environmental impact assessment report for expansion for

Expansion for development and production of

Uber-2 well and Group Gathering Station,

Jambusar, Gujarat

Doc. No. CHSE/ANK/2018

Rev. No. 02

Issue date 11.06.2018

Page No. 1

Environmental Impact Assessment Report

for



Jambusar, Gujarat

Submitted By

Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited

Corporate Health, Safety and Environment

3rd

Floor, Tower A, Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Urja Bhawan,

Plot No. 5A & 5B, Vasant Kunj, Nelson Mandela Marg,

New Delhi-110070



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EIA Sector Number as per

NABET 2 Sector Name

Offshore and onshore oil and gas

exploration, development & production

EIA Coordinator

Name Dr. J. S. Sharma

Signature & Date

Period of Involvement February, 2018 onwards

Contact Information ONGC, CHSE, PDDUUB, 3rd Floor, Tower A,

5, Vasant Kunj, Nelson Mandela Marg, New Delhi

Mobile:9868282230

Functional Area Experts

Name Functional Area Signature & Date

Dr. J S Sharma Air Pollution Monitoring, Prevention & Control.

Meteorology, Air Quality Modeling & Prediction

Dr. Ravi Misra Hydrology, ground water and water conservation

Mr. Debashis Chakravorty Geology

Mr. Amlan Chakraborty Risk Assessment & Hazard Management

Mr. Nilay Meshram Land Use

H J Godbole Water Pollution Monitoring, Prevention & Control.

Mr. S.K. Mohapatra Socio- economics

Dr. Archana Yadav Ecology & Bio-diversity

Team Members Mr Setu Goyal, Mr. Vipul Sharma, Mr. Vikranth C N

ONGC undertakes the ownership of the contents, data and information of this EIA report as per the

Office Memorandum no. J-11013/41/2006 IA II (I) dated 05th October, 2011 of Ministry of

Environment, Forest & Climate Change.



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TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 13-26

TOR COMPLIANCE 27-29

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 30 1.2. ABOUT OIL AND NATURAL GAS CORPORATION LIMITED....................................................................... 30 1.3. PROPOSED PROJECT OBJECTIVES ........................................................................................................... 30 1.4. PROPOSED PROJECT................................................................................................................................ 31 1.4.1. CONVERSION/EXPANSION OF EXPLORATORY WELL TO DEVELOPMENT WELL: ..................................... 31 1.5. NEED FOR THE PROJECT AND ITS IMPORTANCE TO THE COUNTRY / REGION .......................................... 33 1.6. DEMAND-SUPPLY GAP ........................................................................................................................... 33 1.7. DOMESTIC / EXPORT MARKETS .............................................................................................................. 33 1.8. EMPLOYMENT GENERATION (DIRECT AND INDIRECT) DUE TO THE PROJECT.......................................... 33 1.9. APPROACH TO SITE ................................................................................................................................ 33 1.10. SCOPE OF THE STUDY ............................................................................................................................. 34 1.11. METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY .............................................................................................................. 35 1.12. STATUS & STAGE OF REGULATORY FRAMEWORK.................................................................................. 37 1.12.1. THE CONSULTANT .................................................................................................................................. 37 1.13. PROJECT CHRONOLOGY ......................................................................................................................... 37 CHAPTER 2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2.1. TYPE OF THE PROJECT ............................................................................................................................ 38 2.2. NEED FOR THE PROJECT ......................................................................................................................... 39 2.3. LOCATION OF THE PROJECT .................................................................................................................... 39 2.4. PROJECT OVERVIEW ............................................................................................................................... 39 2.4.1. EVACUATION STRATEGY: ....................................................................................................................... 39 2.5. DRILLING TECHNOLOGY ........................................................................................................................ 41 2.5.1. DRILLING SITE SELECTION ..................................................................................................................... 42 2.5.2. SITE CLEARANCE ................................................................................................................................... 42 2.5.3. ACCESS AND TRANSPORT ....................................................................................................................... 43 2.5.4. TECHNOLOGY AND DRILLING PROCESS DESCRIPTION ............................................................................ 43 2.5.5. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS OF DRILLING ................................................................................................ 45 2.5.6. SPILL CONTAINMENT SYSTEM ................................................................................................................ 50 2.5.7. WASTE WATER STORAGE PIT ................................................................................................................ 50 2.5.8. DRILL CUTTINGS DISPOSAL PIT ............................................................................................................. 50 2.5.9. DOMESTIC SEWAGE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL SYSTEM ..................................................................... 51 2.5.10. SOLID AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT .................................................................................... 51 2.5.11. AIR EMISSIONS ....................................................................................................................................... 51 2.5.12. NOISE GENERATION ............................................................................................................................... 52 2.6. SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT .................................................................................................................. 54 2.7. ABANDONMENT OF OPERATIONS ........................................................................................................... 55 2.7.1. TEMPORARY SUSPENSION OF ACTIVITIES ............................................................................................... 55 2.7.2. DECOMMISSIONING UPON ABANDONMENT ............................................................................................ 55 CHAPTER 3 DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

3. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT ..................................................................................................... 57 3.1. AMBIENT AIR QUALITY.......................................................................................................................... 58 3.1.1. RECONNAISSANCE .................................................................................................................................. 58



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3.1.2. AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING NETWORK AND ANALYTICAL METHODS .................................... 58 3.1.3. MICRO-METEOROLOGY .......................................................................................................................... 60 3.1.4. LONG TERM METEOROLOGY – BHARUCH DISTRICT............................................................................... 60 3.1.5. WIND ..................................................................................................................................................... 61 3.1.6. BASELINE METEOROLOGICAL DATA – BHARUCH DISTRICT ................................................................... 61 3.1.7. BASE LINE STATUS OF AIR QUALITY ..................................................................................................... 64 3.1.8. OBSERVATION AND INFERENCES: ........................................................................................................... 69 3.2. NOISE ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................................................................ 70 3.2.1. SELECTION OF SAMPLING STATIONS FOR NOISE MONITORING ............................................................... 70 3.3. WATER ENVIRONMENT .......................................................................................................................... 72 3.3.1. RECONNAISSANCE .................................................................................................................................. 72 3.3.2. METHODOLOGY OF WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT ............................................................................... 72 3.3.3. QUALITY OF SURFACE WATER (RIVER WATER) ..................................................................................... 76 3.3.4. RESULTS OF GROUND WATER SAMPLES ................................................................................................ 78 3.4. LAND ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................................................................. 79 3.4.1. METHODOLOGY ADOPTED FOR LAND USE/LAND COVER STUDY ............................................................ 79 3.4.2. STUDY AND COLLECTION OF RELEVANT DOCUMENTS AND MAPS ......................................................... 79 3.4.3. FIELD SURVEY: ...................................................................................................................................... 80 3.4.4. CLASS WISE AREA STATISTICS ............................................................................................................... 80 3.5. SOIL QUALITY ........................................................................................................................................ 82 3.5.1. RECONNAISSANCE .................................................................................................................................. 82 3.5.2. SOIL SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................. 82 3.5.3. SOIL IN BHARUCH DISTRICT ................................................................................................................... 85 3.5.4. ANALYSIS OF QUALITY SOIL SAMPLES COLLECTED: .............................................................................. 87 3.6. BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT .................................................................................................................. 88 3.6.1. DATA SOURCE OF THE STUDY AREA ...................................................................................................... 88 3.6.2. PERIOD OF THE STUDY AND STUDY AREA ............................................................................................... 89 3.6.3. TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEM OF THE STUDY AREA .................................................................................... 89 3.6.4. AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM OF THE STUDY AREA ........................................................................................... 90 3.6.5. SPECIES COMPOSITION ........................................................................................................................... 92 3.6.6. SPECIES DIVERSITY ................................................................................................................................ 92 3.6.7. METHODOLOGY ..................................................................................................................................... 94 3.6.8. FLORAL DIVERSITY OF STUDY AREA ..................................................................................................... 94 3.6.9. TREES ..................................................................................................................................................... 95 3.6.10. SHRUBS: ................................................................................................................................................. 98 3.6.11. HERBS: ................................................................................................................................................... 99 3.6.12. CLIMBERS AND TWINERS: .................................................................................................................... 103 3.6.13. MAJOR CROPS ...................................................................................................................................... 104 3.6.14. MINOR CROPS ...................................................................................................................................... 104 3.6.15. MAJOR HORTICULTURAL CROPS ........................................................................................................... 104 3.6.16. RARE AND ENDANGERED FLORA IN THE STUDY AREA ......................................................................... 104 3.6.17. FAUNAL BIODIVERSITY OF THE STUDY AREA IN BHARUCH DISTRICT .................................................. 106 3.6.18. BIRDS OF THE STUDY AREA ................................................................................................................. 106 3.6.19. BUTTERFLIES OF THE STUDY AREA ...................................................................................................... 108 3.6.20. HERPETOFAUNA ................................................................................................................................... 110 3.6.21. MAMMALS ........................................................................................................................................... 110 3.6.22. AS PER WILD LIFE PROTECTION ACT, 1972 ......................................................................................... 111 3.6.23. ANIMAL HUSBANDRY .......................................................................................................................... 112



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3.7. SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS .................................................................................................................. 113 3.7.1. BHARUCH DISTRICT (CENSUS, 2011) ................................................................................................... 113 3.7.2. LITERACY RATE 2011 .......................................................................................................................... 114 3.7.3. SEX RATIO 2011 ................................................................................................................................... 114 3.7.4. CHILD POPULATION 2011 ..................................................................................................................... 114 3.7.5. HOUSELESS CENSUS ............................................................................................................................. 114 3.7.6. POPULATION 2015 ................................................................................................................................ 115 3.7.7. DISTRICT URBAN/RURAL 2011 ............................................................................................................ 115 3.7.8. EDUCATION FACILITIES ........................................................................................................................ 116 CHAPTER 4 ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS & MITIGATION MEASURES

4. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ASSOCIATED WITH DRILLING AND PRODUCTION ...................................... 118 4.1. AIR ENVIRONMENT .............................................................................................................................. 120 4.1.1. ASSESSMENT OF AIR QUALITY IMPACTS .............................................................................................. 121 4.1.2. DECOMMISSIONING OF PROJECT ........................................................................................................... 122 4.1.3. IMPACT FROM AIR EMISSION ................................................................................................................ 123 4.1.4. MITIGATION MEASURES ....................................................................................................................... 135 4.2. NOISE ENVIRONMENT .......................................................................................................................... 136 4.3. LAND ENVIRONMENT ........................................................................................................................... 138 4.4. WATER ENVIRONMENT ........................................................................................................................ 140 4.5. BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT ................................................................................................................ 142 4.5.1. TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................................................... 142 4.5.2. AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT ..................................................................................................................... 142 4.6. SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ........................................................................................................ 143 4.7. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT ................................................................................................ 143 4.7.1. AIR ENVIRONMENT .............................................................................................................................. 143 4.7.2. NOISE ENVIRONMENT .......................................................................................................................... 144 4.7.3. LAND ENVIRONMENT ........................................................................................................................... 145 4.7.4. WATER ENVIRONMENT ........................................................................................................................ 145 4.7.5. BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT ................................................................................................................ 146 4.7.6. SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ........................................................................................................ 146 4.8. POSITIVE IMPACTS ............................................................................................................................... 148 4.9. NEGATIVE IMPACTS ............................................................................................................................. 148 4.10. MITIGATION MEASURES ....................................................................................................................... 149 4.11. PROJECT POST MONITORING PROGRAM ................................................................................................ 150 4.12. OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM: .......................................................................... 150 CHAPTER 5 ADDITIONAL STUDIES

5. ADDITIONAL STUDIES .......................................................................................................................... 151 5.1. PUBLIC CONSULTATION ....................................................................................................................... 151 5.2. RISK ASSESSMENT STUDY .................................................................................................................... 151 5.2.1. OBJECTIVES .......................................................................................................................................... 152 5.2.2. SCOPE OF WORK .................................................................................................................................. 152 5.2.3. IDENTIFICATION OF RISKS HAZARDS .................................................................................................... 152 5.3. MAJOR HAZARDS ................................................................................................................................. 160 5.3.1. BLOWOUT ............................................................................................................................................ 160 5.3.2. BLOWOUT CONSEQUENCES AND EFFECTS ........................................................................................... 161 5.4. CONTROL MEASURES FOR MAJOR HAZARDS ....................................................................................... 162 5.4.1. BLOWOUT ............................................................................................................................................ 162 5.5. RISK MITIGATION MEASURES .............................................................................................................. 163



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5.5.1. DRILLING OPERATIONS ........................................................................................................................ 163 5.5.2. WELLS.................................................................................................................................................. 165 5.5.3. PREVENTIVE MEASURES FOR SPILLAGE AND ACCIDENT DUE TO STORAGE OF CHEMICALS ................... 165 5.5.4. FLOW SENSOR ...................................................................................................................................... 166 5.5.5. CONTROL PANEL .................................................................................................................................. 166 5.5.6. INSTRUMENTATION IN MUD SYSTEM ................................................................................................... 167 5.5.7. RISKS TO PERSONNEL ........................................................................................................................... 167 5.5.8. PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES FOR FALLING OBJECTS ........................................................................... 168 5.6. DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN (DMP) ............................................................................................... 168 5.6.1. OBJECTIVES .......................................................................................................................................... 169 5.6.2. KEY ELEMENTS .................................................................................................................................... 169 5.6.3. BASIS OF THE PLAN .............................................................................................................................. 169 5.6.4. EMERGENCY PLANNING AND RESPONSE PROCEDURES ........................................................................ 169 5.6.5. ACCIDENT PREVENTION PROCEDURES / MEASURES FOR DRILLING...................................................... 170 5.6.6. PROTECTING THE WELL FROM EXTERNAL INTERFERENCE ................................................................... 171 5.6.7. FIRE PREVENTION PLANNING AND MEASURES ..................................................................................... 171 5.6.8. ON-SITE DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN ............................................................................................. 172 5.6.9. OFF-SITE DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN ............................................................................................ 173 5.6.10. OIL SPILL RESPONSE PLAN ................................................................................................................... 174 5.6.11. RESPONSE STRATEGIES – ONSITE SPILLS ............................................................................................. 175 5.6.12. RESPONSE STRATEGIES – OFF-SITE SPILLS .......................................................................................... 176 5.7. HYDROGEN SULPHIDE (H2S) ............................................................................................................... 177 5.7.1. H2S GAS DETECTION SYSTEM ............................................................................................................. 177 5.8. FIRE FIGHTING FACILITY ...................................................................................................................... 179 5.8.1. FIRE WATER SYSTEM ........................................................................................................................... 179 5.8.2. FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENT AT DRILLING RIG ..................................................................................... 180 CHAPTER 6 ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN

6. ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN ................................................................................................... 182 6.1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 182 6.2. EMP DURING VARIOUS PROJECT PHASES ............................................................................................ 182 6.3. ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE COMPANY ....................................................................................... 183 6.4. ORGANISATION STRUCTURE - HSE ...................................................................................................... 183 6.5. EMP PLAN FOR THE PROPOSED PROJECT.............................................................................................. 183 6.6. ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION AND RECLAMATION PLAN ...................................................................... 185 6.7. ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN ................................................................................................... 186 6.7.1. AIR ENVIRONMENT .............................................................................................................................. 186 6.7.2. NOISE ENVIRONMENT .......................................................................................................................... 186 6.7.3. WATER ENVIRONMENT ........................................................................................................................ 187 6.7.4. BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT ................................................................................................................ 187 6.7.5. LAND ENVIRONMENT ........................................................................................................................... 188 6.7.6. SOIL ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................................................................. 188 6.7.7. STORAGE AND HANDLING OF MATERIALS AND SPOILS ........................................................................ 189 6.7.8. SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ............................................................................................................... 189 CHAPTER 7 PROJECT BENEFITS

7. PROJECT BENEFITS ............................................................................................................................... 192 7.1. BENEFITS FOR THE COUNTRY ............................................................................................................... 192 7.2. IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE ........................................................................... 193 7.3. IMPROVEMENT IN THE SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE ................................................................................ 193



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7.4. EMPLOYMENT POTENTIAL .................................................................................................................... 194 7.5. OTHER TANGIBLE BENEFITS ................................................................................................................ 195 CHAPTER 8 ENVIRONMENT MONITORING PROGRAMME

8. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME ..................................................................................... 196 8.1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 196 8.2. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND REPORTING PROCEDURE ............................................................ 196 8.2.1. OBJECTIVES OF MONITORING ............................................................................................................... 197 8.3. ENVIRONMENTAL COSTS ...................................................................................................................... 197 8.4. AUDIT AND REVIEW ............................................................................................................................. 197 8.4.1. INTERNAL AUDIT ................................................................................................................................. 198 8.4.2. AUDIT TYPE FREQUENCY ..................................................................................................................... 199 8.4.3. NON-CONFORMITY, CORRECTIVE ACTION AND PREVENTATIVE ACTION ............................................. 199 8.4.4. MANAGEMENT REVIEW ........................................................................................................................ 199 8.4.5. MAINTENANCE OF RECORDS: ............................................................................................................... 200



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LIST OF TABLES

Table

No.

Title Page

No.

1 Salient Features of the Project 7

2 Block Details of the proposed location 8

3 Land use distribution of study area 9

1.1 Salient Features of the Project 24

1.2 Block Details of the proposed location 26

1.3 Environmental Attributes and Frequency of Monitoring 29

2.1 Additional equipment / facilities envisaged at GGS-Jambusar 33

2.2 Ingredients of Water Based Drilling Fluid 39

2.3 Additives and their functions in Drilling Fluids 39

2.4 Water Requirement 40

3.1 Analytical Methods used for Quantification of Air Quality Parameters in

the Ambient Air

52

3.2 Mean Meteorological Data for Pre Monsoon season (Bharuch District) 55

3.3 National ambient Air Quality Standards 57

3.4 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations (Locations) 59

3.5 Average, Maxima & Minima Particulate Matter (PM10) 59

3.6 Average, Maxima & Minima Particulate Matter (PM2.5) 60

3.7 Ambient Air Quality Status of SO2 60

3.8 Ambient Air Quality Status of NOx 61

3.9 Levels of CO, Volatile Organic Pollutants, Methane & Non Methane HC 61

3.10 Noise Monitoring Stations in the Study Area 64

3.11 Results of Noise level survey 64

3.12 Water Quality Monitoring Parameters and Standard Analytical Methods 66

3.13 Surface Water Sampling Locations (River Samples) 67

3.14 Ground Water Quality Sampling Locations 67

3.15 Surface water quality parameters of sampling locations 68

3.16 Ground water quality parameters of sampling locations 70

3.17 Area Statistics of Land use/ Land cover Classification used for the Project 73

3.18 Methodology of Soil Sample Monitoring, Standard Methods and

Procedures

76

3.19 Sampling Locations for Soil Quality Monitoring 79

3.20 Soil sampling analysis results 79

3.21 Scale for Shannon Weiner Diversity Index 86

3.22 Phytoplankton and Zooplankton Diversity Index of Study Area 86

3.23 List of Trees in the Study Area 88

3.24 List of Shrubs in the Study Area 91



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3.25 List of Herbaceous species in the Study Area 93

3.26 List of Climbers in the Study Area 96

3.27 Systematic List of birds in the study area with its residential status 99

3.28 Butterflies in the Study Area 101

3.29 Reptiles in the Study Area 103

3.30 Mammals in the Study Area 103

3.31 Species provided Protection as per Wild Life Protection Act 1972 in

Study Area

105

3.32 Social Profile of the Study Area, Census 2001 & 2011 109

3.33 Population dynamics of the study area 110

4.1 Impact Significance Criteria 111

4.2 Identification of Likely Impacts from Drilling and Production –

Impacts/Risks Interaction Environmental Sensitivities

112

4.3 Impact significance of Air Quality during the project 114

4.4 Emission during drilling of wells 114

4.5 Impact Significance of Waste Generation during Drilling 132

4.6 Impact Significance of Waste Resource Quality during Drilling 133

4.7 Noise Exposure levels to Typical Drilling Rigs 137

4.8 Prediction of Qualitative Impacts on socio-Economic Environment 139

5.1 Major hazards and risks of Oil/Gas well drilling 146

5.2 Criteria for the Risk Ranking 147

5.3 Risk Categories and Significance of Criteria 153

5.4 Location of the Fire fighting Equipments At Drilling Rig 173



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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure

No.

Title Page No.

1.1 Map of Block Location 25

2.1 Details of the scheme as envisaged at GGS Jambusar 33

2.2 A Typical Drilling Rig 46

3.2 Photographs of Meteorological Station set up at Project Location 56

3.3 Wind Rose Diagram for Bharuch District 56

3.4 Photographs showing Installed Ambient Air Quality Monitoring

Systems at different Locations

62

3.5 Soil texture 77

3.6 Soil of Bharuch District 78

3.7 Biological and Aquatic sampling of the study area 83

3.8 Prosopis juliflora found in the study area 90

3.9 Nilgiri plantation in the study area 92

3.10 Major Crops in the Study Area 98

3.11 Birds found in the Study Area 101

3.12 Butterfly found in study area 102

3.13 Langoor found in the study area 104

3.14 Animal Husbandry found in study area 105



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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1. Introduction

Project Highlights

Oil & Natural Gas Corporation Limited (ONGC), a premier Govt. of India Undertaking and

the major National Oil Company, is a vertically integrated company producing crude oil,

natural gas and value added products like LPG, NGL, Petrol, HSD etc. Operations of ONGC

extend over both onshore as well as offshore within India and outside India.

ONGC has proposed for expansion with only existing well i.e. Uber-2 which produced gas

and condensate during initial testing in exploratory phase. Well fluid from Uber-2, will be

routed to GGS, Jambusar, through pipeline for processing of well fluid. The proposed one

development well UBER-II is located in NELP-VI block UBER and covered under Jambusar

Taluka, Bharuch district district of Gujarat State. The total Block Area is 10.78 km2. The

Total Project Cost is INR 29.50 Cr. This report is based on the TOR approved by Ministry of

Environment and Forests, Government of India vide letter- No.IA-J-11011/227/2017-IA-II(I)

dated 22nd

March 2018.

Objective and Scope of EIA study

The EIA study is a part of EC process as per EIA Notification 2006, and is essential to

conduct for obtaining Environment Clearance from Ministry of Environment, Forest and

Climate Change, for any new proposal. The EIA study is a tool to identify the impacts on

surrounding environment due to the various activities of the proposed project and quantifying

this impact through models considering thorough details of baseline data of all the

environmental aspects.

The scope of the EIA study includes detailed characterization of the existing status of the

terrestrial and socio-economic environment within the study area, identification of the

potential environmental impacts of the project, and formulation of an effective Environmental

Management Plan (EMP) to prevent, control & mitigate the adverse environmental impacts,

and ensuring the environmental compliance. Apart from suggesting mitigation measures to



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the negative impacts, the report suggests implementation of various positive and

enhancement measures as a part of project benefit program to people of the nearby areas

2. Project Description

ONGC proposes conversion of one exploratory well to Developmental well, depth of 4501

meters in the mining leases of the NELP-VI block CB-ONN-2004/3(UBER) block.

Conversion/Expansion of Exploratory Well to Development Well:

In the old exploration project covered under exploratory environment clearance, no. J-

11011/390/2007-IA.II(I), dt. 14.11.2008drilling operations were completed, and in one of the

well (Uber-2) sufficient indications of hydrocarbons were noticed while drilling. Field

development of UBER is planned with only existing well i.e. Uber-2 which produced gas and

condensate during initial testing in exploratory phase. Expected peak production from the

field is 40,000 m3/d of gas and 21 m3/d of condensate. Well fluid from UBER-2, would be

routed to GGS, Jambusar, through pipeline for processing of well fluid.

Table 1: Salient Features of the Project

Sl. No. Salient Features Details of the Project

1. Proposal Number IA/GJ/IND2/64683/2017

2. Terms of Reference No.IA-J-11011/227/2017-IA-II(I)

3. Location Jambusar, Gujarat

4. Total No. of Blocks 01

5. Total Area 10.78 sq.km

6. Project capacity 40000 m3/day

7. Estimated Project Cost 2950 lacs

8. Nearest Town Jambusar

9. National Highway Vadodara-Jambusar highway -15km

10. Nearest Railway Station Jambusar, 14 km

11. Nearest Airport Baroda, 62 km

12. Water Bodies Mahi river, 1km



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3. Description of the Baseline Study

The study area comprises of the 01 Block with a Block Area of 10.78 km2. The existing/

baseline environmental set-up of the proposed operational Area has been studied during the

months of March to May, 2018 i.e. Pre Monsoon Season as described in following sub-

headings.

Geology & Topography

Bharuch district is flat level plain except for small hilly tract in the eastern part covering the

talukas of Jhagadiya and valia where elevation ranges between 200 m to 400 m above msl in

remaining areas altitude varies between 5 m to 100 m above msl.

Block Details of the proposed location is given in Table 2:

Table 2: Block Details of the proposed location

Sl. No. Name of Block Area of Block in square km Depth of well in Meter

1. UBER 10.78 4501

Seismic Consideration

According to seismic-zoning map of India [IS 1893: 2002], the study region falls in Zone III

of the seismic zones of India.

Climate and Meteorology

The period from March to May is one of the continuous increase in temperature. May is

generally the hottest month with a mean daily maximum temperature of about 41.70 and

mean daily minimum of about 26.20. The weather is intensely hot in summer and on some

days the day temperature reach upto 450. About 93 percent of the annual rainfall in the region

is received during the southwest monsoon months i.e. June to September.



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Land Use

The Land Use Land Cover (LULC) within the block have been studied and it can be broadly

classified into Seven major categories, namely, Built Up Land, Agricultural Land,

Wastelands, Water Bodies, Vegetation Cover, Forest and Others. The land use distribution

of the study area is given below in Table 2.

Table 3: Land use distribution of study area

Sl.

No.

Primary

Classification

Secondary

Classification

Area, Secondary Class Area, Primary Class

~km2 Ha ~% ~km

2 Ha ~%

1.

Built-up

Land or

Habitation

Residential /

Commercial 198.375 19837.5 2.47 271.97 27197.3 3.38

Industrial 73.598 7359.8 0.92

2. Agricultural

Land

Crop

Land/Fallow

Land 4344.763 434476.3 54.04 4369.34 436934.1 54.35

Plantations 24.578 2457.8 0.31

3 Wastelands

Land without

Scrub 92.874 9287.4 1.16

1013.21 101321.3 12.60

Salt Affected

Land 5.041 504.1 0.06



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Sl.

No.

Primary

Classification

Secondary

Classification


~km2 Ha ~% ~km

2 Ha ~%

Mud flat 907.906 90790.6 11.29

Sandy Area 7.392 739.2 0.09

4. Water Bodies

Reservoir /

Lakes /

Ponds /

Tanks 42.994 4299.4 0.53

1183.73 118373.3 14.72

River Beds 371.797 37179.7 4.62

Sea 768.942 76894.2 9.56

5. Vegetation

Cover

Scrub 678.687 67868.7 8.44

1036.76 103675.5 12.89

Open

Vegetation 266.786 26678.6 3.32

Close

Vegetation 25.028 2502.8 0.31

Mangroves 66.254 6625.4 0.82



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Sl.

No.

Primary

Classification

Secondary

Classification


~km2 Ha ~% ~km

2 Ha ~%

6. Forest Close Forest 2.009 200.9 0.02 2.009 200.9 0.02

7. Others Salt pan 162.517 16251.7 2.02 162.517 16251.7 2.02

Air Quality

Air quality was monitored at 08 (Eight) different locations within the study area. The 24-

hourly average of PM10 and PM2.5 levels varied station wise between 44.58 µg/m3 - 66.16

µg/m3 and 16.54 µg/m

3 - 45 µg/m

3 respectively. The 24-hourly average values of SO2

varied between 4.0 µg/m3 and 9.0 µg/m

3.The 24-hourly average NOx level measured in the

study area ranged between 9.52 µg/m3 and 17.2µg/m

3. The analytical result of value reveals

that the concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, SO2 and NOx were found within the prescribed

standard limits at all the monitoring locations. VOC and CO were found within the limits at

all the monitoring locations. It is expected that there will no significant impact on air quality

because of the project.

Noise Quality

Ambient noise intensity at 05 locations within the study area has been collected. Noise

monitoring was carried out on a 24-hour basis to assess the baseline noise-levels and to

evaluate the impact. The values of noise level, which were recorded, was in the range of

48.4-70.6 dB at day time and 40.8-53.6 dB at night time which is under the permissible limit

of CPCB standards in the residential, commercial and industrial area.



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Soil Quality:

Five soil samples were collected from different places within the study area. The sampling

and analysis of soil were carried out as per standards of IS: 2720.

Soil pH varied in the range 7.22- 7.63. The textural analysis of soil revealed the loamy sand

nature of the soil, with the percentage of sand ranging from 52-62%, whereas the clay and

silt quantity ranged from 18 -24% and 18-26%, respectively. The Organic Carbon Value in

the sampled soil is in the range of 0.32-0.36% by weight of the soil. It was observed from

the analyzed data that the soil of the study area is sandy loam in nature.

Water Quality

Two water samples were collected from ground water source and two samples are collected

from surface water bodies in the study area. The major use of both surface and ground

water is for agricultural purpose since there are very few industries in the study area. Apart

from irrigational purposes bore well water was used for drinking purposes in most of the

places directly without any treatment by rural population.

The major use of the water w.r.t detailed information was discussed in the Chapter-3 of the

present environmental condition. The physico-chemical characteristics of groundwater w.r.t

the block area indicate pH in the range of 7.15-7.79; temperature during study period is in

the range of 250. The inorganic parameters viz., Alkalinity was in the range of 200-720

mg/l; Total Hardness 210-310 mg/l; Chlorides 250-280 mg/l; Sulphates 68-124 mg/l);

Microbiological parameter Total coliforms was absent in ground water.

The physico-chemical characteristics of surface water indicate pH in the range of 80.1-8.11;

temperature 260C. The inorganic parameters viz., Total Hardness 235-240 mg/l; Chlorides

165-170 mg/l; Sulphates 26-27 mg/l; Microbiological parameter Total coliforms was also

present in all surface water samples.

Based on the analyzed parameters, it can be concluded that the surface water is not fit for drinking



Jambusar, Gujarat


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purposes unless it is treated and disinfected while the ground water is good for drinking as well as

irrigation purpose.

Biological Characteristics

The area supports diverse flora rich in rare and endemic elements. The vegetation of the area

ranges from small herbs to very large trees. No ecologically sensitive areas such as National

Park/Sanctuary/Biosphere Reserve/Elephant Reserve/ Tiger Reserve/ Historical or

Archaeological Monument/ World Heritage Centre, etc… are present within the study area.

The area has also no grazing and forest land in the close vicinity.

The dominant trees growing this area are, Mangiferaindica, Cocosnucifera,

Azadirachtaindica, Peltophorumpterocarpum, Acacia auriculiformis, Prosopis cineraria, and

Pithecellobiumdulce. The tree species observed in the study area. Shrubs are, represented

mainly by, Prosopisjuliflora, Lawsoniainermis, Calotropisprocera, C. gigantea,

Zizyphusnummularia,Tecomastans, Cassia auriculata, Ipomoea fistulosa, and Lantana

camara. Climbers/ twiners in the study area dominated by, Ipomoea pes-tigridis (Wagpadi),

Ipomeapes-caprae (Darianivel), Ipomeaaquatica (NaliniBhaji), Cocciniagrandis (Ghiloda)

,Luffacylindrica (Galku), and Abrusprecatorius (Chanothai).

The Tuver (Cajanusindica), Wheat (Triticumaestivum) and Cotton (Gossypiumherbaceum)

are cultivated as major crops. Bajra (Pennisetumtyphoides) and Jowar (Sorghum bicolar) are

cultivated in in this region.

The most commonly spotted water bird species of this area were;, Cattle Egret, Intermediate

Egret, Little Egret, Indian Cormorant, Black-winged Stilt, Red-wattled Lapwing, Red-naped

Ibis, Black-headed Ibis, White-breasted Water hen.

Among the reptiles, Indian cobra (Najanaja) and Common rat snake (Ptyasmucosus) were

provided protection as per schedule –II of Wild life protection Act, 1972.

Among mammals; Langur, (Semnopithecus entellus) is Schedule-II animal while

Nilgai(Boselaphustragocamelus) is Schedue-III animal of Wild Life Protection Act, 1972.



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The aquatic macrophytes including free floating algae, submerged hydrophytes, emergent

hydrophytes and semi aquatic plant like rooted herbs were observed during survey in the

study area. Planktonic population: five species of plankton under the order of

Bacillariophyceae (Naviculasp.,Cyclotella sp.,) Myxophyceae (Anabaena and Nostoc sp.,),

Chlorophyceae (Microsporasp.,Spirogyra sp. ) were found. Six species of Zooplankton under

the orders of Cladocera (Daphnia sp., and Moina sp.) Rotifers (Diaptomus sp.,)were

identified in the aquatic habitats. Bacillariophyceae as dominant life form in phyto planktons

and largest group of biomass producer on earth are dominated by diatoms like Navicula sp.

Followed by Anabaena sp. And Nostoc sp. and Zooplanktons are dominated by Rotifers

(Diaptomus sp.)

Socio-Economic Environment

The block area is located in Bharuch District. The key demographic details of the district is

given below.

Sl. No. Details Bharuch District

1 Rural Population 10,26,060

2 Urban Population 5,24,959

3 Male Population 8,05,707

4 Female Population 7,45,312

5 Total Population 15,51,019

6 Population Density (/Km2) 238

7 Sex Ratio(Per 1000) 925

8 Literates 11,18,276

9 Literacy Rate 81.51

10 Male Literacy Rate 87.45

11 Female Literacy Rate 75.09

Source: Census of India, 2011



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4. Anticipated Environment Impacts And Mitigation Measures

Based upon the Baseline data of, air , noise, water, soil, biological and socio-economic aspect

impact interaction and baseline information, the following impacts are anticipated for which

suitable mitigation measures have been proposed.

