceae indicate moderately tropic conditions. Presence of Euglenophyceae
indicates highly eutrophic conditions. Planktonic rotifers are usually more abundant in
fresh water then in estuarine water. It is believed that when crustaceans such as
Copepod, Cirripedia, Ostracoda etc. and insects outnumber other groups, the water
body is considered to be enriched by organic matter thus, it is evident that presence of
typical organisms also helps in classifying a water body into different tropic levels
based on its physico-chemical characteristics.
3.6.6. Species Diversity
Diversity of plankton is determined by physic-chemical characteristics or the tropic
level of the water body. In oligotrophic water, the diversity of plankton is high, while
in mesotrophic and eutrophic conditions (increased pollution) the diversity of plankton
decreases. The Shannon Weiner Index (d), a measure of diversity of plankton, takes
into account the total as well as individual species counts in a water sample.
D = - ∑ (ni/n) log2 (ni/n) Where,
D = Shannon Weiner Diversity Index
ni = number of individual of each individual in a sample
n = total number of individual and of all species in sample
An index value of 3 and above is generally considered to be a non-polluted water
body. Values between 1 and 3 and less than 1 are believed to be mild polluted and
highly polluted respectively. Lower fluctuating index values at selected points might
be attributed to point and non-point sources of pollution, turbidity, tides, flow etc. A
widely accepted ecological concept enunciated that the communities with larger
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numbers of species (i.e. with high diversity) will have a high stability and thus can
resist adverse environmental factors, providing a greater structural complexity of the
food wed. In order to evaluate baseline biological characteristic of surface water and
groundwater in the study area the data also generated. Water samples were preserved
and enumerated for phytoplankton and zooplankton.
Table 3.21 Scale for Shannon Weiner Diversity Index
SW-DI Range Indication
<1 Indicates maximum impact of pollution or adverse factor
1-2 Indicates medium impact of pollution or adverse factor
>2 Indicates lowest impact of pollution or adverse factor
Table 3.22: Phytoplankton and Zooplankton Diversity Index of Study Area
Sl. No. Sampling
Location
Phytoplankton Zooplankton
Phytoplankton
Count
(No./ml)
Shannon
Weiner
Diversity
Index
Zooplankton
Count
(No./ml)
Shannon
Weiner
Diversity
Index
1. Jambusar 118 2.06 146 1.87
2. Sarod 122 2.03 128 1.98
The aquatic macrophytes including free floating algae, submerged hydrophytes,
emergent hydrophytes and semi aquatic plant like rooted herbs were observed during
survey in the study area.
Planktonic population: five species of plankton under the order of Bacillariophyceae
(Navicula sp.,Cyclotella sp.,) Myxophyceae (Anabaena and Nostoc sp.,),
Chlorophyceae (Microspora sp.,Spirogyra sp. ) were found.
Six species of Zooplankton under the orders of Cladocera (Daphnia sp., and Moina
sp., ) Rotifers (Diaptomus sp.,) were identified in the aquatic habitats.
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Bacillariophyceae as dominant life form in phytoplanktons and largest group of
biomass producer on earth are dominated by diatoms like Navicula sp. Followed by
Anabaena sp. And Nostoc sp. and Zooplanktons are dominated by Rotifers
(Diaptomus sp.). The diversity index for Phytoplankton and Zooplankton of Study
Area is given in Table 3.22.
3.6.7. Methodology
The primary objective of survey was to describe the floristic and faunal communities
within the study area. The sampling plots for floral inventory were selected randomly
in the suitable habitats within the 2km radius from the project well locations. The
methodology adopted for faunal survey involve; faunal habitat assessment, random
intensive survey, opportunistic observations, diurnal bird observation, active search
for reptiles, active search for scats and foot prints and review of previous studies.
The aim was to set baselines in order to monitor and identify trends after the
commencement of mining activity. Emphasis has been placed on presence of rare,
endemic, migratory and threatened species, if any present in the study area. Desktop
literature review was conducted to identify the representative spectrum of threatened
species, population and ecological communities as listed by IUCN, ZSI, BSI and in
Indian wild Life Protection act, 1972. The status of individual species was assessed
using the revised IUCN category system.
3.6.8. Floral Diversity of Study Area
This floral inventory of the study area, is to provide necessary information on floristic
structure in the study area for formulating effective management and conservation
measures. The climatic, edaphic and biotic variations with their complex
interrelationship and composition of species, which are adapted to these variations,
have resulted in different vegetation cover, characteristic of each region. The
following account of floral inventory has been, based on the field survey conducted
in the March-May 2018, and is aimed only to give a general pattern of vegetation of
this region during the study period as a baseline data in presence of available
secondary data.
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Listing of the endangered, threatened and endemic species of flora in a locality and
drawing the attention to the occurrence of such species, would aid in creating
awareness amongst the local people as a whole to protect such species from
extinction, and to take necessary measures for their conservation. These type of
floristic study is an inventory for such purpose and hence a necessity.
The dominant tree species, herbs, shrubs, climbers and major crops, were documented
during the baseline study.
3.6.9. Trees
The dominant trees in the study area were,Mangifera indica (Keri), Azadirachta
indica (Limbado), Salvadora persica (Piludo), Salvadora oleoides (Piludi),
Pithecellobium dulce(Gorasmli) and Acacia nilotica (Bavalal)which are generally
planted as the road side plantation or along the agriculture fields for shades. 51
species of trees belong to 23 families are enumerated from the study area.
Table 3.23: List of Trees in the Study Area
Sl. No. Family & Scientific name Vernacular name
1 Family: Anacardiaceae
1/1 Mangifera indica L. Kari
2 Family: Annonaceae
2/1 Annona squamosa L. Saitafal
3/2 Polylathia longifolia (Conn.) Thw. Asopalav
3 Family: Apocynaceae
4/1 Plumeria rubra L. Champo
4 Family: Arecaceae
5/1 Cocos Nucifera L. Narial
5 Family: Bombacaceae
6/1 Bombax ceiba L. Shimalo
6 Family: Caesalpiniaceae
7/1 Delonix regia (Boj.) Raf. Gaulmor
8/2 Delonix elata (L.) Gamble. Sandsro
9/3 Cassia fistula L. Garmalo
10/4 Cassia siamea Lam. Kasid
11/5 Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) Backer ex Sonmukhi
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Heyne
12/6 Tamarindus indicum L. Amali
7 Family: Caricaceae
13/1 Carica papaya L. Papaya
8 Family: Casuarinaceae
14/1 Casuarina equisetifolia L. Sharu
15/2 Family: Combretaceae
16/3 Anogeissus latifolia ( Roxb) Dhavdo
17/4 Terminalia catappa L. Badam
9 Family: Ehretiaceae
18/1 Cordia dichotoma Forst Gunda
10 Family: Euphorbiaceae
19/1 Emblica officinalis Gaertn. Ambla
11 Family: Malvaceae
20/1 Thespesia populnea (L.) Sol.ex Corr. Paras piplo
12 Family: Meliaceae
21/1 Azadirachta indica A.Juss Limbado
22/2 Melia azadirachta L. Bakanlimdo
13 Family: Mimosaceae
23/1 Acacia auriculiformis L. Austrianbaval
24/2 Acacia chundra (Roxb.ex Rottl.) Willd. Khair
25/3 Acacia leucophloea (Roxb) Willd. Hermobaval
26/4 Acacia nilotica (L.) Del.subsp.indica (Bth.)
Brenan
Baval
27/5 Acacia Senegal (L.) Willd. Goradiobaval
28/6 Albizia lebbeck (L.) Bth. Siris
29/7 Albizia procera (Roxb.) Bth. Kalo siris
30/8 Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) De Pardesi Baval
31/9 Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Bth. Gorasmli
32/10 Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce Khyigdo
14 Family: Moraceae
33/1 Ficus benghalensis L. Vad
34/2 Ficus hispida L. Dhedhumaro
35/3 Ficus racemosa L. Umaro
36/4 Ficus religiosa L. Piplo
15 Family: Moringaceae
37/1 Moringa oleifera Lam Sargavo
16 Family: Myrtaceae
38/1 Eucalyptussp. Nilgari
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39/2 Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels. Jambu
17 Family: Papilionaceae
40/1 Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. Khakaro
41/2 Bauhinia purpurea L. Kanchner
42/3 Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. Sisam
18 Family: Poaceae
43/1 Dendrocalamus strictus (Roxb) Bans
19 Family: Salvadoraceae
44/1 Salvadora persica L. Piludo
45/2 Salvadora oleoides Decne Piludi
20 Family: Sapotaceae
46/1 Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Dub. Rayan
47/2 Manilkara zapota (L.) Chikoo
21 Family: Simaroubaceae
48/1 Ailanthus excelsa Roxb. Aurdso
22 Family: Rhamnaceae
49/1 Zizyphus glabrata Heyne ex Roth. Bor
22 Family: Rutaceae
50/1 Limonia acidissima L.
23 Family: Verbenaceae
51/1 Tectona grandis L.f. Sag
Fig 3.8: Prosopis juliflora found in the study area
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3.6.10. Shrubs:
Shrubs observed during the present survey are given in the Table 3.24. 27 shrub
species belong to 17 families are enumerated from the study area. The dominant shrub
community in this area was represented by, Calotropis procera, C. gigantea (Akado),
Ipomoea fistulosa (Nasarmo), Lawsonia inermis (Mendhi),and Lantana camara
(Ganthai).
Table 3.24: List of Shrubs in the Study Area
Sl.
No.
Family & Scientific name Vernacular name
1 Family : Apocynaceae
1/1 Nerium indicum Lalkaren
2/2 Thevetia peruviana Merr. Pili karan
2 Family: Asclepiadaceae
3/1 Calotropis gigantea (L.) R. Br Akado
4/2 Calotropis procera (Ait.) R.Br Akado
3 Family: Bignoniaceae
5/1 Tecoma stans (L.) H.B.& K. Peilafol
4 Family: Caesalpiniaceae
6/1 Cassia auriculata L
5 Family: Capparaceae
6/1 Capparis decidua ( forsk.)Edgew
6 Family: Compositae
7/1 Xanthium strumarium L. Gokhru
7 Family: Convolvulaceae
8/1 Ipomoea fistulosa Mart.ex Choisy Nasarmo
8 Family: Euphorbiaceae
9/1 Euphorbia neriifolia L. Thor
10/2 Jatropha curcas L. Ratanjot
11/4 Ricinus communis L. Devalo
9 Family: Lythraceae
12/1 Lawsonia inermis L. Mendhi
10 Family: Malvaceae
13/1 Abelomoschus manihot (L.) Medic. Jagali bhindi
14/2 Abutilon indicum (L.) Sw. Khapat
15/3 Gossypium herbaceum Kapas
11 Family: Musaceae
16/1 Musa paradisiaca L. Kela
12 Family: Mimosaceae
17/1 Prosopis juliflora DC Gando baval
18/2 Acacia bjacquemontii Bth. Rato baval
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19/3 Mimosav hamata Willd Kai baval
13 Family: Nyctaginaceae
20/1 Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd. Bougainvel
14 Family: Papilionaceae
21/1 Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr. Shevari
15 Family: Rhamnaceae
22/1 Zizyphus nummularia (Burm.f.) W. &. Chanibor
16 Family: Solanaceae
23/1 Datura metel L Daturo
24/2 Solanum incanum L Ubhi ringan
25/3 Solanum indicum
17 Family: Verbenaceae
26/1 Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertn. Madhi
27/2 Lantana camara L.var.aculcata (L.)Mold. Ganthai
3.6.11. Herbs:
As the study area is dominated by the waterlogged grass lands and paddy fields, the
area is with remarkably rich herbaceous ground cover. The herbs observed in the
sampling plots, during the survey period in the study area have been enlisted in the
Table 3.25. 88 species of herbs belongs to 33 families were documented from the
sampling plots laid in different habitats.
Fig 3.9: Nilgiri plantation in the study area
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Table 3.25: List of Herbaceous species in the Study Area
Sl. No Family & Scientific name Vernacular name
1 Family: Acanthaceae
1/1 Barleria sp. ---
2/2 Hygrophila ainguriculata (Schum.) Kanatashelio,Akaro
2 Family: Alismataceae
4/1 Limnophyton obtusifolium L
3 Family Amaranthaceae
5/1 Achyranthes aspera L. Anghedi, Anghedo
6/2 Aerva javanica (Burm.f.)Juss. Bur,Gorakhganjo
7/3 Celosia argentea L
4 Family : Aponogetonaceae
8/1 Aponogeton natans L.
5 Family :Araceae
9/1 Colocasia esculenta (L)
10/2 Pistia stratiotes Jalasankhala
6 Family: Asclepiadaceae
11/1 Leptadenia pyrotechnica i(forsk.) Khip, Ranser
7 Family :Asteraceae
12/1 Blumea eriantha DC. Kalhar
13/2 Blumea mollis D. Don Merr
13/3 Echinops echinatus Roxb Shulio
14/4 Eclipta prostrata (L.) Bhangro
15/5 Lacunae procumbens (Roxb) .Moti Bhonpatri
16/6 Parthenium hysterophorus L --
EIA17/7 Tridax procumbens L Pardesi Bhangro
18/8 Vernonia cinerea Less Sadedi
8 Family: Boraginaceae
19/1 Trichodesma indicum
9 Family : Caesalpiniaceae
20/1 Cassia tora L Kuvandio
10 Family: Ceratophyllaceae
21/1 Ceratophyllum demersum L.
11 Family: Convolvulaceae
22/1 Cressa cretica L
12 Family: Commelinaceae
23/2 Commelina benghalensis L
24/3 C.forskalaei Vahl., Enum
13 Family: Cyperaceae
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Sl. No Family & Scientific name Vernacular name
25/1 Cyperus difformis L.
26/2 Cyperus rotundus L.
27/3 Cyperus sp.
28/4 Fimbristylis dichotoma Vahl.
29/5 Fimbristylis sp.
14 Family: Euphorbiaceae
30/1 Chrozophora rottleri (Geis.) Juss.
31/2 Euphorbia hirta L.
15 Family: Gentianaceae
32/1 Nymphoides indicum (Roxb.) Kumudini
33/2 N. parvifolium (Griseb.) --
16 Family: Hydrocharitaceae
34/1 Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle
35/2 Vallisneria spiralis L.
36/3 Ottelia alismodies L.
17 Family: Lamiaceae
37/1 Leucas aspera. --
38/2 Ocimum sanctum L. Tulsi
39/3 O. canum Sims Ramtulsi
40/4 O .basilicum L. Damro
18 Family: Lemnaceae
41/1 Lemna gibba L.
19 Family: Liliaceae
42/1 Aloe barbadensis Mill. Kunvarpato
43/1 Urginea indica (Roxb.) Jungli Dungli
20 Family: Malvaceae
44/1 Abutilon indicum L. Khapat,Dabaliar
45/2 Sida alba L.. Bala
21 Family: Martyniaceae
46/1 Martynia annua L.
22 Family: Menispermaceae
47/1 Cocculus hirstus L Vevdi
23 Family: Nyctaginaceae
48/1 Boerhavia diffusa L. Satodi
49/2 Boerhavia chinensis Druce --
24 Family: Nymphaeaceae
50/1 Nymphaea pubescens Wild Kamal
51/2 Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. Motu kamal
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Sl. No Family & Scientific name Vernacular name
25 Family: Papilionaceae
52/1 Alysicarpus scariosus rottl.ex.Spr.
53/2 Cajanus cajan (L) Tuvar
54/3 Crotalaria burhia Bach. – Ham. Kharshan
55/4 Crotalaria medicaginea Lam. Ranmethi
56/5 Rhynchosia minima (L.) DC. --
57/6 Indigofera oblongifolia Forks. --
58/7 Tephrosia sps. --
59/8 Medicago sativa L. Rajko
26 Family: Poaceae
60/1 Aleuropus lagopoides (L)
61/2 Aristida sp.
62/3 Cynodon barberi Rang.
63/4 Cynodon dactylon (L.)
64/5 Oryza sativa L.
65/6 Phragmites kara (Retz.)
66/7 Triticum aestivum L. Ghau
67/8 Sorghum bicolor (L.) Jowar
68/9 Zea mays Makai
27 Family: Piperaceae
69/1 Peperomia pellucidaL.
28 Family: Polygonaceae
70/1 Polygonum glabrumwilld
29 Family: Scrophulariaceae
71/1 Bacopa monnieri (L.) Jalnaveri
30 Family: Solanaceae
72/1 Solanum indicum L. Ringni
73/2 Solanum nigrum L. Piludi
74/3 Solanum surattense Brum. Bhoringni
75/4 Solanum trilobatum L.
76/5 Physalis minima L. Popti
31 Family: Trapaceae
77/1 Trapa natans L var. bispinosa Shinghoda
32 Family: Tiliaceae
78/1 Corchorus depressus Stocks
79/2 Triumfeta rotundifolia Lam.
33 Family: Typhaceae
80/1 Typha angustata Bory & Chaub Ramban,Ghabajariu
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Sl. No Family & Scientific name Vernacular name
34 Family: Zygophyllaceae
81/1 Fagonia cretica L. Dhramau
82/2 Tribulus terrestris L. Mithu Gokhru
3.6.12. Climbers and Twiners:
Climbers/ twiners in the study area dominated by, Ipomoea pes-tigridis (Wagpadi),
Ipomea pes-caprae (Dariani vel), Ipomea aquatica (Nali ni Bhaji), Coccinia grandis
(Ghiloda) ,Luffa cylindrica (Galku), and Abrus precatorius (Chanothai). The major
climbers and twiners observed in the study area in the sampling plots are given in the
Table 3.26. 25 species of climbers/ twiners belongs to 9 families are recorded from
the area.
Table3.26: List of Climbers in the Study Area
Sl. No Family & Scientific name Vernacular name
1 Family: Asclepiadaceae
1/1 Pentatropis spiralis (Forsk.) Decne Shingroti
2/2 Oxystelma secamone L. Karst. Deuts.
2 Family: Convolvulaceae
3/1 Ipomea cairica (L.)
4/2 Ipomoea obscura L.
5/3 Ipomea pulchella Roth
6/4 Ipomea aquatica Forsk. Nadanivel
7/5 Ipomoea pes-caprae Dariani vel/Maryad vel
8/6 Ipomoea pes-tigrides L
3 Family: Caesalpiniaceae
9/1 Caesalpinia crista L. Kachka
4 Family: Cucurbitaceae
10/1 Coccinia grandis Ghiloda
11/2 Luffa cylindrica (L.) M.J.Roem Galku
12/3 L. acutangula (L) Jungli turia
13/4 Diplocyclos palmatus (L.) C.jeffrey Shivelangi
14/5 Corallocarpus epigeus (Arn.)
15/6 T richosanthes cucumerina L.
