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Environmentally Conscious Design & Manufacturing (ME592)
Date: March 24, 2000 Slide:1
Environmentally Conscious Design & Manufacturing
Class 9: Health & Environmental Issues
Prof. S. M. Pandit
Environmentally Conscious Design & Manufacturing (ME592)
Date: March 24, 2000 Slide:21
Health and Environmental Issues
Cutting fluids in manufacturing EPA water quality monitoring Analytical monitoring tools Health hazards Where does it fit?
Environmentally Conscious Design & Manufacturing (ME592)
Date: March 24, 2000 Slide:32
Additives: Chlorine, Sulfur, Phosphorus, Biocides, Odorants
C u ttin g F lu id s
S tra ig h t O ils E m u ls ion s
O il B ased
S yn th e tic s S em i-syn th e tic
C h em ica l
Cutting Fluids in Machining
Environmentally Conscious Design & Manufacturing (ME592)
Date: March 24, 2000 Slide:4
Claimed Benefits of Cutting Fluids
•Lubrication•Heat transfer•Chip flushing______________________________________•Increased tool life•Reduced thermal deformation•Improved surface finish•Reduced forces•Corrosion protection of surface•Workpiece cleaner
Environmentally Conscious Design & Manufacturing (ME592)
Date: March 24, 2000 Slide:5
Cutting Fluid Liabilities - 1
• Fluid disposal due to contaminant build-
up
• Fluid performance is time dependent
• Maintenance, disposal, handling,
protection,
and acquisition expensive
• Hazardous chemical constituents
• Source of occupational airway disease
Environmentally Conscious Design & Manufacturing (ME592)
Date: March 24, 2000 Slide:6
Cutting Fluid Liabilities - 2
• Source of contact dermatitis
• Excessive BOD, FOG, Nitrogen, Phosphates
• Expensive pre-treatment prior to disposal
(wastewater currently sent to POTW - changes
to permissible level of contamination being
considered - may require additional expensive
pretreatment)
Environmentally Conscious Design & Manufacturing (ME592)
Date: March 24, 2000 Slide:7
Cutting Fluid Types(Straight Oils / Soluble Oils)
• Straight oils - Non-emulsifiable. Base oil, and often fats, veg. oil, & esters. May include extreme pressure additives such as Chlorine, Sulphur, Phosphorus.
• Soluble oils - Form emulsion when mixed with water. Typical concentrations of 3-10% - least expensive.
• Synthetic fluids - Formed from alkaline inorganic & organic comp. + corrosion inhibitors. Diluted form.
• Semisynthetic fluids - Combo. of synthetic & sol. oil.
Environmentally Conscious Design & Manufacturing (ME592)
Date: March 24, 2000 Slide:8
Straight Oil EP Additives
Some suggest that EP additives react with work material - form a barrier film that provides lubrication
Environmentally Conscious Design & Manufacturing (ME592)
Date: March 24, 2000 Slide:9
Straight Oils: Pros and Cons
Pros Cons
Good lubrication Expensive - hard materials
Rancidity & degradation Flammable resistant
Good rust protection Smoke prone
Low maintenance Health hazard
Lack of cooling
Viscosity low
Environmentally Conscious Design & Manufacturing (ME592)
Date: March 24, 2000 Slide:10
Straight Oils vs. Water Solubles
Straight Oils Water Solubles
Degradation resistant High thermal conductivityGood lubrication Good cooling abilityEasier to recycle More economicalGood surface wettability Better operator acceptanceGood rust protection No fire hazard Less oil misting
Environmentally Conscious Design & Manufacturing (ME592)
Date: March 24, 2000 Slide:11
Cutting Fluids in Machining(reducing waste)
Waste Reduction and Recycling Methods
- Use water-soluble metal working fluids.- Use de-mineralized water make-up- Perform regularly scheduled sump and machine cleaning.
Environmentally Conscious Design & Manufacturing (ME592)
Date: March 24, 2000 Slide:12
ArsenicAsbestosBariumChromiumCyanideMercuryNickelNitrateSeleniumLeadCopper
Inorganics
pH Alkalinity
• Testing water
Question:
What is happeningto groundwater,lakes and rivers?
EPA Water Quality Monitoring -1
(see epa.gov for complete list)
Environmentally Conscious Design & Manufacturing (ME592)
Date: March 24, 2000 Slide:13
BenzeneCarbon Tetra ChlorideChloroethyleneStyreneTolueneTrichloromethanes
Organics
EPA Water Quality Monitoring - 2
Environmentally Conscious Design & Manufacturing (ME592)
Date: March 24, 2000 Slide:14
Analytical Monitoring Tools
AtomicAbsorption
Environmentally Conscious Design & Manufacturing (ME592)
Date: March 24, 2000 Slide:15
Mass Spectrometry
Environmentally Conscious Design & Manufacturing (ME592)
Date: March 24, 2000 Slide:16
Mass Spec
Environmentally Conscious Design & Manufacturing (ME592)
Date: March 24, 2000 Slide:17
Environmentally Conscious Design & Manufacturing (ME592)
Date: March 24, 2000 Slide:18
Environmentally Conscious Design & Manufacturing (ME592)
Date: March 24, 2000 Slide:19
Environmentally Conscious Design & Manufacturing (ME592)
Date: March 24, 2000 Slide:20
Manufacturing
Liquid wastes (cutting fluids) Testing of effluents
Source reduction
Waste treatment Recycle / Reuse
Where Does It Fit?
Environmentally Conscious Design & Manufacturing (ME592)
Date: March 24, 2000 Slide:21
Homework #3The following problems are out of the textbook “Industrial Ecology”
1. Problem 8.1
2. Problem 8.2
3. Problem 9.3
Hint: A simple and reasonable technique is to sum the row entries and
column entries. An overall rating is given by adding row totals(or the
equivalent, column totals) so that the entire matrix is summed.
Answer: Design 2 is better than design 1 because design 2 has higher
overall score (48 to 43), and the product use rating, and many products
have their greatest impact during the in-use stage.
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