Air Environment

The site preparation activities (such as clearance of land, etc), operation of generators and

other machineries & equipments, gas flaring activities, transportation of materials &

personnel, and fugitive emissions have the impact on air quality during construction as well

as operation phase. However, the impacts during the construction phase shall be temporary,

restricted to the construction site and adoption of suitable measures (such as routine

maintenance of the vehicles/vessels/machineries, etc); whereas impacts during the operation

phase shall be minimized by adopting good maintenance practices and suitable measures such

as Minimization of emissions from drilling machineries, generators and optimize fuel

efficiency, adequate stack height, special flare tip design for effective combustion etc.

Noise Quality

The main sources of noise generation during the construction and operation phase are:

Site preparation activities (earth work, digging, etc)

Operation of machineries and equipment (such as generators, compressors, fluid

pumps, mud pumps, etc)

Movement of vehicles.

These activities may affect the surrounding social and ecological environment. However,

impacts due to these activities have been envisaged to be local and temporary in construction

phase and also, adopting suitable measures such as routine maintenance of

vehicles/vessels/machineries, use of noise attenuation devices, shall minimize the impacts in

construction as well as in operation phase.



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Water Quality

The water quality is likely to get affected due to installation of pipeline, operational &

domestic discharges, hydraulic testing of pipeline and accidental spillage of lubricants, oil &

other chemicals from the operation of rigs and other equipment& machineries. However,

these impacts shall be minimize by adopting precautionary and suitable measures such as

installation of sewage and effluent treatment plant, utilization of produced water, etc.

Sediments and Soil Quality

The quality of sediments and soil is likely to get affected due to accidental spillage of

lubricants & other chemicals, operational discharges, site preparation activities (such as

removal of top soil due to land clearance, etc) wastewater discharges, and deployment of rigs,

etc. However impacts shall be mitigated by adoption of suitable measures and

implementation of waste management plan.

Biological Environment

The impacts on flora and fauna may occur due to site preparation activities (land clearance,

etc), gas flaring activities, movement of vehicles, noise generation from machineries &

equipment, operational discharges and accidental spillage of oil, lubricants and other

chemicals during construction and operation phase. However, these impacts shall be local and

minimized by adopting suitable measures (such as adequate flare tip design, use of noise

attenuation devices, waste management plan etc).

Socio-Economic Environment

The near by human settlement is get meager effects due to proposed activities (such as

movement of vehicles, operation of generators, compressors and other machineries &

equipment, gas flaring activities, etc.) during construction and operation phase ( as most of

the sites are located far away from human settlements ). However, these impacts shall be

mitigated by adopting suitable measures such as waste management plan, special flare tip

design for effective combustion, etc. The proposed activities will generate indirect

employment opportunities (contractual basis)in the region. The proposed project will also



Jambusar, Gujarat


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result in the implementation of social welfare project as per Company’s CSR policy and

improvement in existing infrastructure facilities (such as roads etc.).

5. Additional Studies

Risk Assessment

ONGC is committed to maintain high standards for health and safety at all times. However,

on rare occasions, an unplanned event can have the potential to jeopardize the safety of the

crew and cause environmental damage. Potential non-routine events that may occur during

the proposed activities of drilling operations, expansion of onshore terminal and installation

of pipeline:

Blowout

Oil Spills

H2S Emissions

Gas leakage

Fire (if gas comes in contact with source of ignition)

Occupational Hazards

Specific procedures and trainings are being be carried out at all the work centers of ONGC to

ensure that the correct action would be taken in the event of unplanned occurring. The drill

site will be equipped with suitable safety measures such as firefighting facility (fire suit, fire

extinguisher, gas sensors etc.), medical facilities, etc. The operating personnel will be

provided PPEs and trained for such an eventuality and the key responsible people will be

required to hold relevant well control certifications.

Disaster Management Plan and Emergency Response Plan

The Disaster Management Plan (DMP) and Emergency Response Plan (ERP) also includes in

this chapter. The objectives of DMP and ERP are to:

Obtain an early warning of emergency conditions so as to prevent a negative impact

on personnel, the environment and assets.



Jambusar, Gujarat


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Immediate response to emergency with effective communication and organized

procedures.

Safeguard personnel to prevent injuries or loss of life by either protecting personnel

from the hazard or evacuating them from the facilities.

Minimize the impact of such an event on the environment and the facilities by

mitigating the potential for escalation and, where possible, containing the release.

The following key elements of DMP and ERP are:

Contingency plan

Accident prevention procedures/measures

Accident/emergency response planning procedures

Onsite and offsite crisis management, communication, contact information etc.

6. Environment Management Plan

The detailed baseline study has conducted for all the environmental parameters and all the

parameters are well within the permissible limits defined by CPCB. Also the proposed

activity is for very short duration hence the likely impact on these environmental aspects will

not be of much significance. In spite of that various precautionary measures i.e. use of

biodegradable chemicals, use of water based mud, proper HDPE lining of pits to prevent

ground water contamination, water recycling, proper acoustic enclosures for the DG sets and

restoration plan for the sites after completion of activity are undertaken to prevent any

harmful impact on environment.

In addition to this, the site-specific Environment Management Plans (EMP) has been

developed to prevent and mitigate significant adverse impacts and to accentuate beneficial

impacts which shall be implemented by ONGC for the proposed project. The relevant

mitigation measures are proposed for the following environment issues.

Rig Mobilization

Wastewater and Effluent Management

Fuels, Lubricants and Chemicals



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Non-routine events and accidental releases (Well kicks, blow out)

Air emissions

Noise and Vibration

Solid wastes (hazardous and non-hazardous waste)

Sediments and soil quality

Ecological Impacts

Socio-economic impacts

To facilitate field level implementation, a waste management plan is framed which will be

subjected to fine tuning depending on site conditions. Appropriate measures and engineering

practices will be taken as per established standards and requirements such as adequate stack

height, effluent discharge as per CPCB standards, installation of generators set as per notified

norms by MoEFCC, installation of HSD Tanks, fire protection system and occupational

health safety program as per OISD rules and Factories Act etc. Socio-economic welfare plan

shall also be implemented as per company’s CSR policy.

Environmental training is also an essential part, which will help to ensure that the

requirements of the EMP are clearly understood and followed by all project personnel

throughout the project period for operations. The primary responsibility for providing training

to all project personnel will be that of the HSE Officer, ONGC.



Jambusar, Gujarat


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Point wise compliance of TOR for Expansion for development and production of

Uber-2 well and Group Gathering Station, Jambusar, Gujarat by M/s ONGC

Ltd. MoEF No. No.IA-J-11011/227/2017-IA-II(I) dated 22.03.2018

Sl. No Terms of Reference Status

1. Executive summary of a project. Provided at page no. 9-22

2. Project description, project objectives and project benefits. Project Description is

provided in Chapter 2 page

no. 34

A project objective is

provided in Chapter 1 at 1.3

page no. 26.

project benefits is provided in

Chapter 7 page no. 188

3.

Cost of Project and Period of completion Provided in Chapter 1 Table

1.1, page no. 27.

4. Site details within 1 km of the each proposed well, any

habitation, any other installation/activity, flora and fauna,

approachability to site, other activities including

agriculture/land, satellite imagery for 10 km area. All the

geological details shall be mentioned in the Topo sheet of

1:40000 scale, superimposing the well locations and other

structures of the projects. Topography of the project site.

Site details provided in

Chapter 1, Table 1.1 page no

27. Proposed site is a waste

land. No habitation within 1

km of the proposed site. No

national park/wildlife

sanctuary/reserved

forests/Eco sensitive areas

near the locations. Topo-sheet

with 1: 40000 are given in

Chapter 1 Figure 1.1, page

28. Topography provided in

page no. 11

5. Details of sensitive areas such as National Park, Wildlife

sanctuary and any other eco-sensitive area along with map

indicating distance.

No habitation within 1 km of

the proposed sites. No

national park/wildlife

sanctuary/reserved

forests/Eco sensitive areas

near the locations.

6. Approval for the forest land from the State/Central Govt.

under Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980, if applicable.

Not applicable.

7. Recommendation of SCZMA/CRZ clearance as per CRZ

Notification dated 6th January, 2011 ( if applicable).

Not applicable.

8. Distance from nearby critically/severely polluted area as per

Notification, if applicable. Status of moratorium imposed on

the area.

Not applicable.

9. Does proposal involve rehabilitation and resettlement? If yes,

details thereof

No

10.

Environmental considerations in the selection of the drilling

locations for which environmental clearance is being sought.

Present any analysis suggested for minimizing the foot print

giving details of drilling and development options considered.

Provided in Chapter 2 at

2.5.1, page no. 38.

11. Baseline data collection for air, water and soil for one season Provided in Chapter 3 page



Jambusar, Gujarat


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leaving the monsoon season in an area of 10 km radius with

centre of Oil Field as its centre covering the area of all

proposed drilling wells.

no. 53-113.

12. Climatology and Meteorology including wind speed, wind

direction, temperature rainfall relative humidity etc.

Provided in Chapter 3, at

3.1.6 page no. 57-58.

13. Details of Ambient Air Quality monitoring at 8 locations for

PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NOx, CO, VOCs, Methane and non-

methane HC.

Provided in Chapter 3, at

3.1.7 page no. 60-65.

14. Soil sample analysis (physical and chemical properties) at the

areas located at 5 locations.

Provided in Chapter 3, at 3.5

page no. 78-83.

15. Ground and surface water quality in the vicinity of the

proposed wells site.


page no. 68-75.

16. Measurement of Noise levels within 1 km radius of the

proposed wells.


page no. 66-67.

17. Vegetation and land use; flora/fauna in the block area with

details of endangered species, if any

Vegetation & land use is

provided in Chapter 3, 3.4

page no. 75-78, flora/fauna

study is provided at 3.6 page

no. 84-108.

18. Incremental GLC as a result of DG set operation, flaring etc Provided in Chapter 4, 4.1 &

4.1.3, page 117-132.

19. Potential environmental impact envisaged during various

stages of project activities such as site activation,

development, operation/ maintenance and decommissioning.

Provided in Chapter 4, page

no. 114.

20. Actual source of water and 'Permission' for the drawl of water

from the Competent Authority. Detailed water balance,

wastewater generation and discharge.

Provided in Chapter 2, 2.5.5

(c) page no. 43.

21. Noise abatement measures and measures to minimize

disturbance due to light and visual intrusions.

Provided in Chapter 4, Table

4.2, page no. 115, 132.

22. Details on wastewater generation, treatment and utilization

/discharge for produced water/ formation water, cooling

waters, other wastewaters, etc. during all project phases.

Provided in Chapter 2, 2.5.8

page no. 46.

23. Details on solid waste management for drill cuttings, drilling

mud and oil sludge, produced sand, radioactive materials,

other hazardous materials, etc. including its disposal options

during all project phases.

Provided in Chapter 2, 2.5.8-

10 page no. 46-47.

24. Disposal of spent oil and lube Provided in Chapter 2, 2.5.10,

page no. 47.

25. Storage of chemicals and diesel at site. Hazardous material

usage, storage and accounting.

Provided in Chapter 2, page

no. 44.

26. Commitment for the use of water based mud (WBM) only Provided in Chapter 2, 2.5.10,

page no. 47.

27. Oil spill emergency plans for recovery/ reclamation. Provided in Chapter 5, 5.6.10,

page no. 170

28. H2S emissions control. Provided in Chapter 5, 5.7,

page no. 173.

29. Produced oil/gas handling, processing and

storage/transportation.

Provided in Chapter 2, 2.4,

Page 35

30. Details of control of air, water and noise pollution during

production phase.

Provided in Chapter 4, Page

114



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31. Measures to protect ground water and shallow aquifers from

contamination.

Provided in Chapter 2,

2.4page no. 43 & Chapter 4

page no. 141.

32. Whether any burn pits being utilized for well test operations. Flare stack is used for

production testing. Provided

in Chapter 2, page no. 44.

33. Risk assessment and disaster management plan for

independent reviews of well-designed construction etc. for

prevention of blow out. Blowout preventer installation.

Provided at Chapter 5. Page

no. 156

34. Environmental management plan Provided in Chapter 6. Page

no. 178

35. Total capital and recurring cost for environmental control

measures.

Provided in Chapter 8, 8.3,

page no. 193.

36. Emergency preparedness plan. Provided at Chapter 5. Page

no. 165

37. Decommissioning and restoration plans. Provided at Chapter 2, 2.7.2,

page no. 51.

38. Documentary proof of membership of common disposal

facilities, if any

Not applicable.

39. Details of environmental and safety related documentation

within the company including documentation and proposed

occupational health and safety Surveillance Safety Programme

for all personnel at site. This shall also include monitoring

programme for the environmental.

All drilling rigs and

production installations are

certified for ISO-9001,

OHSAS-18001 and ISO-

14001. Documentation on

safety, occupational health

etc. has been covered in the

management & procedure

manuals available at drilling

site and production

installation.

40. A copy of Corporate Environment Policy of the company as

per the Ministry's O.M. No. J-11013/ 41/2006-IA.II(I) dated

26th April, 2011 available on the Ministry's website.

Corporate Environment

Policy is placed at Annexure

VII.

41. Any litigation pending against the project and or any

direction/order passed by any court of law against the project.

If so details thereof.

No.



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CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Introduction

This chapter provides background information of the project, brief description and objectives

of the project, description of the area, scope, methodology and organization of the study.

1.2. About Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited

Founded on August 14th, 1956, as Oil and Natural Gas Commission (ONGC) and converted

to Corporation in 1992, ONGC is the largest Indian public sector company. It is also the

second largest Indian company in terms of net profit and the third largest Indian company by

market capitalization. ONGC has been conferred the Maharatna status by the Central

Government on 16th November 2010.

ONGC is engaged in hydrocarbon exploration and production activities. Major functions of

ONGC are to plan, promote, organize and implement programs for exploration, development

of petroleum resources and the production. It is involved in exploring and exploiting

hydrocarbons in about 26 sedimentary basins of India.

1.3. Proposed Project Objectives

ONGC has been playing an important role to meet the energy requirements of the country.

The increase in demand of petroleum products has put a lot of pressure on ONGC for further

exploration and production of hydrocarbons. The proposed one development well UBER-II is

located in NELP-VI block CB-ONN-2004/3 (UBER) and covered under Jambusar district of

Gujarat State. The salient features of the proposed project are given in Table 1.1. No Eco

sensitive zone or reserved forest land lies within 10 km area of the proposed project. The

block area is shown in Map 1.1. The block detail is given in Table 1.2.



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Table 2.1: Salient Features of the Project

1.4. Proposed Project

ONGC proposes conversion of one exploratory well to Developmental well, depth of 4501

meters in the mining leases of the NELP-VI block CB-ONN-2004/3(UBER) block.

1.4.1. Conversion/Expansion of Exploratory Well to Development Well:

In the old exploration project covered under exploratory environment clearance, no. J-

11011/390/2007-IA.II(I), dt. 14.11.2008 drilling operations were completed, and in one of the

well (Uber-2) sufficient indications of hydrocarbons were noticed while drilling. Field

development of UBER is planned with only existing well i.e. Uber-2 which produced gas and

condensate during initial testing in exploratory phase. Expected peak production from the

field is 40,000 m3/d of gas and 21 m3/d of condensate. Well fluid from UBER-2, would be

routed to GGS, Jambusar, through pipeline for processing of well fluid.

Table 1.2: Block Details of the proposed location

Sl. No. Name of Block Area of Block in square km Depth of well in Meter

1. UBER 10.78 4501

Sl. No. Salient Features Details of the Project

1. Proposal Number IA/GJ/IND2/64683/2017

2. Terms of Reference No.IA-J-11011/227/2017-IA-II(I)

3. Location Jambusar, Gujarat

4. Total No. of Blocks 01

5. Total Area 10.78 sq.km

6. Project capacity 40000 m3/day

7. Estimated Project Cost 2950 lacs

8. Nearest Town/ City/ District

Headquarter

Jambusar

9. National Highway Vadodara-Jambusar highway -15km

10. Nearest Railway Station Jambusar, 14 km

11. Nearest Airport Baroda, 62 km

12. Water Bodies Mahi river, 1km



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Figure 2.1 Map of Block Location

Expansion for development and production of Uber-2 well and

Group Gathering Station, Jambusar, Gujarat


Rev. No. 02


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1.5. Need for the Project and its Importance to the Country / Region

The demand for petroleum has recorded a considerable increase over the year from

212.7 million tonnes in 2016, as against the global growth of 1.5 percent thereby

making it the third – largest oil consuming nation in the world. Oil imports rose

sharply year-on-year by 27.89 percent to US$ 9.29 billion in October 2017. This

growing demand poses a big challenge to oil producing companies. Proposed

expansion activity will be under taken by ONGC in this block may lead to in helping

to meet some part of the rising oil and gas requirement of the country along with

drilling exploratory well new discovery can be made for future oil demand. Also new

oil finds of the block will lead to reduction in India’s dependence on imported crude

oil and thereby resulting into considerable saving in foreign exchange.

1.6. Demand-Supply Gap

Presently India is importing 75% of its required crude oil.

1.7. Domestic / Export Markets

All produced crude oil can be refined in India and sold locally. In case of gas, it

would be fed through the pipeline within the state to local consumer.

1.8. Employment Generation (Direct and Indirect) due to the Project

10-15 persons would be engaged in providing support services during laying of

pipelines etc.,

1.9. Approach to Site

Available options of roads, railway lines and air transport to approach the proposed

location passing through study area (10km surrounding area of all the proposed

locations) are mentioned below.

Road-The project is well connected by road to Jambusar, Gujarat

By Rail-The nearest railway station from the project location is Jambusar

which is approximately 14km away.




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By Air-Nearest airport is at Vadodara, which is well connected to other major

cities through domestic flights.

1.10. Scope of the Study

With a view to assess the environmental impacts arising due to the proposed

expansion activity in the block, ONGC has to prepare EIA Report for various

environmental components including air, noise, water, land and biological

components along with parameters of human interest which may be affected and to

prepare an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for mitigating adverse impacts.

Environmental baseline monitoring has been carried out during March to May 2018

representing pre monsoon season and used to identify potential significant impacts.

The scope of the present study is in line with the TOR as recommended by MoEFCC.

The scope of study broadly includes:

To undertake environmental monitoring so as to establish the baseline

environmental status of the study area;

To identify various existing pollution activities in the ambient levels;

Establishing the relevant features of the proposed exploratory drilling that are

likely to have an impact on the environment;

Predicting the impacts on the environment due to exploratory drilling;

To evaluate the predicted impacts on the various environmental attributes in

the study area by using scientifically developed and widely accepted

environmental impact assessment methodologies;

To prepare a Disaster Management Plan (DMP) based on Risk Assessment,

studies;

To prepare an Environment Management Plan (EMP) outlining the measures

for improving the environmental quality and scope for future drilling activities

and Occupational Health and Safety for environmentally sustainable

development; and

To identify critical environmental attributes required to be monitored. The

literature review includes identification of relevant articles from various




Rev. No. 02


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publications, collection of data from various Government agencies and other

sources.

1.11. Methodology of the Study

A reconnaissance survey and sampling locations were identified on the basis of:

Predominant wind directions in the study area as recorded by India

Meteorological Department (IMD);

Existing topography, location of surface water bodies like ponds, canals and

rivers;

Location of villages/towns/sensitive areas;

Accessibility, power availability and security of monitoring equipment,

pollution pockets in the area;

Areas which represent baseline conditions; and

Collection and analysis of baseline data for various environmental attributes

viz ambient air quality, Water quality, Soil, Noise and Bio diversity etc.

Field studies have been conducted for a period of three months March-May 2018

representing pre monsoon season to determine existing conditions of various

environmental attributes as outlined in Table-1.3. The applicable environmental

standard for the project are given in Annexure-II and the methodology of monitoring

and analysis is given in Annexure-III.




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Table: 1.3 Environmental Attributes and Frequency of Monitoring

Sl.

No

Environment

al

Component

Sampling

Locations

Sampling

Parameters

Total

Sampling

Period

Sampling

Frequency

1. Meteorology One central

location

Temperature, Wind

Speed, Wind

Direction, Relative

Humidity, Rainfall

One non

monsoon

season (Three

months)

Continuous

hourly

recording

2. Ambient Air

Quality

08 Locations PM2.5, PM10, SO2,

NOx, CO, VOCs,

Methane and non-

methane HC

Two days per

week for one

non -

monsoon

season

24 hourly

samples

3. Water Quality 2 Locations of

surface water &

2 locations of

Ground water

As per IS: 10500 Grab sampling Once during

study period

4. Noise

Monitoring

5 Locations Sound Pressure Levels Continuously

for 24 hours

Once during

study period

5. Soil Analysis 5 Locations Soil profile, Chemical

constituents

Composite

sample

Once during

study period

6. Ecology Terrestrial &

Aquatic

locations within

study area

Flora and fauna Field

observations

and secondary

sources

Once in

study period

7. Demography

and Socio-

economic

aspects

Total block

area

Demographic profile Based on District Census

Handbook

8. Land Use Total block

area

Trend of land use

change for different

categories

Based on District Census

Hand book and satellite

images

9. Geology - Geological history Data collected from Primary

sources

10. Hydrology - Drainage area and

pattern, nature of

streams, aquifer

characteristics,

recharge and

discharge rates

Based on data collected from

secondary sources




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1.12. Status & Stage of Regulatory Framework

As per the Schedule attached to the EIA Notification 2006, as amended till date, the

proposed project is covered under Project or Activity, 1(b), namely Offshore and

Onshore Oil and Gas Exploration, Development and Production. Such activities are

also listed as Category-A under the said Notification, requiring prior Environment

Clearance (EC) from the Impact Assessment Authority (IAA), i.e. the Ministry of

Environment, Forests & Climate Change (MoEF&CC), New Delhi.

1.12.1. The Consultant

Corporate HSE, ONGC, New Delhi, which is a Quality Council of India (QCI),

National Accreditation Board for Education and Training (NABET) Accredited

Consultant Organization vide certificate no NABET/EIA/1518/RA 0054 and is

qualified to prepare EIA reports for Project / Activity 1(b) (Onshore Oil and Gas

Exploration, Development and Production only), and undertaken the EIA studies of

the (Project Name). ONGC’s current NABET accreditation certificate is attached in

the beginning of EIA report.

1.13. Project Chronology

MoEFCC has granted the Standard ToR vide letter No.No.IA-J-

11011/227/2017-IA-II(I) dated 22.03.2018. The ToR letter is attached as

Annexure 1.

Thereafter, Environment group of Corporate HSE, ONGC being QCI/NABET

accredited has done EIA studies and prepared the report.

The baseline study was conducted during Pre Monsoon Season March-May 2018 in

accordance with the ToR issued by MoEFCC and presented the preliminary study

findings in this draft report released for the purpose of public consultation as per the

EIA Notification.




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CHAPTER-2

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2. Project Description

This chapter provides a condensed description of those aspects of the project likely to

cause environmental effects. Details are described in the chapter with regards to type,

need, location, size or magnitude of project operations, technology and other related

activities.

India is heavily dependent on imports to meet the rapidly growing demand for

petroleum products. Current demand and supply projections indicate that the level of

self-sufficiency is likely to decline to about 30% over the next few years. Substantial

efforts are therefore, necessary to boost the level of exploration activity in the country,

so that new finds can be made and the level of crude oil and gas production

significantly increase in the years to come. Today India has the least explored regions.

It is also evident that vast amount of capital investments are necessary if exploration

efforts are to be substantially augmented. Therefore, there is need to attract both the

National as well as private sector oil companies to invest in this critical area. Now, we

have to explore in this block for oil and gas find.

2.1. Type of the Project

ONGC has proposed for expansion with only existing well i.e. Uber-2 which

produced gas and condensate during initial testing in exploratory phase. Work over

job will be carried out in well Uber-2 to put it on production. The initial and peak

production of gas is expected to be in the range of 40000m3/day. Well fluid from

Uber-2, would be routed to GGS, Jambusar, through pipeline for processing of well

fluid.




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2.2. Need for the Project

Facing an environment of increasing consumption, static reserves, increasing imports

and decreasing value of the Indian rupee vice a versa the US Dollar, it follows that

any accretion of hydrocarbon reserves in the country, is welcome.

2.3. Location of the Project

The project site of UBER block is located in Jambusar Taluka, Bharuch District.

2.4. Project Overview

2.4.1. Evacuation Strategy:

Scheme for Direct Routing of Well Fluid to GGS Jambusar for Processing and

Utilizing Existing Facilities:

Since no infrastructure is available in Uber field, the nearest installation, namely GGS

Jambusar, which is about 15kms away and has spare processing facilities namely

separators and storage tanks, has been considered for receiving and processing of gas

and condensate from well Uber-2

Evacuation through pipeline:

The well fluid from Uber-2 will be routed to GGS Jambusar by 4” x 15 km well fluid

line. Well fluid from Uber field via 4” line will be received at GGS at around 25-35

kg/cm2(g). It will be routed to a dedicated high pressure 2-phase separator at GGS

which will be operated at around 10 to 12 kg/cm2 (g). After separation, gas will be

routed through custody transfer meters to local consumers or to GGS Dabka for

further compression and delivery. The condensate will be further stabilized in a LP

separator at 2.5 kg/cm2 (g) before it is sent to storage tanks. Gas separated during

condensate stabilization can be routed either to fuel gas header or supply to local

consumers.




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Condensate from the tank will be measured by mass flow meter before being mixed

with the well liquid being sent to GGS Dabka. The separated water in the storage

tanks, if any, will be routed to the existing produced water treatment system.

Figure 2.1 Details of the scheme as envisaged at GGS Jambusar

List of Additional Equipment Required for Processing Uber Well Fluid at GGS

Jambusar are as follows:

For processing the well fluids at existing GGS-Jambusar after transporting the same

through pipeline from Uber field, existing process equipment, utilities and flare at

GGS-Jambusar is understood to be adequate for incremental gas i.e. gas from Uber

field. However, the additional equipment / facilities envisaged at this stage are:

Table 2.1 Additional equipment / facilities envisaged at GGS-Jambusar

Sl.

No.

Item/

Equipment Qty

Operating

conditions

Remarks

01 WF pipeline, 4”

X 15km 01

Pressure: 25-

35 Kg/cm2

From wellhead to GGS; along with

associated isolation & check valves,

field instrumentation with terminal




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2.5. Drilling Technology

To exploit hydrocarbon in sub-surface, an oil well is drilled by deploying a drill rig.

Drilling operations are conducted round-the-clock. The time taken to drill a well

depends on the depth of the hydrocarbon bearing formation and the geological

conditions. ONGC has drilled well to the depth up to 4501 m. This would typically

take ~60-90 days for each well under normal conditions – however drilling period

may change depending on well depth.

In the process of drilling, drilling fluid is used to lift the cutting from the hole to the

surface. Drilling fluid is formulated by earth clay and barites. Various types of bio-

degradable polymers are also added to maintain the specific parameters of the mud.

After completion of production casing the well is tested to determine & analyze

various parameters of producing fluid.

Where a hydrocarbon formation is found, initial well tests are conducted to establish

flow rates of oil & gas and formation pressure along with other reservoir parameters.

These tests may then generate oil, gas and formation water. On completion of testing,

the well would be declared oil / gas producer or dry.

connections; Impressed current

based cathodic protection system.

02

Gas flow meter

with access to

SCADA system

01 15 ksc,

45,000 SCMD

Suitable for hazardous area location

and measurement of required flow

03

Gas flow meter

with access to

SCADA system

01 2.5 ksc,

45,000 SCMD



04

Condensate

flow meter

01 10ksc,

25 Cu.m/Hr.






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2.5.1. Drilling Site Selection

The proposed well location has been selected based on the following considerations:

Identified at a place so that drill site is located at a safe distance i.e. minimum

500m away from the nearest village habitat, hospitals, highways & existing

rain water catchment tanks;

Natural drainage channels are avoided or drainage channels rerouted

to ensure unhindered flow of rain / flood water. Where necessary adequate

erosion control measures will be provided;

All practicable means will be followed to avoid or minimize detrimental

effects on the surrounding environment by virtue of the construction at the

location or the operation of the drilling rig. Maximum care will be taken to

avoid the cutting of the trees.

2.5.2. Site Clearance

The site selected for proposed drilling activity shall be first surveyed topographically

and site boundaries shall be marked. Land clearance for site construction at each

drilling site shall practicably be minimum in order to safely accommodate the

facilities required for installation. The area of land required would be approximately

of the order of 110 m x 110 m.

Earth moving equipment typically a bull dozer armed with a grader blade / ripper

teeth and scoop bucket will be used for the leveling / grading and excavation work.

The natural contours will be worked on to minimize off-site disposal of excavated

earth. The site area (except the pit areas) will be provided with hard-standing by

providing a layered base of coarse aggregate covered gravel. This is done to provide

sufficient load- bearing capacity to enable all construction and drilling operations to

be executed safely.

The earthwork to be carried typically involves approximately 450 m³ of excavation

and about 1000 m³ of rolling and compaction of aggregate and gravel for the hard




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standing base. The civil works related to the construction of foundation, pits and

paving would involve about 50 MT (for mobile rig site, mechanical rig) and 90 MT

cement (for electrical rig site). During the construction phase approximately 6-7

truckloads per day of material movement would take place. The drill site construction

would be done largely employing local labor.

2.5.3. Access and Transport

Access roads will be prepared to provide access to drilling site wherever required for

movement of drilling machinery, equipment, supply vehicles etc. Existing

infrastructure will be used to the extent possible, however where it is not possible

ONGC may construct suitable route. These roads will be constructed as far as possible

as overlays on existing roads, by strengthening and broadening the roads, and

made with the consent of the local village administration and the concerned

regulatory authorities. This would result in an added advantage to the local

community, since the existing roads would be converted to heavy duty all

weather roads. In case new roads are to be made, compensation for right of way will

be provided. The choice to leave these newly constructed roads or to restore them

back to original land use condition will depend on the requirements of the

local authorities.

2.5.4. Technology and Drilling Process Description

Entire gamut of Exploration drilling activities primarily involve geological studies,

well logging, well completion, reservoir studies and laboratory services as exploration

activities, drilling of oil and gas wells, casing and cementing of wells as drilling

activities.

Crude oil and natural gas resources are found in subsurface reservoirs. The drilling of

oil and gas wells is necessary to produce these hydrocarbons. Drilling through the

earth's crust is accomplished by using rigs to handle pipes to for drilling the well bore

to allow fluids to flow to the surface for processing at production facilities. Thus, the

purpose of oil /gas well drilling is to exploit oil and gas deposits in the reservoir from

the surface. Rotary drilling is the most common process for this purpose. Major




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equipment used in drillings are- DG sets and PCR(Power control room),Mud pumps,

Mud circulation system, Blow out prevention equipment, Choke and kill manifold,

Kelly, kelly hose, rotary table, safety devices like chronometric and floriated devices,

Escape line, cat head and cat lines, tongs and handling tools etc. Drilling of oil well is

carried out through drilling rigs operating with rotary drilling technology in

conformance to geotechnical order wherein casing policy and drilling parameters at

various depths are explicitly defined.

Drilling of oil/gas wells employs mobile drilling rig. The drilling rig consists of a

derrick at the top of which is mounted a crown block. A hoisting block having a hook

is suspended from the crown block and a swivel is attached to the hoisting block by its

shackle. From the swivel a tube of square section is suspended, which is called “Kelly

stem”. The Kelly stem is passed through a square hole in horizontal rotary table which

is driven by electric motor. At the beginning of drilling operations, a round drill pipe

at its end is screwed to the Kelly stem. The electric motor located near derrick rotates

the rotary table through the Kelly stem rotations are transmitted to the drill pipe and

finally to the bit. Kelly stem is needed to facilitate rotation, as round pipes are difficult

to grip for rotating during drilling operations. As the hole is deepened, new sections

are screwed to the drill pipe. Each section of drill pipe is about 9 to 10 meters in

length and threaded at both ends. A string constitutes two/three drill pipes. Usually

several such strings are kept ready at the derrick, so that they can be rapidly screwed

with the help of special devices, as the well deepens.

The drill cuttings are removed by flushing the well and for doing so a hose is

connected to stationary part of the swivel, through which a slush pump forces special

drilling mud fluid also known as mud, down the string of drill pipes. The mud fluid is

eco-friendly, non-toxic and non-hazardous in nature. The drilling mud then passes

through the openings in bit to the bottom of the hole and back upwards between the

walls of the well and drill pipes, thus bringing along with it the rock cuttings. The

slush pump draws this mud fluid from special mud tanks. The diameter of the bit is

always greater than that of a drill pipes, so as to ensure sufficient clearance between




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drill pipe and walls of the well along with which mud fluid returns to the surface after

flushing the well.

The drilling mud fluid not only carries along with it crushed rock from the bottom

hole but it also cools the bit which heats up during the drilling. Moreover, it reinforces

the walls of the well by lining them with clay or pudding them thereby diminishing

possibility of crumbling or caving in of the well walls. However, such pudding of the

well walls is often ineffective and only in very hard rock the wells are free from

danger of caving. It is for this reason, deep wells are usually reinforced by lowering

casing pipes down their shafts. The mud fluid is discharged from well along a trough

back into the mud tank and it is returned to the well after heavier particles of rock

have been removed. In this way, it performs a continuous cycle. Mud fluids are

prepared from particular types of clays capable of forming highly dispersed colloidal

solutions. The most suitable clays for this purpose are Bentonite clays. Drilling Mud

fluid is prepared in tanks in nearby centrally located Mud Preparation Plant. The clay

and water are fed to mud mixers and the resulting solution is filtered for separating

un-dissolved lumps of clay and gravel. The volume of mud fluid in mud tank is

always kept to about three times than that of entire mud circulating system. Before

use, mud is always tested for its density, viscosity, water loss and put into drilling

operations only if the test results are satisfactory.

2.5.5. General Requirements of Drilling

a. Drilling muds

Drilling of wells requires specially formulated muds which basically comprise inert

earth materials like bentonite and barite in water with several additives to give mud

weight, fluidity and filter cake characteristics while drilling. The drilling muds have

several functions like lubrication and cooling of the drill bit, balancing subsurface

formation, bringing out the drill cuttings from the well bore, thixotropic property to

hold cuttings during non-operations, formation of thin cake to prevent liquid loss

along well bore etc. Several additives are mixed into the mud system to give the

required properties. Water based mud will be used to the possible extent in




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exploratory drilling but use of synthetic based mud may require due to complexities

associated with the geological formations and associated hole stability problems. The

constituents of water based mud (WBM) are given in Table 2.2.The special additives

and their functions in WBM are shown in Table 2.3.