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Sl. No Family & Scientific name Vernacular name
5 Family: Cuscutaceae
16/1 Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. Amarvel
6 Family: Euphorbiaceae
17/1 Dalechampia scandensL,
7 Family: Liliaceae
18/1 Asparagus racemosus Wild var, javanicus Satavari
19/1 Gloriosa superba L
8 Family: Menispermaceae
20/1 Cocculus hirsutus (L.) Diels Vevdi
21/2 Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers Galo
9 Family: Papilionaceae
22/1 Mucuna prurita Hk.f. Kavach, Koyli
23/2 Abrus precatorius L. Chanothi
24/3 Clitoria ternatea L. Gokaran
25/4 Clitoria biflora Dalz.
3.6.13. Major Crops
Major crops in the study area are Rice (Oryza sativa L.) and Wheat (Triticum
aestivum)
3.6.14. Minor Crops
The minor crops of this region are Bajra (Pennisetum typhoides), Jowar (Sorghum
bicolar) and Divel (Ricinus communis)
3.6.15. Major horticultural crops
Keri (Mangifera indica L.), Chikoo (Manilkara zapota (L.)), Papaya (Carica papaya
L.), and Banana (Musa Paradisiaca L.) as shown in Fig 3.24 and Fig. 3.25.
3.6.16. Rare and Endangered Flora in the Study Area
The IUCN Red List is the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global
conservation status of plant and animal species. It uses a set of criteria to evaluate the
extinction risk of thousands of species and subspecies. These criteria are relevant to
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all species and all regions of the world. With its strong scientific base, the IUCN Red
List is recognized as the most authoritative guide to the status of biological diversity.
Among the numerated flora in the study area, none of them were assigned any threat
category, by RED data book of Indian Plants and Red list of threatened Vascular
plants (IUCN,2010, BSI, 2003)
Figure 3.10 Major Crops in the Study Area
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3.6.17. Faunal Biodiversity of the Study Area in Bharuch District
For the documentation of the faunal biodiversity of the study area with respect to
birds, reptiles, amphibians, and butterfly species, a baseline survey had been
conducted in March-May 2018.
3.6.18. Birds of the Study Area
The most commonly spotted water bird species of this area were;, Cattle Egret,
Intermediate Egret, Little Egret, Indian Cormorant, Black-winged Stilt, Red-wattled
Lapwing, Red-naped Ibis, Black-headed Ibis, White-breasted Water hen. Systematic
account of the birds in the study area with the status of occurrence is given in the
Table 3.27 and shown in Fig 3.12.
Table 3.27: Systematic List of birds in the study area with its residential status
Old Common name New Common Name Scientific Name R-S
I. ORDER: APODIFORMES
Family: Apodidae (swifts)
Common Swift Common Swift Apus apus R
House swift Little Swift Apus affinis R
II. ORDER: FALCONIFORMES
Family: Accipitridae (vulture, Sparrow hawk, Eagle, Harrier, Kite and Vulture)
Shikra Shikra Accipiter badius R
Black-winged Kite Black-winged Kite Elanus caeruleus R
Pied Harrier Pied Harrier Circus melanoleucos R
III. ORDER: : CICONIIFORMES
Family: Family: Anhingidae
Darter or Snake Birds Oriental Darter Anhinga melanogaster
A.rufa
R
Family: Ardeidae (heron, Egret, Bittern)
Grey Heron Grey Heron Ardea
cinerea
RW
Giant Heron Goliath Heron Ardea goliath RW
Pond Heron Indian Pond-Heron Ardeola grayii R
Cattle Egret Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis R
Median or Smaller
Egret
Intermediate Egret Mesophoyx
intermedia
R
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Egretta intermedia
Little Egret Little Egret Egretta garzetta R
Large Egret Great Egret Casmerodius albus
Ardea alba
Rw
Family: Charadriidae (Plover, Stilt, Oystercatcher, Lapwing, Avocet )
Black-winged Stilt Black-winged Stilt Himantopus
himantopus
R
Red-wattled Lapwing Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus R
Family: Ciconiidae (Open bill, stork, Adjutant)
Painted Stork Painted Stork Mycteria leucocephala R
Family: Phalacrocoracidae ( Cormorant)
Large Cormorant Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo RW
Indian Shag Indian Cormorant Phalacrocorax
fuscicollis
R
Little Cormorant Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger R
Family: Podicipedidae (Grebe)
Little Grebe Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis R
Family: Pteroclidae (Sandgrouse)
Indian Sandgrouse Chestnut-bellied
sandgrouse
Pterocles exustus R
Family: Threskiornithidae (Spoonbill and Ibis)
Spoonbill Eurasian Spoonbill Platalea leucorodia RW
Black Ibis Red-naped Ibis Pseudibis papillosa R
White Ibis Black-headed Ibis Threskiornis
melanocephalus
R
IV ORDER: COLUMBIFORMES
Family: Columbidae (Pigeon, Dove)
Blue Rock Pigeon Rock Pigeon Columba livia R
Ring Dove Eurasian Collared-Dove Streptopelia decaocto R
Rufous Turtle Dove Oriental Turtle-Dove Streptopelia orientalis R
V : ORDER: CORACIFORMES
Family: Dacelonidae (King fishers)
White breasted
Kingfisher
White-throated
Kingfisher
Halcyon smyrnensis R
Note: R = Widespread Resident, r= Very Local Resident, W = Widespread Winter
Visitor, w = Sparse Winter Visitor, RW =Resident and winter visitor
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Figure 3.11 Birds found in the Study Area
3.6.19. Butterflies of the Study Area
Butterflies observed during the present study are documented in the Table 3.28 and shown in
Figure 3.13.
Table 3.28: Butterflies in the Study Area
Sl. No Scientific name & family Common name
1 Family Papilionidae
1/1 Papilio polytes Linnaeus Common Mormon
2/2 Papilio demoleus Linnaeus Lime butterfly
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2 Family Pieridae
3/1 Eurema hecabe Linnaeus Common Grass yellow
4/2 Catopsilia pomona Fabricius Common Emigrant
5/3 Catopsilia pyranthe Linnaeus Mottled Emigrant
6/4 Delias eucharis Drury Common Jezebel
7/5 Cerpora nerissa Fabricius Common Gull
8/6 Ixias mariane Cramer White orange tip
9/7 Ixias pyrene Linnaeus Yellow orange tip
10/8 Colotis danae Fabricus Crimson tip
3 Family: Nymphalidae
11/1 Melanitis leda Linnaeus Common evening Brown
12/2 Junonia lemonias Linnaeus Lemon pancy
13/3 Junonia almanac Linnaeus Peacock pancy
14/4 Junonia orithya Linnaeus Blue pancy
15/5 Junonia hierta Fabricius Yellow pancy
16/6 Danaus chrysippus Linnaeus Plain Tiger
17/7 Danaus genutia Cramer Stripped Tiger
18/8 Hypolimanas misippus Linnaeus Danaid egg fly
19/9 Mycalesis perseus Fabricius Common bush brown
Figure 3.12: Butterfly found in study area.
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3.6.20. Herpetofauna
Reptiles documented in the region are given in the Table 3.29.
Table 3.29: Reptiles in the Study Area
S. No Common Name Scientific name
1 Common garden lizard Calotes versicolor (Daudin)
2 Common rat snake Ptyas mucosus (Linn.)
3 Common Indian monitor Varanus bengalensis ( Daudin)
4 Brahminy skink Eutropis carinata (Schneider)
5 House Gecko Hemidactylus flaviviridis (Ruppell)
7 Common Indian Cat Snake Boiga trigonata ( Schneider)
8 Spotted Indian House Gecko Hemidactylus brookii (Gray)
9 Fan-Throated Lizard Sitana ponticeriana ( Cuvier)
10 Indian Cobra Naja naja (Linn.)
11 Russell’s Viper Daboia russelii ( Shaw and Nodder)
12 Common Indian Krait Bungarus caeruleus ( Schneider)
,= Not sighted but included as per the information provided by villagers ,during the
interaction with them with pictorial presentation.
3.6.21. Mammals
The wild mammals observed other than domesticated ones from study area is documented in
the Table 3.30 and shown in Fig. 3.14.
Table 3.30: Mammals in the Study Area
S. No Common Name Scientific name
1 Indian field mouse Mus booduga (Gray)
2 Common Mongoose Herpestes edwardsi (Geoffroy)
3 Hare Lepus sp.
4 Five striped Palm squirrel Funambulus pennanii ( Wroughton)
5 Nilgai Boselaphus tragocamelus (Pallas)
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Fig 3.13: Langoor found in the study area
3.6.22. As per Wild Life Protection Act, 1972
Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972, as amended on 17th January 2003, is an Act to provide for
the protection of wild animals, birds and plants and for matters connected therewith or
ancillary or incidental thereto with a view to ensuring the ecological and environmental
security of the country.
Some of the sighted fauna were given protection by the Indian Wild Life
(Protection)Act,1972 by including them in different schedules .Among the birds in the study
area, Pea fowl (Pavo cristatus), is included in schedule I .of Wild life protection Act (1972),
while many other birds are included in schedule IV.
Among the reptiles, Indian Cobra (Naja naja), and Common rat snake (Ptyas mucosus) were
provided protection as per Schedule-II of Wild life protection act, (1972)
Among mammals; Common Mongoose (Herpestes edwardsi), is a schedule –II animals.
Hares and five stripped squirrels are included in schedule IV of Wild Life Protection act
1972.
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Table 3.31: Species provided Protection as per Wild Life Protection Act 1972 in Study Area
Group Species Schedule
Birds Pea fowl (Pavo cristatus), Schedule I
Most of other birds Schedule-IV
Reptiles Indian Cobra (Naja naja), Schedule-II
Common rat snake (Ptyas mucosus) Schedule-II
Mammals Common Mongoose (Herpestes edwardsi), Schedule-II
Five striped Palm squirrel (Funambulus pennanii
(Wroughton)
Schedule-IV
Hare (Lepus sp.) Schedule-IV
3.6.23. Animal Husbandry
Study Area includes mostly urban area, cattle wealth is of great importance to the economy of
the study region especially in agriculture. Every farmer usually has at least a cow or buffalo
and a pair of bullocks, which perform a variety of functions, chief among them being
ploughing, harrowing and carrying bullock carts, agricultural implements etc. Agriculture is
not mechanized to an appreciable extent. Goats, sheep and buffaloes are used mainly for
milking purpose. Hen is also carried out as side business.
Livestock rising is an economic activity persuaded by certain sections of community, who
have made grazing and breeding of livestock as their traditional occupation. Livestock has
proved to be a very valuable asset to the farmers. It provides them with the draught power
required for the cultivation and an additional means of supplementing their income.
Fig 3.14: Animal Husbandry found in study area.
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3.7. Socio-economic Aspects
The Socio-economic baseline data provide the foundation for assessment studies since they
help to identify site-specific impacts on various components of environment. The baseline
status also helps relate the effects of the project activities on the environmental components
and allows the identification of the parameters that need to be monitored. The information
concerning these parameters for the present study has been collected directly through field
measurements and from secondary data sources. The collected secondary data has been
appropriately supplemented by conducting the necessary primary data generation/ collection
through field study/monitoring during the visit of study area in the period of March – May
2018.
Socio-economic survey was conducted with the help of predesigned tool to measure the
socioeconomic status of the people in the study area.
The salient socio-economic features observed under the study are:
Most of the rural people in study area use Wood, Cooking Gas & charcoal as the
main source of fuel for cooking purpose.
Villages, have better communication and transportation facilities. Road
conditions are good. There is bus facility available in the interior villages.
Electricity facility available in villages is good.
The details of villages falling within the study area, population, sex-ratio, stratified
population distribution (male-female, scheduled caste-scheduled tribe, workers-non workers,
etc.) and basic amenities are abstracted from Census 2011 & 2001 of Gujarat State, obtained
from Office of Registrar General India, New Delhi, and Provisional Census Data 2011
available from the Official website of Census of India as the latest census data.
3.7.1. Bharuch District (Census, 2011)
Bharuch, also known as Broach, is the oldest city in Gujarat, situated at the mouth of the holy
river Narmada. It is located in the southern part of Gujarat, near the Gulf of Cambay in
Arabian Sea. The district has a known history for about 8000 years.
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The initial provisional data released by census India 2011, shows that density of Bharuch
district for 2011 is 238 people per sq. km. In 2001, Bharuch district density was at 210 people
per sq. km. Bharuch district administers 6,509 square kilometers of areas.
3.7.2. Literacy Rate 2011
Average literacy rate of Bharuch in 2011 were 81.51 compared to 74.41 of 2001. If things are
looked out at gender wise, male and female literacy were 87.45 and 75.09 respectively. For
2001 census, same figures stood at 82.98 and 65.11 in Bharuch District. Total literate in
Bharuch District were 1,118,276 of which male and female were 623,047 and 495,229
respectively. In 2001, Bharuch District had 875,519 in its district.
3.7.3. Sex Ratio 2011
With regards to Sex Ratio in Bharuch, it stood at 925 per 1000 male compared to 2001 census
figure of 921. The average national sex ratio in India is 940 as per latest reports of Census
2011 Directorate. In 2011 census, child sex ratio is 920 girls per 1000 boys compared to
figure of 918 girls per 1000 boys of 2001 census data.
3.7.4. Child Population 2011
In census enumeration, data regarding child under 0-6 age were also collected for all districts
including Bharuch. There were total 179,103 children under age of 0-6 against 194,025 of
2001 census. Of total 179,103 male and female were 93,265 and 85,838 respectively. Child
Sex Ratio as per census 2011 was 920 compared to 918 of census 2001. In 2011, Children
under 0-6 formed 11.55 percent of Bharuch District compared to 14.16 percent of 2001.
There was net change of -2.61 percent in this compared to previous census of India.
3.7.5. Houseless Census
In 2011, total 990 families live on footpath or without any roof cover in Bharuch district of
Gujarat. Total Population of all who lived without roof at the time of Census 2011 numbers
to 3,925. This approx 0.25% of total population of Bharuch district.
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3.7.6. Population 2015
What is the population of Bharuch in 2015? The fact is last census for Bharuch district was
done only in 2011 and next such census would only be in 2021. There is no actual figure for
population of Bharuch district situated in Gujarat. As per 2011, Bharuch population is
1,551,019
3.7.7. District Urban/Rural 2011
Out of the total Bharuch population for 2011 census, 33.85 percent lives in urban regions of
district. In total 524,959 people lives in urban areas of which males are 276,314 and females
are 248,645. Sex Ratio in urban region of Bharuch district is 900 as per 2011 census data.
Similarly child sex ratio in Bharuch district was 887 in 2011 census. Child population (0-6) in
urban region was 57,593 of which males and females were 30,526 and 27,067. This child
population figure of Bharuch district is 11.05 % of total urban population. Average literacy
rate in Bharuch district as per census 2011 is 88.33 % of which males and females are 92.02
% and 84.24 % literates respectively. In actual number 412,818 people are literate in urban
region of which males and females are 226,163 and 186,655 respectively.
As per 2011 census, 66.15 % population of Bharuch districts lives in rural areas of villages.
The total Bharuch district population living in rural areas is 1,026,060 of which males and
females are 529,393 and 496,667 respectively. In rural areas of Bharuch district, sex ratio is
938 females per 1000 males. If child sex ratio data of Bharuch district is considered, figure is
937 girls per 1000 boys. Child population in the age 0-6 is 121,510 in rural areas of which
males were 62,739 and females were 58,771. The child population comprises 11.85 % of total
rural population of Bharuch district. Literacy rate in rural areas of Bharuch district is 77.99 %
as per census data 2011. Gender wise, male and female literacy stood at 85.05 and 70.47
percent respectively. In total, 705,458 people were literate of which males and females were
396,884 and 308,574 respectively.
All details regarding Bharuch District have been processed by us after receiving from Govt.
of India. We are not responsible for errors to population census details of Bharuch District.
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3.7.8. Education Facilities
The study area has a good amount of educational facilities at both primary and secondary
levels. The Sarva Shiksha Abhiyaan (SSA) scheme encourages children to regularly attend
school for free and compulsory education up to class 8, and also provides nutritious meal
under the Mid-day Meal scheme of National Rural Health Mission (NRHM). Nonetheless,
higher education facilities are significantly less for a total study area population of 32,40,688
according to the Census figures of 2001. It has been observed that highest educational
attainment of the people in the study area is up to class 10. However, with changing times
and emergence for the need for higher education, there may have been rise in the number of
educational facilities in the study area.
Table 3.32: Social Profile of the Study Area, Census 2001 & 2011
Description Bharuch
2011 2001
Actual Population 15,51,019 13,70,656
Male 8,05,707 7,13,676
Female 7,45,312 6,56,980
Population Growth 13.16% 19.37%
Area Sq.Km 6,509 6,509
Density/Km2 238 210
Proportion To Gujarat Population 2.57% 2.71%
Sex Ratio (Per 1000) 925 921
Child Sex Ratio (0-6Age) 920 918
Average Literacy 81.51 74.41
Male Literacy 87.45 82.98
Female Literacy 75.09 65.11
Total Child Population (0-6 Age) 1,79,103 1,94,025
Male Population (0-6 Age) 93,265 1,01,176
Female Population (0-6 Age) 85,838 92,849
Literates 11,18,276 8,75,519
Male Literates 6,23,047 5,08,240
Female Literates 4,95,229 3,67,279
Child Population (0-6 Age) 11.55% 14.16%
Boys Population (0-6 Age) 11.58% 14.18%
Girls Population (0-6 Age) 11.52% 14.13%
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Table 3.33: Population dynamics of the study area
Description Bharuch District
Rural Urban
Population(%) 66.15% 33.85%
Total Population 10,26,060 5,24,959
Male Population 5,29,393 2,76,314
Female Population 4,96,667 2,48,645
Sex Ratio 938 900
Child Sex Ratio(0-6) 937 887
Child Population(0-6) 1,21,510 57,593
Male Child(0-6) 62,739 30,526
Female Child(0-6) 58,771 27,067
Child Percentage(0-6) 11.84% 10.97%
Male Child Percentage 11.85% 11.05%
Female Child Percentage 11.83% 10.89%
Literates 7,05,458 4,12,818
Male Literates 3,96,884 2,26,163
Female Literates 3,08,574 1,86,655
Average Literacy 77.99% 88.33%
Male Literacy 85.05% 92.02%
Female Literacy 70.47% 84.24%
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CHAPTER-4
ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS & MITIGATION MEASURES
4. Environmental Impacts Associated with Drilling and Production
The major element involved in the process of environmental impact assessment is
identification as it leads to other elements such as quantification and evaluation of impacts.
Although, in general, a number of impacts can be identified while describing the project, all
the impacts may not be considered significant. Hence, it is necessary to identify the critical
impacts that are likely to cause significant impact on various components of environment
due to proposed drilling.
A number of techniques are available for identification of impacts. In the present case for the
activities proposed to be carried, adaptation of “Network Method” which involves
understanding of “cause-condition – effect” relationship between as activity and
environmental parameters for identification of impacts has been found to be most appealing
tool. Table 4.1 shows the criteria adopted for classifying the impacts into five broad
categories. Likely impacts from Drilling have been identified in Table 4.2.
Table 4.1: Impact Significance Criteria
Impact Significance Criteria
Major Adverse When the impact is of:
High intensity
High spread (regional) or moderate spread
High or moderate duration
When the impact is of
Moderate intensity
High or moderate or low spread
High or moderate or low duration
Minor Adverse When the impact is of
Moderate or low intensity
low spread
High or moderate or low duration
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Table 4.2: Identification of Likely Impacts from Drilling and Production – Impacts/Risks
Interaction Environmental Sensitivities
Environmental
Parameters
Project Activities
Site
Preparation &
Installation of
facilities
Road
Construction
Drilling
Operation
Operation of
heavy
machineries &
DG sets
Physical Parameters
Topography x x x x
Air x x x x
Noise & Vibration x x x x
Surface Water x x
Ground Water x
Soil x x x x
Biological Parameters
Flora x x x x
Fauna x x x x
Eco sensitive area
Socio-Economic Parameter
Land Use x x x x
Tourism
Employment + + + +
Economy + +
Infrastructure +
Community
Health & Safety
x x x x
Occupational
Health & Safety
x x x x
x Mark represents adverse impact + Mark represents beneficial impact
The detailed list of activities and actions described earlier in this report has been taken into
consideration for generation of cause-condition-effect network (i.e. chain of events). This
Insignificant Adverse When the impact is of
low intensity
low spread
low duration
Moderate When the impact are positive
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type of method is advantageous in recognizing the series of impacts that would be triggered
by the proposed activities. Thus, this method has provided a “roadmap” type of approach to
the identification of second and third order effects. The idea was to account for the project
activity and identify the types of impact, which would initially occur. The next was to select
each impact and identify the secondary and tertiary impacts, which induced as a result. This
process was repeated until all possible impacts were identified. The greatest advantage of this
type of approach was that it allowed identifying the impacts by selecting the tracing out the
events as they are expected to occur. While identifying the impact network for drilling
operations in the study area all significant activities such as land acquisition, road/site
clearance, drill site preparation, diesel generation sets, waste pits well development and work
over operations have been accounted for.
The availability of energy resource (oil/gas) the end product has been considered for the
purpose of economic benefits.
4.1. Air Environment
For the purpose of impact predictions on air environment emission sources can be classified
into point and area sources. There are no areas sources considered for the purpose of
predictions. The point sources identified are diesel generator sets at drill sites. These will be
in operation for 24 hours a day. Emissions from the generators will consist of mainly PM 10,
PM 2.5, NOx, SO2 and suspended particles. The concentration of SO2 in the emitted gas will
depend on the fuel source. Since diesel contains low values of sulphur, using diesel as fuel
will lend to low SO2 emissions. Emissions are expected during temporary well flaring in the
event gas is discovered. Impact Significance of Air Quality during drilling has been given in
Table 4.3.
The meteorological data has been used for predictions for impacts of NOx on air
environment; an inter-active model that estimates short-term concentrations for a number of
arbitrarily located receptor points at or above ground level due to the point sources was used.
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The incremental GLC as a result of DG set operation are within the permissible limits as per
the CPCB. Regular monitoring for pollution levels indicate GLC levels to be within
permissible limits.
Table 4.3: Impact significance of Air Quality during the project
Activity Impact Context Duration intensity Significance
loca
l
Med
ium
Reg
ional
Short
Med
ium
Long
Low
Moder
ate
Hig
h
Insi
gnif
ican
t Min
or
moder
ate
maj
or
Drilling
of
Develop
ment
wells &
productio
n
Deterioration
of Air
quality
√ √ √ √
4.1.1. Assessment of Air Quality Impacts
The detail of likely emissions (particulate and gaseous) from the above mentioned sources for
drilling is given in Table 4.4.
Table 4.4: Emission during drilling of wells
Sr.
No.
Parameters Unit Operation of rig
engines (including
pump requirement)
DG power
generation
Test flaring
1 Capacity 1000 HP/932.5KVA 670 HP/625
KVA
Test flaring#
2 Number of
Stack
Nos 2 1 1(Occasional)
3 Fuel type* HSD HSD Gas
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Consumption** 3-4 m3/day 0.5-2 n3/day 125 M3/hr
4 Stack Height M 10 9 10
5 Stack Diameter M 0.305 0.254 0.0762(Flare
diameter 0.3048
m)
6 Temperature 0C 325 325 208
7 Velocity m/s 22.4 21.6 -
8 PM10 mg/Nm3
g/s
75
0.0622
75
0.0417
-
9 SO2 mg/Nm3
g/s
50
0.0395
50
0.0265
-
10 NOX mg/Nm3
g/s
2340
1.9064
2340
1.2778
95
0.03040
11 CO mg/Nm3
g/s
890
0.7250
890
0.486
550
0.197
* Source of above data is from OEM
*Bharat IV HSD is being used for drilling activities.
* Consider per day HSD consumption
**Consumption is shown during Drilling hours
#the test flaring will be temporary in nature and will be for about 24 to 48 hours
period depending upon the gas Encountered in the well. It is expected that about 3000
m3/day of gas will be test flared with an hourly average quantity of 125 m3/hour.
4.1.2. Decommissioning of Project
The impacts on air environment during decommissioning of project will be particularly in
form of dust due to dismantling operations drilling rigs and equipment at unviable wells.
Although the impacts on air environment will be short term but will require to be mitigated to
minimize dust emissions. Proper air emissions control measures will be implemented during
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the decommissioning phase. Dust suppression system to be used on the decommissioning site
and dirt track. Impacts on air quality due to above project activity are discussed below.
4.1.3. Impact from Air Emission
Considering emissions as described in the incremental values of PM10, SO2 &NOx have
been worked out using USEPA Industrial Source Complex Short Term model with
meteorological data recorded at site from January to December 2007. The modelling has
been done for different scenarios as given:
Scenario 1: During drilling of a well [from Power engines at rig generators and DG sets];
Scenario 2: During well testing and venting of hydrocarbons (for 24 to 48 hours and DG sets)
Scenario 1:
Output of Model- Particulate Matter (PM10)
Pollutant PM10
Model ISCST3
Grid Size 75m x 75m
Maximum GLC predicted 1.77 μg/m3
Distance and direction of max. GLC 237.2 m to the South west
24 hourly average GLC (first 10 highest)
S.N Concentration X , Y Type
1 1.772 (-225.00,-
75.00)
GC
2 1.67 (-300.00,-
150.00)
GC
3 1.632 (-150.00,-
225.00)
GC
4 1.616 (-225.00,-
150.00)
GC
5 1.607 (-300.00,-
75.00)
GC
6 1.572 (-225.00,-
300.00)
GC
7 1.502 (-300.00,-
75.00)
GC
8 1.492 (-300.00,-
225.00)
GC
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9 1.487 (-225.00,-
75.00)
GC
10 1.469 (-225.00,-
225.00)
GC
Isopleths Drawn at interval 0.3 μg/m3
Minimum concentration 0.4 μg/m3
Direction of dispersal SW quadrants
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Output of Model- Sulphur dioxide
Pollutant SO2
Model ISCST3
Grid Size 75m x 75m
Maximum GLC predicted 1.125 μg/m3
Distance and direction of max. GLC 237.2 m to the South west
24 hourly average GLC (first 10 highest)
S.N Concentration X , Y Type
1 1.125 ( -225.00, -75.00) GC
2 1.06 ( -300.00, -150.00) GC
3 1.036 ( -150.00, -225.00) GC
4 1.026 ( -225.00, -150.00) GC
5 1.02 ( -300.00, -75.00) GC
6 0.999 ( -225.00, -300.00) GC
7 0.954 ( -300.00, -75.00) GC
8 0.948 ( -300.00, -225.00) GC
9 0.0944 ( -225.00, -75.00) GC
10 0.933 ( -225.00, -225.00) GC
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Isopleths
Drawn at interval 0.20 μg/m3
Minimum concentration 0.25 μg/m3
Direction of dispersal SW quadrants
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Output of Model- Oxides of Nitrogen
Pollutant NOx
Model ISCST3
Grid Size 75m x 75m
Maximum GLC predicted 1.125 μg/m3
Distance and direction of max. GLC 237.2 m to the South west
24 hourly average GLC (first 10 highest)
S.N Concentration X , Y Type
1 54.307 ( -225.00, -75.00) GC
2 51.187 ( -300.00, -150.00) GC
3 50.015 ( -150.00, -225.00) GC
4 49.522 ( -225.00, -150.00) GC
5 49.251 ( -300.00, -75.00) GC
6 48.175 ( -225.00, -300.00) GC
7 46.037 ( -300.00, -75.00) GC
8 45.729 ( -300.00, -225.00) GC
9 45.575 ( -225.00, -75.00) GC
10 45.025 ( -225.00, -225.00) GC
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Isopleths
Drawn at interval 12.0 μg/m3
Minimum concentration 10.0 μg/m3
Direction of dispersal SW quadrant
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Scenario 2
Output of Model- Particulate Matter (PM10)
Pollutant PM10
Model ISCST3
Grid Size 75m x 75m
Maximum GLC predicted 1.527 μg/m3
Distance and direction of max. GLC 375 m to the South west
24 hourly average GLC (first 10 highest)
S.N Concentration X , Y Type
1 1.527 ( -225.00, -300.00) GC
2 1.356 ( -150.00, -225.00) GC
3 1.293 ( -225.00, -300.00) GC
4 1.262 ( -150.00, -300.00) GC
5 1.176 ( -225.00, -225.00) GC
6 1.171 ( -300.00, -300.00) GC
7 1.074 ( -150.00, -300.00) GC
8 1.057 ( -225.00, -225.00) GC
9 1.013 ( -150.00, -225.00) GC
10 0.986 ( -300.00, -300.00) GC
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Isopleths
Drawn at interval 0.3 μg/m3
Minimum concentration 0.2 μg/m3
Direction of dispersion SW
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Output of Model- Sulphur di oxide (SO2)
Pollutant SO2
Model ISCST3
Grid Size 75m x 75m
Maximum GLC predicted 0.97 μg/m3
Distance and direction of max. GLC 375 m to the South west
24 hourly average GLC (first 10 highest)
S.N Concentration X , Y Type
1 0.97 ( -225.00, -300.00) GC
2 0.861 ( -150.00, -225.00) GC
3 0.821 ( -225.00, -300.00) GC
4 0.802 ( -150.00, -300.00) GC
5 0.747 ( -225.00, -225.00) GC
6 0.744 ( -300.00, -300.00) GC
7 0.682 ( -150.00, -300.00) GC
8 0.672 ( -225.00, -225.00) GC
9 0.644 ( -150.00, -225.00) GC
10 0.626 ( -300.00, -300.00) GC
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Isopleths
Drawn at interval 0.2 μg/m3
Minimum concentration 0.1 μg/m3
Direction of dispersion SW
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Output of Model- Oxides of Nitrogen
Pollutant NOX
Model ISCST3
Grid Size 75m x 75m
Maximum GLC predicted 46.97 μg/m3
Distance and direction of max. GLC 375 m to the South west
24 hourly average GLC (first 10 highest)
S.N Concentration X , Y Type
1 46.968 ( -225.00, -300.00) GC
2 41.711 ( -150.00, -225.00) GC
3 39.79 ( -225.00, -300.00) GC
4 38.688 ( -150.00, -300.00) GC
5 36.502 ( -225.00, -225.00) GC
6 36.207 ( -300.00, -300.00) GC
7 32.945 ( -150.00, -300.00) GC
8 32.578 ( -225.00, -225.00) GC
9 31.138 ( -150.00, -225.00) GC
10 30.382 ( -300.00, -300.00) GC
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Isopleths
Drawn at interval 10.0 μg/m3
Minimum concentration 5.0 μg/m3
Direction of dispersal SW quadrants
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Inference: Scenario 1 & 2
The baseline ambient air quality has been added to the maximum incremental concentration
to get resultant air quality parameters during different stages of drilling activities.
Resultant PM10, SO2&NOx in Ambient Air (μg/m3)
Sl.
No
Parameters Maximum
Incremental
Concentrati
on µg/m3
Baseline
AAQ
(Average)
µg/m3
Resultant
Max.
GLCµg/m3
AAQ
Standar
d(CPCB)
µg/m3
Direction of
dispersal
Scenario 1
1 PM10
(24hrs)
1.77 58.295 60.065 100 SW
2 SO2 (24hrs) 1.125 6.329 7.454 120 SW
3 NOx(24hrs) 54.3 14.91 69.21 120 SW
Scenario 2
1 PM10
(24hrs)
1.527 58.295
110.187
500 SW
2 SO2 (24hrs) 0.97 6.329 24.17 120 SW
3 NOx(24hrs) 46.96 14.91 61.87 120 SW
The above air quality data reveals that even after considering incremental concentration in to
baseline air quality from various operations, Ground Level Concentration (GLC) does not
exceeds limits as prescribed by National Ambient Air Quality Standards (AAQS) It may be
concluded that impact of proposed activities will be insignificant.
4.1.4. Mitigation Measures
Measures proposed to control air emissions during drilling of oil and gas wells include:
Minimization of emissions from drilling machineries, generators and optimize fuel
efficiency;
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Minimization of flaring and emissions from any production tests as far as possible;
and
Optimization flare burner characteristics to ensure maximum during of hydrocarbons
produced during production test of wells (only in case required).
Generators to conform to the emission norms notified under the Environment
(Protecting) Act, 1986;
Cold venting of gases will never be resorted
All tests flaring will be done by elevated flaring (stack) system (if required so).
4.2. Noise Environment
For hemispherical sound wave propagation through homogenous loss free medium,
one can estimate noise levels at various locations due to different sources using model
based on first principle.
Lp2=LP1 -20 Log (r2 /r1) – Ae1, 2..................... (1)
Where Lp2 and LP1 are sound levels at points located distance r1 and r2 from the
source Ae1, 2 is the excess attenuation due to environmental conditions.
Combined effect of all the sources can be determined at various locations by
logarithmic addition. It has been observed that generally all the noise in a rig
installation are scattered in an area of about 100 m × 100 m. As the proposed drilling
operations are carried out at 0.5 to 1.0 km away from the human habitation, the first
approximation one can assume that for general population in the village, every
drilling site is a “point” source of noise.
The average equivalent sound level of such a point source can be estimated by
measurements of noise levels at approximately 50 meters in different directions from
a hypothetical source by applying equation:
Lp = lw – 20 log r- Ae -8............................. (2)
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Where, Lw is sound power level of the source, Lp is sound pressure level at distance r and Ae
is the environmental attenuation factor. The noise level at different location can be calculated
using equation (2) for averaged noise source. The asymmetry of the source gets masked in
this model due to working approximation, but it is allowable for distant receptors (>1 km).
When a mechanical rig is in operation at its maximum efficiency, the drilling platform
(derrick) can be assumed as the location of the hypothetical source of noise at the drill site
where maximum noise levels are recorded (102dBA). Further the noise levels recorded in
various direction at distance 50 m can be used for estimation of magnitude of the average
noise equivalent source. Noise level due to such a source works out to be 44 dBA at a
distance of 1 km. As environmental attenuation, particularly due to less by absorption and
crops/grass/shrubs cannot be neglected the levels will work out to be less by 7 to 10 dBA
depending on the nature of vegetation, relative humidity and frequency of the noise.
Therefore average noise levels at about 1 km from the drilling rigs would be around 37-44
dBA. The overall background noise levels would increase by 3-4 dBA and 2-3 dBA during
day night time respectively dus to drilling operation. Deployment of electrical rigs would
minimize the noise levels and impact can be minimized.
Day night sound level, Ldn is often used to describe community noise exposure which
includes 10 dBA night time penalties. As per WHO recommendations there is no identified
risk in damage of hearing due to noise levels less than 75 dBA (Leq 8 hrs). Most of the
international damage risk criteria for hearing loss permit Leq (12 hrs) up to 87 dBA. Further,
WHO recommendations for community noise annoyance, permits day time outdoor noise
levels of 55 dBALeq, and night time outdoor noise level of 45 dBALeq to meet steep criteria
i.e. Leq (24 hrs) = 52.2 dBA and Ldn = 55 DBA.
The damage risk criteria for hearing, as enforced by OSHA (Occupational Safety & Health
Administration) to reduce hearing loss, stipulate that noise level up to 90 dBA are acceptable
for eight hours exposure per day. At places except the drilling platform, continuous
attendance of workers is not required. Hence, the noise levels only at the drilling platform are
of concern for occupational consideration.
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4.3. Land Environment
During the drilling operation, two major sources of solid wastes are envisaged: (i) drill
cuttings, separated on a shaker (vibrating screen) which is a part of solids handling system
attached to rig and (ii) rejected drilling mud with sand and silt separation in desander and
desilter.
Drill cuttings from the wells are allowed to collect in the sump below the shale shaker and
removed periodically whereas mud is recovered and sent to recycling tanks. Around 5 to 10
T/day of drill cutting are expected to generate depending on type of formation and drill
performed. Drill cuttings are washed before leaving shaker for recovery of attached mud.
Though some mud particles are likely to be associated with drill cuttings, the overall nature
of solids will be non-hazardous.
It is anticipated that approximately 121 m3 of drill cuttings will be generated over a period of
40-45 days for from each well. It is planned to wash the-drill cuttings and dispose it into lined
waste pit and covered by native soil.
Mud portion, which is recovered in shale shaker, passes though desander and desilter where
sand & silt are removed by centrifugal action. The sand silt generated at this unit is
contaminates with mud particle and is allowed to flow to waste pit by washing it down. These
solids contain mainly bentonite, barite and small portion of organics along with heavy metals.
These solids accumulate at the bottom of waste pit and possess the characteristics of natural
earth materials. Quantity of rejected fine sand, silt and mud is expected to be 200-250 kg/day
will be generated.
In order to predict the environmental impacts due to drilling mud reject pits, simulating field
conditions carried out laboratory studies. The studies included investigation of leaching
potential of possible hazardous constituents from these sources. Table 4.5 outlines the impact
significance of waste generation.
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Table 4.5: Impact Significance of Waste Generation during Drilling
Activity Context Duration intensity Significance
Loca
l
Med
ium
Reg
ional
Short
Med
ium
Long
Low
Moder
ate
Hig
h
Insi
gnif
ican
t
Min
or
moder
ate
maj
or
Drilling
&
Productio
n Activity
√ √ √ √
Subsurface soils were collected and experiments for investigation of leaching potential of
drilling mud and wastewater were carried out in laboratory. Since pH and alkalinity can
directly affect the solubility of many parameters, especially the metals, the comparison of the
two gave some indications of the mobility of the metals. Generally, solubility of metal
decreases with increase in pH and alkalinity.