Table 2.2: Ingredients of Water Based Drilling Fluid

Sl. No. Chemicals Sl. No Chemicals

1 Barite 6 Spotting Fluid

2 Bentonite 7 EP Lube

3 Carboxy Methyl Cellulose 8 Caustic Soda

4 Mud Thinner / Conditioner 9 Potassium Chloride

5 Resinated Lignite 10 Soda Ash

Table 2.3: Additives and their functions in Drilling Fluids

Sl. no. Additive Functions

1 Sodium bicarbonate Eliminate excess calcium ions due

contamination

2 Sodium chloride Minimize borehole washout in salt zone

3 Groundnut shells and mica

flakes

Minimize loss of drilling mud to formation

4 Cellulose polymers or

starch

Forms thin, sticky filter cake on the well bore

to decrease filtrate loss to formation

5 Aluminium stearate Minimize foaming

6 Vegetable oil lubricant Reduce torque and drag on drill string

7 Pill of oil-based mud

spotting fluid

Counter differential pressure sticking of

drilling string; Pill is placed down hole

opposite contact zone to free pipe

b. Power Generation

The drilling process requires movement of drill bit through the draw works which

require power. The power requirement of the drilling rig will be met by using the 3

Diesel Generator sets (2 running and 1 standby) with a diesel consumption of about 2-

3 Kl/day.




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c. Water requirements

The drilling operation and maintenance of the drill site facilities have various water

requirements. The most significant of these requirements in terms of quantity is that

for mud preparation. The other requirements would be for engine cooling, floor /

equipment / string washing, sanitation, fire-fighting storage / make-up and drinking.

Water for emergency fire-fighting would be stored in a pit of 200 m3capacity and

make-up of the same will have to be made on a regular basis. For this project, it is

anticipated that a total requirement of ~35m3/day/well will be required for drilling

purposes, out of which 10 m3/day will be recycled. Thus a fresh water requirement of

~25 m3/day.

The requirement of water expected for sanitation and drinking purposes of the

workers shall be insignificantly low in terms of quantity. ONGC has planned to meet

the requirement of water at the drilling site through water supplied by tankers and

sourced from nearest ONGC installation. Since, there is no quality criterion for usage

of raw water for the various uses mentioned above (other than drinking), the tanker

water shall be directly used without any treatment. The potable water requirements

shall be met by procuring adequately treated water from off-site locations.

The potable water requirement shall be met by procuring adequately treated water

from off-site. Table 2.4 gives a quantitative break-up of the peak water requirement

on daily basis for the drilling period at each site. Actual consumption figures if

averaged on daily basis are likely to be lower.

Table 2.4 Water Requirement

Sl.

No.

Purpose Peak water required during

Drilling period (KLD) per well

Drilling Operation

1. Mud preparation 18

2. Drill cutting washing 05

Derrick floor Washing

3. Desander/ Desilter 05

4. Domestic requirement 05




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5. Mud Pump 02

Total Water requirement for Drilling

(KLD)

35

Actual Requirement of fresh water (KLD) 25

d. Domestic wastewater

The operating personnel in the drilling rigs will operate from drill site accommodation

(DSA) in the vicinity of the location. Suitable soak pits will be available at the DSA.

e. Solids removal

The rock cuttings and fragments of shale, sand and silt associated with the return

drilling fluid during well drilling will be separated using shale shakers and other

solids removal equipment like desanders and desilters. The recovered mud will be

reused while the rejected solids will be collected and discharged into the waste pit.

f. Testing

Testing facilities will be available at drilling rig for separation of liquid phase and

burning of gaseous hydrocarbons during testing. The test flare boom will be located at

a safe distance from the drilling rig.

g. Storage of chemicals and other materials

The drilling rig will have normal storage facilities for fuel oil, required chemicals and

the necessary tubular and equipment. The storage places will be clearly marked with

safe operating facilities and practices.

h. Logistics

Crew transfers to and from the drilling rig, materials, diesel and chemicals will be

through light vehicles, trucks and trailers.




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i. Manpower Arrangement

During the drilling operations, about 30-40 persons may be working in 8/12 hour

shifts at site. Workers will be able to return to their camp/homes during duty – off

period. Once drilling is over no person is required at site, except security cover

through a contractor.

j. Land Requirement

ONGC shall acquire the land approx. 110m x 110m per well on temporarily basis for

the purpose of preparation of the drill site and drilling operations. The site may

require temporary approach road from an existing one for transportation of rig and

other equipment necessary for drilling work. The site shall be fenced in the event the

well is successful.

k. Surface Drainage

Drilling sites will have an adequate drainage and wastewater conveyance system, so

that all wastewater are contained and can be disposed as per the GPCB discharge

norms. The drilling rig location will be connected with paved drains to the lined

drilling fluid collection pits. Storm water flows will be conveyed through surface

drainage system. Surface drains will be adequately graded and maintained and kept

debris free to ensure quick disposal of their contents.

l. Waste Oil Collection, Storage & Disposal System

Waste oil from pumps or other machinery will be trapped and manually collected and

stored in a paved waste oil storage area. The storage area will be provided with paved

flooring, containment binding and covered roofing. The storage facility shall be

designed based on the CPCB guidelines for hazardous waste storage. The waste oil

will be recycled as per GPCB & MoEFCC authorized waste oil recyclers at the end of

the drilling operations.




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2.5.6. Spill Containment System

Containment systems and oil traps will be provided to trap any escape of oil before it

can leave the drilling site. All potential sources of spillage will be equipped with

drainage facilities or drip pans in order to contain spills.

2.5.7. Waste Water Storage Pit

The waste water storage pit of approx. 3000 to 4000 m3 (depending on well depth)

will be available at drill site to collect waste water, which come from the drilling

operations. The waste water present in the waste pits will be recycled and reused

during drilling phase. Water based drilling fluids, which are of an environmentally

acceptable nature with regards to current Indian legislation and which are non-

hazardous, will be used. The residual wastewater and the drilling fluid from the

drilling operation will be collected in waste pits for solar drying. The pit will be lined

with HDPE sheet and the overlaps welded together with the edges brought over the

rim and tucked into the soil. At the end of the drilling phase, the liquid fraction of the

waste drilling fluid will be allowed to evaporate and the pit is filled with thick layer of

native top-soil.

2.5.8. Drill Cuttings Disposal Pit

The drilling rig system to be employed for drilling will be equipped for the separation

of drill cuttings and solid materials from the drilling fluid. The drill cuttings, cut by

the drill bit, will be removed from the fluid by the shale shakers (vibrating screens)

and centrifuges and transferred to the cuttings containment area. Once the drilling

fluid / mud have been cleaned it will be returned to the fluid tank and pumped down

the drill string again.

Drill Cutting and drilling mud will be disposed off in accordance with Notification

dated 30th August 2005 - G.S.R 546 (E) point no C “Guidelines for Disposal of Solid

Waste, Drill Cutting and Drilling Fluids for Offshore and Onshore Drilling

Operation”.




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2.5.9. Domestic Sewage Treatment and Disposal System

The domestic sewage generated from the drill site operations will be treated in

a septic tank–soak pit system. The septic tank would be adequately sized so as to

cater to a volumetric capacity of 4–5 m3 per day.

2.5.10. Solid and Hazardous Waste Management

The top layer of soil shall be stacked at site for reuse after completion of drilling

operations. The solid waste generated from drilling operation will be disposed in

following manner.

a. Drill Cuttings – 150-800 MT / well will be generated, which are mainly inert

solids. Drill cuttings shall be water washed and then solar dried at site in HDPE

lined pit at site. Drill cuttings are collected dried and disposed of as per GSR

546(E) dated 30th August 2005 guidelines for disposal of solid waste, drill

cuttings and drilling fluids for Onshore drilling process. Dry cuttings shall be

covered with top layer of soil.

b. Spent Oil – During the drilling approx. 200 l. of spent oil shall be generated. This

oil shall be sent to authorize recyclers, as per CPCB guidelines and Hazardous

Waste Rules. 2016.

c. Oil Sludge/ Hazardous waste – The proposed drilling is temporary activity and

exploratory in nature, no hazardous waste shall be generated. In case of any Oil

Sludge/ Hazardous waste is generated during the drilling activities, same shall be

sent for incineration to a TSDF site.

d. Drilling Mud – Only Water base drilling mud shall be used, approx. 200m3 -600

m3 drilling mud per well is required.

2.5.11. Air Emissions

The Emissions to the atmosphere from the drilling operations shall be from the DG

sets and temporary from flaring activity (during testing).




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2.5.12. Noise Generation

The source of noise generation during this phase of operations would be the operation

of rig and diesel generating sets. The expected noise generation at source, due to

operation of rig is 101 dBA (Source: “Control of Noise Pollution from Diesel

Generator Sets”, Programme Objective Series; Probes/71/1998-99, Central Pollution

Control Board). Besides certain pumps are expected to be in operation during this

phase for mud circulation. The noise generation work however is transient and limited

to the drilling period only.

Noise levels were measured near various noise generating equipment and at site

boundary. The noise levels were observed as follows (based on earlier site visit of

typical drilling site)

Near well head – 80 to 85 dB (A)

Near Mud Pump- 80- 85 dB (A)

Near DG set – 70-75 dB (A)

Near Shale Shaker- 70 to 75 dB (A)

Near Site Boundary- 55 to 60 dB (A)




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Figure 2.2: A Typical Drilling Rig




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2.6. Safety and Environment

Adequate safety measures such as fire-fighting equipment shall be provided at the site

in accordance with the norms of OISD 189. A high-pressure influx of formation fluids

(water and/or gas) into the well bore is commonly known as a 'kick'. Well control is

aimed at preventing the kick and a possible blowout. The function of well control can

be conveniently sub-divided into two main categories, namely primary well control

and secondary well control. These categories are briefly described below.

a. Primary Well Control

This is the maintenance of sufficient hydrostatic head of fluid in the well bore to

balance the pressure exerted by the fluids in the formation being drilled. This means

that the pressure exerted by the density of the drilling fluid should be greater than the

pressure of the formation fluids. It should be noted that balancing formation pressure

is a theoretical minimum requirement; good drilling practice dictates that a sufficient

excess of hydrostatic head over the formation pressure be maintained at all times to

allow for contingencies.

b. Secondary Well Control

If, for any reason, the effective hydrostatic head in the well bore should fall below

formation pressure, an influx of formation fluids (kick) into the well bore would

occur. If this situation occurs, the Blowout preventer (BOP's) must be closed to

prevent the loss of fluid from the well. The purpose of secondary well control is to

rectify the situation by closing the well in and circulating the invading fluid out of the

well, while at the same time increasing the fluid weight to prevent any further influx.

The drilling personnel of the selected contractor are expected to be experienced in the

above procedures and the key personnel will be required to hold certificates to prove

competence in well control procedures. They will be trained and regular drills held to

ensure that they will know how to act in such events. Furthermore, they will be aware

of the safety aspects associated with the drilling operation, through training and




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experience. It must be also noted that blowouts are rare events during development

drilling operations conducted by experienced operators.

2.7. Abandonment of Operations

At the conclusion of the drilling program at each drilling site, an orderly withdrawal

of all personnel and the removal of all drilling and testing equipment and non-fixed

items from the drilling site will be undertaken.

Broadly, there are two such scenarios:

In case that the well is completed when economic quantities of hydrocarbons

are found, the well will be left with a wellhead in place, but all other

equipment and materials will be removed from the site. The well site will be

fenced and will be reduced to 30m X 30 m for the production phase and all

non-essential area will be fully reclaimed.

In any other case the site will be cleared and refurbished to permit recovery to

as near as possible the pre-existing local environment as per ONGC’s Standard

Operating Procedure (SOP) of Restoration.

2.7.1. Temporary Suspension of Activities

In the event that economic quantities of hydrocarbons are found, all empty

drums, wastes, used and unused drilling fluids, fuel and lubricants will be

removed from the drilling site. Water supply and effluent discharge hoses and

associated equipment will be removed. All solids & liner will be removed and

sent to an authorized TSDF site.

2.7.2. Decommissioning upon Abandonment

In the event that no economic quantities of hydrocarbons are found, a full

abandonment plan will be implemented for the drilling sites in accordance

with the applicable Oil Mines Regulation, 1984. The activities mentioned in




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the above section would apply to decommissioning upon abandonment as

well, but abandonment would be more permanent.

The overriding principle being that the environment should, with time, be

reinstated to broadly its original condition. Until such time as this is achieved,

ONGC would actively manage the reinstatement process. All concrete or steel

installations would be removed to at least 1 m below ground level, so as to

ensure that there are no protruding surface structures. In the unlikely event that

soil is found to be contaminated, measures would be taken to remove or treat

appropriately all contaminated topsoil to promote its remediation.

All concrete structures will be broken up, and the debris disposed of as per the

regulatory requirements.

All other waste products, solid and liquid, will be disposed of in accordance

with the requirements of the EIA and will be treated to render them harmless.

All fencing and access gates will be removed.

All pits whose contents will show regulatory compliance for on-site disposal,

at the time of site closure, will be backfilled and closed out as per the legal

requirements.

Restoration of unusable portion of the access track, removal of pilings and

landscaping.

In case of abandoned wells, where there are no indications of oil/gas, the site

will be restored by ONGC to its original condition as per ONGC’s policy on

site restoration, and land handed over to the land owner.




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CHAPTER-3

DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

3. Description of the Environment

This chapter illustrates the description of the existing environmental status of the

study area with reference to the prominent environment attributes to assess

environmental impacts from the proposed project activity. Baseline environmental

quality in the study area was determined through collection of samples followed by

quantifying environmental indicators of air, noise, water, land, ecology and socio-

economic status. The baseline environmental quality has been determined for Pre

Monsoon season (March-May 2018) by following guidelines prescribed in MoEFCC,

EIA notification and ToR issued to the ONGC.

The baseline environmental qualities for the proposed exploratory drilling locations

have been assessed for the following environmental components, which are most

likely to be influenced by the drilling activity:

Ambient Air Quality

Meteorological conditions

Noise levels

Water quality (Surface & Ground water)

Soil quality

Biological and

Socio-economic studies.

The primary baseline environmental quality for the EIA is assessed through field

studies within the impact zone for various components of the environment, viz. air,

noise, water, Soil and socio-economic. Meteorological data has been obtained from




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Indian Meteorological Department, Govt. of India. Other data has been collected from

various published reports and papers.

3.1. Ambient Air Quality

3.1.1. Reconnaissance

A reconnaissance survey was undertaken to identify the sampling locations to

establish baseline status of Ambient Air quality in the study area. The sampling

stations were selected based on guidelines of air monitoring network siting criteria

such as:

Topography of the study area

Persistence of wind direction and speed

Representation of regional background

Populated and sensitive areas

Location of industries and their emission magnitude

Screening of maximum ground level concentrations and distances of their

likely occurrences as per climatological normal

Representation of valid cross-sectional distribution in down-wind direction.

3.1.2. Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Network and Analytical Methods

The ambient air quality around the location within 10 km radius was monitored at 08

stations to establish the baseline monitoring of air quality in the study area during

March to May 2018. Ambient Air Quality Monitoring stations were selected using

network design criteria and monitored as per CPCB guidelines.

As per NAAQS (2009) the pollutants viz., particulate matters (PM10 and PM2.5),

sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), VOCs,

methane & non-methane hydrocarbon were stipulated parameters for air quality

monitoring.. Standard analytical procedures were used for analysis and quantification

of air quality parameters and the details are given in Table 3.1.




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Table 3.1 Analytical Methods used for Quantification of Air Quality Parameters in

the Ambient Air

Sl.

No.

Air Quality

Parameter

Unit Analytical Method

used for

Testing/Analysis

Analytical

Measurement

Range

Standard value as

per NAAQs, 2009

and

Monitoring

duration

1. Particulate

Matter size <

10

microns or

PM10

µg/m³ Gravimetric

IS-5182: Part-23, 2006

5-5000 100 (24 h)

2. Particulate

Matter size <

2.5

microns or

PM2.5

µg/m³ Gravimetric

U.S.EPA EQM-0308-

170

5-500 60 (24 h)

3. Sulphur

Dioxide

(SO2)

µg/m³ EPA Improved West and

Gaeke Method

IS-5182: Part-2, 2001

5-1000 80 (24 h)

4. Nitrogen

Dioxide

(NOx)

µg/m³ Modified Jacobs-

Hachheiser Method IS-

5182: Part-6, 2006

7-750 80 (24 h)

5. Carbon

Monoxide

(CO)

mg/m³ Non Dispersive infrared

(NDIR) Spectroscopy

50-1000 2.0 (8 h)

4.0 (1 h)

6. VOCs μg/m³ U.S. EPA Method

TO17: 1999

0.01-10 0.01-500 (Annual)

7. Hydrocarbons

(Methane and

Non-Methane)

μg/m³ HC Analyzer for Spot

Concentration

0.01 – 10 -




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3.1.3. Micro-meteorology

The micro-meteorological data collection is an important part in air pollution studies

regarding prediction of impacts. The baseline studies for air quality within the study

area were carried out through reconnaissance survey followed by ambient air quality

monitoring program and micro-meteorological study.

The meteorological conditions of an area and the industrial process are both

intertwined and each has a definite influence over the other. Dispersion of different air

pollutants released into the atmosphere has significant impacts on neighbourhood air

environment. The dispersion/dilution of the released pollutant over a large area will

result in considerable reduction of the concentration of a pollutant. The dispersion in

turn depends on the weather conditions like the wind speed, direction, temperature,

relative humidity, mixing height and also the rainfall in the area. It also helps in

determining the sampling stations in predicting the post project environmental

scenario.

The micrometeorological data has been obtained by installing a portable wind

monitoring instrument (RainWiseinc WS-2000/MK111 Edition) at each air

monitoring station. Sensors were fixed on roof top of the buildings in the villages for

measuring the wind direction, speed, air temperature and relative humidity. The data

were recorded using data logger.

3.1.4. Long Term Meteorology – Bharuch District

The interpretation of climatic data is based on the long-term climatological tables

(1961 – 1990) published by Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) and the

climatological interpretations provided in the District Gazetteer of Bharuch (Published

in 1984). A copy of the long-term climatological data of Bharuch district is enclosed

as Annexure IV.




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3.1.5. Wind

During March to May wind mostly blows from north-west predominantly. June to

September, that is during the monsoon season wind blows mostly from south-west.

During the period from October to February, both the morning and evening winds are

mostly from northeast.

3.1.6. Baseline Meteorological Data – Bharuch District

Baseline meteorological data representing the Pre Monsoon Season March-May has

been collected inside the block area in Bharuch district by setting up mechanized

meteorological station.

A photograph of meteorological stations is shown in Fig 3.2.

Meteorological data shows that mean average wind speed during study period are 6.5

km/hr.

Wind rose prepared for study period is shown as Fig. 3.3. It can be observed that

during study period wind blows mostly from North-West direction.

Mean average temperature recorded during study period was 23°C with mean

maximum temperature of 28.31°C and mean minimum of 18.05°C.

The mean average relative humidity recorded was 51.6 % with mean maximum

humidity of 67.5% and mean minimum of 35.4 %.

The data obtained during the study period using mechanized meteorological data

collection instrument has then been compiled to obtain average data. Compiled mean

meteorological data is represented in Table 3.2.




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Table 3.2 Mean Meteorological Data for Pre Monsoon season (Bharuch District)

Time Temp °C Humidity %

0:00 21.55 55.5

1:00 20.88 57.2

2:00 20.24 58.6

3:00 19.57 60.3

4:00 18.98 62.7

5:00 18.6 64.9

6:00 18.22 67.1

7:00 18.05 67.5

8:00 18.06 67.5

9:00 19.85 61.8

10:00 22.34 51.8

11:00 24.41 45.9

12:00 26.04 41.4

13:00 27.28 38.6

14:00 27.82 37.7

15:00 28.11 37.2

16:00 28.31 35.4

17:00 28.03 35.9

18:00 26.93 40.7

19:00 25.55 46.3

20:00 24.68 48.9

21:00 23.8 51.1

22:00 23.02 51.8

23:00 22.39 52.4

Average/

Predominant 23 51.6




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Fig 3.3: Wind Rose Diagram for Bharuch District

NOTE: Frequencies indicate directions from which the wind is blowing

Figure 3.2: Photographs of Meteorological Station set up at Project Location




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3.1.7. Base Line Status of Air Quality

The collection of baseline information for air environment includes identification of

specific parameters expected to cause significant impacts and assessing their levels of

existence in ambient air within the impact zone. 8 stations per locations were selected

respectively in industrial, rural and mixed area for monitoring for Ambient Air

Quality. The frequency of monitoring was 24 hrs twice in a week at each location and

spread over 12 weeks. Parameters monitored are PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NOX, Total

Hydrocarbon, NMHC and Volatile Organic Compound (VOC), the equipment was

placed at open space free from trees and vegetation which otherwise acts as a sink of

pollutants resulting in lower levels in monitoring results. At locations close to

highways, the equipment was placed at least 100 m away from such highways/roads

to avoid influence of traffic exhaust emissions. Monitoring methodology adopted and

standards for AAQM is given in Table 3.3.

Table –3.3 National ambient Air Quality Standards

Sl.

No.

Pollutant Time

Weighted

Average

Concentration in Ambient Air

Industrial,

Residential,

Rural and

Area

Ecologically

Sensitive

Area

(Notified by

Central

Government)

Methods of

Measurement

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

1 Sulphur

Dioxide

(SO2),

ug/m3

Annual*

24

hours**

50 80 20 80 -Improved West and

Gaeke -Ultraviolsat

Fluorescence

2 Nitrogen

Dioxide

(NO2),

ug/m3

Annual*

24

hours**

40 0 30 80 -Modified Jacob &

Hochheiser (Na-

Arsenite)

Chemiluminescence




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3 Particulate

Matter (size

less then

10um) or

PM10

ug/m3

Annual*

24

hours**

60 100 60 100 - Gravimetric

-TOEM

-Beta attenuation

4 Particulate

Matter (size

less then

2.5um) or

PM2.5

ug/m3

Annual*

24

hours**

40 60 40 60 - Gravimetric

-TOEM

- Beta attenuation

5 Carbon

Monoxide

(CO)mg/m3

8 hours**

1 hours**

02 04 02 04 -non Dispersive

Infra Red (NDIR)

spectroscopy

6 VOCs

Grab

Sampling

- - As per equipment

manual

7 Methane

and non-

methane

HC

Grab

Sampling

- - As per equipment

manual

From the selected AAQM stations, air samples were collected in (Pre monsoon

Season (March-May 2018) and analysed for air quality parameters such as particulate

matter (PM10 and PM2.5), and gaseous pollutants (SO2, NOx, CO, and

hydrocarbons) and volatile compounds (VOCs) as per the ToR issued by MoEF&CC.

The data collected was subjected to statistical analysis like minimum, maximum,

average. The locations of ambient air quality stations are provided in Table 3.4. The

observed ambient air quality data within the study area from the project site is

reported in Table 3.5 to 3.9 and described briefly:




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Table-3.4 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations (Locations)

Sl. No. Stations Code Locations Direction

1. AAQMS1 Sarod Down wind

2. AAQMS2 Samod Down wind

3. AAQMS3 Nondhana Down wind

4. AAQMS4 Uber Down wind

5. AAQMS5 Dhuvaran Upwind

6. AAQMS6 Valipore Down wind

7. AAQMS7 Vedach Cross wind

8. AAQMS8 Kangam Cross wind

Table- 3.5 Average, Maxima & Minima Particulate Matter (PM10)

24 Hrs. Avg. Unit : µg/m3

Sl. No. Station Code Site Name Max. Min. Avg.

1. AAQMS1 Sarod 66 54 59.3

2. AAQMS2 Samod 62 50 56.5

3. AAQMS3 Nondhana 54 40 48.58

4. AAQMS4 Uber 54 40 46.83

5. AAQMS5 Dhuvaran 50 38 44.58

6. AAQMS6 Valipore 72 60 66.16

7. AAQMS7 Vedach 78 37 59

8. AAQMS8 Kangam 67 41 57




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Table- 3.6 Average, Maxima & Minima Particulate Matter (PM2.5)


Sl. No. Station Code Site Name Max. Min. Avg.

1. AAQMS1 Sarod 20 21 22.8

2. AAQMS2 Samod 23 18 20.58

3. AAQMS3 Nondhana 22 16 19.04

4. AAQMS4 Uber 20 16 18.08

5. AAQMS5 Dhuvaran 19 14 16.54

6. AAQMS6 Valipore 32 24 26.95

7. AAQMS7 Vedach 47 21 33

8. AAQMS8 Kangam 55 31 45

Table 3.7 Ambient Air Quality Status of SO2


Sr. No. Station Code Locations Max. Min. Avg.

1. AAQMS1 Sarod 5.2 4.0 4.38

2. AAQMS2 Samod 4.8 4.0 4.2

3. AAQMS3 Nondhana 5.3 4.0 4.27

4. AAQMS4 Uber 5.6 4.0 4.35

5. AAQMS5 Dhuvaran 4 4 4

6. AAQMS6 Valipore 8.6 5.2 6.35

7. AAQMS7 Vedach 10.2 8 9.0

8. AAQMS8 Kangam 10.6 8 9.0




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Table 3.8 Ambient Air Quality Status of NOx


Sr. No. Station Code Locations Max. Min. Avg.

1. AAQMS1 Sarod 11.2 9.0 9.72

2. AAQMS2 Samod 11.2 9.0 9.72

3. AAQMS3 Nondhana 13.6 9.2 11.04

4. AAQMS4 Uber 24.5 10 17.1

5. AAQMS5 Dhuvaran 27.6 10.5 17.2

6. AAQMS6 Valipore 20.5 10 14.6

7. AAQMS7 Vedach 11.5 9 9.52

8. AAQMS8 Kangam 13.8 9.2 11.04

Table 3.9 Levels of CO, Volatile Organic Pollutants, Methane & Non Methane HC

Sr.

No.

Station

Code

Locations CO Benzene MHC NMHC

mg/m3 mg/m

3 ppm ppm

1. AAQMS1 Sarod 0.09 ND 0.05 0.05

2. AAQMS2 Samod 0.05 ND 0.04 0.03

3. AAQMS3 Nondhana 0.09 ND 0.06 0.05

4. AAQMS4 Uber 0.00 ND 0.09 ND

5. AAQMS5 Dhuvaran 0.03 ND

0.05 0.03

6. AAQMS6 Valipore

0.08 ND

ND ND

7. AAQMS7 Vedach

0.05 ND

0.06 0.05

8. AAQMS8 Kangam

ND ND ND ND

MHC= Methane Hydrocarbon; NMHC=Non methane Hydrocarbon * 8 hours




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3.1.8. Observation and Inferences:

From the results tabulated and it is observed that the 24 hourly average value of air

pollutants SO2, NOx were well below the permissible level as per CPCB since the

area were mostly agricultural fields and rural residential places. The levels of PM10

and PM2.5 were slightly higher due to the agricultural activities and local vehicular

emissions but still within the prescribed limit. Methane, VOC and NMHC were also

observed and found in insignificant quantities.

Figure 3.4 Photographs showing Installed Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Systems

at different Locations




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3.2. Noise Environment

3.2.1. Selection of Sampling Stations for Noise Monitoring

Noise can be defined as unwanted sound or any sound that is undesirable because it

interferes with speech and hearing, is intense enough to damage hearing or is

otherwise annoying. From the noise source, natural or man-made barriers between the

source and the impacted population, weather conditions which could potentially

absorb, reflect, or focus sound (such as wind speed, direction, temperature

inversions), and the scale of industrial activity. The environmental impact of noise can

vary from noise induced hearing loss (NIHL) to annoyance depending on the loudness

of noise levels and tolerance levels of individual.

The objective of noise monitoring survey in and around the proposed project site is to

identify the existing noise sources so as to measure background noise levels and to

suggest mitigation measures to alleviate adverse impact of noise. Noise monitoring

was carried out by Lutron noise recorder, Model: SL-4001/176752 at height of 1.5 m

from ground level to identify and quantify the ambient condition to predict the

increase in noise levels and causes of variability of noise levels as a result of the

proposed project. To quantify noise levels in the study area from the location, the

following criteria was followed to select sampling stations during field

reconnaissance.

Human settlements near the location, which can be affected

Locations of Industrial, residential, commercial, and silence zones in the study

area, as per the CPCB guidelines.

The noise levels recorded in 5 villages near the proposed locations (baseline data)

have been collected. Based on the reconnaissance, the noise quality monitoring

stations were identified within the study area outside the location; the details of the

locations are given in Table 3.10.




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Table 3.10 Noise Monitoring Stations in the Study Area

Location Code Location Date District

NL 1 Sarod 27-03-2018 Bharuch

NL 2 Samoj 02-04-2018 Bharuch

NL 3 Valipore 07-04-2018 Bharuch

NL 4 Nondhana 14-05-2018 Bharuch

NL 5 Uber 16-05-2018 Bharuch

Table 3.11 Results of Noise level survey

Sl. No Location Noise level reading (Location & Timing)

Residential Area Commercial area

Day (7AM) Night (7PM) Day(7AM) Night (7PM)

1 Sarod 50.6 41.8 49.6 40.8

2 Samoj 49.4 41.6 48.4 40.8

3 Valipore 51.2 42.2 57.9 53.6

4 Nondhana 49.8 41.4 53.0 46.3

5 Uber 52.6 44.6 70.6 48.4

In residential and commercial areas the noise levels during day time were observed to

be in the range with the low of 48.4 dB in Samoj village and high of 70.6 dB in Uber

village. Readings were observed to be marginally above the CPCB standards in

commercial area due to vehicular movement etc.,

In residential and commercial areas the noise levels during night time were observed

to be in the range with the low of 40.8 dB in Samoj and Sarod village and high of 53.6

dB in Valipore village. Readings were observed to be marginally above the CPCB

standards in commercial area due to vehicular movement etc.,




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3.3. Water Environment



establish baseline status of water quality in the study area. Based on the

reconnaissance survey, the type of water bodies and their relative importance with the

project site and environmental issues within study area; surface and ground water

sampling locations were identified and water samples were collected in March to May

2018, pre monsoon season.

3.3.2. Methodology of Water Quality Assessment

Physico-chemical parameters have been determined to ascertain the baseline status of

the existing groundwater and surface water resources. Surface waters are collected

from nearby river.

The major river in the study area Mahi river which flows in Bharuch, Vadodara and

Anand districts. The Mahi river rises in Madhya Pradesh from the western Vindhya

Range is Minda Village situated in Dhar district Madhaya Pradesh. After flowing

through MP and Rajasthan, the river enters Gujarat and flows into Arabian Sea by a

wide estuary past Khambhat after about a 360-mile (580-km) course. It is one of three

west-flowing rivers in India, along with Tapti River and the Narmada River.

Two major dams build on the river Mahi are Mahi Dam near Banswara area in

Rajasthan and Kadana dam in Panchmahals District in Gujarat to provide drinking

water, irrigation, hydropower and flood protection.

Surface water samples were collected from the river Mahi in the study area.

Ground water samples are collected from the bore well (hand pumps) which is being

used for drinking and domestic purpose.

Sampling, preservation and transport of water samples from the field was done as per

of guidance manual ISO (ISO 5667-1; 1980 water quality sampling part I: ISO 5667-




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11: 1993 part II) for surface and groundwater sources. Samples were analyzed for

physico-chemical characteristics including physical, inorganic, organic, nutrient and

heavy metals and also for bacteriological characteristics for total and faecal coliforms

as per Standards IS: 10500. Standard Methods for Examination of Water &

Wastewater (APHA) as delineated in and listed in Table 3.12. Surface water and

ground water Sampling locations are listed in Table 3.13 and 3.14 respectively

Table 3.12 Water Quality Monitoring Parameters and Standard Analytical Methods

Sr. No. Parameter Standard Method of Analysis

(APHA, 22 Eds. 2012/ IS

Standard)

1. pH APHA-4500-H+ B,

2. Temperature (°C) APHA - 2550 B

3. Turbidity (NTU) APHA-2130 B

4. TSS (mg/L) APHA-2540 D

5. TDS (mg/L) APHA 2540 C

6. EC (μS/cm) APHA 2510 B

7. Total Hardness as CaCO3 (mg/L) APHA - 2340 C

8. Chlorides (mg/L) APHA - 4500 B

9. Sulphate (mg/L) IS 3025-24 (1986)

10. Total Sulphides as S (mg/L) IS 3025-29 (1986)

11. Sodium (mg/L) APHA - 3500 B

12. Potassium (mg/L) APHA - 3500 B

13. Nitrates as NO3 (mg/L) APHA - 4500 B

14. Phosphates (mg/L) IS 3025-31 (1988)

15. DO (mg/L) APHA - 4500 C

16. COD (mg/L) IS 3025-58 (2006)

17. BOD (mg/L) IS 30256-44 (1993)

18. TKN (mg/L) IS 3025-34 (1988)

19. Ammonical Nitrogen(mg/L) IS 3025-34 (1988)




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20. Oil & Grease (mg/L) APHA - 5520 B

21. Phenols (mg/L) IS 3025-43 (1992)

22. Fluoride (mg/l) APHA -4500 C

23. Benzene &Benzopyrene (mg/L) APHA - 6440 PAH (230), C

24. Heavy Metals (mg/L) APHA - 3030 E

25. Total Coliform MPN/100ml APHA – 9222 B

TSS, Total suspended solids; TDS, Total dissolved solids; EC, Electrical conductivity;

DO, Dissolved oxygen; COD, Chemical oxygen demand; BOD, Biochemical oxygen

demand; CFU, Colony forming unit

Table 3.13 Surface Water Sampling Locations (River Samples)

Code No. Date of Sampling Source

SW-1 23.05.2018 Mahi River Upstream

SW-2 23.05.2018 Mahi River Downstream

Table 3.14: Ground Water Quality Sampling Locations

Code No. Date of Sampling Source Location

GW 1 14.04.2018 Borewell Sarod

GW 2 23.05.2018 Borewell Jambusar




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Table 3.15 Surface water quality parameters of sampling locations

Sl.