On application of the drilling mud and wastewater to soils, this was found to be true as soils
were alkaline in nature. The transportation of ions revealed that Na, Cl and metals would tend
to be slightly elevated in subsurface soils close to the mud pits or emergency wastewater
impoundments; however, most parameters will not migrate any significant distance away
from the disposal/temporary storage facilities. Na, Cl was the only ions to show definite
vertical migration through subsurface soils, specific conductance was used as the
characteristic of zones with elevated ions.
The studies further revealed that drilling improves water holding capacity and cation
exchange capacity of soils. Thus, drilling mud could actually benefit vegetative production.
This could be attributed to the fact that the drilling mud is, by design, impermeable
suspensions of clays which form an even more impermeable contact surface between the mud
and native soils.
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As a result of these characteristics, the potential for leaching of constituents from mud pits is
practically negligible. In mud pits migration of constituent will be dominated by surface
runoff rather than by percolation of precipitation downward through the relatively
impermeable drilling mud clays. Thus, neither the drill cuttings nor the barites used would
cause any toxicity to the land environment. The aforesaid scenario of negligible pollution is a
direct consequence of implementation and continual monitoring of the environmental
parameters.
Further, barite was analysed for Cd and Hg. The results always showed the absence of these
heavy metals. The various lot of barite used by ONGC has never indicated the presence of
heavy metals.
4.4. Water Environment
It is estimated that approximately 700 m3 of drilling fluid will be formulated during the
course of one exploratory well to be drilled. Drilling fluid or mud is basically a mixture of
water, clay, polymers and weighting material with all individual components being
environmentally friendly. This mud will be reused as much as possible. The mud circulation
is a closed loop with the return mud going back to the mud tanks. At the end of drilling
operations, the residual (unusable) mud is discharged in to the waste pit. The impact
significance on water environment is shown in Table 4.6.
Table 4.6: Impact Significance of Waste Resource Quality during Drilling
Activity Impact Context Duration intensity Significance
loca
l
Med
ium
Reg
ional
Short
Med
ium
Long
Low
Moder
ate
Hig
h
Insi
gnif
ica
nt
Min
or
moder
ate
maj
or
Drilling
of
Explorat
ory wells
Deteriorat
ion of Air
quality √ √ √ √
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In order to estimate the effects of surface water runoff/overflow of waste from the storage
pits on aquatic ecosystems, short-term bioassay studies were carried out by several institutes
such as NEERI in the past. These studies revealed that effects of toxic substances on fish
food organisms are vital factors in determining whether fish can flourish or survive in
polluted water, as in many cases the lower organisms upon which fish depend are even more
susceptible to a poison than are the fish themselves. In order to predict the impacts, bioassay
tests were conducted on algae (Scenedesmus), Zooplankton (Daphnia and Cypris) and fish
(Lebistesreticulatus) on laboratory scale.
Pure culture of the organisms was used for the test and were exposed separately at various
dilutions of the waste. The result indicated that the waste was not toxic to algae. The growth
of algae was stimulated in 30% within a period of 5 days. Among other organisms tested, the
fish and Daphnia were the most resistant and susceptible to the waste. At 100% waste only
20% fish died in 48 hours.
Life cycle test with the juveniles (less than 24 hrs) of Daphnia was conducted through two
generations at two nutrient fortified concentrations (50% & 80%) of waste in laboratory (31°-
32°C) for 12 days. Only one juvenile was added at each concentration and control on zero
day. Daphnia got matured and released 6 offspring (neonates) asexually at each toxicant level
and control in fifth day. The parent Daphnia at 80% waste died on fifth day. However, in
second generation 12% more and 33%less neonates were recorded at 50% and 80% waste
respectively on twelve day. It was thus concluded that the waste at 50% dilution did not
impair the growth of Daphnia.
Algal bioassay of mixed algal species showed that green and blue green algal species are
much more resistant to drilling pit waste and water soluble fractions of crude oil, while
diatoms and desmids are highly susceptible to these wastes. When exposed to these wastes
phytoplankton community is dominated by green and blue-green algae only. These studies
indicate that the phytoplankton community structure would change if surface run off of waste
fluids present in waste pits mixes with surface water. Since, lined pits will be used for solar
evaporation of the unusable mud, the chances of run off or leaching is very low.
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4.5. Biological Environment
Prediction of impact on Biological environment due to any exploratory drilling activity is
practically difficult because:
Living subjects has a natural, variation in numbers; changes in number cannot always
be directly attributed to changes in the environment
Most of the impacts on the living system or ecosystem take long time period cannot
become fully visible externally.
4.5.1. Terrestrial Environment
The forests are getting vanished and the growing industrialization will affect the plant life due
to industrial pollution load and influx of population. Therefore to minimize the adverse
effect; it is proposed that the adequate management of these be taken up in a systematic
manner. The natural vegetation in the study area is not considerable. It will be affected due to
increased pollution load; however, it will improve due to follow up of Environmental
Management plan (EMP). There are no rare and endangered plant and animal species in the
study area and hence no changes are anticipated.
4.5.2. Aquatic Environment
There are no rare and endangered aquatic species and hence no change will occur. The
characteristics of the water bodies may not change appreciably. In general, due to operation
of drilling, adverse impacts are anticipated in biological environment. Aquatic environment is
likely to be affected more adversely than the terrestrial environment without EMP. However,
with the proper follow up EMP there will be significant improvement in biological
environment covering terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.
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4.6. Socio-economic Environment
Critically analysing the existing status of socio-economic profile vis-a-vis its scenario with
proposed project, the impacts of the project would be of varying nature. The predicted
impacts are as follows:
The proposed activities would generate indirect employment in the region; labour
force will be required in site preparation and drilling activities, supply of raw
material, auxiliary and ancillary works which will improve the economic status of
the local unemployed persons.
The commissioning of project would lead to improvement in transport facilities as
loose or soft surface rural roads and trails will be upgraded to facilitate movement
of the drilling rig and supply vehicles
4.7. Environmental Impact Statement
The impact statement focuses on the study area within block boundary of the proposed
drilling sites the five basic environmental components of concern are:
Air Environment
Noise Environment
Water Environment
Land Environment
Socio-economic Environment
For each of the above components of environment, the impacts are identified through cause-
condition network predicted through appropriate mathematical models and evaluated through
environmental evaluation system.
4.7.1. Air Environment
The impacts on air emissions arising out of proposed activity are mainly due to
construction activity, temporary flaring during well testing and emissions from DG
sets. These will have no adverse impact and it is anticipated to only marginal increase
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for very short duration in concentration of PM 10, SOx, NOx, etc. The impact of these
parameters will be negligible from the proposed activity since the terrain is plain and
sufficient amount of atmospheric mixing is available in that region. The impact
network for Air Environment is given in Fig. 4A.
4.7.2. Noise Environment
The impact of noise generated by the drilling on the general population is expected to
be insignificant. Table 4.7 show the expected noise levels due to drilling. On the basis
of expected noise levels calculated through standard attenuation model, it is observed
that the noise levels in the region would be within the standard limits (IS: 4954). The
increase will only be marginal in comparison to the existing noise levels.
The estimated background noise levels in the villages near the drilling site varied
between 40 and 60 dB (A) and in commercial places and highways it varied from 55
to 60 dB (A). It is estimated that the general noise levels near the drill site will vary
from 45 to 80 dB (A). The impact of the noise on general population is therefore
expected to be insignificant.
Table 4.7 Noise Exposure levels to Typical Drilling Rigs
Elect. Rig (dBA)
Occupational Exposure
Leq (12 hrs) (on the derrick) 71
Leq (12 hrs) (within the premises) 60
Human Settlement Exposure
Leq (24 hrs) (villages 1 km away) 37
Ldn (village 1 km away) 39
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4.7.3. Land Environment
The proposed drilling activity will lead to temporary and minor soil erosion and loss of
agricultural land. Impact on land environment, due to site preparation is minor. There shall be
loss of vegetation or change in land use from agriculture/scrub land/open
vegetation/plantation to industrial land use. During site preparation the topsoil will be
removed from the project site and the approach road, which contains most of the nutrients
and organisms that give soil productivity. This will in turn result in minor changes of topsoil
structure. Soil quality may be affected by setting up of rig and associated machinery and will
continue till the site is restored to its original condition. Contamination of soil can result from
the project activities if certain operations like storage of chemicals, crude and fuels cement
and mud preparation, spent oil and lubricants are not managed efficiently
Mitigation measures
Necessary efforts will be made during selection of drill site to minimize disruption
of current land use to the extent possible;
On completion of works (in phases), all temporary structures, surplus materials and
wastes will be completely removed;
Temporary new approach roads can be constructed and existing roads may be
improved, if required, for smooth and hassle free movement of personnel as well as
materials and machineries;
4.7.4. Water Environment
No significant impacts on water quality are envisaged due to discharges of wastewater if
properly treated as the baseline status show dissolved solids, total hardness, chloride,
sulphate, sodium, potassium and nutrients. Groundwater quality around the drilling sites
shows alkaline nature with a pH range of 7.22 to 7.51. The chloride values are below the
stipulated standards. Phosphate and nitrate concentration of groundwater are well within the
prescribed limits.
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4.7.5. Biological Environment
Vegetation in the vicinity of the drilling sites will not get affected by proposed drilling
because of marginal change in ambient air quality. Re-establishment of crops by natural
means is expected to adequately mitigate the impact due to emissions of pollutants.
4.7.6. Socio-economic Environment
The proposed exploratory drilling of 48 wells of different fields covered under 13 ML Blocks
of Western Onshore Basin would create certain impacts with beneficial as well as adverse
effects on the socio economic environment. The prediction of qualitative Impacts on Socio-
economic Environment is described in Table 4.8 (Source: ONGC/NEERI/ Published data
/report from various departments of Gujarat Govt.
Table 4.8: Prediction of Qualitative Impacts on socio-Economic Environment
Parameter Local Regional Direct Indirect Reversible Irreversible
Employment + • + + + •
Income + • • + + •
Transport + + + + • +
Education • • • • • •
Medical
Facilities
• • • • • •
Communication + + + • • +
Sanitation - • - • •
Housing • • • • • •
Health - • - • •
Recreation • • • • • •
Agriculture - • - • - •
Cost of living + + + • • +
Business + + + • • +
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Per Capita
Income
+ + + • • +
pollution - • - • - •
+: Positive Impact - : Negative Impact •: Insignificant
In order to mitigate the adverse impacts on social economic aspects, due to the project, it is
necessary to formulate certain EMP measures for the smooth functioning and commissioning
of the project. The suggested measures are given below:
• Preference shall be given for employment of the local people during construction
phase which will secure the economic life of the unemployed population on
temporary basis
• Communication with the local community will be institutionalized & done on need
basis by the project authorities to provide as opportunity for mutual discussion.
• Create various awareness campaigns in the community, specially related to basic
health, hygiene and sanitation.
• Protection of persons against dust emissions during construction and transportation
activities.
• Welfare measures will be decided and planned according to the priority and need
of the community
• It will be ensured that the houses near to drill sites do not affected.
• Environmental Awareness programs will be organized to bring forth the
environmental management measures being undertaken & the beneficial aspect of the
proposed project for improving their quality of life.
It is necessary to identify the extent of these impacts for further planning of control measures
leading to mitigation of the adverse impacts due to proposed project on parameters of human
interest socio-economic have been assessed in term of:-
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4.8. Positive Impacts
The positive impacts identified from proposed project are described below:
Increase in job opportunities during the construction as well as operational phase for the
qualified and skilled as well as unqualified and unskilled people in the study area that may
have distinctive impact on the socio-economic development of the region.
Fulfilment of the gas demand in the industrial sector of the region which will ultimately
improve the economy of the region.
The construction of gas wells will be accompanied by the development of roads and other
Infrastructure which can help to develop local area.
Quality of life will improve by proposed project through development of infrastructure
resource such as development of roads, water supply, electricity etc.
The civil amenities like medical facilities, market, education, sports and cultural activities are
likely to improve in the study area.
The gas exploited by drilling can be used as a domestic fuel which may help to boost local
economy.
With the enhancement of infrastructure facilities, better employment opportunities the overall
quality of life of the people will be upgraded Increase in the availability of fuel in the area
Many auxiliary and ancillary industries may develop due to the proposed project activity.
4.9. Negative Impacts
Occupational hazards in terms of injuries of accidents may occur during movement of rig &
drilling of the wells.
Vehicle and drilling equipment can create noise pollution construction phase for short period.
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Due to influx of population and pollution that may arise out of the proposed project activity,
undesirable problem on the social, economic and health status of the people may rise in the
region
During construction phase of project there could be added unavoidable pollution in the region
if proper abatement measures are not adopted
Change in the occupational patterns within the study area, as employment will be provided
only on short term basis.
4.10. Mitigation Measures
It is recommended that all equipment is operated within specified design
parameters during construction and operational phases
This can be achieved by minimizing the duration of testing through careful
planning and using high combustion efficiency, smokeless flare/burners
It is recommended that while deploying major noise generating equipment
such as diesel generators etc.,
It will be checked that all mufflers are in good working order and that the
manufacturers have taken the normal measures for minimizing the noise levels
Noise barriers/shields in the form of well berm will be provide around the
units wherever possible
Use of ear muffs/plugs and other protective devices will be provided to the
workforce prone areas
Wherever generator noise occurs in proximity to human settlements, sound
deadening barriers will be provided
The effluents (wastewater) generated during drilling operations are
recommended to be collected in lined waste pits to avoid groundwater
contamination
The additional manpower requirement for drilling for drilling activities will
increase employment opportunities for the local population, thus improving
their social status
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4.11. Project Post monitoring Program
Monitoring is one of the most important components of a management system. The
Continuous monitoring needs to be carried out for regulatory requirements, environmental
effects and performance of EMP implementation. Drilling is for short duration 3-4 months.
During drilling waste water quality, air quality monitoring and monitoring will be carried out
and monitoring will be carried out during production phase.
4.12. Occupational Health Surveillance Program:
ONGC onshore operations are comes under Mine Act (Ministry of Labour) and as per Mines
Act every person employed in mine should go under PME (Periodical Mine should go under
PME (Periodical Medical Examination) by approved medical doctor / Hospital at fixed
interval i.e. Up to 45 yrs. – Once in a 05 Yrs. 46 to 55 Yrs. – 03 yrs. &> 55 yrs. – 01 yr. As
per plan 10% employees are being medically examined every year and record is being kept
for future reference and track.
There are ONGC Panel hospitals / Laboratories / Doctors with necessary medical facilities
for PME like X-Rays, ECG, Sonography, PFT, Audiometery, Eye / ENT Surgeon / Blood/
urine test etc.
ONGC has its own dispensaries and empanelled hospitals for employees and their family
members for medical problems. Ambulance is available 24 hrs.
All the work canters have first Aid Box, Stretcher and 24 Hrs. Emergency vehicles. The main
occupational health hazards may be nose at drilling rigs, and necessary guidelines are
available sites.
Free medical camps (medical check-ups / eye check-up) are also organized by ONGC in
Villages around the operational area, and accordingly patients are treated and free medicines
are given. If required free operations are also bone by ONGC.
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CHAPTER-5
ADDITIONAL STUDIES
5. Additional Studies
This chapter describes the public consultation for the proposed project, Risk Assessment and
Disaster Management Plan, occupational health and safety issues.
5.1. Public Consultation
Public Consultation refers to the process by which the concerns of local affected persons and
others who have plausible stake in the environmental impacts of the project or activity design
as appropriate.
All category A and B projects or activities under Schedule II of the EIA notification, dated
14th
September 2006 shall undertake public consultation
The proposed category falls under category A which requires EIA studies as well as public
consultation.
The public consultation shall ordinarily have two components comprising of public hearing at
the site or in its close proximity- district wise, to be carried out in the prescribed manner and
obtaining responses in writing from other concerned persons having a plausible stake in the
environmental aspects of the project or activity.
This report is being submitted to Pollution Control Board for conducting public
hearing/consultations. After completion of the public consultation, ONGC shall address all
the material environmental concerns expressed during this process, and make appropriate
changes in the draft EIA and EMP. The final EIA report, so prepared, shall be submitted by
ONGC to MOEFCC to the complete EC process.
5.2. Risk Assessment Study
Environmental risk involves the occurrence or potential occurrence of some accident
consisting of an event or sequence of events resulting into fire, explosion or toxic hazards to
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human health and environment. Risk Assessment (RA) provides a numerical measure of the
risk that a particular facility poses to the public. It begins with the identification of probable
potential hazardous events at an industry and categorization as per the predetermined criteria.
5.2.1. Objectives
Following are the objectives of Risk Assessment studies:
Generation of release scenarios for proposed project
Estimation of damage distances for the accidental release of hazardous chemicals based on
different scenarios
Suggestion of risk mitigation measures for well blow out scenarios, diesel storage, mud
system and falling objects
Approach to Disaster Management Plan
5.2.2. Scope of Work
The scope of this study is to carry out risk assessment for Expansion for development and
production of Uber-2 well and Group Gathering Station, Jambusar, Gujarat. Standard
industry practices of risk assessment are considered in the study. The hazard potential of
various fuels/chemicals and estimation of consequences in case of accidental release are the
issues of immediate relevance to be considered.
5.2.3. Identification of Risks Hazards
Taking into account the applicability of different risk aspects of the drilling operations to be
undertaken in the major categories of hazards that can be associated with proposed project
has been dealt with in detail. They are as follows:
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Table-5.1: Major hazards and risks of Oil/Gas well drilling
Sl.
No
Hazards Risks
1. Blow out Fire, Oil spill
2. Oil Spill Fire, Environmental damage
3. Presence of H2S Loss of life
All the above mentioned hazards are significant and will have major consequences. All the
causative factors have been evaluated and through risk ranking criteria detailed below and the
risk reduction measures existing and residual risks of these have been evaluated.
The following risk ranking matrix has been used for assessing the risks of various activities
of drilling. All the risks and hazards have been evaluated based on the likelihood of
occurrence and magnitude of consequences. The significance of the risk is expressed as the
product of likelihood and the consequence of the risk event, expressed as follows:
Significance = Likelihood X Consequence in three regions that identify the limit of risk
acceptability according to the policy and the strategic objectives of ONGC is given in Table-
5.2. Depending on the position of the intersection of a column with a row in the risk matrix,
hazard prone activities have been classified as low, medium and high thereby qualifying for a
set of risk reduction / mitigation strategies.
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Table 5.2: Criteria for the Risk Ranking
Severity of
incident (or
consequences)
FATAL / HIGH
POTENTIAL
MAJOR
Personnel
Fatality or
permanently disabling
injury
Environmental-
significant release
with serious off-site
impact and more likely
than not to cause
immediate or long term
health effect
Property Damage
Blowout/ Explosion /
Major Fire
MAJOR
Personnel
one or more serious
injury/disabling injury
man hour loss more
than 500 hrs
Environmental-
significant release
with serious off-site
impact
Property Damage
Vessel Collision
Cost(Equipment
damage)-
major damage to
process areas; estimated
at a cost more than Rs
MINOR Personnel
not severe injury
resulting in more than
one day off
Environmental-
release which results
in agency notification
or permit violation
Cost(Equipment
damage)-
some equipment
damage at an estimated
cost > Rs 5000/- (Five
thousand) up to Rs
1,00,000/- (One lakh)
Shut Down –
More than 06 hours.