No

Parameters Unit Classification for Inland Surface Water

(CPCB)

River Sample

A B C D E SW1 SW2

1 pH - 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 6-9 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 8.11 8.01

2 Conductivity, mhos

/cm

NS NS NS 1000 2250 830 840

3 Temperature, deg C NS NS NS NS NS 26 26

4 Dissolved

Oxygen

mg/l 6.0 5.0 4.0 4.0 NS 5.7 5.5

5 Turbidity NTU NS NS NS NS NS 13 15

6 Dissolved solids mg/l 500 NS 1500 NS 2100 535 542

7 Suspended solids mg/l NS NS NS NS NS 17 18

8 Total Hardness as

CaCO3

mg/l 200 NS NS NS NS 235 240

9 BOD mg/l 2.0 3.0 3.0 NS NS 1.2 1.3

10 COD mg/l 11 12

11 Chlorides as Cl mg/l 250 NS 600 NS 600 165 170

12 Sulphates as SO4 mg/l 400 NS 400 NS 1000 26 27

13 Calcium as Ca mg/l 200 NS NS NS NS 40 40

14 Magnesium as

Mg

mg/l 100 NS NS NS NS 33.5 34.1

15 Flourides as F mg/l 1.5 1.5 1.5 - - 0.45 0.46

16 Iron as Fe mg/l 0.3 NS 50 NS NS 0.06 0.06

17 Lead as Pb mg/l 0.1 NS 0.1 NS NS <0.005 <0.005

18 Copper as Cu mg/l 1.5 NS 1.5 NS NS <0.005 <0.005

19 Mercury as Hg mg/l 0.001 NS NS NS NS <0.005 <0.005

20 Nickel as Ni mg/l NS NS NS NS NS <0.005 <0.005

21 Zinc as Zn mg/l 15 NS 15 NS NS 3.2 3.2




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22 Chromium (Total

as Cr)

mg/l 0.05 1 0.05 NS NS <0.005 <0.005

23 Arsenic as As mg/l 0.05 NS 0.2 NS NS <0.005 <0.005

24 Manganese as Mn mg/l 0.5 NS NS NS NS <0.005 <0.005

25 Cadmium as Cd mg/l 0.01 NS 0.01 NS NS <0.005 <0.005

26 Oil and grease mg/l NS NS NS NS NS 1.5 1.6

27 Total Coliform

MPN/100ml

MPN

/100

ml

50 500 5000 - - 2800 3100

3.3.3. Quality of Surface Water (River Water)

The analysis results of river water were compared with Inland Surface Water (CPCB)

Standards. It is observed from the analysis report of surface water samples that:

pH of sample was found to be 8.01 to 8.11 for (Mahi River).

TDS was also within the prescribed range which was around 535 mg/l to 542

mg/l ((Mahi River).

Electrical Conductivity was also within the prescribed range which was 830-

840 µmhos/cm(Mahi River)

Total coliforms were 2800-3100 MPN/100 ml for Mahi River. Total coliforms

are found in the permissible limit.

Based on the analysed parameters, Mahi river is classified under class C and hence

they can be used for drinking purpose but only after treating and disinfecting the

water.




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Table 3.16 Ground water quality parameters of sampling locations

Sl.

No

Parameters Unit IS 10500 Standard Limits

for drinking water

Groundwater Analysis

Results

Desirable

limit

Permissible

limit

GW1 GW2

1 pH pH-Scale 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 7.79 7.15

2 Temperature C NS NS 25 25

3 Turbidity NTU 5 10 2 <1

4 TDS mg/l 500 2000 1460 1530

5 BOD mg/l NS NS <0.1 0.2

6 COD mg/l NS NS 4 5

7 Chlorides as

Cl

mg/l 250 1000 250 280

8 Sulphates as

SO4

mg/l 200 400 68 124

9 Nitrates as

NO3

mg/l 45 100 11.8 12.8

10 Total

Hardness as

CaCO3

mg/l 10 600 210 310

11 Calcium as

Ca

mg/l 75 200 36 36

12 Magnesium

as Mg

mg/l 30 100 29.2 53.5

13 Total

Alkalinity

mg/l 200 600 720 510

14 Fluorides as

F

mg/l 1 1.5 0.42 0.42

15 Sodium mg/l NS NS 145 52

16 Potassium mg/l NS NS 18 3

17 Ammonical

N as N

mg/l NS NS <0.1 <0.1

18 Total

Kjeldahl

Nitrogen

mg/l NS NS <0.5 <0.5

19 Dissolved

Phosphate

mg/l NS NS <0.1 <0.1

20 Total

Phosphate

mg/l NS NS <0.1 <0.1




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21 Cyanide mg/l 0.05 NR <0.01 <0.01

22 Arsenic as

As

mg/l 0.05 NR <0.001 <0.001

23 Chromium

as Cr

mg/l 0.05 NR <0.01 <0.01

24 Copper as

Cu

mg/l 0.05 1.5 <0.02 <0.02

25 Lead as Pb mg/l 0.05 NR <0.01 <0.01

26 Mercury as

Hg

mg/l 0.001 NR <0.0001 <0.0001

27 Iron as Fe mg/l 0.3 1 0.15 0.14

28 Zinc as Zn mg/l 5 15 1.24 0.82

29 Nickel as Ni mg/l - - <0.01 <0.01

30 Total

Coliform

MPN/100ml 10/100 ml 10/100 ml NIL NIL

3.3.4. Results of Ground Water Samples

It is observed that:

pH of sample was found to vary from 7.15 (Jambusar) to 7.79 (Sarod Village).

All samples were within the permissible limit (6.5 to 8.5)

TDS of sample was found to vary from 1460 mg/l (Sarod Village) to 1530

mg/l (Jambusar). TDS in all samples were below the permissible limit (2000

mg/l). Higher TDS at these locations is due to formational salinity in the

western region of the study area this is further confirmed by high hardness,

chloride, Fluorides and sulphates.

Chlorides content of sample were found to vary from 250 mg/l (Sarod Village)

to 280 mg/l (Jambusar). Chlorides in all samples were below the permissible

limit (1000 mg/l).

Sulphates content of sample were found to vary from 68 mg/l (Sarod Village)

to 124 mg/l (Jambusar). Sulphates in all samples were below the permissible

limit (400 mg/l).




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Total Hardness of samples was found to vary from 210 mg/l (Sarod Village) to

310 mg/l (Jambusar). Total Hardness in all samples was below the permissible

limit (600 mg/l).

Fluoride in all samples was 0.42 3g/l which is below the permissible limit (1.5

mg/l).

It can be concluded that the in the study area the groundwater quality was depleted

due to salinity. Analysis of collected samples revealed that all other parameters are

satisfying the permissible limits as per IS 10500 specified for drinking water.

3.4. Land Environment

3.4.1. Methodology adopted for Land use/Land Cover Study

The project area was placed, based on co-ordinates given by ONGC on satellite

imagery and the study area was determined for the proposed project. The resulting

satellite data of study area was interpreted through onscreen visual interpretation

using basic elements of interpretation resulting in the combined land use/ cover map

for the proposed project.

To accomplish the objective the following steps were undertaken:

Study and collection of relevant documents and maps

Interpretation of satellite data

Field survey

Final map preparation

The definitions for the primary and secondary level categories are given in Annexure-

2.

3.4.2. Study and Collection of Relevant Documents and Maps

This covers:

Topographical maps as base map




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Reconnaissance survey of the study area to get general feel of the entire

ground area which can aid in the preliminary interpretation of the data.

3.4.3. Field Survey:

A detailed field survey was carried out to check the discrepancies of the interpreted

data. It comprises of data collection of ground features along with the respective

geographical position in terms of latitudes and longitudes. The aim of the field survey

is to confirm whether the interpreted land use /cover are correct thus improving the

quality of the output. Interaction was done with local people to gather background

information.

The field survey consisted of traversing the study area, cross checking of unidentified

features. Field notes were kept in the form of log sheets recording information

pertaining to co-ordinates, photographs and identified land use/cover. Additional

features identified or remarks made against existing interpretation were also recorded.

The field survey was carried out for block as well as buffer distance of 10 km from

the block boundary

3.4.4. Class wise Area Statistics

The area statistics of these classes are presented in Table 3.17.

Table 3.17: Area Statistics of Land use/ Land cover Classification used for the

Project

Sl.

No

Primary

Classification

Secondary

Classification

Area,

Secondary Class

Area,

Primacy Class

~km2 Ha ~% ~km

2 Ha ~%

1. Built-up Land

or Habitation

Residential /

Commercial

198.3

75

19837

.5

2.47 271.9

7

27197

.3

3.38

Industrial 73.59

8

7359.

8

0.92

2. Agricultural

Land

Crop

Land/Fallow

Land

4344.

763

43447

6.3

54.04 4369.

34

43693

4.1

54.35




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Plantations 24.57

8

2457.

8

0.31

3 Wastelands Land without

Scrub

92.87

4

9287.

4

1.16 1013.

21

10132

1.3

12.60

Salt Affected

Land

5.041 504.1 0.06

Mud flat 907.9

06

90790

.6

11.29

Sandy Area 7.392 739.2 0.09

4. Water Bodies Reservoir /

Lakes / Ponds

/ Tanks

42.99

4

4299.

4

0.53 1183.

73

11837

3.3

14.72

River Beds 371.7

97

37179

.7

4.62

Sea 768.9

42

76894

.2

9.56

5. Vegetation

Cover

Scrub 678.6

87

67868

.7

8.44 1036.

76

10367

5.5

12.89

Open

Vegetation

266.7

86

26678

.6

3.32

Close

Vegetation

25.02

8

2502.

8

0.31

Mangroves 66.25

4

6625.

4

0.82

6. Forest Close Forest 2.009 200.9 0.02 2.009 200.9 0.02

7. Others Salt pan 162.5

17

16251

.7

2.02 162.5

17

16251

.7

2.02

Following were observed and noted during the study:

The most observed category in the region was agriculture, vegetation cover

and habitation;

The crops grown in this region was mostly the major crops cultivated are Bajra

(Pennisetum glaucum), jowar (Sorghum vulgare), oil seeds Castor (Ricinus

communis), mustard, cotton (Gossypium herbaceum), tobacco, mung, gowar,

saunf etc. Jira and chilly;




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The plantation were mostly of Chikoo (Manikara zapota), Lemon (Citrus

limonum), Amla (Emblicaofficinalis) and Mango (Mangifera indica)

The major surface water bodies other than village ponds in the study area

away from the 10 km distance from proposed location i.e. River Mahi.

3.5. Soil Quality



establish baseline status of soil quality in the study area. Based on the reconnaissance

survey, the type of soil and their relative importance with the project site and

environmental issues within study area; soil sampling locations were identified and

samples were collected in summer season March-May 2018.

3.5.2. Soil Sampling and Analysis

Keeping in view the existing and proposed activities at proposed location, the baseline

data related to nature & quality of soil, land use and cropping patterns in impact zone

are collected through field survey and available data sources including project

proponents.

5 agriculture soil samples were identified and collected from the 10-km study area

during summer season March-May 2018. Location of soil sampling is summarized in

Table 3.19. Representative soil samples from depth (0-30 cm) were collected from

selected villages around the project site for estimation of physical, chemical and

microbial properties and heavy metals concentration in the soils.

In order to carry out physical and chemical characteristics of soil, the samples were air

dried and then passed through sieve of 2 mm and stored in HDPE bottle for further

analysis. Heavy metals in the soil were determined by extracting soil with acid

mixture nitric acid and per chloric acid (1:3, v/v) and the extracted soil samples were

analysed on ICP (APHA, 2012). The chemical characteristics of soil were determined




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by preparing saturate extract of soil with distilled water in 1:2 ratio (as per Jackson

procedure, 1967). Organic matter was determined in terms of organic carbon by

Walkely & Black method (1972). Fertility status of soil in terms of available nitrogen,

phosphorus and potassium were determined by extracting soil with KCl, sodium

carbon and ammonium acetate (FAO Soils Bulletin, 38/2 Rome) and Olsen’s method

(1954) respectively. The international pipette Method (Back, 1964) was adopted for

determination of particle size analysis. The textural diagram was generated using

“SEE soil Class 2.0 version software based on United States Department of

Agriculture (USDA) classification of soils. Physical parameters such as bulk density,

porosity and water holding capacity were determined by KR Box Method (Keen and

Raczkowski, 1921). The details of soil analysis procedures are listed in Table 3.18

Table 3.18: Methodology of Soil Sample Monitoring, Standard Methods and

Procedures

Sampling

Parameters

Sample

collection

Analytical

Equipment

Methodology Remarks

Porosity Manual sample

collection using

hammer and

container tube

for collecting

undisturbed top

soil.

- IS: 2720 Part 7 Trial pit method

for topsoil

sample

collection;

disturbed

samples

Water holding

capacity

Keen Apparatus HMSO, UK

Permeability - IS: 2720 Part 17

Moisture

content

Electronic

Balance

IS: 2720 Part 2

Texture - IS: 2720 Part 4

Particle size

Distribution

Glass wares IS: 2720 Part 4 5% Leachate to

be made and

analyzed as per

APHA,

“Standard

Cation

Exchange

Capacity

Centrifuge IS: 2720 Part 24

(1976)




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SAR F. Photometer

(Na, K)

Titration ( Ca &

Mg)

Calculation Methods”

All method

numbers are as

per APHA

“Standard

Methods” (21st

edition, 2005)

pH pH Meter 4500 H+B

Electrical

Conductivity

Conductivity

Meter

As per IS 14767

-2000

Calcium Glass wares 3500 Ca B

Magnesium Glass Wares 3500 Mg B

Sodium (Na) F.Photometer 3500 Na B

Potassium F.Photometer 3500 K B

Figure 3.5: Soil texture




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3.5.3. Soil in Bharuch District

The brown and saline waste types of soils are found in the coastal area while

rocky type soil is seen in the eastern hilly area. The alluvival lying on the surface

is called older alluvivum of Holocene age. It is called older alluvium because of

its long antiqrity, this is highly weathered forgning lime kankar, cale- crusts etc, at

places, there are a few blown sand pockets also1. However the soils as classified

by the N.B.S.S & L.U.P (I.C.A.R), Nagpur, the district has Usterts – Ochrepts

type of soils.

Fig 3.6: Soil of Bharuch District

1 Source: Geological Survey of India publication




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Table: 3.19 Sampling Locations for Soil Quality Monitoring

Table: 3.20 Soil sampling analysis results

Sl.

No.

Parameters

Soil Sampling Locations

S-1 S-2 S-3 S-4 S-5

1 pH 7.63 7.29 7.22 7.32 7.47

2 Moisture , % 2.5 1.8 2.4 2.2 2.5

3 Organic Carbon 0.32 0.35 0.36 0.32 0.34

4 Organic Matter , % 0.55 0.60 0.62 0.55 0.59

5 Water Holding Capacity

,%

34 32 35 34 35

6 Permeability , cm/hours 0.12 0.06 0.11 0.08 0.12

7 Porosity, % 22 22 22 20 22

8 Texture Sandy

Loam

Sandy

Loam

Sandy

Loam

Sandy

Loam

Sandy

Loam

9 Sand, % 58 55 62 54 52

10 Silt, % 18 24 20 25 26

11 Clay ,% 24 21 18 21 22

12 Conductivity

,µmhos/cm

190 870 460 340 510

13 CEC, meq/100g 118 112 124 118 115

14 Calcium, mg/kg 240 1602 880 1040 1040

15 Magnesium, mg/kg 160 320 160 160 240

16 Available Sodium,

mg/kg

182 165 140 199 208

17 Available Potassium,

mg/kg

68.6 33 21.2 75 75

Sr. No. Location Date of Sampling District

1. Sarod 27-03-2018 Bharuch

2. Samoj 04-04-2018 Bharuch

3. Nondhana 06-04-2018 Bharuch

4. Uber 18-04-2018 Bharuch

5. Amanpor Mota 25/04/2018 Bharuch




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3.5.4. Analysis of Quality Soil samples collected:

Porosity of soil samples were in the range of 20% (Uber village) to 22% and

Water Holding Capacity (WHC) of Soil samples were in the range of 32%

(Samoj Village) to 35%

It has been observed that the texture of soil is mostly sandy loam type in the

study area. The pH of the soil ranged from 7.22-7.63 indicating the soil

Quality to be moderately alkaline in nature.

Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) of Soil samples were in range of 112

meq/100gm ( Samoj Village) to 124 meq/100gm (Nondhana Village)

Electrical Conductivity of Soil samples were in range of 190 µmhos/cm

(Sarod Village) to 870 µmhos/cm (Samoj). The high EC could be on account

using underground saline water.

The exchangeable cations i.e .Calcium were present in the range of 240mg/kg

(Sarod Village) to 1602mg/kg (Samoj Village) while Magnesium were found

in the range of 160mg/kg (Sarod Village) to 320 mg/kg (Samoj Village)

Available Sodium ranged from 140mg/kg (Nondhana village) to 208 mg/kg

(Amanpor Mota Village)

Available Potassium ranged from 21.2 mg/kg (Nondhana village) to 75 mg/kg

in (Uber village)

The physico-chemical analysis of soil samples collected from 5 locations of

the project area indicate that soils are normal for growth and development of

crops. Majority of soils have originated from trap popularly known as block

cotton soils (Vertisol) and falls under Sandy loam in texture.

The soils in the region do not pose serious management problem, however

there need to analyse (pH, EC and ESP) soils annually to assess built up of

salinity/sodicity as underground waters are saline/ sodic. Apply liberal

quantity (50-100 tons/ha) of organic manure for removal salts and if soil pH is

>8.5 apply gypsum as per gypsum requirement.




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3.6. Biological Environment

The vast array of interactions among the various components of biodiversity makes the

planet habitable for all species, including humans. There is a growing recognition that,

biological diversity is a global asset of tremendous value to present and future

generations. At the same time, the threat of species and ecosystems has never been as

great as it is today. Species extinction caused by human activities continues at an

alarming rate. Protecting biodiversity is in our self-interest. Ecological systems show

complex inter-relationships between biotic and abiotic components including

dependence, competition and mutualism. Biotic components comprise of both plant

and animal communities which interact not only within and between themselves but

also with the abiotic components viz. Physical and chemical components of the

environment. Generally, biological communities are good indicators of climatic and

edaphic factors. Studies on biological aspects of ecosystems are important in

Environmental Impact Assessment for safety of natural flora and fauna. Information

on the impact of environmental stress on the community structure serves as an

inexpensive and efficient early warning system to check the damage to a particular

ecosystem. The biological environment includes mainly terrestrial ecosystem and

aquatic ecosystem.

Ecological Impact Assessment is used to predict and evaluate the impacts of

development activities. The biodiversity baseline is an essential component of the

larger environmental management process. The baseline is necessary to inform impact

assessment and management planning in the EIA, as well as monitoring and adaptive

management over the life of the project. The assessment process should characterize

the baseline conditions to a degree that is proportional and specific to the anticipated

risk and significance of impacts.

3.6.1. Data Source of the Study Area

Total area of block covered is 10.78 sq.km. Out of which there is no area covered by

forest including reserved forest, protected forest and unclassified forest. The

assessment of wild life fauna was carried out by field observation, enquiring with local




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people and on the basis of secondary data collected from different government offices

like District forest office, Agriculture department etc. A comprehensive database on

the baseline environmental status/conditions of the study area has been established

through review, compilation, verification by field visits& analysis of:

Existing published secondary data/ literature/ information collected, and

Primary data generated/ collected through field study, survey and monitoring.

The baseline data provide the foundation for assessment studies since they help to

identify site-specific impacts on various components of environment. The baseline

status also helps relate the effects of the project activities on the environmental

components and allows the identification of the parameters that need to be monitored.

The information concerning these parameters for the present study has been collected

directly through field measurements and from secondary data sources.

The collected secondary data has been appropriately supplemented by conducting the

necessary primary data generation/ collection through field study/monitoring. The

field monitoring has been carried out as per the guidelines of CPCB and requirement

of the MoEFCC.

3.6.2. Period of the study and study area

The baseline study, for the evaluation of the floral and faunal biodiversity of the

terrestrial environment of the study area, within the demarcated Block area in the

Bharuch district was conducted during March-May 2018. Floristic and Faunistic

pattern of the area was studied based on inquiries from the local population, personal

observation and forest officials.

3.6.3. Terrestrial Ecosystem of the study area

The sampling plots for floral inventory were selected randomly in the suitable habitats

within the 10 km radius from the project well location and Block area. The

methodology adopted for faunal survey involve; faunal habitat assessment, random

intensive survey, opportunistic observations, diurnal bird observation, active search

for reptiles, active search for scats and foot prints and review of previous studies.




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The aim was to set baselines in order to monitor and identify trends after the

commissioning of the project. Emphasis has been placed on presence of rare,

endemic, migratory and threatened species, if any present in the study area. Desktop

literature review was conducted to identify the representative spectrum of threatened

species, population and ecological communities as listed by IUCN, ZSI, BSI and in

Indian wild Life Protection act, 1972.

3.6.4. Aquatic Ecosystem of the study area

The samples for qualitative and quantitative analysis of planktons were collected from

the sub surface layer at knee depth. Water samples were filtered through plankton net

of 20µ mesh size. The filtered samples were concentrated by using the centrifuge. By

using Lackey’s drops method and light microscope the quantitative analysis was

carried out for phytoplankton and Zooplankton. The Biological and aquatic sampling

locations are shown in Fig. 3.7.

Fig 3.7: Biological and Aquatic sampling of the study area




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Standard procedures were adopted for phytoplankton and zooplankton counts

involving preservation. Analysis of phytoplankton was done by lacked drop (micro

transect) method and counting was done as follows:

No. Of phytoplankton/ml = (C × A1) / (A2 × S ×V)

C : No, of organism counted

A1 : Area of cover strip, mm2

A2 : Area of one strip, mm2

S : No. Of strips counted and

V : Volume of sample under the cover strip, ml

Analysis of zooplankton is done by Sedwick-Rafter (SR) cell. The sedwick-Rafter cell

is 50 mm long, 20 mm wide and 1 mm deep. Total area is 1000 mm2 and the total

volume is 1 ml.

Counting of zooplankton was done as follows:

Number of Zooplankton n =Number C X ml/ V

Where,

C : Volume of concentrate in ml, V : Volume of sample filtered in ml

The results of phytoplankton and zooplankton counts are expressed as no./100 ml and

no./m3 respectively. The nature and population of biological species in water are

dependent on its physic-chemical characteristics, i.e. pH, conductivity, alkalinity,

BOD, salinity and nutrient levels. Thus, the type and population of plankton species

may serve as indicators of the physic-chemical quality and the trophic levels of water

body. Plankton community structure of a water body can be assessed through

following parameters.




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3.6.5. Species Composition

The type of a group of organisms the tropic conditions of aquatic environment.

Similarly many organisms have been known to be favored by certain physic-chemical

conditions, such as silicates for diatoms. Presence of desmids and diatoms indicate

good water conditions. Dominance of diatoms, protozoa, ciliates, Chlorophyceae and

Cyanophyceae indicate moderately tropic conditions. Presence of Euglenophyceae

indicates highly eutrophic conditions. Planktonic rotifers are usually more abundant in

fresh water then in estuarine water. It is believed that when crustaceans such as

Copepod, Cirripedia, Ostracoda etc. and insects outnumber other groups, the water

body is considered to be enriched by organic matter thus, it is evident that presence of

typical organisms also helps in classifying a water body into different tropic levels

based on its physico-chemical characteristics.

3.6.6. Species Diversity

Diversity of plankton is determined by physic-chemical characteristics or the tropic

level of the water body. In oligotrophic water, the diversity of plankton is high, while

in mesotrophic and eutrophic conditions (increased pollution) the diversity of plankton

decreases. The Shannon Weiner Index (d), a measure of diversity of plankton, takes

into account the total as well as individual species counts in a water sample.

D = - ∑ (ni/n) log2 (ni/n) Where,

D = Shannon Weiner Diversity Index

ni = number of individual of each individual in a sample

n = total number of individual and of all species in sample

An index value of 3 and above is generally considered to be a non-polluted water

body. Values between 1 and 3 and less than 1 are believed to be mild polluted and

highly polluted respectively. Lower fluctuating index values at selected points might

be attributed to point and non-point sources of pollution, turbidity, tides, flow etc. A

widely accepted ecological concept enunciated that the communities with larger




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numbers of species (i.e. with high diversity) will have a high stability and thus can

resist adverse environmental factors, providing a greater structural complexity of the

food wed. In order to evaluate baseline biological characteristic of surface water and

groundwater in the study area the data also generated. Water samples were preserved

and enumerated for phytoplankton and zooplankton.

Table 3.21 Scale for Shannon Weiner Diversity Index

SW-DI Range Indication

<1 Indicates maximum impact of pollution or adverse factor

1-2 Indicates medium impact of pollution or adverse factor

>2 Indicates lowest impact of pollution or adverse factor

Table 3.22: Phytoplankton and Zooplankton Diversity Index of Study Area

Sl. No. Sampling

Location

Phytoplankton Zooplankton

Phytoplankton

Count

(No./ml)

Shannon

Weiner

Diversity

Index

Zooplankton

Count

(No./ml)

Shannon

Weiner

Diversity

Index

1. Jambusar 118 2.06 146 1.87

2. Sarod 122 2.03 128 1.98

The aquatic macrophytes including free floating algae, submerged hydrophytes,

emergent hydrophytes and semi aquatic plant like rooted herbs were observed during

survey in the study area.

Planktonic population: five species of plankton under the order of Bacillariophyceae

(Navicula sp.,Cyclotella sp.,) Myxophyceae (Anabaena and Nostoc sp.,),

Chlorophyceae (Microspora sp.,Spirogyra sp. ) were found.

Six species of Zooplankton under the orders of Cladocera (Daphnia sp., and Moina

sp., ) Rotifers (Diaptomus sp.,) were identified in the aquatic habitats.




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Bacillariophyceae as dominant life form in phytoplanktons and largest group of

biomass producer on earth are dominated by diatoms like Navicula sp. Followed by

Anabaena sp. And Nostoc sp. and Zooplanktons are dominated by Rotifers

(Diaptomus sp.). The diversity index for Phytoplankton and Zooplankton of Study

Area is given in Table 3.22.

3.6.7. Methodology

The primary objective of survey was to describe the floristic and faunal communities

within the study area. The sampling plots for floral inventory were selected randomly

in the suitable habitats within the 2km radius from the project well locations. The

methodology adopted for faunal survey involve; faunal habitat assessment, random

intensive survey, opportunistic observations, diurnal bird observation, active search

for reptiles, active search for scats and foot prints and review of previous studies.

The aim was to set baselines in order to monitor and identify trends after the

commencement of mining activity. Emphasis has been placed on presence of rare,

endemic, migratory and threatened species, if any present in the study area. Desktop

literature review was conducted to identify the representative spectrum of threatened

species, population and ecological communities as listed by IUCN, ZSI, BSI and in

Indian wild Life Protection act, 1972. The status of individual species was assessed

using the revised IUCN category system.

3.6.8. Floral Diversity of Study Area

This floral inventory of the study area, is to provide necessary information on floristic

structure in the study area for formulating effective management and conservation

measures. The climatic, edaphic and biotic variations with their complex

interrelationship and composition of species, which are adapted to these variations,

have resulted in different vegetation cover, characteristic of each region. The

following account of floral inventory has been, based on the field survey conducted

in the March-May 2018, and is aimed only to give a general pattern of vegetation of

this region during the study period as a baseline data in presence of available

secondary data.




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Listing of the endangered, threatened and endemic species of flora in a locality and

drawing the attention to the occurrence of such species, would aid in creating

awareness amongst the local people as a whole to protect such species from

extinction, and to take necessary measures for their conservation. These type of

floristic study is an inventory for such purpose and hence a necessity.

The dominant tree species, herbs, shrubs, climbers and major crops, were documented

during the baseline study.

3.6.9. Trees

The dominant trees in the study area were,Mangifera indica (Keri), Azadirachta

indica (Limbado), Salvadora persica (Piludo), Salvadora oleoides (Piludi),

Pithecellobium dulce(Gorasmli) and Acacia nilotica (Bavalal)which are generally

planted as the road side plantation or along the agriculture fields for shades. 51

species of trees belong to 23 families are enumerated from the study area.

Table 3.23: List of Trees in the Study Area

Sl. No. Family & Scientific name Vernacular name

1 Family: Anacardiaceae

1/1 Mangifera indica L. Kari

2 Family: Annonaceae

2/1 Annona squamosa L. Saitafal

3/2 Polylathia longifolia (Conn.) Thw. Asopalav

3 Family: Apocynaceae

4/1 Plumeria rubra L. Champo

4 Family: Arecaceae

5/1 Cocos Nucifera L. Narial

5 Family: Bombacaceae

6/1 Bombax ceiba L. Shimalo

6 Family: Caesalpiniaceae

7/1 Delonix regia (Boj.) Raf. Gaulmor

8/2 Delonix elata (L.) Gamble. Sandsro

9/3 Cassia fistula L. Garmalo

10/4 Cassia siamea Lam. Kasid

11/5 Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) Backer ex Sonmukhi




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Heyne

12/6 Tamarindus indicum L. Amali

7 Family: Caricaceae

13/1 Carica papaya L. Papaya

8 Family: Casuarinaceae

14/1 Casuarina equisetifolia L. Sharu

15/2 Family: Combretaceae

16/3 Anogeissus latifolia ( Roxb) Dhavdo

17/4 Terminalia catappa L. Badam

9 Family: Ehretiaceae

18/1 Cordia dichotoma Forst Gunda

10 Family: Euphorbiaceae

19/1 Emblica officinalis Gaertn. Ambla

11 Family: Malvaceae

20/1 Thespesia populnea (L.) Sol.ex Corr. Paras piplo

12 Family: Meliaceae

21/1 Azadirachta indica A.Juss Limbado

22/2 Melia azadirachta L. Bakanlimdo

13 Family: Mimosaceae

23/1 Acacia auriculiformis L. Austrianbaval

24/2 Acacia chundra (Roxb.ex Rottl.) Willd. Khair

25/3 Acacia leucophloea (Roxb) Willd. Hermobaval

26/4 Acacia nilotica (L.) Del.subsp.indica (Bth.)

Brenan

Baval

27/5 Acacia Senegal (L.) Willd. Goradiobaval

28/6 Albizia lebbeck (L.) Bth. Siris

29/7 Albizia procera (Roxb.) Bth. Kalo siris

30/8 Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) De Pardesi Baval

31/9 Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Bth. Gorasmli

32/10 Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce Khyigdo

14 Family: Moraceae

33/1 Ficus benghalensis L. Vad

34/2 Ficus hispida L. Dhedhumaro

35/3 Ficus racemosa L. Umaro

36/4 Ficus religiosa L. Piplo

15 Family: Moringaceae

37/1 Moringa oleifera Lam Sargavo

16 Family: Myrtaceae

38/1 Eucalyptussp. Nilgari




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39/2 Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels. Jambu

17 Family: Papilionaceae

40/1 Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. Khakaro

41/2 Bauhinia purpurea L. Kanchner

42/3 Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. Sisam

18 Family: Poaceae

43/1 Dendrocalamus strictus (Roxb) Bans

19 Family: Salvadoraceae

44/1 Salvadora persica L. Piludo

45/2 Salvadora oleoides Decne Piludi

20 Family: Sapotaceae

46/1 Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Dub. Rayan

47/2 Manilkara zapota (L.) Chikoo

21 Family: Simaroubaceae

48/1 Ailanthus excelsa Roxb. Aurdso

22 Family: Rhamnaceae

49/1 Zizyphus glabrata Heyne ex Roth. Bor

22 Family: Rutaceae

50/1 Limonia acidissima L.

23 Family: Verbenaceae

51/1 Tectona grandis L.f. Sag

Fig 3.8: Prosopis juliflora found in the study area




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3.6.10. Shrubs:

Shrubs observed during the present survey are given in the Table 3.24. 27 shrub

species belong to 17 families are enumerated from the study area. The dominant shrub

community in this area was represented by, Calotropis procera, C. gigantea (Akado),

Ipomoea fistulosa (Nasarmo), Lawsonia inermis (Mendhi),and Lantana camara

(Ganthai).

Table 3.24: List of Shrubs in the Study Area

Sl.

No.

Family & Scientific name Vernacular name

1 Family : Apocynaceae

1/1 Nerium indicum Lalkaren

2/2 Thevetia peruviana Merr. Pili karan

2 Family: Asclepiadaceae

3/1 Calotropis gigantea (L.) R. Br Akado

4/2 Calotropis procera (Ait.) R.Br Akado

3 Family: Bignoniaceae

5/1 Tecoma stans (L.) H.B.& K. Peilafol


6/1 Cassia auriculata L

5 Family: Capparaceae

6/1 Capparis decidua ( forsk.)Edgew

6 Family: Compositae

7/1 Xanthium strumarium L. Gokhru

7 Family: Convolvulaceae

8/1 Ipomoea fistulosa Mart.ex Choisy Nasarmo


9/1 Euphorbia neriifolia L. Thor

10/2 Jatropha curcas L. Ratanjot

11/4 Ricinus communis L. Devalo

9 Family: Lythraceae

12/1 Lawsonia inermis L. Mendhi


13/1 Abelomoschus manihot (L.) Medic. Jagali bhindi

14/2 Abutilon indicum (L.) Sw. Khapat

15/3 Gossypium herbaceum Kapas

11 Family: Musaceae

16/1 Musa paradisiaca L. Kela

12 Family: Mimosaceae

17/1 Prosopis juliflora DC Gando baval

18/2 Acacia bjacquemontii Bth. Rato baval




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19/3 Mimosav hamata Willd Kai baval

13 Family: Nyctaginaceae

20/1 Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd. Bougainvel


21/1 Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr. Shevari

15 Family: Rhamnaceae

22/1 Zizyphus nummularia (Burm.f.) W. &. Chanibor

16 Family: Solanaceae

23/1 Datura metel L Daturo

24/2 Solanum incanum L Ubhi ringan

25/3 Solanum indicum

17 Family: Verbenaceae

26/1 Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertn. Madhi

27/2 Lantana camara L.var.aculcata (L.)Mold. Ganthai

3.6.11. Herbs:

As the study area is dominated by the waterlogged grass lands and paddy fields, the

area is with remarkably rich herbaceous ground cover. The herbs observed in the

sampling plots, during the survey period in the study area have been enlisted in the

Table 3.25. 88 species of herbs belongs to 33 families were documented from the

sampling plots laid in different habitats.