SIGNIFICANT
Personnel
less than one day off
Environmental-
environmentally
reportable event with no
agency notification or
permit violation
Cost(Equipment
damage)-
Minimal equipment
damage at a minimal cost
up to Rs 5000 (Five
thousand) Public image:
Confined to installation.
Fire: Up to 2 mins
RECORDABLE
Personnel
First aid incidents
Environmental
environmentally
recordable event
Cost(Equipment
damage)-
No recordable
equipment
damage
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Cost (Equipment
damage)-
major or total
destruction to process
areas estimated at a
cost more than Rs
5,00,000/- (Five lakhs)
Shut Down –
More than 24 hours
down time
1,00,000/- (one lakh) up
to Rs 5,00,000/- (Five
lakhs)
Shut Down / Failure
Critical Equipment
More than 12 hours.
Fire:
15 mins and above
Explosion
Fire:
Less than 15 mins
SCORE 5 4 3 2 1
Prob. of
occurrence (or
likelihood)
Negligible Low Medium High Frequent
Grade A B C D E
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RISK MATRIX Likelihood
Negligible Low Medium High Frequent
No known
occurrences
in the
industry
Known
to have
occurred
in the
industry
Occurs
in the
company
Occurs in the
Asset/Drilling
Services
Occurs
on the
Rig
SE
VE
RIT
Y
People Asset Environment A B C D E
Recordable First aid
incidents
No recordable
equipment
damage
environmentally
recordable event
1
Significant Less than one
day off
Minimal
equipment
damage at a
minimal cost up
to Rs 5000
(Five thousand)
Significant
Environmentally
Incident
2
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Minor not severe
injury resulting
in more than
one day off
Cost
(Equipment
damage)
Damage cost Rs
5000-1,00,000/-
Shut Down
More than 06
hours. Fire:
less than 15
minutes
Release which
results in agency
notification or
permit violation
3
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Major One or more
serious
injury/disabling
injury Man
hour loss more
than 500 hrs
Cost(Equipment
damage)-
major damage
to rig estimated
at a cost more
than Rs
1,00,000/- (one
lakh) up to Rs
5,00,000/- (Five
lakhs) Shut
Down / Failure
Critical
Equipment
More than 12
hours. Fire:
15 mins and
above
Significant
release with
serious off-site
impact
4
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Fatal/High
Potential
Major
Fatality or
permanently
disabling injury
Cost
(Equipment
damage) major
or total
destruction to
process areas
estimated at a
cost more than
Rs 5,00,000/-
(Five lakhs)
Shut Down
More than 24
hours down
time
Significant
release with
serious off-site
impact and more
likely than not
to cause
immediate or
long term health
effect
5
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Table 5.3 Risk Categories and Significance of Criteria
Risk Criteria Definition
Low
(Continuous
improvement)
The level of risk is broadly acceptable and no specific control measures
are required.
Medium (Risk
reduction
measures)
The level of risk can be tolerable only once a structured review of risk-
reduction measures has been carried out
High
(Intolerable
risk)
The level of risk is not acceptable and risk control measures are required
to move the risk figure to the previous regions.
5.3. Major Hazards
5.3.1. Blowout
A blowout in a hydrocarbon exploration activity can be defined as any uncontrolled flow of
formation fluids from the reservoir to the surface, due to formation pressure exceeding the
hydrostatic pressure of the mud or fluid column and failure of secondary blowout prevention
measures. For an offshore drilling activity, blowout events may occur at the drill ship level or
subsea and may result in pool /jet fires, or sometimes may lead to release of toxic gases like
Hydrogen Sulphide.
Contributors to blowout are:
a) Primary
Failure to keep the hole full
Mud weight too low
Swabbing during trips
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Lost circulation and
Failure of differential fill-up equipment.
b) Secondary
Failure to detect and control a kick as quickly as possible
Mechanical failure of BOP
Failure to test BOP equipment properly
Damage to or failure of wellhead equipment
Failure of casing; and
Failure of formation or cement bond around casing.
5.3.2. Blowout Consequences And Effects
A blowout incident can take a variety of different forms, ranging from a minor leak which
can be stopped within minutes, to a major release which continues out of control for days or
even months. The consequences of a blowout event will to a large extent depend on how the
blowout scenario evolves and the following possible scenarios are likely:
Release of oil, resulting in a slick or spill on the sea release of drilling fluids and resulting
spill leading to contamination of marine environment.
Release of toxic / flammable gas which may have deleterious effect on the personnel
Ignition of the flammable gas / oil released resulting in a jet fire, pool fire or an explosion
If the hydrostatic head exerted by the column of drilling fluid is allowed to drop below the
formation pressure then formation fluids will enter the wellbore (this is known as a kick) and
a potential blowout situation has developed. Fast and efficient action by operating personnel
in recognizing the above situations and taking precautionary measure can avert a blowout.
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5.4. Control Measures for Major Hazards
5.4.1. Blowout
The precautionary and control measures used for blowout prevention are discussed below:
a. Precaution against Blowout
The following control equipment for drilling mud system shall be installed and kept in
use during drilling operations to prevent the blowout:
A tank level indicator registering increase or reduction in the drilling mud
volume and shall include a visual and audio –warning device near the driller
stand.
A device to accurately measure the volume of mud required to keep the well
filled at all times.
A gas detector or explosive meter at the primary shale shaker and connected to
audible or visual alarm near the driller stand.
A device to ensure filling of well with mud when the string is being pulled out.
A control device near driller stand to close the mud pump when well kicks.
Blowout prevention (BOP) drill shall be carried out once every week near the
well during drilling.
Suitable control valves shall be kept available near the well which can be used
in case of emergency to control the well.
When running in or pulling out tubing, gate valve and tubing hanger shall be
pre- assembled and kept readily available at the well.
b. Precaution after Blowout
On appearance of any sign indicating the blowout of well, all persons, other than
those whose presence is deemed necessary for controlling blowout, shall be
withdrawn from the well. During the whole time while any work of controlling a
blowout is in progress, the following precautions shall be taken:
A competent person shall be present on the spot throughout.
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Area within 500 meters of the well on the down wind direction will be
demarcated as danger zone.
All electrical installations will be de-energized.
Approved safety lamps or torches will only be used within the danger zone.
No naked light or vehicular traffic will be permitted within the danger zone.
A competent person shall ascertain the condition of ventilation and presence
of gases with an approved instrument as far as safety of persons is concerned.
Two approved type of self-containing breathing apparatus or any other
breathing apparatus of approved type will be made available for use in an
emergency.
Adequate firefighting equipment will be kept readily available for immediate
use.
5.5. Risk Mitigation Measures
Risk involves the occurrence of an accident arising out of an event or sequence of events.
Based on risk analysis mitigation measures are recommended which can either prevent an
event from occurring or reduce the consequences, if the event occurs. A number of
recommendations are made regarding measures that should be taken to reduce the risks of
any hazardous event occurring or, if it did, of mitigating the hazards arising. The following
risk mitigation measures at various locations are suggested
5.5.1. Drilling Operations
A majority of accidents occur during drilling operation on the drill floor and may be
associated with moving heavy tubular, which may strike or crush personnel. Falling and
crushing make up maximum occupational risk of fatality due to striking of objects.
Mechanical pipe handling, minimizing the requirement of personnel on the drill floor
exposed to high level of risk, may be an effective way of reducing injuries and deaths. Good
safety management, strict adherence to safety management procedures and competency
assurance will reduce the risk. Some of the areas in drilling operations where safety practices
are needed to carry out jobs safely &without causing any injury to self, colleagues and system
are:
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a. Maintenance of Mud Weight
It is very crucial for the safety of drilling well. Drilling Mud Engineer should check the
ingoing and out coming mud weight at the drilling well, at regular intervals. If mud weight is
found to be less, barites should be added to the circulating mud, to raise it to the desired level.
Failure to detect this decrease in level may lead to well kick & furthermore, a well blow out,
which can cause loss of equipment & injury to or death of the operating personnel.
b. Monitoring of Active Mud Tank Level
Increase in active tank level indicates partial or total loss of fluid to the well bore. This can
lead to well kick. If any increase or decrease in tank level is detected, shift personnel should
immediately inform the Shift Drilling Engineer & take necessary actions as directed by him.
c. Monitoring of hole Fill-up / Return Mud Volume during Tripping
During swabbing or pulling out of string from the well bore, the hole is filled with mud for
metallic displacement. When this string runs back, the mud returns back to the pit. Both these
hole fill up & return mud volumes should be monitored, as they indicate any mud loss or
inflow from well bore, which may lead to well kick.
d. Monitoring of Inflow
Any inflow from the well bore during tripping or connection time may lead to well kick. So,
it is needed to keep watch on the flow nipple during tripping or connection time.
e. Monitoring of Background / Trip Gas
Increase in background gas or trip gas indicates insufficient mud weight against drilled
formation. Such indications should be immediately brought to the notice of the Shift Drilling
Engineer.
For total safety of such operations, each team member must religiously follow the safety
aspects pertaining to respective operational area. If every team member starts working with
this attitude, zero accident rates are not a distant dream.
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Drilling operation is a team effort and success of such an operation depends upon the
sincerity, efficiency & motivation of all team members. Safety in such operations is not the
duty of a single person, but it is everyone's job.
The use of protective fireproof clothing and escape respirators will reduce the risk of being
seriously burnt. In addition, adequate fire fighting facilities and first aid facilities should be
provided, in case of any emergency.
Risk reducing measures include kick simulation training for personnel, presence of well-
trained drillers and mud engineers, and strict adherence to safety management procedures and
good well control procedures.
5.5.2. Wells
Proper insulating joints should be provided on well head
Co-ordination with local authorities, such as port, police, fire, ambulance, nearby
industries should be ensured to meet any eventuality
The well should be physically inspected regularly
5.5.3. Preventive measures for spillage and accident due to Storage of Chemicals
Fire is one of the major hazards, which can result due to the spillage from storage
tanks. Fire prevention and code enforcement is one of the major areas of
responsibility for the fire service. Hence the site should be equipped with:
-Water supply
- Fire hydrant and monitor nozzle installation
- Foam system
- Water fog and sprinkler system
- Mobile Fire fighting equipment
- First aid appliances
Storages of chemicals should be designed, fabricated, inspected and maintained so
that there is no release possibility while it is kept within design conditions. Protective
systems of quantified high reliability and availability should be designed to ensure
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that these physical conditions are maintained. Impurities should be controlled to
obviate abnormal corrosion.
tems such that the combination of
design, protection, quality control and relief eliminates the possibility of complete
failure. Storages of chemicals should be sited, or given protective barriers such that
they are fully protected from external damage
Surrounding population should be made aware of the safety precautions to be taken in
the event of any mishap. This can effectively be done by conducting the training
programs
Safety escape routes should be provided at strategic locations and should be easily
accessible
Fire extinguishers should be tested periodically and should be always kept in
operational mode
Shut off and isolation valves should be easily approachable in emergencies
ction equipment shall be kept in good operating condition at all time and
fire fighting system should be periodically tested for proper functioning and logged
for record and corrective actions
5.5.4. Flow Sensor
A flow sensor is provided to detect any change in the rate of flow of mud in the flow line. In
case of any sudden increase in the rate of flow, it gives an automatic alarm at the drillers
control panel as also at the geologist's instrument cabin
5.5.5. Control Panel
There are two control panels for the BOP stack. One of them is on the derrick floor near the
drillers stand, another at the accumulator (Koomy). The accumulator unit is located outside
the safety perimeter. The control panel is equipped with pressure and flow indicators and
suitable markings for close and open positions.
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5.5.6. Instrumentation in Mud System
Continuous monitoring of condition of mud in the well provides information useful for well
control. The following instruments and equipment are used in the drilling mud system for this
purpose:
A pit level indicator registering increase or decrease in drilling mud volume. It is
connected with an audio-visual alarm near the drillers control panel.
-marking device to accurately measure the volume of mud going in to
the well. This is useful to keep the well feed with required quantity of mud at all
times.
A gas detector or explosimeter installed at the primary shale shaker together with an
audio-visual alarm at the drillers control panel to indicate the well presence of gas-cut
mud in the well. The kick in the well is prevented by keeping the hydrostatic head of
the drilling fluid greater than the formation pressure.
The primary control can be lost in the following situations:
caused if the drilling string is pulled out too fast or by a balled-up or clogged bit,
which is indicated by insufficient filling of mud.
thereby, causing the weak horizons of the well to break or while drilling through a
formation with cracks or cavity.
5.5.7. Risks to Personnel
Good safety management, strict adherence to safety management procedures and competency
assurance will reduce the risk. Safety practices are needed to carry out jobs safely and
without causing any injury to self, colleagues and system. For total safety of any operation,
each team member must religiously follow the safety practices / procedures pertaining to
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respective operational area. If every team member starts working with this attitude, zero
accident rate is not a distant dream.
Any operation is a team effort and its success depends upon the sincerity, efficiency and
motivation of all team members. Safety in such operations is not a duty of a single person,
but it is everyone's job. Use of protective fireproof clothing and escape respirators will reduce
the risk of being seriously burnt. In addition, adequate fire fighting facilities and first aid
facilities should be provided, in case of any emergency.
5.5.8. Precautionary Measures for Falling Objects
Following are the mitigation measures suggested to avoid or minimize risk due to falling
objects
Provide safety helmets to protect the workers below against falling objects
guards should be provided to prevent items from
slipping or being knocked off the edge of a structure
Secure objects to the structure like lashing of scaffold boards
Ensure that there are no loose objects and all tools are properly secured;
usion zone beneath areas where work is taking place.
access is restricted to essential personnel wearing hard hats while the work is in
progress.
5.6. Disaster Management Plan (DMP)
Several Government agencies, both at the Central and State levels, are entrusted with the
responsibility of ensuring safety and management of hazardous chemicals under acts and
rules made for the purpose. Despite these measures, the possibility of accidents cannot be
ruled out. In order to face risk of accidents during drilling operations, a disaster management
plan is prepared to mitigate the impact.
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5.6.1. Objectives
The DMP is prepared with the objective that ONGC can respond effectively in a rapid and
systematic manner to any of the technical or natural calamities related incidents in order to:
Minimize or eliminate any further danger or risk to individuals
Minimize or eliminate any further risk to company’s operations and asserts
Minimize or eliminate any adverse publicity and to ensure all external inquiries are
handled consistently by a nominated spokes person
Ensure that all legal aspects of response are considered.
5.6.2. Key Elements
Following are the key elements of Disaster Management Plan:
Accident / emergency response planning procedures
On-site Disaster Management Plan
Off-site Disaster Management Plan
5.6.3. Basis of the Plan
Identification and assessment of hazards is crucial for on-site emergency planning and it is
therefore necessary to identify what emergencies could arise in transportation of
hydrocarbons. One of the emergencies is due to hazards from spread of fire or release of
flammable chemicals during transportation. Hazard identification is the basis of the Disaster
Management Plan to tackle the unforeseen events.
5.6.4. Emergency Planning and Response Procedures
Emergency rarely occurs therefore activities during emergencies require coordination of
higher order than for planned activities. To effectively coordinate emergency response
activities, an organizational approach to planning is required.
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The important areas of emergency planning are organization and responsibilities, procedures,
communication, transport, resource requirements and control centre. Offsite emergency
requires additional planning over and above those considered under onsite plans, which
should be properly integrated to ensure better coordination.
The emergency planning includes anticipatory action for emergency, maintenance and
streamlining of emergency preparedness and ability for sudden mobilization of all forces to
meet any calamity.
5.6.5. Accident Prevention Procedures / Measures for Drilling
General
OISD standard 174 gives the codes for well control and standard 189 sets out engineering
requirement for fire fighting equipment for drilling rigs. Standard Industry practice is to be
adopted.
A separate plan is provided to deal with the situations, which necessitate emergencyaction.
The emergency response plan includes details of the organizational response to emergencies
and the safety precautions to be observed in preventing loss of life and damage to property.
Operation and Maintenance
Oil and Gas industry experiences throughout the world have shown that the main physical
dangers that well faces during operation are mechanical damages caused by excavation works
adjacent to the well. To guard the well against damage, a system of regular surveillance and
inspection to warn of mechanical or corrosion damage is employed.
Following are the main factors, which determine whether the well will stay free of significant
defects:
The well Protection against external interference such as caused by nearby
excavations
Changes in the well environment
Adequate well markers
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5.6.6. Protecting the Well from External Interference
It is essential to protect the well from being struck or damaged by third parties. The primary
defence against this occurrence will be:
Liaisons with third parties likely to excavate near the well. ONGC shall identify, then
make them aware of the well and gather advance notifications of their activities
Regular patrolling of the well to monitor third party activities nearby to the wells.
5.6.7. Fire Prevention Planning and Measures
Fire is one of the major hazards, related to Oil and Natural Gas well. Fire prevention and
code enforcement is the area of responsibility of the fire service. Safe operating practices
reduce the probability of an accidental fire on a platform. Personnel should understand their
duties and responsibilities and be attentive to conditions that might lead to fire. The following
precautions are recommended
There should be provision for safe handling and storage of dirty rags, trash and waste
oil. Flammable liquids and chemicals spilled on platform should be immediately
cleaned
should be stored properly. Gas cylinders should be transported in hand-carts
Cutting and welding operations should be conducted in accordance with safe
procedures
Smoking should be restricted to designated platform areas and “no smoking” areas
should be clearly identified by warning signs
Platform equipment should be maintained in good operating condition and kept free
from external accumulation of dust and hydrocarbons. Particular attention should be
given to crude oil pump, seals, diesel and gas engines which could be potential source
of ignition in the event of a failure
The Disaster Management Plan will address the issue of a fire event at any location on the
well and the procedure to be adopted in the very unlikely event of this occurring. If a fire
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starts in any well, that section of the well will be isolated by closing the section (block)
valves, as quickly as possible and surrounding facilities will be cooled with water.
5.6.8. On-site Disaster Management Plan
On-site and off-site Disaster Management Plan can be extended as a contingency plan for
methane explosion. It elaborates emergency procedures in case of fire and explosion due to
accidental release of hazardous chemicals.
Purpose
To inform people at the site about above happening if it is likely to adversely affect
To inform authorities including helping agencies in advance, and also at the time of
actual happening
To identify, assess, foresee and work out various kinds of possible hazards, their
places, potential and damaging capacity and area in case of above happenings.
Activities
Preparation of a plan showing therein the areas of various hazards like fire, explosion
and toxic releases.
The fire protection equipment shall be kept in good operating condition at all time and
fire fighting system should be periodically tested for people functioning logged for
record and corrective action
are likely to be present in installation
There should be regular mock fire drills once in a month. Record of such drills shall
be maintained
Assign key personnel and alternate responsible for safety transportation
Reporting procedure should be followed according to guidelines
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incident will follow the laid down procedure in the plant and report as follows:
Will dial the nearest telephone
Will state his name and exact location of emergency
Will contact concerned officers on duty
People reporting the accident will remain near the location to guide emergency crew
arriving at the scene
Report injuries or blood or body fluid exposures to the appropriate supervisor
immediately
Workers should be seen as soon as possible by a health professional.
5.6.9. Off-site Disaster Management Plan
Emergency is a sudden unexpected event, which can cause serious damage to personnel life,
property and environment as a whole, which necessitate evolving offsite emergency plan to
combat any such eventuality. Emergencies can be handled by an organized multidisciplinary
approach. If it becomes necessary to evacuate people, then this can be done in orderly way.
The different agencies involved in evacuation of people are civil administration (both state
and central) and police authorities.
Purpose
To make explicit inter related set of actions to be undertaken in the event of an
accident posing hazards to the community
To plan for rescue and recuperation of casualties and injuries. To plan for relief and
rehabilitation
To plan for prevention of harms, total loss and recurrence of disaster. It will be
ensured that absolute safety and security is achieved within the shortest time
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Following are the activities of the government, Non-Government organizations and
concerned personnel involved in off-site disaster management plan:
talks and mass media in different languages including local language. Leaflets containing
do’s/ don’ts should be circulated to educate the people in vicinity
al Help consisted of doctors and supporting staff for medical help to the injured
persons because of disaster should be formed. Functions and duties of the committee include,
providing first Said treatment for injured at the spot or at some convenient place and shift
those to nearby hospitals for further treatment if required
The police will assist in controlling of the accident site, organizing evacuation and shifting of
injured people to nearby hospitals.
The fire brigade shall organize to put out fires other than gas fires and provide assistance as
required. Approach roads to accident site and means of escape should be properly identified.
Chief fire officer should co-ordinate entire fire control measures. Routine training of fire
fighting equipment and special rescue equipment should be carried out. Concerned officer
should ensure adequate supply of fire water and fire fighting agents at the site of emergency.
Maintenance of standby equipment / personnel for fire fighting should be ready at any given
time.
5.6.10. Oil Spill Response Plan
Spills of oil to land require immediate response action to stop the source of the discharge and
to limit the spread of material. Immediate response actions and notification procedures shall
be developed. Attention must be paid to fire and safety hazards. For terrestrial areas, selection
of appropriate control and containment techniques is dependent on the:
Nature of the substrate,
Slope of the terrain,
Amount of product, and
Time available to implement the response action.
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The quantity and time parameters reflect the reality of constructing a barrier of appropriate
size in the time available. These factors can only be judged in the field at the time of the
incident. Should it be impossible to implement the desired method at a desired location due to
a lack of time or access, a new control point would be selected further down the slope. If
containment is still impossible and human safety is in question, the threatened area would
need to be evacuated.
Spill response strategies would vary significantly attributed by the location of the spill.
Herein the spills have been envisaged in two areas as listed below:
On-site Spills
Off-site Spills
The various methodologies that can be adopted for spill control is described below:
5.6.11. Response Strategies – Onsite Spills
In case of spills / leaks of hydrocarbons within the fence line of property one of the following
techniques could be used for the control of spill.
a. Sorbents and Drip Pans
Sorbent materials, drip pans, and drainage mats are used to isolate and contain small drips or
leaks until the source of the leak is repaired. Material handling equipment, such as valves and
pumps, often have small leaks and are applications for using sorbents, drip pans, or drainage
mats. Although sorbents are usually used to control small isolated spills, they can also be
used to contain and collect large volume spills before they reach a watercourse. Sorbents
include clay, vermiculite, diatomaceous earth, and man-made materials.
Drip pans are widely used to contain small leaks from product dispensing containers (usually
drums), uncoupling of hoses during bulk transfer operations, and for pumps, valves, and
fittings. Drip pans are typically 5 to 15 gallons and may be plastic or metal, depending upon
the type of chemical handled. They may be single pans for individual dispensing drums or
gutter-type continuous pans built into multiple drum dispensing racks. Drip pans must be
checked regularly and emptied when necessary so an overflow spill does not occur.
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Drainage mats are sometimes used to prevent spilled product from entering into an
uncontrolled drainage or sanitary sewer system. The mat is placed over a storm drain, sealing
the drain against the entry of spilled material. Drainage mats are especially applicable in
areas where constructing a secondary containment or diversion structure is impractical, such
as a congested tanker truck unloading area.
Drainage mats are typically made of synthetic rubber materials and can be stored on site or
carried on a fuel delivery truck. The use of drainage mats is a low-cost solution to providing a
degree of containment; however, it is not as fail-safe as the other containment techniques,
since it is dependent upon the operator properly placing the mat.
Materials such as foams and gelling agents are commonly used to contain small spills in areas
where physical secondary containment is not available. Foams that solidify to form a physical
barrier or dike are highly effective forms of emergency secondary containment.
b. Spill Diversion Ponds or Retention Ponds
Spill diversion or retention ponds should be constructed with an impervious base utilizing
HDPE sheets or geo-membranes to prevent soil and / or groundwater contamination. These
ponds should not be constructed in areas prone to flooding.
5.6.12. Response Strategies – Off-Site Spills
The objective of surface containment is to prevent the spread of oil on the soil or substrate
surface and to prepare it for recovery or treatment. This usually can be achieved using easily
available materials (i.e., shovels, earth-moving machinery, trucks, damming materials,
sorbents, etc.) to construct berms, dams, barriers, and trenches to divert and contain the flow.
Containment and damming to pool the oil are important if the oil is to be pumped and / or
sucked up. Several techniques are also discussed to contain and divert subsurface flow.
Strategies
Act quickly.
Protect resources in oil pathway.
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al features to contain and control flow whenever possible.
Strategies for Spill Fires - Ground Level
Operators should determine the source of leakage or spill immediately and stop it, if
possible. If is a continuous leakage which cannot stopped, the particular piece of
equipment involved should be taken out of service, depressurised and steamed, if
necessary.
Blanket small fires with steam or dry powder but avoid scattering burningmaterials.
In case of large spill fire, direct high pressure water fog into the source of leakage.
Protect surrounding structures with water spray. Maintain the water flow unit the
operators control the flow of fuel.
Apply foam to extinguish fires in oil pools or trenches.
Maintain adequate drainage of the fire area.
Avoid working above sewer drains or near fire traps.
5.7. Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S)
Hydrogen Sulphide gas (H2S) is extremely toxic, even very low concentrations can be lethal
depending upon the duration of exposure. Without any warning, H2S may render victims
unconscious and death can follow shortly afterwards. In addition, it is corrosive and can lead
to failure of the drill string or other tubular components in a well. The following safety
measures may become necessary as and when H2S is detected while drilling and testing a
new well in drilling. The Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA regulations) set a 10
ppm ceiling for an eight hourly continuous exposure (TWA limit), a 15 ppm concentration
for short term exposure limit for 15 minutes (STEL) and a peak exposure of 50 ppm for 10
minutes.
5.7.1. H2S Gas Detection System
The detection system will be connected to an audio visual (siren and lights) alarm system.
This system will be set to be activated at a concentration of 15 ppm H2S.
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The mud logging will have a completely independent detection system which is connected to
an alarm in the cabin. This system will be adjusted to sound an alarm at a concentration level
of 10 ppm H2S as suggested in the Drilling and Production Safety Code for Onshore
Operators issued by The Institute of Petroleum.
A stock of H2S scavenger will be kept at drilling site for emergency use.
a. H2S < 10 ppm
Small levels of H2S (less than 10 ppm) will not activate the well site alarms. Such levels do
not create an immediate safety hazard but could be a first indication of high levels of H2S to
follow. H2S will cause a sudden drop of mud pH. The mud man will therefore organize and
supervise continuous pH checks while drilling. Checks should be as frequent as possible and
always made following a formation change.
Following control measures will be taken in case of small level of detection:
H2S scavenger will be added to mud.
H2S levels will be checked at regular intervals for possible increase.
All personnel of the rig will be informed about the presence of H2S and current wind
direction. Operations will be commenced in pairs.
Sub base and cellar out-of-bounds will be rendered without further checking levels in this
area.
The workers will be provided with personal H2S detectors along with self-containing
breathing apparatus.
b. H2S >10 ppm
Higher levels of H2S (greater than 10 ppm) do not necessarily cause an immediate safety
hazard. However some risk does exist and, therefore, any levels greater than 10 ppm should
be treated in the same manner. Occurrence of 10 ppm or greater H2S concentration will
sound an alarm in the mud logging unit.
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If higher levels of H2S greater than 10 ppm are found, following steps will be taken:
Driller will shut down rotary and pumps, pick-up so that drill pipe in BOP and chain down
the break.
One pre-assigned roughneck will go to doghouse and put on breathing apparatus. All other
rig personnel will evacuate the rig and move in up-wind direction to designated muster point.
Driller and roughneck will return to the rig floor and commence circulating H2S scavenger
slowly and reciprocating pipe.
The level of H2S will be checked in all work areas. H2S scavenger will be added to the
mud and circulated. If H2S levels drop, drilling will be continued with scavenger in the mud.
Approximately 30 % of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) solution will neutralize H2S gas in the
mud at 20 gallon of H2O2 per 100 barrels of mud.
The workers will be provided with personal H2S detectors along with self-containing
breathing apparatus.
5.8. Fire Fighting Facility
As per Oil Industry Safety Directorate (OISD) guidelines on fire and explosion risk
assessment and fire protection system for onshore installations will be provided:
Fire water system; and
First aid and fire-fighting system
5.8.1. Fire Water System
Fire water system shall comprise of fire water pumps and distribution piping network along
with deluge system, sprinkler system, hose reels, hydrants and monitors, as the main
components. Sea water is used for fire extinguishments, fire control, cooling of equipment
and for exposure protection of equipment/personnel from heat radiation.
Fire water pumps will be designed to deliver the pressure and flow requirements for the
anticipated manual fire-fighting demand (monitors or monitors plus hose streams) as well as
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operation of the largest deluge/water spray system if installed. The pump shall able to supply
adequate pressure and flow, to the hydraulically most demanding area.
Fire water piping will be designed to deliver the required volume and pressure for all
systems, hose streams, and monitors that are reasonably expected to operate simultaneously.
One fire water distribution single line with minimum 4 “size pipe/casing will be installed at
drilling site.
Recommended fire water hoses will be of diameter 1 in. (25 mm) or 1'/2 in. (38.1 mm) for
effective handling by one person. Hose lengths of not more than 100 ft (30.5 m) will be used.
The selection of hoses will be made such that that they are resistant to oil, chemical
deterioration, mildew, rot and exposure to offshore environment.
5.8.2. Fire Fighting Equipment At Drilling Rig
Portable fire extinguisher will be installed on the drilling rig. The minimum quantities of fire
extinguishers at various locations should be provides as per the following:
Table-5.4: Location of the Fire fighting Equipments at Drilling Rig
Sl.
No
Type of Area Portable Fire Extinguisher
1 Drilling Rig floor . 2 nos. 10 kg DCP type extinguisher
2 Main Engine Area 1 no. 10 kg DCP type extinguisher for each
engine
3 Electrical motor/pumps for water
circulation for mud pump
1 no. 10 kg DCP type extinguisher
4 Mud gunning pump 1 no.10 kg DCP type extinguisher
5 Electrical Control Room 1 no. 6.8 kg CO2 type extinguisher for each unit
6 Mud mixing tank area 1 no. 10 kg DCP type extinguisher
7 Diesel storage area 1 no. 50 lit mechanical foam
1 no. 50 kg DCP type extinguisher
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2 nos. 10 kg DCP type extinguisher
2 nos. sand buckets or ½ sand drum with spade
8 Lube Storage Area 1 no. 10 kg DCP type extinguisher
1 no. sand bucket
9 Air Compressor area 1 no. 10 kg DCP type extinguisher
10. Fire pump area 1 no. 10 kg DCP type extinguisher
11. Near Drill In-charge Office One fire extinguisher/shed with 3 nos. 10 kg DCP
type extinguisher and 2 sand buckets
12. Fire bell near bunk house 1 no. 10 kg DCP type extinguisher
Points to Remember
Always pay attention to fire and health hazards.
Start containment operations immediately to prevent oil from reaching a watercourse,
the groundwater, or otherwise sensitive area or object.
Evaluate logistical factors (safety, access, availability, etc.) to assess feasibility and to
ensure effective and efficient implementation.
Consider the type of equipment that can be used, as different equipment has different
operational capabilities. It is necessary to match planned activities with the available
equipment and personnel.
As much as possible, do not allow vehicles to run over oil-saturated areas.
Do not flush the oil down clean drains and other inlets.
Containment is easier on land than on open water.
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CHAPTER-6
ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN
6. Environment Management Plan
6.1. Introduction
This chapter provides a description of the administrative aspects of ensuring that mitigative
measures are implemented and their effectiveness monitored, after approval of the EIA.
Based on the evaluation of impacts and baseline conditions, an Environmental Management
Plan (EMP) has been delineated to mitigate the adverse impacts. The EMP includes
formulation, implementation and monitoring of environmental protection measures. The
EMP features guidelines and methodologies to be adopted at different stages of the proposed
project for mitigating the impacts of various activities.
The EMP is herein outlined after taking into account the various Acts, Rules and
Regulations/Standards concerned with the environmental management.
6.2. EMP during Various Project Phases
Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is the key to ensure a safe and clean environment.
The desired results from the environmental mitigation measures proposed in the project may
not be obtained without a management plan to assure its proper implementation and function.
The EMP envisages the plans for the proper implementation of mitigation measures to reduce
the adverse impacts arising out of the project activities. EMP has been prepared addressing
the issues like:
Pollution control/mitigation measures for abatement of the undesirable impacts
caused during the construction and operation phase of the project.
Details of management plans (air pollution control devices/measures, utilization of
treated effluents, solid waste management plan etc.).
Institutional set up identified/recommended for implementation of the EMP.
Post project environmental monitoring programme to be undertaken
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Expenditures for environmental protection measures and budget for EMP.
The environmental management plan has to be implemented to minimize the adverse impact
on environment such as reduction in atmospheric emissions, liquid effluents, solid wastes and
noise generation.
6.3. Environmental Policy of the Company
ONGC has a well laid Environment Management Systems (EMS) and contingency plans and
processes that help them in preventing, mitigating and controlling environmental damages
and disasters, which may be caused due to their operations or that of a member of its value
chain.
6.4. Organisation Structure - HSE
A dedicated team at site will be responsible to ensure project operations with due reference to
environment management and the Safety of the workers.
6.5. EMP plan for the Proposed Project
The EIA for the project has identified a number of impacts that are likely to arise during site
preparation, drilling, well testing and demobilization. The EIA has examined biophysical and
socio-economic effects of the proposed drilling programme, from site clearance and
preparation of the drilling sites, drilling and testing through to abandonment, demobilization
and restoration.
Where adverse impacts have been identified, the EIA has examined the extent to which these
impacts would be mitigated through the adoption of industry standard practice and guidelines
and following local legislative requirements. The Environmental Management Plan (EMP)
describes both generic good practice measures and site specific measures, the implementation
of which is aimed at mitigating potential impacts associated with the drilling programme.
The EMP provides a delivery mechanism to address potential adverse impacts, to instruct
contractors and to introduce standards of good practice to be adopted for all project works.
The EMP can be developed into a standalone document covering each stage of the project
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For each stage of the programme, the EMP lists all the requirements to ensure effective
mitigation of every potential biophysical and socio-economic impact identified in the EIA.
For each impact, or operation which could otherwise give rise to impact, the following
information is presented:
a comprehensive listing of the mitigation measures
the parameters that will be monitored to ensure effective implementation of the
action
the timing for implementation of the action to ensure that the objectives of
mitigation are fully met
ONGC is committed to the adoption of these measures and will carry out ongoing inspection
to ensure their implementation and effectiveness by its contractors.
The EMP comprises a series of components covering direct mitigation and environmental
monitoring, an outline waste management plan and a drilling site restoration plan.
However the baseline monitoring data shows that the baseline concentrations of various
pollutants in air, noise, water and soil are well within the permissible limits. The drilling
programme has been designed to avoid or minimize impacts to the environment and local
communities wherever practicable. Where residual impacts remain, which may have
moderate or significant impacts on the environment, mitigation measures have been
prescribed in this EIA which will either reduce the impact to an acceptable level or
adequately offset it.
Environmental Management Plan of the project provide the details of environmental quality
control measures which will be taken up and which are proposed by complying with the
stipulated standard limits specified by CPCB and State Pollution Control Board.
Environmental Management Plan which will be implemented is detailed under the following
heads.
Air Pollution Control
Noise Mitigation
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Biological Environment
Soil environment
Socio Economic Environment
Wastewater Management
Solid Waste Management
6.6. Environment Protection and Reclamation Plan
Construction activities will be coordinated in consultation with landowners to
reduce interference with agricultural activities
Topsoil will be stripped to color change or to plough depth and will be stored on the
site. The depth of stripping will be on the basis of site specific soil survey
If required for rig stabilization the well site will be temporarily padded with
granular fill
The drill site would be provided with sufficient sanitary facilities
Combustible wastes generated would be disposed of in an approved TSDF site
Hazardous materials such as petroleum, spirit, diesel lubrication oil and paint
materials required at the site during construction activities would be stored as per
safety norms
To ensure that the local inhabitants are not exposed to the hazards of construction
the site would be secured with manned entry posts
It would be ensured that both gasoline and diesel powered construction vehicles are
properly maintained. The vehicle maintenance area would be so located that the
contamination of surface/soil/water by accidental spillage of oil/diesel will not take
place and dumping of waste oil will be strictly prohibited
All irrigation canals and ditches encountered by the proposed well site access and
well site will be maintained in a fully functional state
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No Construction material debris will be left on site
6.7. Environment Management Plan
6.7.1. Air Environment
It is recommended that all equipment are operated within specified design parameters
during construction, drilling and operational phases.
Any dry, dusty materials (chemicals), muds etc. shall be stored in sealed containers.
Water spraying will be done on the access roads to control re-entrained dust during
dry season (if required);
Well testing (flaring) should be done for a minimum duration to minimize impacts of
emissions. This can be achieved by minimizing the duration of testing, installation of
elevated flare system as per OMR and through careful planning. The flaring system
will be installed as per OMR guidelines and will be properly managed at all times;
The engines and exhaust systems of all vehicles and equipment used will be
maintained as such, that exhaust emissions are low and do not breach statutory limits
set for the concerned vehicle/equipment type;
Availability of valid Pollution under Control Certificates (PUCC) shall be ensured for
all vehicles used on site.
6.7.2. Noise Environment
It is recommended that while procuring major noise generating equipment such as
diesel generators etc. it should be checked that all mufflers are in good working order
and that the manufacturers have taken the normal measures for minimizing the noise
levels.