Fig 3.9: Nilgiri plantation in the study area




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Table 3.25: List of Herbaceous species in the Study Area

Sl. No Family & Scientific name Vernacular name

1 Family: Acanthaceae

1/1 Barleria sp. ---

2/2 Hygrophila ainguriculata (Schum.) Kanatashelio,Akaro

2 Family: Alismataceae

4/1 Limnophyton obtusifolium L

3 Family Amaranthaceae

5/1 Achyranthes aspera L. Anghedi, Anghedo

6/2 Aerva javanica (Burm.f.)Juss. Bur,Gorakhganjo

7/3 Celosia argentea L

4 Family : Aponogetonaceae

8/1 Aponogeton natans L.

5 Family :Araceae

9/1 Colocasia esculenta (L)

10/2 Pistia stratiotes Jalasankhala


11/1 Leptadenia pyrotechnica i(forsk.) Khip, Ranser

7 Family :Asteraceae

12/1 Blumea eriantha DC. Kalhar

13/2 Blumea mollis D. Don Merr

13/3 Echinops echinatus Roxb Shulio

14/4 Eclipta prostrata (L.) Bhangro

15/5 Lacunae procumbens (Roxb) .Moti Bhonpatri

16/6 Parthenium hysterophorus L --

EIA17/7 Tridax procumbens L Pardesi Bhangro

18/8 Vernonia cinerea Less Sadedi

8 Family: Boraginaceae

19/1 Trichodesma indicum

9 Family : Caesalpiniaceae

20/1 Cassia tora L Kuvandio

10 Family: Ceratophyllaceae

21/1 Ceratophyllum demersum L.


22/1 Cressa cretica L

12 Family: Commelinaceae

23/2 Commelina benghalensis L

24/3 C.forskalaei Vahl., Enum

13 Family: Cyperaceae




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25/1 Cyperus difformis L.

26/2 Cyperus rotundus L.

27/3 Cyperus sp.

28/4 Fimbristylis dichotoma Vahl.

29/5 Fimbristylis sp.


30/1 Chrozophora rottleri (Geis.) Juss.

31/2 Euphorbia hirta L.

15 Family: Gentianaceae

32/1 Nymphoides indicum (Roxb.) Kumudini

33/2 N. parvifolium (Griseb.) --

16 Family: Hydrocharitaceae

34/1 Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle

35/2 Vallisneria spiralis L.

36/3 Ottelia alismodies L.

17 Family: Lamiaceae

37/1 Leucas aspera. --

38/2 Ocimum sanctum L. Tulsi

39/3 O. canum Sims Ramtulsi

40/4 O .basilicum L. Damro

18 Family: Lemnaceae

41/1 Lemna gibba L.

19 Family: Liliaceae

42/1 Aloe barbadensis Mill. Kunvarpato

43/1 Urginea indica (Roxb.) Jungli Dungli


44/1 Abutilon indicum L. Khapat,Dabaliar

45/2 Sida alba L.. Bala

21 Family: Martyniaceae

46/1 Martynia annua L.

22 Family: Menispermaceae

47/1 Cocculus hirstus L Vevdi

23 Family: Nyctaginaceae

48/1 Boerhavia diffusa L. Satodi

49/2 Boerhavia chinensis Druce --

24 Family: Nymphaeaceae

50/1 Nymphaea pubescens Wild Kamal

51/2 Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. Motu kamal




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52/1 Alysicarpus scariosus rottl.ex.Spr.

53/2 Cajanus cajan (L) Tuvar

54/3 Crotalaria burhia Bach. – Ham. Kharshan

55/4 Crotalaria medicaginea Lam. Ranmethi

56/5 Rhynchosia minima (L.) DC. --

57/6 Indigofera oblongifolia Forks. --

58/7 Tephrosia sps. --

59/8 Medicago sativa L. Rajko

26 Family: Poaceae

60/1 Aleuropus lagopoides (L)

61/2 Aristida sp.

62/3 Cynodon barberi Rang.

63/4 Cynodon dactylon (L.)

64/5 Oryza sativa L.

65/6 Phragmites kara (Retz.)

66/7 Triticum aestivum L. Ghau

67/8 Sorghum bicolor (L.) Jowar

68/9 Zea mays Makai

27 Family: Piperaceae

69/1 Peperomia pellucidaL.

28 Family: Polygonaceae

70/1 Polygonum glabrumwilld

29 Family: Scrophulariaceae

71/1 Bacopa monnieri (L.) Jalnaveri

30 Family: Solanaceae

72/1 Solanum indicum L. Ringni

73/2 Solanum nigrum L. Piludi

74/3 Solanum surattense Brum. Bhoringni

75/4 Solanum trilobatum L.

76/5 Physalis minima L. Popti

31 Family: Trapaceae

77/1 Trapa natans L var. bispinosa Shinghoda

32 Family: Tiliaceae

78/1 Corchorus depressus Stocks

79/2 Triumfeta rotundifolia Lam.

33 Family: Typhaceae

80/1 Typha angustata Bory & Chaub Ramban,Ghabajariu




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34 Family: Zygophyllaceae

81/1 Fagonia cretica L. Dhramau

82/2 Tribulus terrestris L. Mithu Gokhru

3.6.12. Climbers and Twiners:

Climbers/ twiners in the study area dominated by, Ipomoea pes-tigridis (Wagpadi),

Ipomea pes-caprae (Dariani vel), Ipomea aquatica (Nali ni Bhaji), Coccinia grandis

(Ghiloda) ,Luffa cylindrica (Galku), and Abrus precatorius (Chanothai). The major

climbers and twiners observed in the study area in the sampling plots are given in the

Table 3.26. 25 species of climbers/ twiners belongs to 9 families are recorded from

the area.

Table3.26: List of Climbers in the Study Area



1/1 Pentatropis spiralis (Forsk.) Decne Shingroti

2/2 Oxystelma secamone L. Karst. Deuts.


3/1 Ipomea cairica (L.)

4/2 Ipomoea obscura L.

5/3 Ipomea pulchella Roth

6/4 Ipomea aquatica Forsk. Nadanivel

7/5 Ipomoea pes-caprae Dariani vel/Maryad vel

8/6 Ipomoea pes-tigrides L


9/1 Caesalpinia crista L. Kachka

4 Family: Cucurbitaceae

10/1 Coccinia grandis Ghiloda

11/2 Luffa cylindrica (L.) M.J.Roem Galku

12/3 L. acutangula (L) Jungli turia

13/4 Diplocyclos palmatus (L.) C.jeffrey Shivelangi

14/5 Corallocarpus epigeus (Arn.)

15/6 T richosanthes cucumerina L.




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5 Family: Cuscutaceae

16/1 Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. Amarvel


17/1 Dalechampia scandensL,

7 Family: Liliaceae

18/1 Asparagus racemosus Wild var, javanicus Satavari

19/1 Gloriosa superba L

8 Family: Menispermaceae

20/1 Cocculus hirsutus (L.) Diels Vevdi

21/2 Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers Galo


22/1 Mucuna prurita Hk.f. Kavach, Koyli

23/2 Abrus precatorius L. Chanothi

24/3 Clitoria ternatea L. Gokaran

25/4 Clitoria biflora Dalz.

3.6.13. Major Crops

Major crops in the study area are Rice (Oryza sativa L.) and Wheat (Triticum

aestivum)

3.6.14. Minor Crops

The minor crops of this region are Bajra (Pennisetum typhoides), Jowar (Sorghum

bicolar) and Divel (Ricinus communis)

3.6.15. Major horticultural crops

Keri (Mangifera indica L.), Chikoo (Manilkara zapota (L.)), Papaya (Carica papaya

L.), and Banana (Musa Paradisiaca L.) as shown in Fig 3.24 and Fig. 3.25.

3.6.16. Rare and Endangered Flora in the Study Area

The IUCN Red List is the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global

conservation status of plant and animal species. It uses a set of criteria to evaluate the

extinction risk of thousands of species and subspecies. These criteria are relevant to




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all species and all regions of the world. With its strong scientific base, the IUCN Red

List is recognized as the most authoritative guide to the status of biological diversity.

Among the numerated flora in the study area, none of them were assigned any threat

category, by RED data book of Indian Plants and Red list of threatened Vascular

plants (IUCN,2010, BSI, 2003)

Figure 3.10 Major Crops in the Study Area




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3.6.17. Faunal Biodiversity of the Study Area in Bharuch District

For the documentation of the faunal biodiversity of the study area with respect to

birds, reptiles, amphibians, and butterfly species, a baseline survey had been

conducted in March-May 2018.

3.6.18. Birds of the Study Area

The most commonly spotted water bird species of this area were;, Cattle Egret,

Intermediate Egret, Little Egret, Indian Cormorant, Black-winged Stilt, Red-wattled

Lapwing, Red-naped Ibis, Black-headed Ibis, White-breasted Water hen. Systematic

account of the birds in the study area with the status of occurrence is given in the

Table 3.27 and shown in Fig 3.12.

Table 3.27: Systematic List of birds in the study area with its residential status

Old Common name New Common Name Scientific Name R-S

I. ORDER: APODIFORMES

Family: Apodidae (swifts)

Common Swift Common Swift Apus apus R

House swift Little Swift Apus affinis R

II. ORDER: FALCONIFORMES

Family: Accipitridae (vulture, Sparrow hawk, Eagle, Harrier, Kite and Vulture)

Shikra Shikra Accipiter badius R

Black-winged Kite Black-winged Kite Elanus caeruleus R

Pied Harrier Pied Harrier Circus melanoleucos R

III. ORDER: : CICONIIFORMES

Family: Family: Anhingidae

Darter or Snake Birds Oriental Darter Anhinga melanogaster

A.rufa

R

Family: Ardeidae (heron, Egret, Bittern)

Grey Heron Grey Heron Ardea

cinerea

RW

Giant Heron Goliath Heron Ardea goliath RW

Pond Heron Indian Pond-Heron Ardeola grayii R

Cattle Egret Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis R

Median or Smaller

Egret

Intermediate Egret Mesophoyx

intermedia

R




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Egretta intermedia

Little Egret Little Egret Egretta garzetta R

Large Egret Great Egret Casmerodius albus

Ardea alba

Rw

Family: Charadriidae (Plover, Stilt, Oystercatcher, Lapwing, Avocet )

Black-winged Stilt Black-winged Stilt Himantopus

himantopus

R

Red-wattled Lapwing Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus R

Family: Ciconiidae (Open bill, stork, Adjutant)

Painted Stork Painted Stork Mycteria leucocephala R

Family: Phalacrocoracidae ( Cormorant)

Large Cormorant Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo RW

Indian Shag Indian Cormorant Phalacrocorax

fuscicollis

R

Little Cormorant Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger R

Family: Podicipedidae (Grebe)

Little Grebe Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis R

Family: Pteroclidae (Sandgrouse)

Indian Sandgrouse Chestnut-bellied

sandgrouse

Pterocles exustus R

Family: Threskiornithidae (Spoonbill and Ibis)

Spoonbill Eurasian Spoonbill Platalea leucorodia RW

Black Ibis Red-naped Ibis Pseudibis papillosa R

White Ibis Black-headed Ibis Threskiornis

melanocephalus

R

IV ORDER: COLUMBIFORMES

Family: Columbidae (Pigeon, Dove)

Blue Rock Pigeon Rock Pigeon Columba livia R

Ring Dove Eurasian Collared-Dove Streptopelia decaocto R

Rufous Turtle Dove Oriental Turtle-Dove Streptopelia orientalis R

V : ORDER: CORACIFORMES

Family: Dacelonidae (King fishers)

White breasted

Kingfisher

White-throated

Kingfisher

Halcyon smyrnensis R

Note: R = Widespread Resident, r= Very Local Resident, W = Widespread Winter

Visitor, w = Sparse Winter Visitor, RW =Resident and winter visitor



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Figure 3.11 Birds found in the Study Area

3.6.19. Butterflies of the Study Area

Butterflies observed during the present study are documented in the Table 3.28 and shown in

Figure 3.13.

Table 3.28: Butterflies in the Study Area

Sl. No Scientific name & family Common name

1 Family Papilionidae

1/1 Papilio polytes Linnaeus Common Mormon

2/2 Papilio demoleus Linnaeus Lime butterfly



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2 Family Pieridae

3/1 Eurema hecabe Linnaeus Common Grass yellow

4/2 Catopsilia pomona Fabricius Common Emigrant

5/3 Catopsilia pyranthe Linnaeus Mottled Emigrant

6/4 Delias eucharis Drury Common Jezebel

7/5 Cerpora nerissa Fabricius Common Gull

8/6 Ixias mariane Cramer White orange tip

9/7 Ixias pyrene Linnaeus Yellow orange tip

10/8 Colotis danae Fabricus Crimson tip

3 Family: Nymphalidae

11/1 Melanitis leda Linnaeus Common evening Brown

12/2 Junonia lemonias Linnaeus Lemon pancy

13/3 Junonia almanac Linnaeus Peacock pancy

14/4 Junonia orithya Linnaeus Blue pancy

15/5 Junonia hierta Fabricius Yellow pancy

16/6 Danaus chrysippus Linnaeus Plain Tiger

17/7 Danaus genutia Cramer Stripped Tiger

18/8 Hypolimanas misippus Linnaeus Danaid egg fly

19/9 Mycalesis perseus Fabricius Common bush brown

Figure 3.12: Butterfly found in study area.



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3.6.20. Herpetofauna

Reptiles documented in the region are given in the Table 3.29.

Table 3.29: Reptiles in the Study Area

S. No Common Name Scientific name

1 Common garden lizard Calotes versicolor (Daudin)

2 Common rat snake Ptyas mucosus (Linn.)

3 Common Indian monitor Varanus bengalensis ( Daudin)

4 Brahminy skink Eutropis carinata (Schneider)

5 House Gecko Hemidactylus flaviviridis (Ruppell)

7 Common Indian Cat Snake Boiga trigonata ( Schneider)

8 Spotted Indian House Gecko Hemidactylus brookii (Gray)

9 Fan-Throated Lizard Sitana ponticeriana ( Cuvier)

10 Indian Cobra Naja naja (Linn.)

11 Russell’s Viper Daboia russelii ( Shaw and Nodder)

12 Common Indian Krait Bungarus caeruleus ( Schneider)

,= Not sighted but included as per the information provided by villagers ,during the

interaction with them with pictorial presentation.

3.6.21. Mammals

The wild mammals observed other than domesticated ones from study area is documented in

the Table 3.30 and shown in Fig. 3.14.

Table 3.30: Mammals in the Study Area

S. No Common Name Scientific name

1 Indian field mouse Mus booduga (Gray)

2 Common Mongoose Herpestes edwardsi (Geoffroy)

3 Hare Lepus sp.

4 Five striped Palm squirrel Funambulus pennanii ( Wroughton)

5 Nilgai Boselaphus tragocamelus (Pallas)



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Fig 3.13: Langoor found in the study area

3.6.22. As per Wild Life Protection Act, 1972

Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972, as amended on 17th January 2003, is an Act to provide for

the protection of wild animals, birds and plants and for matters connected therewith or

ancillary or incidental thereto with a view to ensuring the ecological and environmental

security of the country.

Some of the sighted fauna were given protection by the Indian Wild Life

(Protection)Act,1972 by including them in different schedules .Among the birds in the study

area, Pea fowl (Pavo cristatus), is included in schedule I .of Wild life protection Act (1972),

while many other birds are included in schedule IV.

Among the reptiles, Indian Cobra (Naja naja), and Common rat snake (Ptyas mucosus) were

provided protection as per Schedule-II of Wild life protection act, (1972)

Among mammals; Common Mongoose (Herpestes edwardsi), is a schedule –II animals.

Hares and five stripped squirrels are included in schedule IV of Wild Life Protection act

1972.



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Table 3.31: Species provided Protection as per Wild Life Protection Act 1972 in Study Area

Group Species Schedule

Birds Pea fowl (Pavo cristatus), Schedule I

Most of other birds Schedule-IV

Reptiles Indian Cobra (Naja naja), Schedule-II

Common rat snake (Ptyas mucosus) Schedule-II

Mammals Common Mongoose (Herpestes edwardsi), Schedule-II

Five striped Palm squirrel (Funambulus pennanii

(Wroughton)

Schedule-IV

Hare (Lepus sp.) Schedule-IV

3.6.23. Animal Husbandry

Study Area includes mostly urban area, cattle wealth is of great importance to the economy of

the study region especially in agriculture. Every farmer usually has at least a cow or buffalo

and a pair of bullocks, which perform a variety of functions, chief among them being

ploughing, harrowing and carrying bullock carts, agricultural implements etc. Agriculture is

not mechanized to an appreciable extent. Goats, sheep and buffaloes are used mainly for

milking purpose. Hen is also carried out as side business.

Livestock rising is an economic activity persuaded by certain sections of community, who

have made grazing and breeding of livestock as their traditional occupation. Livestock has

proved to be a very valuable asset to the farmers. It provides them with the draught power

required for the cultivation and an additional means of supplementing their income.

Fig 3.14: Animal Husbandry found in study area.



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3.7. Socio-economic Aspects

The Socio-economic baseline data provide the foundation for assessment studies since they

help to identify site-specific impacts on various components of environment. The baseline

status also helps relate the effects of the project activities on the environmental components

and allows the identification of the parameters that need to be monitored. The information

concerning these parameters for the present study has been collected directly through field

measurements and from secondary data sources. The collected secondary data has been

appropriately supplemented by conducting the necessary primary data generation/ collection

through field study/monitoring during the visit of study area in the period of March – May

2018.

Socio-economic survey was conducted with the help of predesigned tool to measure the

socioeconomic status of the people in the study area.

The salient socio-economic features observed under the study are:

Most of the rural people in study area use Wood, Cooking Gas & charcoal as the

main source of fuel for cooking purpose.

Villages, have better communication and transportation facilities. Road

conditions are good. There is bus facility available in the interior villages.

Electricity facility available in villages is good.

The details of villages falling within the study area, population, sex-ratio, stratified

population distribution (male-female, scheduled caste-scheduled tribe, workers-non workers,

etc.) and basic amenities are abstracted from Census 2011 & 2001 of Gujarat State, obtained

from Office of Registrar General India, New Delhi, and Provisional Census Data 2011

available from the Official website of Census of India as the latest census data.

3.7.1. Bharuch District (Census, 2011)

Bharuch, also known as Broach, is the oldest city in Gujarat, situated at the mouth of the holy

river Narmada. It is located in the southern part of Gujarat, near the Gulf of Cambay in

Arabian Sea. The district has a known history for about 8000 years.



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The initial provisional data released by census India 2011, shows that density of Bharuch

district for 2011 is 238 people per sq. km. In 2001, Bharuch district density was at 210 people

per sq. km. Bharuch district administers 6,509 square kilometers of areas.

3.7.2. Literacy Rate 2011

Average literacy rate of Bharuch in 2011 were 81.51 compared to 74.41 of 2001. If things are

looked out at gender wise, male and female literacy were 87.45 and 75.09 respectively. For

2001 census, same figures stood at 82.98 and 65.11 in Bharuch District. Total literate in

Bharuch District were 1,118,276 of which male and female were 623,047 and 495,229

respectively. In 2001, Bharuch District had 875,519 in its district.

3.7.3. Sex Ratio 2011

With regards to Sex Ratio in Bharuch, it stood at 925 per 1000 male compared to 2001 census

figure of 921. The average national sex ratio in India is 940 as per latest reports of Census

2011 Directorate. In 2011 census, child sex ratio is 920 girls per 1000 boys compared to

figure of 918 girls per 1000 boys of 2001 census data.

3.7.4. Child Population 2011

In census enumeration, data regarding child under 0-6 age were also collected for all districts

including Bharuch. There were total 179,103 children under age of 0-6 against 194,025 of

2001 census. Of total 179,103 male and female were 93,265 and 85,838 respectively. Child

Sex Ratio as per census 2011 was 920 compared to 918 of census 2001. In 2011, Children

under 0-6 formed 11.55 percent of Bharuch District compared to 14.16 percent of 2001.

There was net change of -2.61 percent in this compared to previous census of India.

3.7.5. Houseless Census

In 2011, total 990 families live on footpath or without any roof cover in Bharuch district of

Gujarat. Total Population of all who lived without roof at the time of Census 2011 numbers

to 3,925. This approx 0.25% of total population of Bharuch district.



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3.7.6. Population 2015

What is the population of Bharuch in 2015? The fact is last census for Bharuch district was

done only in 2011 and next such census would only be in 2021. There is no actual figure for

population of Bharuch district situated in Gujarat. As per 2011, Bharuch population is

1,551,019

3.7.7. District Urban/Rural 2011

Out of the total Bharuch population for 2011 census, 33.85 percent lives in urban regions of

district. In total 524,959 people lives in urban areas of which males are 276,314 and females

are 248,645. Sex Ratio in urban region of Bharuch district is 900 as per 2011 census data.

Similarly child sex ratio in Bharuch district was 887 in 2011 census. Child population (0-6) in

urban region was 57,593 of which males and females were 30,526 and 27,067. This child

population figure of Bharuch district is 11.05 % of total urban population. Average literacy

rate in Bharuch district as per census 2011 is 88.33 % of which males and females are 92.02

% and 84.24 % literates respectively. In actual number 412,818 people are literate in urban

region of which males and females are 226,163 and 186,655 respectively.

As per 2011 census, 66.15 % population of Bharuch districts lives in rural areas of villages.

The total Bharuch district population living in rural areas is 1,026,060 of which males and

females are 529,393 and 496,667 respectively. In rural areas of Bharuch district, sex ratio is

938 females per 1000 males. If child sex ratio data of Bharuch district is considered, figure is

937 girls per 1000 boys. Child population in the age 0-6 is 121,510 in rural areas of which

males were 62,739 and females were 58,771. The child population comprises 11.85 % of total

rural population of Bharuch district. Literacy rate in rural areas of Bharuch district is 77.99 %

as per census data 2011. Gender wise, male and female literacy stood at 85.05 and 70.47

percent respectively. In total, 705,458 people were literate of which males and females were

396,884 and 308,574 respectively.

All details regarding Bharuch District have been processed by us after receiving from Govt.

of India. We are not responsible for errors to population census details of Bharuch District.



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3.7.8. Education Facilities

The study area has a good amount of educational facilities at both primary and secondary

levels. The Sarva Shiksha Abhiyaan (SSA) scheme encourages children to regularly attend

school for free and compulsory education up to class 8, and also provides nutritious meal

under the Mid-day Meal scheme of National Rural Health Mission (NRHM). Nonetheless,

higher education facilities are significantly less for a total study area population of 32,40,688

according to the Census figures of 2001. It has been observed that highest educational

attainment of the people in the study area is up to class 10. However, with changing times

and emergence for the need for higher education, there may have been rise in the number of

educational facilities in the study area.

Table 3.32: Social Profile of the Study Area, Census 2001 & 2011

Description Bharuch

2011 2001

Actual Population 15,51,019 13,70,656

Male 8,05,707 7,13,676

Female 7,45,312 6,56,980

Population Growth 13.16% 19.37%

Area Sq.Km 6,509 6,509

Density/Km2 238 210

Proportion To Gujarat Population 2.57% 2.71%

Sex Ratio (Per 1000) 925 921

Child Sex Ratio (0-6Age) 920 918

Average Literacy 81.51 74.41

Male Literacy 87.45 82.98

Female Literacy 75.09 65.11

Total Child Population (0-6 Age) 1,79,103 1,94,025

Male Population (0-6 Age) 93,265 1,01,176

Female Population (0-6 Age) 85,838 92,849

Literates 11,18,276 8,75,519

Male Literates 6,23,047 5,08,240

Female Literates 4,95,229 3,67,279

Child Population (0-6 Age) 11.55% 14.16%

Boys Population (0-6 Age) 11.58% 14.18%

Girls Population (0-6 Age) 11.52% 14.13%



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Table 3.33: Population dynamics of the study area

Description Bharuch District

Rural Urban

Population(%) 66.15% 33.85%

Total Population 10,26,060 5,24,959

Male Population 5,29,393 2,76,314

Female Population 4,96,667 2,48,645

Sex Ratio 938 900

Child Sex Ratio(0-6) 937 887

Child Population(0-6) 1,21,510 57,593

Male Child(0-6) 62,739 30,526

Female Child(0-6) 58,771 27,067

Child Percentage(0-6) 11.84% 10.97%

Male Child Percentage 11.85% 11.05%

Female Child Percentage 11.83% 10.89%

Literates 7,05,458 4,12,818

Male Literates 3,96,884 2,26,163

Female Literates 3,08,574 1,86,655

Average Literacy 77.99% 88.33%

Male Literacy 85.05% 92.02%

Female Literacy 70.47% 84.24%



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CHAPTER-4

ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS & MITIGATION MEASURES

4. Environmental Impacts Associated with Drilling and Production

The major element involved in the process of environmental impact assessment is

identification as it leads to other elements such as quantification and evaluation of impacts.

Although, in general, a number of impacts can be identified while describing the project, all

the impacts may not be considered significant. Hence, it is necessary to identify the critical

impacts that are likely to cause significant impact on various components of environment

due to proposed drilling.

A number of techniques are available for identification of impacts. In the present case for the

activities proposed to be carried, adaptation of “Network Method” which involves

understanding of “cause-condition – effect” relationship between as activity and

environmental parameters for identification of impacts has been found to be most appealing

tool. Table 4.1 shows the criteria adopted for classifying the impacts into five broad

categories. Likely impacts from Drilling have been identified in Table 4.2.

Table 4.1: Impact Significance Criteria

Impact Significance Criteria

Major Adverse When the impact is of:

High intensity

High spread (regional) or moderate spread

High or moderate duration

When the impact is of

Moderate intensity

High or moderate or low spread

High or moderate or low duration

Minor Adverse When the impact is of

Moderate or low intensity

low spread

High or moderate or low duration



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Table 4.2: Identification of Likely Impacts from Drilling and Production – Impacts/Risks

Interaction Environmental Sensitivities

Environmental

Parameters

Project Activities

Site

Preparation &

Installation of

facilities

Road

Construction

Drilling

Operation

Operation of

heavy

machineries &

DG sets

Physical Parameters

Topography x x x x

Air x x x x

Noise & Vibration x x x x

Surface Water x x

Ground Water x

Soil x x x x

Biological Parameters

Flora x x x x

Fauna x x x x

Eco sensitive area

Socio-Economic Parameter

Land Use x x x x

Tourism

Employment + + + +

Economy + +

Infrastructure +

Community

Health & Safety

x x x x

Occupational

Health & Safety

x x x x

x Mark represents adverse impact + Mark represents beneficial impact

The detailed list of activities and actions described earlier in this report has been taken into

consideration for generation of cause-condition-effect network (i.e. chain of events). This

Insignificant Adverse When the impact is of

low intensity

low spread

low duration

Moderate When the impact are positive



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type of method is advantageous in recognizing the series of impacts that would be triggered

by the proposed activities. Thus, this method has provided a “roadmap” type of approach to

the identification of second and third order effects. The idea was to account for the project

activity and identify the types of impact, which would initially occur. The next was to select

each impact and identify the secondary and tertiary impacts, which induced as a result. This

process was repeated until all possible impacts were identified. The greatest advantage of this

type of approach was that it allowed identifying the impacts by selecting the tracing out the

events as they are expected to occur. While identifying the impact network for drilling

operations in the study area all significant activities such as land acquisition, road/site

clearance, drill site preparation, diesel generation sets, waste pits well development and work

over operations have been accounted for.

The availability of energy resource (oil/gas) the end product has been considered for the

purpose of economic benefits.

4.1. Air Environment

For the purpose of impact predictions on air environment emission sources can be classified

into point and area sources. There are no areas sources considered for the purpose of

predictions. The point sources identified are diesel generator sets at drill sites. These will be

in operation for 24 hours a day. Emissions from the generators will consist of mainly PM 10,

PM 2.5, NOx, SO2 and suspended particles. The concentration of SO2 in the emitted gas will

depend on the fuel source. Since diesel contains low values of sulphur, using diesel as fuel

will lend to low SO2 emissions. Emissions are expected during temporary well flaring in the

event gas is discovered. Impact Significance of Air Quality during drilling has been given in

Table 4.3.

The meteorological data has been used for predictions for impacts of NOx on air

environment; an inter-active model that estimates short-term concentrations for a number of

arbitrarily located receptor points at or above ground level due to the point sources was used.



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The incremental GLC as a result of DG set operation are within the permissible limits as per

the CPCB. Regular monitoring for pollution levels indicate GLC levels to be within

permissible limits.

Table 4.3: Impact significance of Air Quality during the project

Activity Impact Context Duration intensity Significance

loca

l

Med

ium

Reg

ional

Short

Med

ium

Long

Low

Moder

ate

Hig

h

Insi

gnif

ican

t Min

or

moder

ate

maj

or

Drilling

of

Develop

ment

wells &

productio

n

Deterioration

of Air

quality

√ √ √ √

4.1.1. Assessment of Air Quality Impacts

The detail of likely emissions (particulate and gaseous) from the above mentioned sources for

drilling is given in Table 4.4.

Table 4.4: Emission during drilling of wells

Sr.

No.

Parameters Unit Operation of rig

engines (including

pump requirement)

DG power

generation

Test flaring

1 Capacity 1000 HP/932.5KVA 670 HP/625

KVA

Test flaring#

2 Number of

Stack

Nos 2 1 1(Occasional)

3 Fuel type* HSD HSD Gas



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Consumption** 3-4 m3/day 0.5-2 n3/day 125 M3/hr

4 Stack Height M 10 9 10

5 Stack Diameter M 0.305 0.254 0.0762(Flare

diameter 0.3048

m)

6 Temperature 0C 325 325 208

7 Velocity m/s 22.4 21.6 -

8 PM10 mg/Nm3

g/s

75

0.0622

75

0.0417

-

9 SO2 mg/Nm3

g/s

50

0.0395

50

0.0265

-

10 NOX mg/Nm3

g/s

2340

1.9064

2340

1.2778

95

0.03040

11 CO mg/Nm3

g/s

890

0.7250

890

0.486

550

0.197

* Source of above data is from OEM

*Bharat IV HSD is being used for drilling activities.

* Consider per day HSD consumption

**Consumption is shown during Drilling hours

#the test flaring will be temporary in nature and will be for about 24 to 48 hours

period depending upon the gas Encountered in the well. It is expected that about 3000

m3/day of gas will be test flared with an hourly average quantity of 125 m3/hour.

4.1.2. Decommissioning of Project

The impacts on air environment during decommissioning of project will be particularly in

form of dust due to dismantling operations drilling rigs and equipment at unviable wells.

Although the impacts on air environment will be short term but will require to be mitigated to

minimize dust emissions. Proper air emissions control measures will be implemented during



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the decommissioning phase. Dust suppression system to be used on the decommissioning site

and dirt track. Impacts on air quality due to above project activity are discussed below.

4.1.3. Impact from Air Emission

Considering emissions as described in the incremental values of PM10, SO2 &NOx have

been worked out using USEPA Industrial Source Complex Short Term model with

meteorological data recorded at site from January to December 2007. The modelling has

been done for different scenarios as given:

Scenario 1: During drilling of a well [from Power engines at rig generators and DG sets];

Scenario 2: During well testing and venting of hydrocarbons (for 24 to 48 hours and DG sets)

Scenario 1:

Output of Model- Particulate Matter (PM10)

Pollutant PM10

Model ISCST3

Grid Size 75m x 75m

Maximum GLC predicted 1.77 μg/m3

Distance and direction of max. GLC 237.2 m to the South west

24 hourly average GLC (first 10 highest)

S.N Concentration X , Y Type

1 1.772 (-225.00,-

75.00)

GC

2 1.67 (-300.00,-

150.00)

GC

3 1.632 (-150.00,-

225.00)

GC

4 1.616 (-225.00,-

150.00)

GC

5 1.607 (-300.00,-

75.00)

GC

6 1.572 (-225.00,-

300.00)

GC

7 1.502 (-300.00,-

75.00)

GC

8 1.492 (-300.00,-

225.00)

GC



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9 1.487 (-225.00,-

75.00)

GC

10 1.469 (-225.00,-

225.00)

GC

Isopleths Drawn at interval 0.3 μg/m3

Minimum concentration 0.4 μg/m3

Direction of dispersal SW quadrants



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Output of Model- Sulphur dioxide

Pollutant SO2

Model ISCST3

Grid Size 75m x 75m





1 1.125 ( -225.00, -75.00) GC

2 1.06 ( -300.00, -150.00) GC

3 1.036 ( -150.00, -225.00) GC

4 1.026 ( -225.00, -150.00) GC

5 1.02 ( -300.00, -75.00) GC

6 0.999 ( -225.00, -300.00) GC

7 0.954 ( -300.00, -75.00) GC

8 0.948 ( -300.00, -225.00) GC

9 0.0944 ( -225.00, -75.00) GC

10 0.933 ( -225.00, -225.00) GC



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Isopleths

Drawn at interval 0.20 μg/m3





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Output of Model- Oxides of Nitrogen

Pollutant NOx

Model ISCST3

Grid Size 75m x 75m





1 54.307 ( -225.00, -75.00) GC

2 51.187 ( -300.00, -150.00) GC

3 50.015 ( -150.00, -225.00) GC

4 49.522 ( -225.00, -150.00) GC

5 49.251 ( -300.00, -75.00) GC

6 48.175 ( -225.00, -300.00) GC

7 46.037 ( -300.00, -75.00) GC

8 45.729 ( -300.00, -225.00) GC

9 45.575 ( -225.00, -75.00) GC

10 45.025 ( -225.00, -225.00) GC



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Isopleths



Direction of dispersal SW quadrant



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Scenario 2

Output of Model- Particulate Matter (PM10)

Pollutant PM10

Model ISCST3

Grid Size 75m x 75m


Distance and direction of max. GLC 375 m to the South west



1 1.527 ( -225.00, -300.00) GC

2 1.356 ( -150.00, -225.00) GC

3 1.293 ( -225.00, -300.00) GC

4 1.262 ( -150.00, -300.00) GC

5 1.176 ( -225.00, -225.00) GC

6 1.171 ( -300.00, -300.00) GC

7 1.074 ( -150.00, -300.00) GC

8 1.057 ( -225.00, -225.00) GC

9 1.013 ( -150.00, -225.00) GC

10 0.986 ( -300.00, -300.00) GC



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Isopleths



Direction of dispersion SW



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Output of Model- Sulphur di oxide (SO2)

Pollutant SO2

Model ISCST3

Grid Size 75m x 75m





1 0.97 ( -225.00, -300.00) GC

2 0.861 ( -150.00, -225.00) GC

3 0.821 ( -225.00, -300.00) GC

4 0.802 ( -150.00, -300.00) GC

5 0.747 ( -225.00, -225.00) GC

6 0.744 ( -300.00, -300.00) GC

7 0.682 ( -150.00, -300.00) GC

8 0.672 ( -225.00, -225.00) GC

9 0.644 ( -150.00, -225.00) GC

10 0.626 ( -300.00, -300.00) GC



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Isopleths



Direction of dispersion SW



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Output of Model- Oxides of Nitrogen

Pollutant NOX

Model ISCST3

Grid Size 75m x 75m





1 46.968 ( -225.00, -300.00) GC

2 41.711 ( -150.00, -225.00) GC

3 39.79 ( -225.00, -300.00) GC

4 38.688 ( -150.00, -300.00) GC

5 36.502 ( -225.00, -225.00) GC

6 36.207 ( -300.00, -300.00) GC

7 32.945 ( -150.00, -300.00) GC

8 32.578 ( -225.00, -225.00) GC

9 31.138 ( -150.00, -225.00) GC

10 30.382 ( -300.00, -300.00) GC



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Isopleths






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Inference: Scenario 1 & 2

The baseline ambient air quality has been added to the maximum incremental concentration

to get resultant air quality parameters during different stages of drilling activities.