Noise barriers/shields in the form of well berm or sheeting should be provided around
the units wherever possible. Use of ear muffs/plugs and other protective devices
should be provided to the workforce in noise prone areas. Enclosures around noise
sources may be provided depending on the size of the unit.
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Wherever generator noise occurs in proximity to human settlements, acoustic
enclosures shall be provided.
Preventive and predictive maintenance of machines and vehicles is to be carried out to
reduce the noise levels;
All noise generating operations, except drilling is to be restricted to daytime only to
the extent possible;
Personnel Protective Equipments (PPE) like ear plugs/muffs is to be given to all the
workers at site and it will be ensured that the same are wore by everybody during their
shift;
6.7.3. Water Environment
Waste water generated during drilling operations would be around 4 m3/d during drilling
operation. Drilling is a temporary activity lasting for 60-90 days. Wastewater characteristics
would be of varied nature and likely to contain soil particulate matter along with organics.
The following mitigation measures are suggested.
Efforts will be made to reduce the water requirement;
All chemical and fuel storage areas will have proper bunds so that contaminated run-
off should not meet the storm-water drainage system;
Strict supervision and spill control measures will be implemented at site;
Proper care will be taken so that the ground water aquifers does not get contaminated
due to leak in the HDPE lined pit;
Best engineering technique will be adopted during drilling operation jobs like
cementation job and installation of casing etc. so that drilling fluid does not
contaminate the ground water.
6.7.4. Biological Environment
Only elevated flare shall be installed temporarily during testing phase as per OMR
standard to minimize effect on nocturnal avifauna.
Acoustic enclosure shall be provided to D.G. set to reduce the noise intensity during
their operation
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Development of plantation of native species to substitute the access cutting, site
preparation will provide habitat, food and breeding areas to birds, small animals and
insects
Use existing facilities (e.g. Access Roads) to the extent possible to minimize the
amount of new disturbance
Minimum use of necessary lighting at night to avoid attraction of avifauna.
6.7.5. Land Environment
Necessary efforts will be made during selection of drill site to minimize disruption to
existing land use pattern to the extent possible;
Necessary restoration efforts will be made during decommissioning and site closure to
restore the site back to its original condition to the extent possible;
Proper restoration of site will be carried out to bring the physical terrain, soils and
vegetation, as closely possible, to their original condition;
On completion of works (in phases), all temporary structures, surplus materials and
wastes will be completely removed till 1m below the surface;
Temporary new approach roads can be constructed and existing roads can be
improved, if required, for smooth and hassle free movement of personnel as well as
materials and machineries;
Optimization of land requirement through proper site lay out design will be a basic
criteria at the design phase;
The drill cuttings (approx. 200 - 250 m3) are mostly inorganic in nature and may be
used either for land filling or road making.
Drill cuttings could be collected in HDPE lined pit at site and after solar dry shall be
covered with top layer of soil which was stacked at site during site preparation as per
MOEF notification dated 30th
August 2005, Sr. No. C Point No. 1.
6.7.6. Soil Environment
Store, preserve and protect topsoil separately for its use during restoration period;
Carry out adequate restoration of soil at the drilling site, to the extent possible using
the soil stored from piling and excavation activities;
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Dispose drilling mud and drill cutting temporarily in an impervious HDPE lined pit
for evaporation and solar drying carefully so that there is no spillage.
Management of spilling of contaminants such as chemicals, lub oil from equipment,
cement, drilling mud etc. on the soil;
6.7.7. Storage and Handling of Materials and Spoils
ONGC will ensure that the Contractors employed for site preparation carry out proper storage
and handling of spoil, sub-soils, top-soils and also solid powdery raw materials to minimize
the risk of windblown material and dust. If possible all loose heaps of materials will be
covered by polythene sheets. In addition, procedures and work instruction for all activities
that may generate fugitive dust emissions will be created. All loading and unloading activities
shall be carried out as close as possible to the storage facilities. Dry cement handling should
be enclosed to the extent possible. It will be ensured that lids of all containers containing
volatile substances/chemicals are properly fitted. All chemical and fuel storage areas, will
have proper bunds so that contaminated run-off cannot escape as runoff into the storm-water
drainage system Personal protective equipment shall be provided to all workers involving in
handling of hazardous materials
6.7.8. Social Management Plan
Programs for environmental education and public participation would be developed with the
help of audio visual aids to create awareness about the activities. Camps to provide people
with information on geology, energy and drilling technology in addition to the likely
environmental hazards due to existing and proposed facilities could be organized. Certain
welfare measures will be implemented for the benefit of local population. Employment
opportunities would be considered for local population during the drilling phase.
In order to mitigate the adverse impacts likely to arise out of construction activities, it is
required that some of the key issues which are identified through evaluation of the baseline
status are addressed carefully before commencing project work. Keeping this in view the
following measures are suggested to avoid undesirable impacts in the future.
Suggestions are given below:
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Protection of persons against dust emissions during construction and transportation
activities
During construction/drilling activity, local people should be given preference
regarding jobs in skilled and semi-skilled categories on temporary basis
People losing their land are against cash compensation at government rate,
therefore, compensation should be agreed with land losers before arriving at amount
to be disbursed
Communication with the local community, land losers should be implemented to get
local people into confidence
For social welfare activities to be undertaken by the project authorities,
collaboration should be sought with the local administration, gram panchayat etc.
for better co-ordination.
To improve the socio-economic conditions of the surrounding areas the project proponent
will carry out different social activities under CSR scheme in the fields of health,
education, infrastructure, skill enhancement or development program in the full block.
The under mentioned activities will conducted at regular interval by the project proponent
as a mitigation measures for the adverse impact.
The project proponent will initiate to improve the sanitation, education and health
quality of people under company’s CSR Scheme, if hydrocarbon reserves are
discovered.
To minimize the strain on the existing infrastructure, adequate provisions related
basic amenities like village road, transport, health etc. will be considered for the
migratory and the work force in the surrounding areas.
Awareness programs to the local people will be given at different interval
regarding potential risks and hazards arising out of project activities.
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Job oriented skill development courses will be organized through ITIs/ Vocational
Training Institute like electrician, motor winding, automobiles repair, driving,
tailoring, welding and fabrication related other jobs.
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CHAPTER-7
PROJECT BENEFITS
7. Project Benefits
The project benefits are summarized below based on the demand and growth of the country
7.1. Benefits for the Country
The oil and gas sector is among the six core industries in India and plays a major role in
influencing decision making for all the other important sections of the economy.
In 1997–98, the New Exploration Licensing Policy (NELP) was envisaged to fill the ever-
increasing gap between India’s gas demand and supply. India’s economic growth is closely
related to energy demand; therefore the need for oil and gas is projected to grow more,
thereby making the sector quite conducive for investment.
India is expected to be one of the largest contributors to non-OECD petroleum consumption
growth globally. Oil imports rose sharply year-on-year by 27.89 per cent to US$ 9.29 billion
in October 2017. India’s oil consumption grew 8.3 per cent year-on-year to 212.7 million
tonnes in 2016, as against the global growth of 1.5 per cent, thereby making it the third-
largest oil consuming nation in the world.
The country's gas production is expected to touch 90 Billion Cubic Metres (BCM) in 2040
from 21.3 BCM in 2017-2018 (Apr-Nov). Gas pipeline infrastructure in the country stood at
16,470 km in September 2017.
After the completion of certain projects which are undertaken by various refineries, the
Refining Capacity of India is expected to reach 256.55 MMTPA by 2019-20.The demand for
petroleum products is estimated to reach 244,960 MT by 2021-22, up from 186,209 MT in
2016, and the demand for natural gas is expected to reach 606 MMSCMD by 2021-22 as
against a demand of 473 MMSCMD in 2016-17.
State-owned Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) has come up with the new blueprint
to increase the crude oil production by 4 million tonnes and to double its natural gas
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production by 2020 to curb the country’s import dependency by 10 percent. The company
will raise its crude oil production from 22.6 million tonnes in 2017-2018 to 26.42 million
tonnes in 2021- 2022.
7.2. Improvements in the Physical Infrastructure
The beneficial impact of hydrocarbon development on the civic amenities will be substantial
after the commencement of project activities. The basic requirement of the community needs
will be strengthened by extending health care, educational facilities to the community,
building/strengthening of existing roads in the area.
ONGC will initiate the above amenities either by providing or by improving the facilities in
the area, which will help in uplifting the living standards of local communities.
The construction of new roads in the project area will enhance the transportation facilities.
With improved transportation facilities there is always a scope for development.
7.3. Improvement in the Social Infrastructure
Generation of employment: The project will create opportunities for direct and
indirect employment;
Increase in purchasing power and improved standard of living of the area;
Establishment of small and medium scale industries may be developed as
consequence;
Increased revenue to the state by way of royalty, taxes and duties;
Regular Fund flow to local market;
Overall Growth of the neighboring Area
Agriculture and Animal husbandry;
Health and family welfare;
Watershed development;
Sustainable livelihood and strengthening of village Self Help Groups; and
Infrastructure development.
In addition to above, due to increase in purchasing power of local habitants:
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There shall be significant change in the socio-economic scenario of the area;
The proposed project shall enhance the prospects of employment;
Recruitment for the unskilled and semiskilled workers for the proposed project will be
from the nearby villages;
The basic amenities viz., roads, transportation, electricity, proper sanitation,
educational institutions, medical facilities, entertainment, etc. will be developed as far
as possible; and
Overall the proposed project will change living standards of the people and improve
the socio-economic conditions of the area.
7.4. Employment Potential
The impact of the project on the economic aspects can be clearly observed. The proposed
project activities will provide employment to persons of different skills and trades. The local
population will be given preference to employment. The employment potential will
ameliorate economic conditions of these families directly and provide employment to many
other families indirectly who are involved in business and service oriented activities.
The employment of local people in primary and secondary sectors of project shall
upgrade the prosperity of the region. This in-turn will improve the socio-economic
conditions of the area.
During construction phase of the project, this project will provide temporary
employment to many unskilled and semi-skilled labourers in nearby villages;
This project will also help in generation of indirect employment to those people who
render their services for the personnel directly working in the project; and
In case the hydrocarbon is established in the block, considerable number of people
will be benefited by provision of services to the residents in for of employment
opportunities. Thus, the direct and indirect employment generation by this project.
The present trend of out migration for employment is likely to reduce due to better economic
opportunities available in the area.
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7.5. Other Tangible Benefits
India is not among the major producers of crude oil, as it doesn’t have much oil reserves.
Therefore, India generally depends on imports of crude oil from other countries. There is a
heavy imbalance between oil production and consumption in India. The Indian government is
encouraging exploration and production of oil and gas to a great extent. This would primarily
allow India to tap its own resources there by reducing its import bill. Discovery of viable
hydrocarbon reserves in the state can boost the state’s economic development to a great
extent. The proposed exploration project is thus of immense significance for the state as well
as nation’s energy security for the sustainable and economic growth.
Energy Security has become one of the top three goals of the Indian Government. The Indian
Government is encouraging exploration and production of oil and gas to a great extent. This
would primarily allow India to tap its own resources there by reducing its import bill.
Discovery of viable hydrocarbon reserves in the state can boost the state’s economic
development to a great extent. It would also catalyse influx of industries in the state. The
proposed exploration project is thus of immense significance for the country.
Discovery of hydrocarbons in this block will substantially improve the socio-economic
conditions of the region. The proposed exploration will also help to discover the geological
past to create the economic future for the region as well as to the country.
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CHAPTER-8
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME
8. Environmental Monitoring Programme
8.1. Introduction
Regular monitoring of environmental parameters is of immense importance to assess the
status of environment during project operation. With the knowledge of baseline conditions,
the monitoring programme will serve as an indicator for any deterioration in environmental
conditions due to operation of the project, to enable taking up suitable mitigatory steps in
time to safeguard the environment. Monitoring is as important as that of control of pollution
since the efficiency of control measures can only be determined by monitoring. Usually, as in
the case of the study, an Impact Assessment study is carried over short period of time and the
data cannot bring out all variations induced by the natural or human activities. Therefore,
regular monitoring programme of the environmental parameters is essential to take into
account the changes in the environmental quality.
8.2. Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Procedure
Development of the programmes during the planning process shall be conducted or supported
by environmental specialists. However, the implementation responsibility rests with line
managers, who should, therefore, ensure they fully understand and subscribe to the
commitments being made. These commitments will include the legal and statutory controls
imposed on the operation as well as other corporate commitment to responsible environment
management. Monitoring shall confirm that commitments are being met. This may take the
form of direct measurement and recording of quantitative information, such as amounts and
concentrations of discharges, emissions and wastes, for measurement against corporate or
statutory standards, consent limits or targets. It may also require measurement of ambient
environmental quality in the vicinity of a site using ecological/biological, physical and
chemical indicators. Monitoring may include socio-economic interaction, through local
liaison activities or even assessment of complaints. The preventative approach to
management may also require monitoring of process inputs, for example, type and stocks of
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chemical use, resource consumption, equipment and plant performance etc. The key aims of
monitoring are: first to ensure that results/conditions are as forecast during the planning stage,
and where they are not, to pinpoint the cause and implement action to remedy the situation. A
second objective is to verify the evaluations made during the planning process, in particular
in risk and impact assessments and standard and target setting and to measure operational and
process efficiency. Monitoring will also be required to meet compliance with statutory and
corporate requirements. Finally, monitoring results provide the basis for auditing. A more
detailed approach to monitoring and performance measurement is provided in various
publications.
8.2.1. Objectives of Monitoring
The objectives of monitoring are to:
Verify effectiveness of planning decisions;
Measure effectiveness of operational procedures;
Confirm statutory and corporate compliance; and
Identify unexpected changes.
8.3. Environmental Costs
All costs involved in environmental mitigating measures and management are included in the
project cost.
8.4. Audit and Review
Review and audit is essentially a management tool. However, its application is crucial at the
operational level for verification and feedback on the effectiveness of organization system
and environmental performance. Basically, Auditing involves in the following items:
Line management system;
Awareness and training;
Procedures, standards, targets;
Plans: waste, contingency, pollution control compliance;
Monitoring programmes;
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Verify Environmental Impact Assessment;
Verify mitigation;
Reporting and communication;
Documentation; and
Feedback.
Audit serves to substantiate and verify monitoring programmes and compliance, and to
ensure that site environmental plans, procedures and standards are both effective and fit for
purpose. Other benefits of auditing include increased internal and external awareness,
communication and credibility of company environmental activities by demonstrating
commitment to and achievement of responsible environmental management.
In addition to management and compliance audits, a number of technical or process audits,
sometimes termed assessments or valuations, may be conducted. Thus, waste and emissions
audits, energy audits, site (contamination) audits, emergency counter measure audits, worker
health and safety audits, may be instigated independently or as part of a broader management
audit. Reports on environmental performance shall be made available for a wide public
readership including shareholders and financing bodies. An important audience is also the
company employees, who benefit from having the company's environmental position and
activities described in a way that allows him or her to be an ambassador in a general sense for
the company. Reporting is becoming increasingly sophisticated, and more closely linked with
the total environmental programme of companies. The contents of these reports still vary
greatly, with a gradual but noticeable tendency to quantify environmental performance, and
include mention of a range of environmental and sustainability indicators such as pollution
and safety incidents, greenhouse gas emissions, and even non-compliance statistics.
8.4.1. Internal Audit
A system of HSE auditing should be undertaken at each project operation and includes the
use of trained internal and external auditors. In addition, auditing should be undertaken to
ensure compliance with all the applicable legislations.
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8.4.2. Audit Type Frequency
Internal – from other site in-charge Every month
External - independent expert Every 6 months
ONGC shall depute internal/external auditors who are trained and certified as competent
EMS auditors by an independent and external standards organisation. The results of
monitoring and auditing shall be regularly reported through the senior management team to
ensure that action items are addressed.
8.4.3. Non-Conformity, Corrective Action and Preventative Action
As per the Environmental Policy of the Company, non-conformities, corrective actions and
preventative actions shall be managed in accordance with Non-Conformance, Preventative
and Corrective Action Procedure. This procedure, which relates to all projects of the
company, should detail the processes to be utilised with respect to the identification of non-
conformances, the application of appropriate corrective actions(s) to address non-
conformances and the establishment of preventative actions to avoid non-conformances.
The key elements of the process include:
Identification of Non-Conformance and/or Non-Compliances;
Recording of Non-Conformance and/or Non-Compliance
Evaluation of the Non-Conformance and/or Non-Compliance to determine
specific corrective and preventative actions;
Corrective and preventative to be assigned to responsible person and
Management Review of corrective actions to ensure the status and effectiveness
of the actions.
8.4.4. Management Review
A comprehensive review of the objectives and targets associated with the individual Project
of the company shall be undertaken. These reviews, which include involvement from the
senior site management and other key site personnel, assess the performance of the plant over
the previous year and develop goals and targets for the following period.
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8.4.5. Maintenance of Records:
Environmental monitoring program will be carried out by approved agency. The monitoring
reports for every season will be regularly submitted to Regional Office of MoEF&CC. Also,
one copy of the monitoring report will be kept in site office. The health records of the
workers will be kept in site office as well as with the Doctor appointed for the purpose. All
the records will be properly kept and maintained by the management.
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Annexure-1
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Annexure 2
Classification of Land Use Built up Land or Habitation
It is defined as an area of human habitation developed due to non-agricultural use and that which
has a cover of buildings, transport, communication utilities in association with water vegetation and
vacant lands.
Kadam has chosen to further define this primary landuse category into additional categories, namely
residential and industrial.
Residential / Commercial
Structures used by humans for living and working, but not including structures used exclusively for
manufacturing.
Industrial
Structures used for manufacturing products.
Agricultural Land
It is defined as the land primarily used for farming and for production of food, fibre, and other
commercial and horticultural crops. It includes land under crops (irrigated and un-irrigated), fallow
land and plantations. These are further defined.
Crop Land
It includes those lands with standing crop (per se) as on the date of the satellite imagery. The crops
may be of either Kharif (June-September) or Rabi (October – March) or Kharif Rabi seasons.
Fallow Land
It is described as agricultural land which is taken up for cultivation but is temporarily allowed to rest
un-cropped for one or more seasons, but not less than one year. These lands are particularly those
which are seen devoid of crops at the time when the imagery is taken during Rabi and Kharif.
Plantations
Plantations are described as an area under agricultural tree crops (for e.g. mango plantations)
planted adopting certain agricultural management techniques. It includes tea, coffee, rubber,
coconut, arecanut, citrus, orchards and other horticultural nurseries.
Forests
It is an area (within the notified forest boundary) bearing an association predominantly of trees and
other vegetation types capable of producing timber and other forest produce. Forests can be further
divided into sub-categories mentioned as follows.
Evergreen / Semi-Evergreen Forests
These are forests which comprise thick and dense canopy of tall trees, which predominantly remain
green throughout the year. Such forests include both coniferous and tropical broad-leaved
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evergreen trees. Semi-evergreen forests are often a mixture of both deciduous and evergreen trees
but the latter predominate.
Deciduous Forests
These are described as forests which predominantly comprise of deciduous species and where the
trees shed their leaves once in a year.
Degraded Forest or Scrub
It is described as a forest where the vegetative (crown) density is less than 20% of the canopy cover.
It is the result of both biotic and abiotic influences. Scrub is a stunted tree or bush/shrub.
Forest Blank
A forest blank is an opening amidst forests without any tree cover. It includes openings of assorted
size and shapes as seen on the imagery.
Forest Plantations
It is described as an area of trees of species of forestry importance and raised on notified forest
lands. It includes eucalyptus, casuarinas, bamboo, etc.
Mangroves
Mangroves are described as a dense, thicker or woody, aquatic vegetation or forest cover occurring
in tidal waters near estuaries and along the confluence of delta in coastal areas. Mangroves include
species of the genera Rhizophora and Aviccunia.
Wastelands
Wastelands are described as degraded lands which can be brought under vegetative cover with
reasonable water and soil management or on account of natural causes. Wastelands can result from
internal / imposed constraints such as by location, environment, chemical and physical prosperities
of the soil or financial or management constraints.
Different types of wastelands include salt-affected lands, waterlogged lands, marshy/swampy lands,
mud lands, gullied / ravenous lands, land with or without scrub, sandy areas and barren rocky /
stony waste / sheet rock areas.
Salt-Affected Land
The salt-affected land is generally characterized as the land that has adverse effects on the growth of
most plants due to the action or presence of excess soluble or high exchangeable sodium. Alkaline
land has an exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) of about 15, which is generally considered as the
limit between normal and alkali soils. The predominant salts are carbonates and bicarbonates of
sodium. Coastal saline soils may be with or without ingress or inundation by seawater.
Waterlogged Land
Waterlogged land is that land where the water is at/or near the surface and water stands for most of
the year. Such lands usually occupy topographically low-lying areas. It excludes lakes, ponds and
tanks or in the context of the Wetlands (Conservation and Management Rules, 2010) such areas that
could be considered as ‘protected wetlands’.
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Marshy / Swampy Land / Mud Land Area
Marshy land is that which is permanently or periodically inundated by water and is characterized by
vegetation, which includes grasses and weeds. Marshes are classified into salt/brackish or fresh
water depending on the salinity of water. These exclude Mangroves.
Gullied / Ravenous Land
The ‘gullies’ are formed as a result of localized surface runoff affecting the friable unconsolidated
material in the formation of perceptible channels resulting in undulating terrain. The gullies are the
first stage of excessive land dissection followed by their networking which leads to the development
of ravenous land. The word ‘ravine’ is usually associated not with an isolated gully but a network of
deep gullies formed generally in thick alluvium and entering a nearby river, flowing much lower than
the surrounding high grounds. The ravines are extensive systems of gullies developed along river
courses.
Land with / without Scrub
They occupy (relatively) higher topography like uplands or high grounds with or without scrub. These
lands are generally prone to degradation or erosion. These exclude hilly and mountainous terrain.
Sandy Area (Coastal and Desertic)
These are the areas, which have stabilized accumulations of sand in-site or transported in coastal
riverine or inland (desert) areas. These occur either in the form of sand dunes, beaches, channel
(river/stream) islands, etc.
Barren Rocky / Stony Waste / Sheet Rock Area
It is defined as the rock exposures of varying lithology often barren and devoid of soil cover and
vegetation and not suitable for cultivation. They occur amidst hill forests as openings or scattered as
isolated exposures or loose fragments of boulders or as sheet rocks on plateau and plains. It includes
quarry or gravel pit or brick kilns.
Water Bodies
It is an area of impounded water, areal in extent and often with a regulated flow of water. It includes
man-made reservoirs/lakes/tank/canals, besides natural lakes, rivers/streams and creeks.
River / Stream
It is a course of flowing water on the land along definite channels. It includes from a small stream to
a big river and its branches. It may be perennial or non-perennial.
Reservoir / Lakes / Ponds / Tanks
It is a natural or man-made enclosed water body with a regulated flow of water. Reservoirs are
larger than tanks/lakes and are used for generating electricity, irrigation and for flood control. Tanks
are smaller in areal extent with limited use than the former. Canals are inland waterways used for
irrigation and sometimes for navigation.
Others
It includes all those landuse and landcover classes which can be treated as miscellaneous because of
their nature of occurrence, physical appearance and other characteristics.
Shifting Cultivation
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It is the result of cyclic land use practice of felling of trees and burning of forest areas for growing
crops. Such lands are also known as jhoom lands and cultivation called jhoom cultivation.
Grassland / Grazing Land
It is an area of land covered with natural grass along with other vegetation, often grown for fodder
to feed cattle and other animals. Such lands are found in river beds, on uplands, hill slopes, etc. Such
lands can also be called as permanent pastures or meadows. Grazing lands are those where certain
pockets of land are fenced for allowing cattle to graze.
Snow Covered / Glacial Area
These are snow-covered areas defined as a solid form of water consisting of minute particles of ice.
It includes permanently snow covered areas as on the Himalayas. Glacier is a mass of accumulated
ice occurring amidst permanently snow-covered areas.
Vegetation Cover
It is a land area predominantly covered with vegetation and is not part of Protected / Reserved
Forests.
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ANNEXURE-3
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Annexure V
Ambient Air Monitoring Data
AAQMS-1: Sarod
Sl. No. Date Parameters
PM10
(ℳg/m3)
PM2.5
(ℳg/m3)
SO2
(ℳg/m3)
NO2
(ℳg/m3)
1. 06/03/2018 54 20 <4.0 <9.0
2. 07/03/2018 58 23 <4.0 <9.0
3. 13/03/2018 64 25 5.2 10.8
4. 14/03/2018 60 23 4.8 10.2
5. 20/03/2018 56 21 <4.0 <9.0
6. 21/03/2018 60 24 4.8 9.8
7. 27/03/2018 54 20 <4.0 <9.0
8. 28/03/2018 60 23 4.5 9.5
9. 05/04/2018 56 21 <4.0 <9.0
10. 06/04/2018 60 23 <4.0 10.2
11. 12/04/2018 56 21 <4.0 <9.0
12. 13/04/2018 62 24 4.8 10.6
13. 19/04/2018 58 23 <4.0 <9.0
14. 20/04/2018 60 24 <4.0 <9.0
15. 26/04/2018 56 21 <4.0 <9.0
16. 27/04/2018 58 22 <4.0 9.5
17. 04/05/2018 56 22 <4.0 <9.0
18. 05/05/2018 64 25 4.8 10.8
19. 11/05/2018 60 23 4.5 10.2
20. 12/05/2018 64 25 4.8 10.8
21. 18/05/2018 60 23 4.5 9.5
22. 19/05/2018 66 25 5.2 11.2
23. 25/05/2018 64 25 5.2 10.6
24. 26/05/2018 58 22 4.2 9.8
National
Standards
100 (24 hours
average)
60 (24 hours
average)
80 (24 hours
average)
80 (24 hours
average)
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AAQMS-2: Samod
Sl. No. Date Parameters
PM10
(ℳg/m3)
PM2.5
(ℳg/m3)
SO2
(ℳg/m3)
NO2
(ℳg/m3)
1. 06/03/2018 50 18 <4.0 <9.0
2. 07/03/2018 55 20 <4.0 <9.0
3. 13/03/2018 52 19 <4.0 10.8
4. 14/03/2018 55 20 <4.0 10.2
5. 20/03/2018 60 22 4.5 <9.0
6. 21/03/2018 56 20 4.2 9.8
7. 27/03/2018 58 21 4.5 <9.0
8. 28/03/2018 52 19 <4.0 9.5
9. 05/04/2018 55 21 <4.0 <9.0
10. 06/04/2018 58 22 <4.0 10.2
11. 12/04/2018 54 20 <4.0 <9.0
12. 13/04/2018 56 20 <4.0 10.6
13. 19/04/2018 58 22 4.5 <9.0
14. 20/04/2018 62 23 4.8 <9.0
15. 26/04/2018 56 20 <4.0 <9.0
16. 27/04/2018 60 22 4.5 9.5
17. 04/05/2018 56 20 <4.0 <9.0
18. 05/05/2018 60 22 4.5 10.8
19. 11/05/2018 62 22 4.8 10.2
20. 12/05/2018 56 20 <4.0 10.8
21. 18/05/2018 54 19 <4.0 9.5
22. 19/05/2018 58 21 4.2 11.2
23. 25/05/2018 55 20 <4.0 10.6
24. 26/05/2018 58 21 4.5 9.8
National
Standards
100 (24 hours
average)
60 (24 hours
average)
80 (24 hours
average)
80 (24 hours
average)
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AAQMS-3: Nondhana
Sl. No. Date Parameters
PM10
(ℳg/m3)
PM2.5
(ℳg/m3)
SO2
(ℳg/m3)
NO2
(ℳg/m3)
1. 06/03/2018 48 18 <4.0 <9.0
2. 07/03/2018 54 20 <4.0 <9.0
3. 13/03/2018 46 18 4.8 9.2
4. 14/03/2018 40 16 5 9.1
5. 20/03/2018 46 18 <4.0 <9.0
6. 21/03/2018 48 19 <4.0 <9.0
7. 27/03/2018 50 19 4.8 9.4
8. 28/03/2018 52 20 4.2 9.8
9. 05/04/2018 52 20 <4.0 <9.0
10. 06/04/2018 46 18 <4.0 <9.0
11. 12/04/2018 48 19 4.7 11.1
12. 13/04/2018 50 20 4.9 10.2
13. 19/04/2018 48 19 <4.0 <9.0
14. 20/04/2018 46 18 <4.0 <9.0
15. 26/04/2018 48 19 <4.0 <9.0
16. 27/04/2018 44 18 <4.0 <9.0
17. 04/05/2018 50 20 <4.0 <9.0
18. 05/05/2018 52 20 <4.0 <9.0
19. 11/05/2018 48 19 5.3 10.2
20. 12/05/2018 46 18 5.0 10
21. 18/05/2018 48 19 <4.0 <9.0
22. 19/05/2018 50 20 <4.0 <9.0
23. 25/05/2018 52 20 <4.0 <9.0
24. 26/05/2018 54 22 <4.0 <9.0
National
Standards
100 (24 hours
average)
60 (24 hours
average)
80 (24 hours
average)
80 (24 hours
average)
Expansion for development and production of Uber-2 well and
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AAQMS-4: Uber
Sl. No. Date Parameters
PM10
(ℳg/m3)
PM2.5
(ℳg/m3)
SO2
(ℳg/m3)
NO2
(ℳg/m3)
1. 06/03/2018 40 16 <4.0 <9.0
2. 07/03/2018 46 18 <4.0 <9.0
3. 13/03/2018 48 19 4.8 9.6
4. 14/03/2018 42 16 4.2 9.8
5. 20/03/2018 48 19 <4.0 <9.0
6. 21/03/2018 50 20 <4.0 <9.0
7. 27/03/2018 46 18 5.1 11.2
8. 28/03/2018 44 16 5.2 11.5
9. 05/04/2018 52 20 <4.0 <9.0
10. 06/04/2018 46 17 <4.0 <9.0
11. 12/04/2018 48 19 <4.0 <9.0
12. 13/04/2018 44 16 5.6 9.8
13. 19/04/2018 40 16 5.2 10.6
14. 20/04/2018 44 17 <4.0 <9.0
15. 26/04/2018 48 19 <4.0 <9.0
16. 27/04/2018 50 20 <4.0 <9.0
17. 04/05/2018 48 18 4.5 9.8
18. 05/05/2018 52 20 4.7 10.6
19. 11/05/2018 46 17 <4.0 <9.0
20. 12/05/2018 48 19 <4.0 <9.0
21. 18/05/2018 44 16 4.3 9.7
22. 19/05/2018 48 19 4.8 10.2
23. 25/05/2018 54 20 <4.0 <9.0
24. 26/05/2018 48 19 <4.0 <9.0
National
Standards
100 (24 hours
average)
60 (24 hours
average)
80 (24 hours
average)
80 (24 hours
average)
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AAQMS-5: Dhuvaran
Sl. No. Date Parameters
PM10
(ℳg/m3)
PM2.5
(ℳg/m3)
SO2
(ℳg/m3)
NO2
(ℳg/m3)
1. 06/03/2018 46 17 <4.0 <9.0
2. 07/03/2018 44 16 <4.0 <9.0
3. 13/03/2018 40 15 <4.0 <9.0
4. 14/03/2018 46 17 <4.0 <9.0
5. 20/03/2018 44 16 <4.0 <9.0
6. 21/03/2018 48 19 <4.0 <9.0
7. 27/03/2018 44 16 <4.0 <9.0
8. 28/03/2018 50 20 <4.0 <9.0
9. 05/04/2018 46 16 <4.0 <9.0
10. 06/04/2018 42 15 <4.0 <9.0
11. 12/04/2018 38 14 <4.0 <9.0
12. 13/04/2018 40 15 <4.0 <9.0
13. 19/04/2018 46 17 <4.0 <9.0
14. 20/04/2018 42 15 <4.0 <9.0
15. 26/04/2018 44 15 <4.0 <9.0
16. 27/04/2018 42 15 <4.0 <9.0
17. 04/05/2018 38 14 <4.0 <9.0
18. 05/05/2018 46 17 <4.0 <9.0
19. 11/05/2018 50 19 <4.0 <9.0
20. 12/05/2018 44 15 <4.0 <9.0
21. 18/05/2018 18 19 <4.0 <9.0
22. 19/05/2018 44 16 <4.0 <9.0
23. 25/05/2018 48 19 <4.0 <9.0
24. 26/05/2018 50 20 <4.0 <9.0
National
Standards
100 (24 hours
average)
60 (24 hours
average)
80 (24 hours
average)
80 (24 hours
average)
Expansion for development and production of Uber-2 well and
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AAQMS-6: Valipore
Sl. No. Date Parameters
PM10
(ℳg/m3)
PM2.5
(ℳg/m3)
SO2
(ℳg/m3)
NO2
(ℳg/m3)
1. 06/03/2018 66 26 6.2 11.8
2. 07/03/2018 68 27 6.5 10.8
3. 13/03/2018 62 25 6.5 10.6
4. 14/03/2018 70 30 7.5 12.2
5. 20/03/2018 72 32 7.8 13.8
6. 21/03/2018 66 28 5.8 11.2
7. 27/03/2018 60 25 5.2 10.6
8. 28/03/2018 68 27 7.2 11.8
9. 05/04/2018 66 27 7.2 11.2
10. 06/04/2018 72 32 7.5 13.6
11. 12/04/2018 72 32 5.2 13.2
12. 13/04/2018 66 25 5.4 11.2
13. 19/04/2018 60 24 6.2 9.8
14. 20/04/2018 68 26 5.2 10.6
15. 26/04/2018 66 26 6.8 10.2
16. 27/04/2018 62 25 8.6 9.6
17. 04/05/2018 68 27 6.2 11.8
18. 05/05/2018 64 25 5.8 10
19. 11/05/2018 68 27 5.6 10.8
20. 12/05/2018 62 24 7.2 9.4
21. 18/05/2018 68 27 5.8 9.8
22. 19/05/2018 62 25 5.8 9.2
23. 25/05/2018 68 28 6.2 11.2
24. 26/05/2018 64 25 5.2 10.6
National
Standards
100 (24 hours
average)
60 (24 hours
average)
80 (24 hours
average)
80 (24 hours
average)
Expansion for development and production of Uber-2 well and
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AAQMS-7: Vedach
Sl. No. Date Parameters
PM10
(ℳg/m3)
PM2.5
(ℳg/m3)
SO2
(ℳg/m3)
NO2
(ℳg/m3)
1. 06/03/2018 44 26 9.1 14.4
2. 07/03/2018 67 38 <8.0 <10
3. 13/03/2018 61 40 <8.0 14.0
4. 14/03/2018 64 33 <8.0 <10
5. 20/03/2018 59 28 <8.0 16.2
6. 21/03/2018 48 23 10.1 15.3
7. 27/03/2018 63 47 8.2 14.9
8. 28/03/2018 78 47 <8.0 14.2
9. 05/04/2018 52 40 10.2 15.6
10. 06/04/2018 48 29 9.0 19.6
11. 12/04/2018 65 45 9.4 17.1
12. 13/04/2018 71 21 9.7 22.0
13. 19/04/2018 45 24 9.0 14.7
14. 20/04/2018 37 28 <8.0 17.0
15. 26/04/2018 74 41 10.0 24.5
16. 27/04/2018 76 36 9.2 24.1
17. 04/05/2018 57 32 9.7 18.6
18. 05/05/2018 61 31 9.7 16.7
19. 11/05/2018 48 25 8.5 17.7
20. 12/05/2018 53 38 10.2 19.1
21. 18/05/2018 56 35 9.5 22.7
22. 19/05/2018 59 33 9.1 19.8
23. 25/05/2018 57 38 9.3 20.4
24. 26/05/2018 48 39 9.6 21.3
National
Standards
100 (24 hours
average)
60 (24 hours
average)
80 (24 hours
average)
80 (24 hours
average)
Expansion for development and production of Uber-2 well and
Group Gathering Station, Jambusar, Gujarat
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AAQMS-8: Kangam
Sl. No. Date Parameters
PM10
(ℳg/m3)
PM2.5
(ℳg/m3)
SO2
(ℳg/m3)
NO2
(ℳg/m3)
1. 06/03/2018 54 36 9.5 24.6
2. 07/03/2018 105 55 <8.0 11.0
3. 13/03/2018 84 31 9.3 27.6
4. 14/03/2018 53 44 8.8 14.2
5. 20/03/2018 66 53 <8.0 11.1
6. 21/03/2018 62 38 9.3 20.1
7. 27/03/2018 67 52 <8.0 15.4
8. 28/03/2018 64 50 9.3 10.5
9. 05/04/2018 52 44 <8.0 12.5
10. 06/04/2018 68 45 9.0 20.6
11. 12/04/2018 73 43 10.8 25.0
12. 13/04/2018 81 47 8.1 14.6
13. 19/04/2018 65 46 <8.0 19.3
14. 20/04/2018 92 49 <8.0 18.7
15. 26/04/2018 73 46 <8.0 17.5
16. 27/04/2018 69 48 8.1 14.6
17. 04/05/2018 78 44 9.3 15.9
18. 05/05/2018 83 41 9.6 11.6
19. 11/05/2018 67 44 <8.0 18.0
20. 12/05/2018 70 43 <8.0 20.4
21. 18/05/2018 75 42 <8.0 15.5
22. 19/05/2018 79 43 <8.0 14.8
23. 25/05/2018 76 41 <8.0 18.2
24. 26/05/2018 81 49 <8.0 13.9
National
Standards
100 (24 hours
average)
60 (24 hours
average)
80 (24 hours
average)
80 (24 hours
average)
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Group Gathering Station, Jambusar, Gujarat
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