Resultant PM10, SO2&NOx in Ambient Air (μg/m3)

Sl.

No

Parameters Maximum

Incremental

Concentrati

on µg/m3

Baseline

AAQ

(Average)

µg/m3

Resultant

Max.

GLCµg/m3

AAQ

Standar

d(CPCB)

µg/m3

Direction of

dispersal

Scenario 1

1 PM10

(24hrs)

1.77 58.295 60.065 100 SW

2 SO2 (24hrs) 1.125 6.329 7.454 120 SW

3 NOx(24hrs) 54.3 14.91 69.21 120 SW

Scenario 2

1 PM10

(24hrs)

1.527 58.295

110.187

500 SW

2 SO2 (24hrs) 0.97 6.329 24.17 120 SW

3 NOx(24hrs) 46.96 14.91 61.87 120 SW

The above air quality data reveals that even after considering incremental concentration in to

baseline air quality from various operations, Ground Level Concentration (GLC) does not

exceeds limits as prescribed by National Ambient Air Quality Standards (AAQS) It may be

concluded that impact of proposed activities will be insignificant.

4.1.4. Mitigation Measures

Measures proposed to control air emissions during drilling of oil and gas wells include:

Minimization of emissions from drilling machineries, generators and optimize fuel

efficiency;



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Minimization of flaring and emissions from any production tests as far as possible;

and

Optimization flare burner characteristics to ensure maximum during of hydrocarbons

produced during production test of wells (only in case required).

Generators to conform to the emission norms notified under the Environment

(Protecting) Act, 1986;

Cold venting of gases will never be resorted

All tests flaring will be done by elevated flaring (stack) system (if required so).

4.2. Noise Environment

For hemispherical sound wave propagation through homogenous loss free medium,

one can estimate noise levels at various locations due to different sources using model

based on first principle.

Lp2=LP1 -20 Log (r2 /r1) – Ae1, 2..................... (1)

Where Lp2 and LP1 are sound levels at points located distance r1 and r2 from the

source Ae1, 2 is the excess attenuation due to environmental conditions.

Combined effect of all the sources can be determined at various locations by

logarithmic addition. It has been observed that generally all the noise in a rig

installation are scattered in an area of about 100 m × 100 m. As the proposed drilling

operations are carried out at 0.5 to 1.0 km away from the human habitation, the first

approximation one can assume that for general population in the village, every

drilling site is a “point” source of noise.

The average equivalent sound level of such a point source can be estimated by

measurements of noise levels at approximately 50 meters in different directions from

a hypothetical source by applying equation:

Lp = lw – 20 log r- Ae -8............................. (2)



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Where, Lw is sound power level of the source, Lp is sound pressure level at distance r and Ae

is the environmental attenuation factor. The noise level at different location can be calculated

using equation (2) for averaged noise source. The asymmetry of the source gets masked in

this model due to working approximation, but it is allowable for distant receptors (>1 km).

When a mechanical rig is in operation at its maximum efficiency, the drilling platform

(derrick) can be assumed as the location of the hypothetical source of noise at the drill site

where maximum noise levels are recorded (102dBA). Further the noise levels recorded in

various direction at distance 50 m can be used for estimation of magnitude of the average

noise equivalent source. Noise level due to such a source works out to be 44 dBA at a

distance of 1 km. As environmental attenuation, particularly due to less by absorption and

crops/grass/shrubs cannot be neglected the levels will work out to be less by 7 to 10 dBA

depending on the nature of vegetation, relative humidity and frequency of the noise.

Therefore average noise levels at about 1 km from the drilling rigs would be around 37-44

dBA. The overall background noise levels would increase by 3-4 dBA and 2-3 dBA during

day night time respectively dus to drilling operation. Deployment of electrical rigs would

minimize the noise levels and impact can be minimized.

Day night sound level, Ldn is often used to describe community noise exposure which

includes 10 dBA night time penalties. As per WHO recommendations there is no identified

risk in damage of hearing due to noise levels less than 75 dBA (Leq 8 hrs). Most of the

international damage risk criteria for hearing loss permit Leq (12 hrs) up to 87 dBA. Further,

WHO recommendations for community noise annoyance, permits day time outdoor noise

levels of 55 dBALeq, and night time outdoor noise level of 45 dBALeq to meet steep criteria

i.e. Leq (24 hrs) = 52.2 dBA and Ldn = 55 DBA.

The damage risk criteria for hearing, as enforced by OSHA (Occupational Safety & Health

Administration) to reduce hearing loss, stipulate that noise level up to 90 dBA are acceptable

for eight hours exposure per day. At places except the drilling platform, continuous

attendance of workers is not required. Hence, the noise levels only at the drilling platform are

of concern for occupational consideration.



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4.3. Land Environment

During the drilling operation, two major sources of solid wastes are envisaged: (i) drill

cuttings, separated on a shaker (vibrating screen) which is a part of solids handling system

attached to rig and (ii) rejected drilling mud with sand and silt separation in desander and

desilter.

Drill cuttings from the wells are allowed to collect in the sump below the shale shaker and

removed periodically whereas mud is recovered and sent to recycling tanks. Around 5 to 10

T/day of drill cutting are expected to generate depending on type of formation and drill

performed. Drill cuttings are washed before leaving shaker for recovery of attached mud.

Though some mud particles are likely to be associated with drill cuttings, the overall nature

of solids will be non-hazardous.

It is anticipated that approximately 121 m3 of drill cuttings will be generated over a period of

40-45 days for from each well. It is planned to wash the-drill cuttings and dispose it into lined

waste pit and covered by native soil.

Mud portion, which is recovered in shale shaker, passes though desander and desilter where

sand & silt are removed by centrifugal action. The sand silt generated at this unit is

contaminates with mud particle and is allowed to flow to waste pit by washing it down. These

solids contain mainly bentonite, barite and small portion of organics along with heavy metals.

These solids accumulate at the bottom of waste pit and possess the characteristics of natural

earth materials. Quantity of rejected fine sand, silt and mud is expected to be 200-250 kg/day

will be generated.

In order to predict the environmental impacts due to drilling mud reject pits, simulating field

conditions carried out laboratory studies. The studies included investigation of leaching

potential of possible hazardous constituents from these sources. Table 4.5 outlines the impact

significance of waste generation.



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Table 4.5: Impact Significance of Waste Generation during Drilling

Activity Context Duration intensity Significance

Loca

l

Med

ium

Reg

ional

Short

Med

ium

Long

Low

Moder

ate

Hig

h

Insi

gnif

ican

t

Min

or

moder

ate

maj

or

Drilling

&

Productio

n Activity

√ √ √ √

Subsurface soils were collected and experiments for investigation of leaching potential of

drilling mud and wastewater were carried out in laboratory. Since pH and alkalinity can

directly affect the solubility of many parameters, especially the metals, the comparison of the

two gave some indications of the mobility of the metals. Generally, solubility of metal

decreases with increase in pH and alkalinity.

On application of the drilling mud and wastewater to soils, this was found to be true as soils

were alkaline in nature. The transportation of ions revealed that Na, Cl and metals would tend

to be slightly elevated in subsurface soils close to the mud pits or emergency wastewater

impoundments; however, most parameters will not migrate any significant distance away

from the disposal/temporary storage facilities. Na, Cl was the only ions to show definite

vertical migration through subsurface soils, specific conductance was used as the

characteristic of zones with elevated ions.

The studies further revealed that drilling improves water holding capacity and cation

exchange capacity of soils. Thus, drilling mud could actually benefit vegetative production.

This could be attributed to the fact that the drilling mud is, by design, impermeable

suspensions of clays which form an even more impermeable contact surface between the mud

and native soils.



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As a result of these characteristics, the potential for leaching of constituents from mud pits is

practically negligible. In mud pits migration of constituent will be dominated by surface

runoff rather than by percolation of precipitation downward through the relatively

impermeable drilling mud clays. Thus, neither the drill cuttings nor the barites used would

cause any toxicity to the land environment. The aforesaid scenario of negligible pollution is a

direct consequence of implementation and continual monitoring of the environmental

parameters.

Further, barite was analysed for Cd and Hg. The results always showed the absence of these

heavy metals. The various lot of barite used by ONGC has never indicated the presence of

heavy metals.

4.4. Water Environment

It is estimated that approximately 700 m3 of drilling fluid will be formulated during the

course of one exploratory well to be drilled. Drilling fluid or mud is basically a mixture of

water, clay, polymers and weighting material with all individual components being

environmentally friendly. This mud will be reused as much as possible. The mud circulation

is a closed loop with the return mud going back to the mud tanks. At the end of drilling

operations, the residual (unusable) mud is discharged in to the waste pit. The impact

significance on water environment is shown in Table 4.6.

Table 4.6: Impact Significance of Waste Resource Quality during Drilling

Activity Impact Context Duration intensity Significance

loca

l

Med

ium

Reg

ional

Short

Med

ium

Long

Low

Moder

ate

Hig

h

Insi

gnif

ica

nt

Min

or

moder

ate

maj

or

Drilling

of

Explorat

ory wells

Deteriorat

ion of Air

quality √ √ √ √



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In order to estimate the effects of surface water runoff/overflow of waste from the storage

pits on aquatic ecosystems, short-term bioassay studies were carried out by several institutes

such as NEERI in the past. These studies revealed that effects of toxic substances on fish

food organisms are vital factors in determining whether fish can flourish or survive in

polluted water, as in many cases the lower organisms upon which fish depend are even more

susceptible to a poison than are the fish themselves. In order to predict the impacts, bioassay

tests were conducted on algae (Scenedesmus), Zooplankton (Daphnia and Cypris) and fish

(Lebistesreticulatus) on laboratory scale.

Pure culture of the organisms was used for the test and were exposed separately at various

dilutions of the waste. The result indicated that the waste was not toxic to algae. The growth

of algae was stimulated in 30% within a period of 5 days. Among other organisms tested, the

fish and Daphnia were the most resistant and susceptible to the waste. At 100% waste only

20% fish died in 48 hours.

Life cycle test with the juveniles (less than 24 hrs) of Daphnia was conducted through two

generations at two nutrient fortified concentrations (50% & 80%) of waste in laboratory (31°-

32°C) for 12 days. Only one juvenile was added at each concentration and control on zero

day. Daphnia got matured and released 6 offspring (neonates) asexually at each toxicant level

and control in fifth day. The parent Daphnia at 80% waste died on fifth day. However, in

second generation 12% more and 33%less neonates were recorded at 50% and 80% waste

respectively on twelve day. It was thus concluded that the waste at 50% dilution did not

impair the growth of Daphnia.

Algal bioassay of mixed algal species showed that green and blue green algal species are

much more resistant to drilling pit waste and water soluble fractions of crude oil, while

diatoms and desmids are highly susceptible to these wastes. When exposed to these wastes

phytoplankton community is dominated by green and blue-green algae only. These studies

indicate that the phytoplankton community structure would change if surface run off of waste

fluids present in waste pits mixes with surface water. Since, lined pits will be used for solar

evaporation of the unusable mud, the chances of run off or leaching is very low.



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4.5. Biological Environment

Prediction of impact on Biological environment due to any exploratory drilling activity is

practically difficult because:

Living subjects has a natural, variation in numbers; changes in number cannot always

be directly attributed to changes in the environment

Most of the impacts on the living system or ecosystem take long time period cannot

become fully visible externally.

4.5.1. Terrestrial Environment

The forests are getting vanished and the growing industrialization will affect the plant life due

to industrial pollution load and influx of population. Therefore to minimize the adverse

effect; it is proposed that the adequate management of these be taken up in a systematic

manner. The natural vegetation in the study area is not considerable. It will be affected due to

increased pollution load; however, it will improve due to follow up of Environmental

Management plan (EMP). There are no rare and endangered plant and animal species in the

study area and hence no changes are anticipated.

4.5.2. Aquatic Environment

There are no rare and endangered aquatic species and hence no change will occur. The

characteristics of the water bodies may not change appreciably. In general, due to operation

of drilling, adverse impacts are anticipated in biological environment. Aquatic environment is

likely to be affected more adversely than the terrestrial environment without EMP. However,

with the proper follow up EMP there will be significant improvement in biological

environment covering terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.



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4.6. Socio-economic Environment

Critically analysing the existing status of socio-economic profile vis-a-vis its scenario with

proposed project, the impacts of the project would be of varying nature. The predicted

impacts are as follows:

The proposed activities would generate indirect employment in the region; labour

force will be required in site preparation and drilling activities, supply of raw

material, auxiliary and ancillary works which will improve the economic status of

the local unemployed persons.

The commissioning of project would lead to improvement in transport facilities as

loose or soft surface rural roads and trails will be upgraded to facilitate movement

of the drilling rig and supply vehicles

4.7. Environmental Impact Statement

The impact statement focuses on the study area within block boundary of the proposed

drilling sites the five basic environmental components of concern are:

Air Environment

Noise Environment

Water Environment

Land Environment

Socio-economic Environment

For each of the above components of environment, the impacts are identified through cause-

condition network predicted through appropriate mathematical models and evaluated through

environmental evaluation system.

4.7.1. Air Environment

The impacts on air emissions arising out of proposed activity are mainly due to

construction activity, temporary flaring during well testing and emissions from DG

sets. These will have no adverse impact and it is anticipated to only marginal increase



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for very short duration in concentration of PM 10, SOx, NOx, etc. The impact of these

parameters will be negligible from the proposed activity since the terrain is plain and

sufficient amount of atmospheric mixing is available in that region. The impact

network for Air Environment is given in Fig. 4A.

4.7.2. Noise Environment

The impact of noise generated by the drilling on the general population is expected to

be insignificant. Table 4.7 show the expected noise levels due to drilling. On the basis

of expected noise levels calculated through standard attenuation model, it is observed

that the noise levels in the region would be within the standard limits (IS: 4954). The

increase will only be marginal in comparison to the existing noise levels.

The estimated background noise levels in the villages near the drilling site varied

between 40 and 60 dB (A) and in commercial places and highways it varied from 55

to 60 dB (A). It is estimated that the general noise levels near the drill site will vary

from 45 to 80 dB (A). The impact of the noise on general population is therefore

expected to be insignificant.

Table 4.7 Noise Exposure levels to Typical Drilling Rigs

Elect. Rig (dBA)

Occupational Exposure

Leq (12 hrs) (on the derrick) 71

Leq (12 hrs) (within the premises) 60

Human Settlement Exposure

Leq (24 hrs) (villages 1 km away) 37

Ldn (village 1 km away) 39



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4.7.3. Land Environment

The proposed drilling activity will lead to temporary and minor soil erosion and loss of

agricultural land. Impact on land environment, due to site preparation is minor. There shall be

loss of vegetation or change in land use from agriculture/scrub land/open

vegetation/plantation to industrial land use. During site preparation the topsoil will be

removed from the project site and the approach road, which contains most of the nutrients

and organisms that give soil productivity. This will in turn result in minor changes of topsoil

structure. Soil quality may be affected by setting up of rig and associated machinery and will

continue till the site is restored to its original condition. Contamination of soil can result from

the project activities if certain operations like storage of chemicals, crude and fuels cement

and mud preparation, spent oil and lubricants are not managed efficiently

Mitigation measures

Necessary efforts will be made during selection of drill site to minimize disruption

of current land use to the extent possible;

On completion of works (in phases), all temporary structures, surplus materials and

wastes will be completely removed;

Temporary new approach roads can be constructed and existing roads may be

improved, if required, for smooth and hassle free movement of personnel as well as

materials and machineries;

4.7.4. Water Environment

No significant impacts on water quality are envisaged due to discharges of wastewater if

properly treated as the baseline status show dissolved solids, total hardness, chloride,

sulphate, sodium, potassium and nutrients. Groundwater quality around the drilling sites

shows alkaline nature with a pH range of 7.22 to 7.51. The chloride values are below the

stipulated standards. Phosphate and nitrate concentration of groundwater are well within the

prescribed limits.



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4.7.5. Biological Environment

Vegetation in the vicinity of the drilling sites will not get affected by proposed drilling

because of marginal change in ambient air quality. Re-establishment of crops by natural

means is expected to adequately mitigate the impact due to emissions of pollutants.

4.7.6. Socio-economic Environment

The proposed exploratory drilling of 48 wells of different fields covered under 13 ML Blocks

of Western Onshore Basin would create certain impacts with beneficial as well as adverse

effects on the socio economic environment. The prediction of qualitative Impacts on Socio-

economic Environment is described in Table 4.8 (Source: ONGC/NEERI/ Published data

/report from various departments of Gujarat Govt.

Table 4.8: Prediction of Qualitative Impacts on socio-Economic Environment

Parameter Local Regional Direct Indirect Reversible Irreversible

Employment + • + + + •

Income + • • + + •

Transport + + + + • +

Education • • • • • •

Medical

Facilities

• • • • • •

Communication + + + • • +

Sanitation - • - • •

Housing • • • • • •

Health - • - • •

Recreation • • • • • •

Agriculture - • - • - •

Cost of living + + + • • +

Business + + + • • +



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Per Capita

Income

+ + + • • +

pollution - • - • - •

+: Positive Impact - : Negative Impact •: Insignificant

In order to mitigate the adverse impacts on social economic aspects, due to the project, it is

necessary to formulate certain EMP measures for the smooth functioning and commissioning

of the project. The suggested measures are given below:

• Preference shall be given for employment of the local people during construction

phase which will secure the economic life of the unemployed population on

temporary basis

• Communication with the local community will be institutionalized & done on need

basis by the project authorities to provide as opportunity for mutual discussion.

• Create various awareness campaigns in the community, specially related to basic

health, hygiene and sanitation.

• Protection of persons against dust emissions during construction and transportation

activities.

• Welfare measures will be decided and planned according to the priority and need

of the community

• It will be ensured that the houses near to drill sites do not affected.

• Environmental Awareness programs will be organized to bring forth the

environmental management measures being undertaken & the beneficial aspect of the

proposed project for improving their quality of life.

It is necessary to identify the extent of these impacts for further planning of control measures

leading to mitigation of the adverse impacts due to proposed project on parameters of human

interest socio-economic have been assessed in term of:-



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4.8. Positive Impacts

The positive impacts identified from proposed project are described below:

Increase in job opportunities during the construction as well as operational phase for the

qualified and skilled as well as unqualified and unskilled people in the study area that may

have distinctive impact on the socio-economic development of the region.

Fulfilment of the gas demand in the industrial sector of the region which will ultimately

improve the economy of the region.

The construction of gas wells will be accompanied by the development of roads and other

Infrastructure which can help to develop local area.

Quality of life will improve by proposed project through development of infrastructure

resource such as development of roads, water supply, electricity etc.

The civil amenities like medical facilities, market, education, sports and cultural activities are

likely to improve in the study area.

The gas exploited by drilling can be used as a domestic fuel which may help to boost local

economy.

With the enhancement of infrastructure facilities, better employment opportunities the overall

quality of life of the people will be upgraded Increase in the availability of fuel in the area

Many auxiliary and ancillary industries may develop due to the proposed project activity.

4.9. Negative Impacts

Occupational hazards in terms of injuries of accidents may occur during movement of rig &

drilling of the wells.

Vehicle and drilling equipment can create noise pollution construction phase for short period.



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Due to influx of population and pollution that may arise out of the proposed project activity,

undesirable problem on the social, economic and health status of the people may rise in the

region

During construction phase of project there could be added unavoidable pollution in the region

if proper abatement measures are not adopted

Change in the occupational patterns within the study area, as employment will be provided

only on short term basis.

4.10. Mitigation Measures

It is recommended that all equipment is operated within specified design

parameters during construction and operational phases

This can be achieved by minimizing the duration of testing through careful

planning and using high combustion efficiency, smokeless flare/burners

It is recommended that while deploying major noise generating equipment

such as diesel generators etc.,

It will be checked that all mufflers are in good working order and that the

manufacturers have taken the normal measures for minimizing the noise levels

Noise barriers/shields in the form of well berm will be provide around the

units wherever possible

Use of ear muffs/plugs and other protective devices will be provided to the

workforce prone areas

Wherever generator noise occurs in proximity to human settlements, sound

deadening barriers will be provided

The effluents (wastewater) generated during drilling operations are

recommended to be collected in lined waste pits to avoid groundwater

contamination

The additional manpower requirement for drilling for drilling activities will

increase employment opportunities for the local population, thus improving

their social status



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4.11. Project Post monitoring Program

Monitoring is one of the most important components of a management system. The

Continuous monitoring needs to be carried out for regulatory requirements, environmental

effects and performance of EMP implementation. Drilling is for short duration 3-4 months.

During drilling waste water quality, air quality monitoring and monitoring will be carried out

and monitoring will be carried out during production phase.

4.12. Occupational Health Surveillance Program:

ONGC onshore operations are comes under Mine Act (Ministry of Labour) and as per Mines

Act every person employed in mine should go under PME (Periodical Mine should go under

PME (Periodical Medical Examination) by approved medical doctor / Hospital at fixed

interval i.e. Up to 45 yrs. – Once in a 05 Yrs. 46 to 55 Yrs. – 03 yrs. &> 55 yrs. – 01 yr. As

per plan 10% employees are being medically examined every year and record is being kept

for future reference and track.

There are ONGC Panel hospitals / Laboratories / Doctors with necessary medical facilities

for PME like X-Rays, ECG, Sonography, PFT, Audiometery, Eye / ENT Surgeon / Blood/

urine test etc.

ONGC has its own dispensaries and empanelled hospitals for employees and their family

members for medical problems. Ambulance is available 24 hrs.

All the work canters have first Aid Box, Stretcher and 24 Hrs. Emergency vehicles. The main

occupational health hazards may be nose at drilling rigs, and necessary guidelines are

available sites.

Free medical camps (medical check-ups / eye check-up) are also organized by ONGC in

Villages around the operational area, and accordingly patients are treated and free medicines

are given. If required free operations are also bone by ONGC.



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CHAPTER-5

ADDITIONAL STUDIES

5. Additional Studies

This chapter describes the public consultation for the proposed project, Risk Assessment and

Disaster Management Plan, occupational health and safety issues.

5.1. Public Consultation

Public Consultation refers to the process by which the concerns of local affected persons and

others who have plausible stake in the environmental impacts of the project or activity design

as appropriate.

All category A and B projects or activities under Schedule II of the EIA notification, dated

14th

September 2006 shall undertake public consultation

The proposed category falls under category A which requires EIA studies as well as public

consultation.

The public consultation shall ordinarily have two components comprising of public hearing at

the site or in its close proximity- district wise, to be carried out in the prescribed manner and

obtaining responses in writing from other concerned persons having a plausible stake in the

environmental aspects of the project or activity.

This report is being submitted to Pollution Control Board for conducting public

hearing/consultations. After completion of the public consultation, ONGC shall address all

the material environmental concerns expressed during this process, and make appropriate

changes in the draft EIA and EMP. The final EIA report, so prepared, shall be submitted by

ONGC to MOEFCC to the complete EC process.

5.2. Risk Assessment Study

Environmental risk involves the occurrence or potential occurrence of some accident

consisting of an event or sequence of events resulting into fire, explosion or toxic hazards to



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human health and environment. Risk Assessment (RA) provides a numerical measure of the

risk that a particular facility poses to the public. It begins with the identification of probable

potential hazardous events at an industry and categorization as per the predetermined criteria.

5.2.1. Objectives

Following are the objectives of Risk Assessment studies:

Generation of release scenarios for proposed project

Estimation of damage distances for the accidental release of hazardous chemicals based on

different scenarios

Suggestion of risk mitigation measures for well blow out scenarios, diesel storage, mud

system and falling objects

Approach to Disaster Management Plan

5.2.2. Scope of Work

The scope of this study is to carry out risk assessment for Expansion for development and

production of Uber-2 well and Group Gathering Station, Jambusar, Gujarat. Standard

industry practices of risk assessment are considered in the study. The hazard potential of

various fuels/chemicals and estimation of consequences in case of accidental release are the

issues of immediate relevance to be considered.

5.2.3. Identification of Risks Hazards

Taking into account the applicability of different risk aspects of the drilling operations to be

undertaken in the major categories of hazards that can be associated with proposed project

has been dealt with in detail. They are as follows:



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Table-5.1: Major hazards and risks of Oil/Gas well drilling

Sl.

No

Hazards Risks

1. Blow out Fire, Oil spill

2. Oil Spill Fire, Environmental damage

3. Presence of H2S Loss of life

All the above mentioned hazards are significant and will have major consequences. All the

causative factors have been evaluated and through risk ranking criteria detailed below and the

risk reduction measures existing and residual risks of these have been evaluated.

The following risk ranking matrix has been used for assessing the risks of various activities

of drilling. All the risks and hazards have been evaluated based on the likelihood of

occurrence and magnitude of consequences. The significance of the risk is expressed as the

product of likelihood and the consequence of the risk event, expressed as follows:

Significance = Likelihood X Consequence in three regions that identify the limit of risk

acceptability according to the policy and the strategic objectives of ONGC is given in Table-

5.2. Depending on the position of the intersection of a column with a row in the risk matrix,

hazard prone activities have been classified as low, medium and high thereby qualifying for a

set of risk reduction / mitigation strategies.



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Table 5.2: Criteria for the Risk Ranking

Severity of

incident (or

consequences)

FATAL / HIGH

POTENTIAL

MAJOR

Personnel

Fatality or

permanently disabling

injury

Environmental-

significant release

with serious off-site

impact and more likely

than not to cause

immediate or long term

health effect

Property Damage

Blowout/ Explosion /

Major Fire

MAJOR

Personnel

one or more serious

injury/disabling injury

man hour loss more

than 500 hrs

Environmental-

significant release

with serious off-site

impact

Property Damage

Vessel Collision

Cost(Equipment

damage)-

major damage to

process areas; estimated

at a cost more than Rs

MINOR Personnel

not severe injury

resulting in more than

one day off

Environmental-

release which results

in agency notification

or permit violation

Cost(Equipment

damage)-

some equipment

damage at an estimated

cost > Rs 5000/- (Five

thousand) up to Rs

1,00,000/- (One lakh)

Shut Down –

More than 06 hours.

SIGNIFICANT

Personnel

less than one day off

Environmental-

environmentally

reportable event with no

agency notification or

permit violation

Cost(Equipment

damage)-

Minimal equipment

damage at a minimal cost

up to Rs 5000 (Five

thousand) Public image:

Confined to installation.

Fire: Up to 2 mins

RECORDABLE

Personnel

First aid incidents

Environmental

environmentally

recordable event

Cost(Equipment

damage)-

No recordable

equipment

damage



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Cost (Equipment

damage)-

major or total

destruction to process

areas estimated at a

cost more than Rs

5,00,000/- (Five lakhs)

Shut Down –

More than 24 hours

down time

1,00,000/- (one lakh) up

to Rs 5,00,000/- (Five

lakhs)

Shut Down / Failure

Critical Equipment

More than 12 hours.

Fire:

15 mins and above

Explosion

Fire:

Less than 15 mins

SCORE 5 4 3 2 1

Prob. of

occurrence (or

likelihood)

Negligible Low Medium High Frequent

Grade A B C D E



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RISK MATRIX Likelihood

Negligible Low Medium High Frequent

No known

occurrences

in the

industry

Known

to have

occurred

in the

industry

Occurs

in the

company

Occurs in the

Asset/Drilling

Services

Occurs

on the

Rig

SE

VE

RIT

Y

People Asset Environment A B C D E

Recordable First aid

incidents

No recordable

equipment

damage

environmentally

recordable event

1

Significant Less than one

day off

Minimal

equipment

damage at a

minimal cost up

to Rs 5000

(Five thousand)

Significant

Environmentally

Incident

2



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Minor not severe

injury resulting

in more than

one day off

Cost

(Equipment

damage)

Damage cost Rs

5000-1,00,000/-

Shut Down

More than 06

hours. Fire:

less than 15

minutes

Release which

results in agency

notification or

permit violation

3



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Major One or more

serious

injury/disabling

injury Man

hour loss more

than 500 hrs

Cost(Equipment

damage)-

major damage

to rig estimated

at a cost more

than Rs

1,00,000/- (one

lakh) up to Rs

5,00,000/- (Five

lakhs) Shut

Down / Failure

Critical

Equipment

More than 12

hours. Fire:

15 mins and

above

Significant

release with

serious off-site

impact

4



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Fatal/High

Potential

Major

Fatality or

permanently

disabling injury

Cost

(Equipment

damage) major

or total

destruction to

process areas

estimated at a

cost more than

Rs 5,00,000/-

(Five lakhs)

Shut Down

More than 24

hours down

time

Significant

release with

serious off-site

impact and more

likely than not

to cause

immediate or

long term health

effect

5




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Table 5.3 Risk Categories and Significance of Criteria

Risk Criteria Definition

Low

(Continuous

improvement)

The level of risk is broadly acceptable and no specific control measures

are required.

Medium (Risk

reduction

measures)

The level of risk can be tolerable only once a structured review of risk-

reduction measures has been carried out

High

(Intolerable

risk)

The level of risk is not acceptable and risk control measures are required

to move the risk figure to the previous regions.

5.3. Major Hazards

5.3.1. Blowout

A blowout in a hydrocarbon exploration activity can be defined as any uncontrolled flow of

formation fluids from the reservoir to the surface, due to formation pressure exceeding the

hydrostatic pressure of the mud or fluid column and failure of secondary blowout prevention

measures. For an offshore drilling activity, blowout events may occur at the drill ship level or

subsea and may result in pool /jet fires, or sometimes may lead to release of toxic gases like

Hydrogen Sulphide.

Contributors to blowout are:

a) Primary

Failure to keep the hole full

Mud weight too low

Swabbing during trips




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Lost circulation and

Failure of differential fill-up equipment.

b) Secondary

Failure to detect and control a kick as quickly as possible

Mechanical failure of BOP

Failure to test BOP equipment properly

Damage to or failure of wellhead equipment

Failure of casing; and

Failure of formation or cement bond around casing.

5.3.2. Blowout Consequences And Effects

A blowout incident can take a variety of different forms, ranging from a minor leak which

can be stopped within minutes, to a major release which continues out of control for days or

even months. The consequences of a blowout event will to a large extent depend on how the

blowout scenario evolves and the following possible scenarios are likely:

Release of oil, resulting in a slick or spill on the sea release of drilling fluids and resulting

spill leading to contamination of marine environment.

Release of toxic / flammable gas which may have deleterious effect on the personnel

Ignition of the flammable gas / oil released resulting in a jet fire, pool fire or an explosion

If the hydrostatic head exerted by the column of drilling fluid is allowed to drop below the

formation pressure then formation fluids will enter the wellbore (this is known as a kick) and

a potential blowout situation has developed. Fast and efficient action by operating personnel

in recognizing the above situations and taking precautionary measure can avert a blowout.




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5.4. Control Measures for Major Hazards

5.4.1. Blowout

The precautionary and control measures used for blowout prevention are discussed below:

a. Precaution against Blowout

The following control equipment for drilling mud system shall be installed and kept in

use during drilling operations to prevent the blowout:

A tank level indicator registering increase or reduction in the drilling mud

volume and shall include a visual and audio –warning device near the driller

stand.

A device to accurately measure the volume of mud required to keep the well

filled at all times.

A gas detector or explosive meter at the primary shale shaker and connected to

audible or visual alarm near the driller stand.

A device to ensure filling of well with mud when the string is being pulled out.

A control device near driller stand to close the mud pump when well kicks.

Blowout prevention (BOP) drill shall be carried out once every week near the

well during drilling.

Suitable control valves shall be kept available near the well which can be used

in case of emergency to control the well.

When running in or pulling out tubing, gate valve and tubing hanger shall be

pre- assembled and kept readily available at the well.

b. Precaution after Blowout

On appearance of any sign indicating the blowout of well, all persons, other than

those whose presence is deemed necessary for controlling blowout, shall be

withdrawn from the well. During the whole time while any work of controlling a

blowout is in progress, the following precautions shall be taken:

A competent person shall be present on the spot throughout.




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Area within 500 meters of the well on the down wind direction will be

demarcated as danger zone.

All electrical installations will be de-energized.

Approved safety lamps or torches will only be used within the danger zone.

No naked light or vehicular traffic will be permitted within the danger zone.

A competent person shall ascertain the condition of ventilation and presence

of gases with an approved instrument as far as safety of persons is concerned.

Two approved type of self-containing breathing apparatus or any other

breathing apparatus of approved type will be made available for use in an

emergency.

Adequate firefighting equipment will be kept readily available for immediate

use.

5.5. Risk Mitigation Measures

Risk involves the occurrence of an accident arising out of an event or sequence of events.

Based on risk analysis mitigation measures are recommended which can either prevent an

event from occurring or reduce the consequences, if the event occurs. A number of

recommendations are made regarding measures that should be taken to reduce the risks of

any hazardous event occurring or, if it did, of mitigating the hazards arising. The following

risk mitigation measures at various locations are suggested

5.5.1. Drilling Operations

A majority of accidents occur during drilling operation on the drill floor and may be

associated with moving heavy tubular, which may strike or crush personnel. Falling and

crushing make up maximum occupational risk of fatality due to striking of objects.

Mechanical pipe handling, minimizing the requirement of personnel on the drill floor

exposed to high level of risk, may be an effective way of reducing injuries and deaths. Good

safety management, strict adherence to safety management procedures and competency

assurance will reduce the risk. Some of the areas in drilling operations where safety practices

are needed to carry out jobs safely &without causing any injury to self, colleagues and system

are:




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a. Maintenance of Mud Weight

It is very crucial for the safety of drilling well. Drilling Mud Engineer should check the

ingoing and out coming mud weight at the drilling well, at regular intervals. If mud weight is

found to be less, barites should be added to the circulating mud, to raise it to the desired level.

Failure to detect this decrease in level may lead to well kick & furthermore, a well blow out,

which can cause loss of equipment & injury to or death of the operating personnel.

b. Monitoring of Active Mud Tank Level

Increase in active tank level indicates partial or total loss of fluid to the well bore. This can

lead to well kick. If any increase or decrease in tank level is detected, shift personnel should

immediately inform the Shift Drilling Engineer & take necessary actions as directed by him.

c. Monitoring of hole Fill-up / Return Mud Volume during Tripping

During swabbing or pulling out of string from the well bore, the hole is filled with mud for

metallic displacement. When this string runs back, the mud returns back to the pit. Both these

hole fill up & return mud volumes should be monitored, as they indicate any mud loss or

inflow from well bore, which may lead to well kick.

d. Monitoring of Inflow

Any inflow from the well bore during tripping or connection time may lead to well kick. So,

it is needed to keep watch on the flow nipple during tripping or connection time.

e. Monitoring of Background / Trip Gas

Increase in background gas or trip gas indicates insufficient mud weight against drilled

formation. Such indications should be immediately brought to the notice of the Shift Drilling

Engineer.

For total safety of such operations, each team member must religiously follow the safety

aspects pertaining to respective operational area. If every team member starts working with

this attitude, zero accident rates are not a distant dream.




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Drilling operation is a team effort and success of such an operation depends upon the

sincerity, efficiency & motivation of all team members. Safety in such operations is not the

duty of a single person, but it is everyone's job.

The use of protective fireproof clothing and escape respirators will reduce the risk of being

seriously burnt. In addition, adequate fire fighting facilities and first aid facilities should be

provided, in case of any emergency.

Risk reducing measures include kick simulation training for personnel, presence of well-

trained drillers and mud engineers, and strict adherence to safety management procedures and

good well control procedures.

5.5.2. Wells

Proper insulating joints should be provided on well head

Co-ordination with local authorities, such as port, police, fire, ambulance, nearby

industries should be ensured to meet any eventuality

The well should be physically inspected regularly

5.5.3. Preventive measures for spillage and accident due to Storage of Chemicals

Fire is one of the major hazards, which can result due to the spillage from storage

tanks. Fire prevention and code enforcement is one of the major areas of

responsibility for the fire service. Hence the site should be equipped with:

-Water supply

- Fire hydrant and monitor nozzle installation

- Foam system

- Water fog and sprinkler system

- Mobile Fire fighting equipment

- First aid appliances

Storages of chemicals should be designed, fabricated, inspected and maintained so

that there is no release possibility while it is kept within design conditions. Protective

systems of quantified high reliability and availability should be designed to ensure




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that these physical conditions are maintained. Impurities should be controlled to

obviate abnormal corrosion.

tems such that the combination of

design, protection, quality control and relief eliminates the possibility of complete

failure. Storages of chemicals should be sited, or given protective barriers such that

they are fully protected from external damage

Surrounding population should be made aware of the safety precautions to be taken in

the event of any mishap. This can effectively be done by conducting the training

programs

Safety escape routes should be provided at strategic locations and should be easily

accessible

Fire extinguishers should be tested periodically and should be always kept in

operational mode

Shut off and isolation valves should be easily approachable in emergencies

ction equipment shall be kept in good operating condition at all time and

fire fighting system should be periodically tested for proper functioning and logged

for record and corrective actions

5.5.4. Flow Sensor

A flow sensor is provided to detect any change in the rate of flow of mud in the flow line. In

case of any sudden increase in the rate of flow, it gives an automatic alarm at the drillers

control panel as also at the geologist's instrument cabin

5.5.5. Control Panel

There are two control panels for the BOP stack. One of them is on the derrick floor near the

drillers stand, another at the accumulator (Koomy). The accumulator unit is located outside

the safety perimeter. The control panel is equipped with pressure and flow indicators and

suitable markings for close and open positions.




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5.5.6. Instrumentation in Mud System

Continuous monitoring of condition of mud in the well provides information useful for well

control. The following instruments and equipment are used in the drilling mud system for this

purpose:

A pit level indicator registering increase or decrease in drilling mud volume. It is

connected with an audio-visual alarm near the drillers control panel.

-marking device to accurately measure the volume of mud going in to

the well. This is useful to keep the well feed with required quantity of mud at all

times.

A gas detector or explosimeter installed at the primary shale shaker together with an

audio-visual alarm at the drillers control panel to indicate the well presence of gas-cut

mud in the well. The kick in the well is prevented by keeping the hydrostatic head of

the drilling fluid greater than the formation pressure.

The primary control can be lost in the following situations:

caused if the drilling string is pulled out too fast or by a balled-up or clogged bit,

which is indicated by insufficient filling of mud.

thereby, causing the weak horizons of the well to break or while drilling through a

formation with cracks or cavity.

5.5.7. Risks to Personnel

Good safety management, strict adherence to safety management procedures and competency

assurance will reduce the risk. Safety practices are needed to carry out jobs safely and

without causing any injury to self, colleagues and system. For total safety of any operation,

each team member must religiously follow the safety practices / procedures pertaining to




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respective operational area. If every team member starts working with this attitude, zero

accident rate is not a distant dream.

Any operation is a team effort and its success depends upon the sincerity, efficiency and

motivation of all team members. Safety in such operations is not a duty of a single person,

but it is everyone's job. Use of protective fireproof clothing and escape respirators will reduce

the risk of being seriously burnt. In addition, adequate fire fighting facilities and first aid

facilities should be provided, in case of any emergency.

5.5.8. Precautionary Measures for Falling Objects

Following are the mitigation measures suggested to avoid or minimize risk due to falling

objects

Provide safety helmets to protect the workers below against falling objects

guards should be provided to prevent items from

slipping or being knocked off the edge of a structure

Secure objects to the structure like lashing of scaffold boards

Ensure that there are no loose objects and all tools are properly secured;

usion zone beneath areas where work is taking place.

access is restricted to essential personnel wearing hard hats while the work is in

progress.

5.6. Disaster Management Plan (DMP)

Several Government agencies, both at the Central and State levels, are entrusted with the

responsibility of ensuring safety and management of hazardous chemicals under acts and

rules made for the purpose. Despite these measures, the possibility of accidents cannot be

ruled out. In order to face risk of accidents during drilling operations, a disaster management

plan is prepared to mitigate the impact.




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5.6.1. Objectives

The DMP is prepared with the objective that ONGC can respond effectively in a rapid and

systematic manner to any of the technical or natural calamities related incidents in order to:

Minimize or eliminate any further danger or risk to individuals

Minimize or eliminate any further risk to company’s operations and asserts

Minimize or eliminate any adverse publicity and to ensure all external inquiries are

handled consistently by a nominated spokes person

Ensure that all legal aspects of response are considered.

5.6.2. Key Elements

Following are the key elements of Disaster Management Plan:

Accident / emergency response planning procedures

On-site Disaster Management Plan

Off-site Disaster Management Plan

5.6.3. Basis of the Plan

Identification and assessment of hazards is crucial for on-site emergency planning and it is

therefore necessary to identify what emergencies could arise in transportation of

hydrocarbons. One of the emergencies is due to hazards from spread of fire or release of

flammable chemicals during transportation. Hazard identification is the basis of the Disaster

Management Plan to tackle the unforeseen events.

5.6.4. Emergency Planning and Response Procedures

Emergency rarely occurs therefore activities during emergencies require coordination of

higher order than for planned activities. To effectively coordinate emergency response

activities, an organizational approach to planning is required.




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The important areas of emergency planning are organization and responsibilities, procedures,

communication, transport, resource requirements and control centre. Offsite emergency

requires additional planning over and above those considered under onsite plans, which

should be properly integrated to ensure better coordination.

The emergency planning includes anticipatory action for emergency, maintenance and

streamlining of emergency preparedness and ability for sudden mobilization of all forces to

meet any calamity.

5.6.5. Accident Prevention Procedures / Measures for Drilling

General

OISD standard 174 gives the codes for well control and standard 189 sets out engineering

requirement for fire fighting equipment for drilling rigs. Standard Industry practice is to be

adopted.

A separate plan is provided to deal with the situations, which necessitate emergencyaction.

The emergency response plan includes details of the organizational response to emergencies

and the safety precautions to be observed in preventing loss of life and damage to property.

Operation and Maintenance

Oil and Gas industry experiences throughout the world have shown that the main physical

dangers that well faces during operation are mechanical damages caused by excavation works

adjacent to the well. To guard the well against damage, a system of regular surveillance and

inspection to warn of mechanical or corrosion damage is employed.

Following are the main factors, which determine whether the well will stay free of significant

defects:

The well Protection against external interference such as caused by nearby

excavations

Changes in the well environment

Adequate well markers




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5.6.6. Protecting the Well from External Interference

It is essential to protect the well from being struck or damaged by third parties. The primary

defence against this occurrence will be:

Liaisons with third parties likely to excavate near the well. ONGC shall identify, then

make them aware of the well and gather advance notifications of their activities

Regular patrolling of the well to monitor third party activities nearby to the wells.

5.6.7. Fire Prevention Planning and Measures

Fire is one of the major hazards, related to Oil and Natural Gas well. Fire prevention and

code enforcement is the area of responsibility of the fire service. Safe operating practices

reduce the probability of an accidental fire on a platform. Personnel should understand their

duties and responsibilities and be attentive to conditions that might lead to fire. The following

precautions are recommended

There should be provision for safe handling and storage of dirty rags, trash and waste

oil. Flammable liquids and chemicals spilled on platform should be immediately

cleaned

should be stored properly. Gas cylinders should be transported in hand-carts

Cutting and welding operations should be conducted in accordance with safe

procedures

Smoking should be restricted to designated platform areas and “no smoking” areas

should be clearly identified by warning signs

Platform equipment should be maintained in good operating condition and kept free

from external accumulation of dust and hydrocarbons. Particular attention should be

given to crude oil pump, seals, diesel and gas engines which could be potential source

of ignition in the event of a failure

The Disaster Management Plan will address the issue of a fire event at any location on the

well and the procedure to be adopted in the very unlikely event of this occurring. If a fire




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starts in any well, that section of the well will be isolated by closing the section (block)

valves, as quickly as possible and surrounding facilities will be cooled with water.

5.6.8. On-site Disaster Management Plan

On-site and off-site Disaster Management Plan can be extended as a contingency plan for

methane explosion. It elaborates emergency procedures in case of fire and explosion due to

accidental release of hazardous chemicals.

Purpose

To inform people at the site about above happening if it is likely to adversely affect

To inform authorities including helping agencies in advance, and also at the time of

actual happening

To identify, assess, foresee and work out various kinds of possible hazards, their

places, potential and damaging capacity and area in case of above happenings.

Activities

Preparation of a plan showing therein the areas of various hazards like fire, explosion

and toxic releases.

The fire protection equipment shall be kept in good operating condition at all time and

fire fighting system should be periodically tested for people functioning logged for

record and corrective action

are likely to be present in installation

There should be regular mock fire drills once in a month. Record of such drills shall

be maintained

Assign key personnel and alternate responsible for safety transportation

Reporting procedure should be followed according to guidelines




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incident will follow the laid down procedure in the plant and report as follows:

Will dial the nearest telephone

Will state his name and exact location of emergency

Will contact concerned officers on duty

People reporting the accident will remain near the location to guide emergency crew

arriving at the scene

Report injuries or blood or body fluid exposures to the appropriate supervisor

immediately

Workers should be seen as soon as possible by a health professional.

5.6.9. Off-site Disaster Management Plan

Emergency is a sudden unexpected event, which can cause serious damage to personnel life,

property and environment as a whole, which necessitate evolving offsite emergency plan to

combat any such eventuality. Emergencies can be handled by an organized multidisciplinary

approach. If it becomes necessary to evacuate people, then this can be done in orderly way.

The different agencies involved in evacuation of people are civil administration (both state

and central) and police authorities.

Purpose

To make explicit inter related set of actions to be undertaken in the event of an

accident posing hazards to the community

To plan for rescue and recuperation of casualties and injuries. To plan for relief and

rehabilitation

To plan for prevention of harms, total loss and recurrence of disaster. It will be

ensured that absolute safety and security is achieved within the shortest time




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Following are the activities of the government, Non-Government organizations and

concerned personnel involved in off-site disaster management plan:

talks and mass media in different languages including local language. Leaflets containing

do’s/ don’ts should be circulated to educate the people in vicinity

al Help consisted of doctors and supporting staff for medical help to the injured

persons because of disaster should be formed. Functions and duties of the committee include,

providing first Said treatment for injured at the spot or at some convenient place and shift

those to nearby hospitals for further treatment if required

The police will assist in controlling of the accident site, organizing evacuation and shifting of

injured people to nearby hospitals.

The fire brigade shall organize to put out fires other than gas fires and provide assistance as

required. Approach roads to accident site and means of escape should be properly identified.

Chief fire officer should co-ordinate entire fire control measures. Routine training of fire

fighting equipment and special rescue equipment should be carried out. Concerned officer

should ensure adequate supply of fire water and fire fighting agents at the site of emergency.

Maintenance of standby equipment / personnel for fire fighting should be ready at any given

time.

5.6.10. Oil Spill Response Plan

Spills of oil to land require immediate response action to stop the source of the discharge and

to limit the spread of material. Immediate response actions and notification procedures shall

be developed. Attention must be paid to fire and safety hazards. For terrestrial areas, selection

of appropriate control and containment techniques is dependent on the:

Nature of the substrate,

Slope of the terrain,

Amount of product, and

Time available to implement the response action.




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The quantity and time parameters reflect the reality of constructing a barrier of appropriate

size in the time available. These factors can only be judged in the field at the time of the

incident. Should it be impossible to implement the desired method at a desired location due to

a lack of time or access, a new control point would be selected further down the slope. If

containment is still impossible and human safety is in question, the threatened area would

need to be evacuated.

Spill response strategies would vary significantly attributed by the location of the spill.

Herein the spills have been envisaged in two areas as listed below:

On-site Spills

Off-site Spills

The various methodologies that can be adopted for spill control is described below:

5.6.11. Response Strategies – Onsite Spills

In case of spills / leaks of hydrocarbons within the fence line of property one of the following

techniques could be used for the control of spill.

a. Sorbents and Drip Pans

Sorbent materials, drip pans, and drainage mats are used to isolate and contain small drips or

leaks until the source of the leak is repaired. Material handling equipment, such as valves and

pumps, often have small leaks and are applications for using sorbents, drip pans, or drainage

mats. Although sorbents are usually used to control small isolated spills, they can also be

used to contain and collect large volume spills before they reach a watercourse. Sorbents

include clay, vermiculite, diatomaceous earth, and man-made materials.

Drip pans are widely used to contain small leaks from product dispensing containers (usually

drums), uncoupling of hoses during bulk transfer operations, and for pumps, valves, and

fittings. Drip pans are typically 5 to 15 gallons and may be plastic or metal, depending upon

the type of chemical handled. They may be single pans for individual dispensing drums or

gutter-type continuous pans built into multiple drum dispensing racks. Drip pans must be

checked regularly and emptied when necessary so an overflow spill does not occur.




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Drainage mats are sometimes used to prevent spilled product from entering into an

uncontrolled drainage or sanitary sewer system. The mat is placed over a storm drain, sealing

the drain against the entry of spilled material. Drainage mats are especially applicable in

areas where constructing a secondary containment or diversion structure is impractical, such

as a congested tanker truck unloading area.

Drainage mats are typically made of synthetic rubber materials and can be stored on site or

carried on a fuel delivery truck. The use of drainage mats is a low-cost solution to providing a

degree of containment; however, it is not as fail-safe as the other containment techniques,

since it is dependent upon the operator properly placing the mat.

Materials such as foams and gelling agents are commonly used to contain small spills in areas

where physical secondary containment is not available. Foams that solidify to form a physical

barrier or dike are highly effective forms of emergency secondary containment.

b. Spill Diversion Ponds or Retention Ponds

Spill diversion or retention ponds should be constructed with an impervious base utilizing

HDPE sheets or geo-membranes to prevent soil and / or groundwater contamination. These

ponds should not be constructed in areas prone to flooding.

5.6.12. Response Strategies – Off-Site Spills

The objective of surface containment is to prevent the spread of oil on the soil or substrate

surface and to prepare it for recovery or treatment. This usually can be achieved using easily

available materials (i.e., shovels, earth-moving machinery, trucks, damming materials,

sorbents, etc.) to construct berms, dams, barriers, and trenches to divert and contain the flow.

Containment and damming to pool the oil are important if the oil is to be pumped and / or

sucked up. Several techniques are also discussed to contain and divert subsurface flow.

Strategies

Act quickly.

Protect resources in oil pathway.




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al features to contain and control flow whenever possible.

Strategies for Spill Fires - Ground Level

Operators should determine the source of leakage or spill immediately and stop it, if

possible. If is a continuous leakage which cannot stopped, the particular piece of

equipment involved should be taken out of service, depressurised and steamed, if

necessary.

Blanket small fires with steam or dry powder but avoid scattering burningmaterials.

In case of large spill fire, direct high pressure water fog into the source of leakage.

Protect surrounding structures with water spray. Maintain the water flow unit the

operators control the flow of fuel.

Apply foam to extinguish fires in oil pools or trenches.

Maintain adequate drainage of the fire area.

Avoid working above sewer drains or near fire traps.

5.7. Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S)

Hydrogen Sulphide gas (H2S) is extremely toxic, even very low concentrations can be lethal

depending upon the duration of exposure. Without any warning, H2S may render victims

unconscious and death can follow shortly afterwards. In addition, it is corrosive and can lead

to failure of the drill string or other tubular components in a well. The following safety

measures may become necessary as and when H2S is detected while drilling and testing a

new well in drilling. The Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA regulations) set a 10

ppm ceiling for an eight hourly continuous exposure (TWA limit), a 15 ppm concentration

for short term exposure limit for 15 minutes (STEL) and a peak exposure of 50 ppm for 10

minutes.

5.7.1. H2S Gas Detection System

The detection system will be connected to an audio visual (siren and lights) alarm system.

This system will be set to be activated at a concentration of 15 ppm H2S.




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The mud logging will have a completely independent detection system which is connected to

an alarm in the cabin. This system will be adjusted to sound an alarm at a concentration level

of 10 ppm H2S as suggested in the Drilling and Production Safety Code for Onshore

Operators issued by The Institute of Petroleum.

A stock of H2S scavenger will be kept at drilling site for emergency use.

a. H2S < 10 ppm

Small levels of H2S (less than 10 ppm) will not activate the well site alarms. Such levels do

not create an immediate safety hazard but could be a first indication of high levels of H2S to

follow. H2S will cause a sudden drop of mud pH. The mud man will therefore organize and

supervise continuous pH checks while drilling. Checks should be as frequent as possible and

always made following a formation change.

Following control measures will be taken in case of small level of detection:

H2S scavenger will be added to mud.

H2S levels will be checked at regular intervals for possible increase.

All personnel of the rig will be informed about the presence of H2S and current wind

direction. Operations will be commenced in pairs.

Sub base and cellar out-of-bounds will be rendered without further checking levels in this

area.

The workers will be provided with personal H2S detectors along with self-containing

breathing apparatus.

b. H2S >10 ppm

Higher levels of H2S (greater than 10 ppm) do not necessarily cause an immediate safety

hazard. However some risk does exist and, therefore, any levels greater than 10 ppm should

be treated in the same manner. Occurrence of 10 ppm or greater H2S concentration will

sound an alarm in the mud logging unit.




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If higher levels of H2S greater than 10 ppm are found, following steps will be taken:

Driller will shut down rotary and pumps, pick-up so that drill pipe in BOP and chain down

the break.

One pre-assigned roughneck will go to doghouse and put on breathing apparatus. All other

rig personnel will evacuate the rig and move in up-wind direction to designated muster point.

Driller and roughneck will return to the rig floor and commence circulating H2S scavenger

slowly and reciprocating pipe.

The level of H2S will be checked in all work areas. H2S scavenger will be added to the

mud and circulated. If H2S levels drop, drilling will be continued with scavenger in the mud.

Approximately 30 % of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) solution will neutralize H2S gas in the

mud at 20 gallon of H2O2 per 100 barrels of mud.

The workers will be provided with personal H2S detectors along with self-containing

breathing apparatus.

5.8. Fire Fighting Facility

As per Oil Industry Safety Directorate (OISD) guidelines on fire and explosion risk

assessment and fire protection system for onshore installations will be provided:

Fire water system; and

First aid and fire-fighting system

5.8.1. Fire Water System

Fire water system shall comprise of fire water pumps and distribution piping network along

with deluge system, sprinkler system, hose reels, hydrants and monitors, as the main

components. Sea water is used for fire extinguishments, fire control, cooling of equipment

and for exposure protection of equipment/personnel from heat radiation.

Fire water pumps will be designed to deliver the pressure and flow requirements for the

anticipated manual fire-fighting demand (monitors or monitors plus hose streams) as well as




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operation of the largest deluge/water spray system if installed. The pump shall able to supply

adequate pressure and flow, to the hydraulically most demanding area.

Fire water piping will be designed to deliver the required volume and pressure for all

systems, hose streams, and monitors that are reasonably expected to operate simultaneously.

One fire water distribution single line with minimum 4 “size pipe/casing will be installed at

drilling site.

Recommended fire water hoses will be of diameter 1 in. (25 mm) or 1'/2 in. (38.1 mm) for

effective handling by one person. Hose lengths of not more than 100 ft (30.5 m) will be used.

The selection of hoses will be made such that that they are resistant to oil, chemical

deterioration, mildew, rot and exposure to offshore environment.

5.8.2. Fire Fighting Equipment At Drilling Rig

Portable fire extinguisher will be installed on the drilling rig. The minimum quantities of fire

extinguishers at various locations should be provides as per the following:

Table-5.4: Location of the Fire fighting Equipments at Drilling Rig

Sl.

No

Type of Area Portable Fire Extinguisher

1 Drilling Rig floor . 2 nos. 10 kg DCP type extinguisher

2 Main Engine Area 1 no. 10 kg DCP type extinguisher for each

engine

3 Electrical motor/pumps for water

circulation for mud pump

1 no. 10 kg DCP type extinguisher

4 Mud gunning pump 1 no.10 kg DCP type extinguisher

5 Electrical Control Room 1 no. 6.8 kg CO2 type extinguisher for each unit

6 Mud mixing tank area 1 no. 10 kg DCP type extinguisher

7 Diesel storage area 1 no. 50 lit mechanical foam

1 no. 50 kg DCP type extinguisher




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2 nos. 10 kg DCP type extinguisher

2 nos. sand buckets or ½ sand drum with spade

8 Lube Storage Area 1 no. 10 kg DCP type extinguisher

1 no. sand bucket

9 Air Compressor area 1 no. 10 kg DCP type extinguisher

10. Fire pump area 1 no. 10 kg DCP type extinguisher

11. Near Drill In-charge Office One fire extinguisher/shed with 3 nos. 10 kg DCP

type extinguisher and 2 sand buckets

12. Fire bell near bunk house 1 no. 10 kg DCP type extinguisher

Points to Remember

Always pay attention to fire and health hazards.

Start containment operations immediately to prevent oil from reaching a watercourse,

the groundwater, or otherwise sensitive area or object.

Evaluate logistical factors (safety, access, availability, etc.) to assess feasibility and to

ensure effective and efficient implementation.

Consider the type of equipment that can be used, as different equipment has different

operational capabilities. It is necessary to match planned activities with the available

equipment and personnel.

As much as possible, do not allow vehicles to run over oil-saturated areas.

Do not flush the oil down clean drains and other inlets.

Containment is easier on land than on open water.




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CHAPTER-6

ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN

6. Environment Management Plan

6.1. Introduction

This chapter provides a description of the administrative aspects of ensuring that mitigative

measures are implemented and their effectiveness monitored, after approval of the EIA.

Based on the evaluation of impacts and baseline conditions, an Environmental Management

Plan (EMP) has been delineated to mitigate the adverse impacts. The EMP includes

formulation, implementation and monitoring of environmental protection measures. The

EMP features guidelines and methodologies to be adopted at different stages of the proposed

project for mitigating the impacts of various activities.

The EMP is herein outlined after taking into account the various Acts, Rules and

Regulations/Standards concerned with the environmental management.

6.2. EMP during Various Project Phases

Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is the key to ensure a safe and clean environment.

The desired results from the environmental mitigation measures proposed in the project may

not be obtained without a management plan to assure its proper implementation and function.

The EMP envisages the plans for the proper implementation of mitigation measures to reduce

the adverse impacts arising out of the project activities. EMP has been prepared addressing

the issues like:

Pollution control/mitigation measures for abatement of the undesirable impacts

caused during the construction and operation phase of the project.

Details of management plans (air pollution control devices/measures, utilization of

treated effluents, solid waste management plan etc.).

Institutional set up identified/recommended for implementation of the EMP.

Post project environmental monitoring programme to be undertaken




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Expenditures for environmental protection measures and budget for EMP.

The environmental management plan has to be implemented to minimize the adverse impact

on environment such as reduction in atmospheric emissions, liquid effluents, solid wastes and

noise generation.

6.3. Environmental Policy of the Company

ONGC has a well laid Environment Management Systems (EMS) and contingency plans and

processes that help them in preventing, mitigating and controlling environmental damages

and disasters, which may be caused due to their operations or that of a member of its value

chain.

6.4. Organisation Structure - HSE

A dedicated team at site will be responsible to ensure project operations with due reference to

environment management and the Safety of the workers.

6.5. EMP plan for the Proposed Project

The EIA for the project has identified a number of impacts that are likely to arise during site

preparation, drilling, well testing and demobilization. The EIA has examined biophysical and

socio-economic effects of the proposed drilling programme, from site clearance and

preparation of the drilling sites, drilling and testing through to abandonment, demobilization

and restoration.

Where adverse impacts have been identified, the EIA has examined the extent to which these

impacts would be mitigated through the adoption of industry standard practice and guidelines

and following local legislative requirements. The Environmental Management Plan (EMP)

describes both generic good practice measures and site specific measures, the implementation

of which is aimed at mitigating potential impacts associated with the drilling programme.

The EMP provides a delivery mechanism to address potential adverse impacts, to instruct

contractors and to introduce standards of good practice to be adopted for all project works.

The EMP can be developed into a standalone document covering each stage of the project




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For each stage of the programme, the EMP lists all the requirements to ensure effective

mitigation of every potential biophysical and socio-economic impact identified in the EIA.

For each impact, or operation which could otherwise give rise to impact, the following

information is presented:

a comprehensive listing of the mitigation measures

the parameters that will be monitored to ensure effective implementation of the

action

the timing for implementation of the action to ensure that the objectives of

mitigation are fully met

ONGC is committed to the adoption of these measures and will carry out ongoing inspection

to ensure their implementation and effectiveness by its contractors.

The EMP comprises a series of components covering direct mitigation and environmental

monitoring, an outline waste management plan and a drilling site restoration plan.

However the baseline monitoring data shows that the baseline concentrations of various

pollutants in air, noise, water and soil are well within the permissible limits. The drilling

programme has been designed to avoid or minimize impacts to the environment and local

communities wherever practicable. Where residual impacts remain, which may have

moderate or significant impacts on the environment, mitigation measures have been

prescribed in this EIA which will either reduce the impact to an acceptable level or

adequately offset it.

Environmental Management Plan of the project provide the details of environmental quality

control measures which will be taken up and which are proposed by complying with the

stipulated standard limits specified by CPCB and State Pollution Control Board.

Environmental Management Plan which will be implemented is detailed under the following

heads.

Air Pollution Control

Noise Mitigation




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Biological Environment

Soil environment

Socio Economic Environment

Wastewater Management

Solid Waste Management

6.6. Environment Protection and Reclamation Plan

Construction activities will be coordinated in consultation with landowners to

reduce interference with agricultural activities

Topsoil will be stripped to color change or to plough depth and will be stored on the

site. The depth of stripping will be on the basis of site specific soil survey

If required for rig stabilization the well site will be temporarily padded with

granular fill

The drill site would be provided with sufficient sanitary facilities

Combustible wastes generated would be disposed of in an approved TSDF site

Hazardous materials such as petroleum, spirit, diesel lubrication oil and paint

materials required at the site during construction activities would be stored as per

safety norms

To ensure that the local inhabitants are not exposed to the hazards of construction

the site would be secured with manned entry posts

It would be ensured that both gasoline and diesel powered construction vehicles are

properly maintained. The vehicle maintenance area would be so located that the

contamination of surface/soil/water by accidental spillage of oil/diesel will not take

place and dumping of waste oil will be strictly prohibited

All irrigation canals and ditches encountered by the proposed well site access and

well site will be maintained in a fully functional state




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No Construction material debris will be left on site

6.7. Environment Management Plan

6.7.1. Air Environment

It is recommended that all equipment are operated within specified design parameters

during construction, drilling and operational phases.

Any dry, dusty materials (chemicals), muds etc. shall be stored in sealed containers.

Water spraying will be done on the access roads to control re-entrained dust during

dry season (if required);

Well testing (flaring) should be done for a minimum duration to minimize impacts of

emissions. This can be achieved by minimizing the duration of testing, installation of

elevated flare system as per OMR and through careful planning. The flaring system

will be installed as per OMR guidelines and will be properly managed at all times;

The engines and exhaust systems of all vehicles and equipment used will be

maintained as such, that exhaust emissions are low and do not breach statutory limits

set for the concerned vehicle/equipment type;

Availability of valid Pollution under Control Certificates (PUCC) shall be ensured for

all vehicles used on site.

6.7.2. Noise Environment

It is recommended that while procuring major noise generating equipment such as

diesel generators etc. it should be checked that all mufflers are in good working order

and that the manufacturers have taken the normal measures for minimizing the noise

levels.

Noise barriers/shields in the form of well berm or sheeting should be provided around

the units wherever possible. Use of ear muffs/plugs and other protective devices

should be provided to the workforce in noise prone areas. Enclosures around noise

sources may be provided depending on the size of the unit.




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Wherever generator noise occurs in proximity to human settlements, acoustic

enclosures shall be provided.

Preventive and predictive maintenance of machines and vehicles is to be carried out to

reduce the noise levels;

All noise generating operations, except drilling is to be restricted to daytime only to

the extent possible;

Personnel Protective Equipments (PPE) like ear plugs/muffs is to be given to all the

workers at site and it will be ensured that the same are wore by everybody during their

shift;

6.7.3. Water Environment

Waste water generated during drilling operations would be around 4 m3/d during drilling

operation. Drilling is a temporary activity lasting for 60-90 days. Wastewater characteristics

would be of varied nature and likely to contain soil particulate matter along with organics.

The following mitigation measures are suggested.

Efforts will be made to reduce the water requirement;

All chemical and fuel storage areas will have proper bunds so that contaminated run-

off should not meet the storm-water drainage system;

Strict supervision and spill control measures will be implemented at site;

Proper care will be taken so that the ground water aquifers does not get contaminated

due to leak in the HDPE lined pit;

Best engineering technique will be adopted during drilling operation jobs like

cementation job and installation of casing etc. so that drilling fluid does not

contaminate the ground water.

6.7.4. Biological Environment

Only elevated flare shall be installed temporarily during testing phase as per OMR

standard to minimize effect on nocturnal avifauna.

Acoustic enclosure shall be provided to D.G. set to reduce the noise intensity during

their operation




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Development of plantation of native species to substitute the access cutting, site

preparation will provide habitat, food and breeding areas to birds, small animals and

insects

Use existing facilities (e.g. Access Roads) to the extent possible to minimize the

amount of new disturbance

Minimum use of necessary lighting at night to avoid attraction of avifauna.

6.7.5. Land Environment

Necessary efforts will be made during selection of drill site to minimize disruption to

existing land use pattern to the extent possible;

Necessary restoration efforts will be made during decommissioning and site closure to

restore the site back to its original condition to the extent possible;

Proper restoration of site will be carried out to bring the physical terrain, soils and

vegetation, as closely possible, to their original condition;

On completion of works (in phases), all temporary structures, surplus materials and

wastes will be completely removed till 1m below the surface;

Temporary new approach roads can be constructed and existing roads can be

improved, if required, for smooth and hassle free movement of personnel as well as

materials and machineries;

Optimization of land requirement through proper site lay out design will be a basic

criteria at the design phase;

The drill cuttings (approx. 200 - 250 m3) are mostly inorganic in nature and may be

used either for land filling or road making.

Drill cuttings could be collected in HDPE lined pit at site and after solar dry shall be

covered with top layer of soil which was stacked at site during site preparation as per

MOEF notification dated 30th

August 2005, Sr. No. C Point No. 1.

6.7.6. Soil Environment

Store, preserve and protect topsoil separately for its use during restoration period;

Carry out adequate restoration of soil at the drilling site, to the extent possible using

the soil stored from piling and excavation activities;




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Dispose drilling mud and drill cutting temporarily in an impervious HDPE lined pit

for evaporation and solar drying carefully so that there is no spillage.

Management of spilling of contaminants such as chemicals, lub oil from equipment,

cement, drilling mud etc. on the soil;

6.7.7. Storage and Handling of Materials and Spoils

ONGC will ensure that the Contractors employed for site preparation carry out proper storage

and handling of spoil, sub-soils, top-soils and also solid powdery raw materials to minimize

the risk of windblown material and dust. If possible all loose heaps of materials will be

covered by polythene sheets. In addition, procedures and work instruction for all activities

that may generate fugitive dust emissions will be created. All loading and unloading activities

shall be carried out as close as possible to the storage facilities. Dry cement handling should

be enclosed to the extent possible. It will be ensured that lids of all containers containing

volatile substances/chemicals are properly fitted. All chemical and fuel storage areas, will

have proper bunds so that contaminated run-off cannot escape as runoff into the storm-water

drainage system Personal protective equipment shall be provided to all workers involving in

handling of hazardous materials

6.7.8. Social Management Plan

Programs for environmental education and public participation would be developed with the

help of audio visual aids to create awareness about the activities. Camps to provide people

with information on geology, energy and drilling technology in addition to the likely

environmental hazards due to existing and proposed facilities could be organized. Certain

welfare measures will be implemented for the benefit of local population. Employment

opportunities would be considered for local population during the drilling phase.

In order to mitigate the adverse impacts likely to arise out of construction activities, it is

required that some of the key issues which are identified through evaluation of the baseline

status are addressed carefully before commencing project work. Keeping this in view the

following measures are suggested to avoid undesirable impacts in the future.

Suggestions are given below:




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Protection of persons against dust emissions during construction and transportation

activities

During construction/drilling activity, local people should be given preference

regarding jobs in skilled and semi-skilled categories on temporary basis

People losing their land are against cash compensation at government rate,

therefore, compensation should be agreed with land losers before arriving at amount

to be disbursed

Communication with the local community, land losers should be implemented to get

local people into confidence

For social welfare activities to be undertaken by the project authorities,

collaboration should be sought with the local administration, gram panchayat etc.

for better co-ordination.

To improve the socio-economic conditions of the surrounding areas the project proponent

will carry out different social activities under CSR scheme in the fields of health,

education, infrastructure, skill enhancement or development program in the full block.

The under mentioned activities will conducted at regular interval by the project proponent

as a mitigation measures for the adverse impact.

The project proponent will initiate to improve the sanitation, education and health

quality of people under company’s CSR Scheme, if hydrocarbon reserves are

discovered.

To minimize the strain on the existing infrastructure, adequate provisions related

basic amenities like village road, transport, health etc. will be considered for the

migratory and the work force in the surrounding areas.

Awareness programs to the local people will be given at different interval

regarding potential risks and hazards arising out of project activities.




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Job oriented skill development courses will be organized through ITIs/ Vocational

Training Institute like electrician, motor winding, automobiles repair, driving,

tailoring, welding and fabrication related other jobs.




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CHAPTER-7

PROJECT BENEFITS

7. Project Benefits

The project benefits are summarized below based on the demand and growth of the country

7.1. Benefits for the Country

The oil and gas sector is among the six core industries in India and plays a major role in

influencing decision making for all the other important sections of the economy.

In 1997–98, the New Exploration Licensing Policy (NELP) was envisaged to fill the ever-

increasing gap between India’s gas demand and supply. India’s economic growth is closely

related to energy demand; therefore the need for oil and gas is projected to grow more,

thereby making the sector quite conducive for investment.

India is expected to be one of the largest contributors to non-OECD petroleum consumption

growth globally. Oil imports rose sharply year-on-year by 27.89 per cent to US$ 9.29 billion

in October 2017. India’s oil consumption grew 8.3 per cent year-on-year to 212.7 million

tonnes in 2016, as against the global growth of 1.5 per cent, thereby making it the third-

largest oil consuming nation in the world.

The country's gas production is expected to touch 90 Billion Cubic Metres (BCM) in 2040

from 21.3 BCM in 2017-2018 (Apr-Nov). Gas pipeline infrastructure in the country stood at

16,470 km in September 2017.

After the completion of certain projects which are undertaken by various refineries, the

Refining Capacity of India is expected to reach 256.55 MMTPA by 2019-20.The demand for

petroleum products is estimated to reach 244,960 MT by 2021-22, up from 186,209 MT in

2016, and the demand for natural gas is expected to reach 606 MMSCMD by 2021-22 as

against a demand of 473 MMSCMD in 2016-17.

State-owned Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) has come up with the new blueprint

to increase the crude oil production by 4 million tonnes and to double its natural gas




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production by 2020 to curb the country’s import dependency by 10 percent. The company

will raise its crude oil production from 22.6 million tonnes in 2017-2018 to 26.42 million

tonnes in 2021- 2022.

7.2. Improvements in the Physical Infrastructure

The beneficial impact of hydrocarbon development on the civic amenities will be substantial

after the commencement of project activities. The basic requirement of the community needs

will be strengthened by extending health care, educational facilities to the community,

building/strengthening of existing roads in the area.

ONGC will initiate the above amenities either by providing or by improving the facilities in

the area, which will help in uplifting the living standards of local communities.

The construction of new roads in the project area will enhance the transportation facilities.

With improved transportation facilities there is always a scope for development.

7.3. Improvement in the Social Infrastructure

Generation of employment: The project will create opportunities for direct and

indirect employment;

Increase in purchasing power and improved standard of living of the area;

Establishment of small and medium scale industries may be developed as

consequence;

Increased revenue to the state by way of royalty, taxes and duties;

Regular Fund flow to local market;

Overall Growth of the neighboring Area

Agriculture and Animal husbandry;

Health and family welfare;

Watershed development;

Sustainable livelihood and strengthening of village Self Help Groups; and

Infrastructure development.

In addition to above, due to increase in purchasing power of local habitants:




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There shall be significant change in the socio-economic scenario of the area;

The proposed project shall enhance the prospects of employment;

Recruitment for the unskilled and semiskilled workers for the proposed project will be

from the nearby villages;

The basic amenities viz., roads, transportation, electricity, proper sanitation,

educational institutions, medical facilities, entertainment, etc. will be developed as far

as possible; and

Overall the proposed project will change living standards of the people and improve

the socio-economic conditions of the area.

7.4. Employment Potential

The impact of the project on the economic aspects can be clearly observed. The proposed

project activities will provide employment to persons of different skills and trades. The local

population will be given preference to employment. The employment potential will

ameliorate economic conditions of these families directly and provide employment to many

other families indirectly who are involved in business and service oriented activities.

The employment of local people in primary and secondary sectors of project shall

upgrade the prosperity of the region. This in-turn will improve the socio-economic

conditions of the area.

During construction phase of the project, this project will provide temporary

employment to many unskilled and semi-skilled labourers in nearby villages;

This project will also help in generation of indirect employment to those people who

render their services for the personnel directly working in the project; and

In case the hydrocarbon is established in the block, considerable number of people

will be benefited by provision of services to the residents in for of employment

opportunities. Thus, the direct and indirect employment generation by this project.

The present trend of out migration for employment is likely to reduce due to better economic

opportunities available in the area.




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7.5. Other Tangible Benefits

India is not among the major producers of crude oil, as it doesn’t have much oil reserves.

Therefore, India generally depends on imports of crude oil from other countries. There is a

heavy imbalance between oil production and consumption in India. The Indian government is

encouraging exploration and production of oil and gas to a great extent. This would primarily

allow India to tap its own resources there by reducing its import bill. Discovery of viable

hydrocarbon reserves in the state can boost the state’s economic development to a great

extent. The proposed exploration project is thus of immense significance for the state as well

as nation’s energy security for the sustainable and economic growth.

Energy Security has become one of the top three goals of the Indian Government. The Indian

Government is encouraging exploration and production of oil and gas to a great extent. This

would primarily allow India to tap its own resources there by reducing its import bill.

Discovery of viable hydrocarbon reserves in the state can boost the state’s economic

development to a great extent. It would also catalyse influx of industries in the state. The

proposed exploration project is thus of immense significance for the country.

Discovery of hydrocarbons in this block will substantially improve the socio-economic

conditions of the region. The proposed exploration will also help to discover the geological

past to create the economic future for the region as well as to the country.




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CHAPTER-8

ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME

8. Environmental Monitoring Programme

8.1. Introduction

Regular monitoring of environmental parameters is of immense importance to assess the

status of environment during project operation. With the knowledge of baseline conditions,

the monitoring programme will serve as an indicator for any deterioration in environmental

conditions due to operation of the project, to enable taking up suitable mitigatory steps in

time to safeguard the environment. Monitoring is as important as that of control of pollution

since the efficiency of control measures can only be determined by monitoring. Usually, as in

the case of the study, an Impact Assessment study is carried over short period of time and the

data cannot bring out all variations induced by the natural or human activities. Therefore,

regular monitoring programme of the environmental parameters is essential to take into

account the changes in the environmental quality.

8.2. Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Procedure

Development of the programmes during the planning process shall be conducted or supported

by environmental specialists. However, the implementation responsibility rests with line

managers, who should, therefore, ensure they fully understand and subscribe to the

commitments being made. These commitments will include the legal and statutory controls

imposed on the operation as well as other corporate commitment to responsible environment

management. Monitoring shall confirm that commitments are being met. This may take the

form of direct measurement and recording of quantitative information, such as amounts and

concentrations of discharges, emissions and wastes, for measurement against corporate or

statutory standards, consent limits or targets. It may also require measurement of ambient

environmental quality in the vicinity of a site using ecological/biological, physical and

chemical indicators. Monitoring may include socio-economic interaction, through local

liaison activities or even assessment of complaints. The preventative approach to

management may also require monitoring of process inputs, for example, type and stocks of




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chemical use, resource consumption, equipment and plant performance etc. The key aims of

monitoring are: first to ensure that results/conditions are as forecast during the planning stage,

and where they are not, to pinpoint the cause and implement action to remedy the situation. A

second objective is to verify the evaluations made during the planning process, in particular

in risk and impact assessments and standard and target setting and to measure operational and

process efficiency. Monitoring will also be required to meet compliance with statutory and

corporate requirements. Finally, monitoring results provide the basis for auditing. A more

detailed approach to monitoring and performance measurement is provided in various

publications.

8.2.1. Objectives of Monitoring

The objectives of monitoring are to:

Verify effectiveness of planning decisions;

Measure effectiveness of operational procedures;

Confirm statutory and corporate compliance; and

Identify unexpected changes.

8.3. Environmental Costs

All costs involved in environmental mitigating measures and management are included in the

project cost.

8.4. Audit and Review

Review and audit is essentially a management tool. However, its application is crucial at the

operational level for verification and feedback on the effectiveness of organization system

and environmental performance. Basically, Auditing involves in the following items:

Line management system;

Awareness and training;

Procedures, standards, targets;

Plans: waste, contingency, pollution control compliance;

Monitoring programmes;




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Verify Environmental Impact Assessment;

Verify mitigation;

Reporting and communication;

Documentation; and

Feedback.

Audit serves to substantiate and verify monitoring programmes and compliance, and to

ensure that site environmental plans, procedures and standards are both effective and fit for

purpose. Other benefits of auditing include increased internal and external awareness,

communication and credibility of company environmental activities by demonstrating

commitment to and achievement of responsible environmental management.

In addition to management and compliance audits, a number of technical or process audits,

sometimes termed assessments or valuations, may be conducted. Thus, waste and emissions

audits, energy audits, site (contamination) audits, emergency counter measure audits, worker

health and safety audits, may be instigated independently or as part of a broader management

audit. Reports on environmental performance shall be made available for a wide public

readership including shareholders and financing bodies. An important audience is also the

company employees, who benefit from having the company's environmental position and

activities described in a way that allows him or her to be an ambassador in a general sense for

the company. Reporting is becoming increasingly sophisticated, and more closely linked with

the total environmental programme of companies. The contents of these reports still vary

greatly, with a gradual but noticeable tendency to quantify environmental performance, and

include mention of a range of environmental and sustainability indicators such as pollution

and safety incidents, greenhouse gas emissions, and even non-compliance statistics.

8.4.1. Internal Audit

A system of HSE auditing should be undertaken at each project operation and includes the

use of trained internal and external auditors. In addition, auditing should be undertaken to

ensure compliance with all the applicable legislations.




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8.4.2. Audit Type Frequency

Internal – from other site in-charge Every month

External - independent expert Every 6 months

ONGC shall depute internal/external auditors who are trained and certified as competent

EMS auditors by an independent and external standards organisation. The results of

monitoring and auditing shall be regularly reported through the senior management team to

ensure that action items are addressed.

8.4.3. Non-Conformity, Corrective Action and Preventative Action

As per the Environmental Policy of the Company, non-conformities, corrective actions and

preventative actions shall be managed in accordance with Non-Conformance, Preventative

and Corrective Action Procedure. This procedure, which relates to all projects of the

company, should detail the processes to be utilised with respect to the identification of non-

conformances, the application of appropriate corrective actions(s) to address non-

conformances and the establishment of preventative actions to avoid non-conformances.

The key elements of the process include:

Identification of Non-Conformance and/or Non-Compliances;

Recording of Non-Conformance and/or Non-Compliance

Evaluation of the Non-Conformance and/or Non-Compliance to determine

specific corrective and preventative actions;

Corrective and preventative to be assigned to responsible person and

Management Review of corrective actions to ensure the status and effectiveness

of the actions.

8.4.4. Management Review

A comprehensive review of the objectives and targets associated with the individual Project

of the company shall be undertaken. These reviews, which include involvement from the

senior site management and other key site personnel, assess the performance of the plant over

the previous year and develop goals and targets for the following period.




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8.4.5. Maintenance of Records:

Environmental monitoring program will be carried out by approved agency. The monitoring

reports for every season will be regularly submitted to Regional Office of MoEF&CC. Also,

one copy of the monitoring report will be kept in site office. The health records of the

workers will be kept in site office as well as with the Doctor appointed for the purpose. All

the records will be properly kept and maintained by the management.




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Annexure-1




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Annexure 2

Classification of Land Use Built up Land or Habitation

It is defined as an area of human habitation developed due to non-agricultural use and that which

has a cover of buildings, transport, communication utilities in association with water vegetation and

vacant lands.

Kadam has chosen to further define this primary landuse category into additional categories, namely

residential and industrial.

Residential / Commercial

Structures used by humans for living and working, but not including structures used exclusively for

manufacturing.

Industrial

Structures used for manufacturing products.

Agricultural Land

It is defined as the land primarily used for farming and for production of food, fibre, and other

commercial and horticultural crops. It includes land under crops (irrigated and un-irrigated), fallow

land and plantations. These are further defined.

Crop Land

It includes those lands with standing crop (per se) as on the date of the satellite imagery. The crops

may be of either Kharif (June-September) or Rabi (October – March) or Kharif Rabi seasons.

Fallow Land

It is described as agricultural land which is taken up for cultivation but is temporarily allowed to rest

un-cropped for one or more seasons, but not less than one year. These lands are particularly those

which are seen devoid of crops at the time when the imagery is taken during Rabi and Kharif.

Plantations

Plantations are described as an area under agricultural tree crops (for e.g. mango plantations)

planted adopting certain agricultural management techniques. It includes tea, coffee, rubber,

coconut, arecanut, citrus, orchards and other horticultural nurseries.

Forests

It is an area (within the notified forest boundary) bearing an association predominantly of trees and

other vegetation types capable of producing timber and other forest produce. Forests can be further

divided into sub-categories mentioned as follows.

Evergreen / Semi-Evergreen Forests

These are forests which comprise thick and dense canopy of tall trees, which predominantly remain

green throughout the year. Such forests include both coniferous and tropical broad-leaved




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evergreen trees. Semi-evergreen forests are often a mixture of both deciduous and evergreen trees

but the latter predominate.

Deciduous Forests

These are described as forests which predominantly comprise of deciduous species and where the

trees shed their leaves once in a year.

Degraded Forest or Scrub

It is described as a forest where the vegetative (crown) density is less than 20% of the canopy cover.

It is the result of both biotic and abiotic influences. Scrub is a stunted tree or bush/shrub.

Forest Blank

A forest blank is an opening amidst forests without any tree cover. It includes openings of assorted

size and shapes as seen on the imagery.

Forest Plantations

It is described as an area of trees of species of forestry importance and raised on notified forest

lands. It includes eucalyptus, casuarinas, bamboo, etc.

Mangroves

Mangroves are described as a dense, thicker or woody, aquatic vegetation or forest cover occurring

in tidal waters near estuaries and along the confluence of delta in coastal areas. Mangroves include

species of the genera Rhizophora and Aviccunia.

Wastelands

Wastelands are described as degraded lands which can be brought under vegetative cover with

reasonable water and soil management or on account of natural causes. Wastelands can result from

internal / imposed constraints such as by location, environment, chemical and physical prosperities

of the soil or financial or management constraints.

Different types of wastelands include salt-affected lands, waterlogged lands, marshy/swampy lands,

mud lands, gullied / ravenous lands, land with or without scrub, sandy areas and barren rocky /

stony waste / sheet rock areas.

Salt-Affected Land

The salt-affected land is generally characterized as the land that has adverse effects on the growth of

most plants due to the action or presence of excess soluble or high exchangeable sodium. Alkaline

land has an exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) of about 15, which is generally considered as the

limit between normal and alkali soils. The predominant salts are carbonates and bicarbonates of

sodium. Coastal saline soils may be with or without ingress or inundation by seawater.

Waterlogged Land

Waterlogged land is that land where the water is at/or near the surface and water stands for most of

the year. Such lands usually occupy topographically low-lying areas. It excludes lakes, ponds and

tanks or in the context of the Wetlands (Conservation and Management Rules, 2010) such areas that

could be considered as ‘protected wetlands’.




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Marshy / Swampy Land / Mud Land Area

Marshy land is that which is permanently or periodically inundated by water and is characterized by

vegetation, which includes grasses and weeds. Marshes are classified into salt/brackish or fresh

water depending on the salinity of water. These exclude Mangroves.

Gullied / Ravenous Land

The ‘gullies’ are formed as a result of localized surface runoff affecting the friable unconsolidated

material in the formation of perceptible channels resulting in undulating terrain. The gullies are the

first stage of excessive land dissection followed by their networking which leads to the development

of ravenous land. The word ‘ravine’ is usually associated not with an isolated gully but a network of

deep gullies formed generally in thick alluvium and entering a nearby river, flowing much lower than

the surrounding high grounds. The ravines are extensive systems of gullies developed along river

courses.

Land with / without Scrub

They occupy (relatively) higher topography like uplands or high grounds with or without scrub. These

lands are generally prone to degradation or erosion. These exclude hilly and mountainous terrain.

Sandy Area (Coastal and Desertic)

These are the areas, which have stabilized accumulations of sand in-site or transported in coastal

riverine or inland (desert) areas. These occur either in the form of sand dunes, beaches, channel

(river/stream) islands, etc.

Barren Rocky / Stony Waste / Sheet Rock Area

It is defined as the rock exposures of varying lithology often barren and devoid of soil cover and

vegetation and not suitable for cultivation. They occur amidst hill forests as openings or scattered as

isolated exposures or loose fragments of boulders or as sheet rocks on plateau and plains. It includes

quarry or gravel pit or brick kilns.

Water Bodies

It is an area of impounded water, areal in extent and often with a regulated flow of water. It includes

man-made reservoirs/lakes/tank/canals, besides natural lakes, rivers/streams and creeks.

River / Stream

It is a course of flowing water on the land along definite channels. It includes from a small stream to

a big river and its branches. It may be perennial or non-perennial.

Reservoir / Lakes / Ponds / Tanks

It is a natural or man-made enclosed water body with a regulated flow of water. Reservoirs are

larger than tanks/lakes and are used for generating electricity, irrigation and for flood control. Tanks

are smaller in areal extent with limited use than the former. Canals are inland waterways used for

irrigation and sometimes for navigation.

Others

It includes all those landuse and landcover classes which can be treated as miscellaneous because of

their nature of occurrence, physical appearance and other characteristics.

Shifting Cultivation




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It is the result of cyclic land use practice of felling of trees and burning of forest areas for growing

crops. Such lands are also known as jhoom lands and cultivation called jhoom cultivation.

Grassland / Grazing Land

It is an area of land covered with natural grass along with other vegetation, often grown for fodder

to feed cattle and other animals. Such lands are found in river beds, on uplands, hill slopes, etc. Such

lands can also be called as permanent pastures or meadows. Grazing lands are those where certain

pockets of land are fenced for allowing cattle to graze.

Snow Covered / Glacial Area

These are snow-covered areas defined as a solid form of water consisting of minute particles of ice.

It includes permanently snow covered areas as on the Himalayas. Glacier is a mass of accumulated

ice occurring amidst permanently snow-covered areas.

Vegetation Cover

It is a land area predominantly covered with vegetation and is not part of Protected / Reserved

Forests.




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ANNEXURE-3




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Annexure V

Ambient Air Monitoring Data

AAQMS-1: Sarod

Sl. No. Date Parameters

PM10

(ℳg/m3)

PM2.5

(ℳg/m3)

SO2

(ℳg/m3)

NO2

(ℳg/m3)

1. 06/03/2018 54 20 <4.0 <9.0

2. 07/03/2018 58 23 <4.0 <9.0

3. 13/03/2018 64 25 5.2 10.8

4. 14/03/2018 60 23 4.8 10.2

5. 20/03/2018 56 21 <4.0 <9.0

6. 21/03/2018 60 24 4.8 9.8

7. 27/03/2018 54 20 <4.0 <9.0

8. 28/03/2018 60 23 4.5 9.5

9. 05/04/2018 56 21 <4.0 <9.0

10. 06/04/2018 60 23 <4.0 10.2

11. 12/04/2018 56 21 <4.0 <9.0

12. 13/04/2018 62 24 4.8 10.6

13. 19/04/2018 58 23 <4.0 <9.0

14. 20/04/2018 60 24 <4.0 <9.0

15. 26/04/2018 56 21 <4.0 <9.0

16. 27/04/2018 58 22 <4.0 9.5

17. 04/05/2018 56 22 <4.0 <9.0

18. 05/05/2018 64 25 4.8 10.8

19. 11/05/2018 60 23 4.5 10.2

20. 12/05/2018 64 25 4.8 10.8

21. 18/05/2018 60 23 4.5 9.5

22. 19/05/2018 66 25 5.2 11.2

23. 25/05/2018 64 25 5.2 10.6

24. 26/05/2018 58 22 4.2 9.8

National

Standards

100 (24 hours

average)

60 (24 hours

average)

80 (24 hours

average)

80 (24 hours

average)




Rev. No. 02


Page No. 216

AAQMS-2: Samod


PM10

(ℳg/m3)

PM2.5

(ℳg/m3)

SO2

(ℳg/m3)

NO2

(ℳg/m3)

1. 06/03/2018 50 18 <4.0 <9.0

2. 07/03/2018 55 20 <4.0 <9.0

3. 13/03/2018 52 19 <4.0 10.8

4. 14/03/2018 55 20 <4.0 10.2

5. 20/03/2018 60 22 4.5 <9.0

6. 21/03/2018 56 20 4.2 9.8

7. 27/03/2018 58 21 4.5 <9.0

8. 28/03/2018 52 19 <4.0 9.5

9. 05/04/2018 55 21 <4.0 <9.0

10. 06/04/2018 58 22 <4.0 10.2

11. 12/04/2018 54 20 <4.0 <9.0

12. 13/04/2018 56 20 <4.0 10.6

13. 19/04/2018 58 22 4.5 <9.0

14. 20/04/2018 62 23 4.8 <9.0

15. 26/04/2018 56 20 <4.0 <9.0

16. 27/04/2018 60 22 4.5 9.5

17. 04/05/2018 56 20 <4.0 <9.0

18. 05/05/2018 60 22 4.5 10.8

19. 11/05/2018 62 22 4.8 10.2

20. 12/05/2018 56 20 <4.0 10.8

21. 18/05/2018 54 19 <4.0 9.5

22. 19/05/2018 58 21 4.2 11.2

23. 25/05/2018 55 20 <4.0 10.6

24. 26/05/2018 58 21 4.5 9.8

National

Standards

100 (24 hours

average)

60 (24 hours

average)

80 (24 hours

average)

80 (24 hours

average)




Rev. No. 02


Page No. 217

AAQMS-3: Nondhana


PM10

(ℳg/m3)

PM2.5

(ℳg/m3)

SO2

(ℳg/m3)

NO2

(ℳg/m3)

1. 06/03/2018 48 18 <4.0 <9.0

2. 07/03/2018 54 20 <4.0 <9.0

3. 13/03/2018 46 18 4.8 9.2

4. 14/03/2018 40 16 5 9.1

5. 20/03/2018 46 18 <4.0 <9.0

6. 21/03/2018 48 19 <4.0 <9.0

7. 27/03/2018 50 19 4.8 9.4

8. 28/03/2018 52 20 4.2 9.8

9. 05/04/2018 52 20 <4.0 <9.0

10. 06/04/2018 46 18 <4.0 <9.0

11. 12/04/2018 48 19 4.7 11.1

12. 13/04/2018 50 20 4.9 10.2

13. 19/04/2018 48 19 <4.0 <9.0

14. 20/04/2018 46 18 <4.0 <9.0

15. 26/04/2018 48 19 <4.0 <9.0

16. 27/04/2018 44 18 <4.0 <9.0

17. 04/05/2018 50 20 <4.0 <9.0

18. 05/05/2018 52 20 <4.0 <9.0

19. 11/05/2018 48 19 5.3 10.2

20. 12/05/2018 46 18 5.0 10

21. 18/05/2018 48 19 <4.0 <9.0

22. 19/05/2018 50 20 <4.0 <9.0

23. 25/05/2018 52 20 <4.0 <9.0

24. 26/05/2018 54 22 <4.0 <9.0

National

Standards

100 (24 hours

average)

60 (24 hours

average)

80 (24 hours

average)

80 (24 hours

average)




Rev. No. 02


Page No. 218

AAQMS-4: Uber


PM10

(ℳg/m3)

PM2.5

(ℳg/m3)

SO2

(ℳg/m3)

NO2

(ℳg/m3)

1. 06/03/2018 40 16 <4.0 <9.0

2. 07/03/2018 46 18 <4.0 <9.0

3. 13/03/2018 48 19 4.8 9.6

4. 14/03/2018 42 16 4.2 9.8

5. 20/03/2018 48 19 <4.0 <9.0

6. 21/03/2018 50 20 <4.0 <9.0

7. 27/03/2018 46 18 5.1 11.2

8. 28/03/2018 44 16 5.2 11.5

9. 05/04/2018 52 20 <4.0 <9.0

10. 06/04/2018 46 17 <4.0 <9.0

11. 12/04/2018 48 19 <4.0 <9.0

12. 13/04/2018 44 16 5.6 9.8

13. 19/04/2018 40 16 5.2 10.6

14. 20/04/2018 44 17 <4.0 <9.0

15. 26/04/2018 48 19 <4.0 <9.0

16. 27/04/2018 50 20 <4.0 <9.0

17. 04/05/2018 48 18 4.5 9.8

18. 05/05/2018 52 20 4.7 10.6

19. 11/05/2018 46 17 <4.0 <9.0

20. 12/05/2018 48 19 <4.0 <9.0

21. 18/05/2018 44 16 4.3 9.7

22. 19/05/2018 48 19 4.8 10.2

23. 25/05/2018 54 20 <4.0 <9.0

24. 26/05/2018 48 19 <4.0 <9.0

National

Standards

100 (24 hours

average)

60 (24 hours

average)

80 (24 hours

average)

80 (24 hours

average)




Rev. No. 02


Page No. 219

AAQMS-5: Dhuvaran


PM10

(ℳg/m3)

PM2.5

(ℳg/m3)

SO2

(ℳg/m3)

NO2

(ℳg/m3)

1. 06/03/2018 46 17 <4.0 <9.0

2. 07/03/2018 44 16 <4.0 <9.0

3. 13/03/2018 40 15 <4.0 <9.0

4. 14/03/2018 46 17 <4.0 <9.0

5. 20/03/2018 44 16 <4.0 <9.0

6. 21/03/2018 48 19 <4.0 <9.0

7. 27/03/2018 44 16 <4.0 <9.0

8. 28/03/2018 50 20 <4.0 <9.0

9. 05/04/2018 46 16 <4.0 <9.0

10. 06/04/2018 42 15 <4.0 <9.0

11. 12/04/2018 38 14 <4.0 <9.0

12. 13/04/2018 40 15 <4.0 <9.0

13. 19/04/2018 46 17 <4.0 <9.0

14. 20/04/2018 42 15 <4.0 <9.0

15. 26/04/2018 44 15 <4.0 <9.0

16. 27/04/2018 42 15 <4.0 <9.0

17. 04/05/2018 38 14 <4.0 <9.0

18. 05/05/2018 46 17 <4.0 <9.0

19. 11/05/2018 50 19 <4.0 <9.0

20. 12/05/2018 44 15 <4.0 <9.0

21. 18/05/2018 18 19 <4.0 <9.0

22. 19/05/2018 44 16 <4.0 <9.0

23. 25/05/2018 48 19 <4.0 <9.0

24. 26/05/2018 50 20 <4.0 <9.0

National

Standards

100 (24 hours

average)

60 (24 hours

average)

80 (24 hours

average)

80 (24 hours

average)




Rev. No. 02


Page No. 220

AAQMS-6: Valipore


PM10

(ℳg/m3)

PM2.5

(ℳg/m3)

SO2

(ℳg/m3)

NO2

(ℳg/m3)

1. 06/03/2018 66 26 6.2 11.8

2. 07/03/2018 68 27 6.5 10.8

3. 13/03/2018 62 25 6.5 10.6

4. 14/03/2018 70 30 7.5 12.2

5. 20/03/2018 72 32 7.8 13.8

6. 21/03/2018 66 28 5.8 11.2

7. 27/03/2018 60 25 5.2 10.6

8. 28/03/2018 68 27 7.2 11.8

9. 05/04/2018 66 27 7.2 11.2

10. 06/04/2018 72 32 7.5 13.6

11. 12/04/2018 72 32 5.2 13.2

12. 13/04/2018 66 25 5.4 11.2

13. 19/04/2018 60 24 6.2 9.8

14. 20/04/2018 68 26 5.2 10.6

15. 26/04/2018 66 26 6.8 10.2

16. 27/04/2018 62 25 8.6 9.6

17. 04/05/2018 68 27 6.2 11.8

18. 05/05/2018 64 25 5.8 10

19. 11/05/2018 68 27 5.6 10.8

20. 12/05/2018 62 24 7.2 9.4

21. 18/05/2018 68 27 5.8 9.8

22. 19/05/2018 62 25 5.8 9.2

23. 25/05/2018 68 28 6.2 11.2

24. 26/05/2018 64 25 5.2 10.6

National

Standards

100 (24 hours

average)

60 (24 hours

average)

80 (24 hours

average)

80 (24 hours

average)




Rev. No. 02


Page No. 221

AAQMS-7: Vedach


PM10

(ℳg/m3)

PM2.5

(ℳg/m3)

SO2

(ℳg/m3)

NO2

(ℳg/m3)

1. 06/03/2018 44 26 9.1 14.4

2. 07/03/2018 67 38 <8.0 <10

3. 13/03/2018 61 40 <8.0 14.0

4. 14/03/2018 64 33 <8.0 <10

5. 20/03/2018 59 28 <8.0 16.2

6. 21/03/2018 48 23 10.1 15.3

7. 27/03/2018 63 47 8.2 14.9

8. 28/03/2018 78 47 <8.0 14.2

9. 05/04/2018 52 40 10.2 15.6

10. 06/04/2018 48 29 9.0 19.6

11. 12/04/2018 65 45 9.4 17.1

12. 13/04/2018 71 21 9.7 22.0

13. 19/04/2018 45 24 9.0 14.7

14. 20/04/2018 37 28 <8.0 17.0

15. 26/04/2018 74 41 10.0 24.5

16. 27/04/2018 76 36 9.2 24.1

17. 04/05/2018 57 32 9.7 18.6

18. 05/05/2018 61 31 9.7 16.7

19. 11/05/2018 48 25 8.5 17.7

20. 12/05/2018 53 38 10.2 19.1

21. 18/05/2018 56 35 9.5 22.7

22. 19/05/2018 59 33 9.1 19.8

23. 25/05/2018 57 38 9.3 20.4

24. 26/05/2018 48 39 9.6 21.3

National

Standards

100 (24 hours

average)

60 (24 hours

average)

80 (24 hours

average)

80 (24 hours

average)




Rev. No. 02


Page No. 222

AAQMS-8: Kangam


PM10

(ℳg/m3)

PM2.5

(ℳg/m3)

SO2

(ℳg/m3)

NO2

(ℳg/m3)

1. 06/03/2018 54 36 9.5 24.6

2. 07/03/2018 105 55 <8.0 11.0

3. 13/03/2018 84 31 9.3 27.6

4. 14/03/2018 53 44 8.8 14.2

5. 20/03/2018 66 53 <8.0 11.1

6. 21/03/2018 62 38 9.3 20.1

7. 27/03/2018 67 52 <8.0 15.4

8. 28/03/2018 64 50 9.3 10.5

9. 05/04/2018 52 44 <8.0 12.5

10. 06/04/2018 68 45 9.0 20.6

11. 12/04/2018 73 43 10.8 25.0

12. 13/04/2018 81 47 8.1 14.6

13. 19/04/2018 65 46 <8.0 19.3

14. 20/04/2018 92 49 <8.0 18.7

15. 26/04/2018 73 46 <8.0 17.5

16. 27/04/2018 69 48 8.1 14.6

17. 04/05/2018 78 44 9.3 15.9

18. 05/05/2018 83 41 9.6 11.6

19. 11/05/2018 67 44 <8.0 18.0

20. 12/05/2018 70 43 <8.0 20.4

21. 18/05/2018 75 42 <8.0 15.5

22. 19/05/2018 79 43 <8.0 14.8

23. 25/05/2018 76 41 <8.0 18.2

24. 26/05/2018 81 49 <8.0 13.9

National

Standards

100 (24 hours

average)

60 (24 hours

average)

80 (24 hours

average)

80 (24 hours

average)




Rev. No. 02


Page No. 223




Rev. No. 02


Page No. 224




Rev. No. 02


Page No. 225




Rev. No. 02


Page No. 226




Rev. No. 02


Page No. 227




Rev. No. 02


Page No. 228




Rev. No. 02


Page No. 229




Rev. No. 02


Page No. 230




Rev. No. 02


Page No. 231