epidemiologi gangguan jiwa

EPIDEMIOLOGI GANGGUAN JIWA

OLEH:AGUNG S. DWI LAKSANA

PREVALENSI GANGGUAN JIWA DI DUNIA

Mental and behavioural disorders are not exclusive to any special group

they are found in people of all regions, all countries and all societies.

About 450 million people suffer from mental disorders (WHO’s World Health Report 2001).

One person in four will develop one or more mental or behavioural disorders during their lifetime (WHO, 2001b).

Mental and behavioural disorders are present at any point in time in about 10% of the adult population worldwide.

One fifth of teenagers under the age of 18 years suffer from developmental, emotional or behavioural problems, one in eight has a mental disorder;

Among disadvantaged children the rate is one in five.

MENTAL DISORDERS BURDEN

Mental and neurological disorders account for 13% of the total Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) lost due to all diseases and injuries in the world (WHO, 2004d).

Five of the ten leading causes of disability worldwide are psychiatric conditions, including:• depression,• alcohol use, • schizophrenia and • compulsive disorder (Murray & Lopez, 1996).

Projections estimate that by the year 2020 neuropsychiatric conditions will account for 15% of disability worldwide, with unipolar depression alone accounting for 5.7% of DALYs.

Proyeksi 5 penyakit utama di Indonesia

Proyeksi 5 Penyakit Utama tahun 1990-2020

Proyeksi 5 Penyakit Utama tahun 2020

ISPA Ischaemic Heart Disease

Diare Unipolar Major Depression

Penyakit pada masa perinatal

Road traffic accidents

Unipolar Major Depression Cerebro-vascular disease

Ischaemic Heart Disease Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

PREVALENSI GANGGUAN JIWA DI INDONESIA

Angka pasti masih belum diketahui Menurut WHO: jumlah penderita gangguan jiwa

di dunia 450 juta jiwa (2001) Dari 220 juta penduduk Indonesia, sekitar 50 juta

(22%) mengidap gangguan kejiwaan (Hawari, 2009)

Beberapa penelitian:• Bahar et al (1992): Overall morbidity rates

were similar to those in industrialized countries.• the Indonesian Psychiatric Epidemiologic

Network (2004): the prevalence of mental disorders in adults was 18.5%

among those with mental disorders, the following diagnoses were common: • drug abuse (44.0%), • mental retardation (34.9%), • mental dysfunction (16.2%) and • mental disintegration (5.8%)

Suryani et al (1990) noted a relatively high prevalence (about 40%) of excessive alcohol consumption in a less developed village compared to a more developed one.

Narendra et al (1990) noted an increase in risk taking behaviours like drug use among adolescents in Indonesia.

Smet et al (1999): Among male students, smoking increased dramatically between the ages of 11 and 17, from 8.2% to 38.7%• Determinants: Best friends’ smoking

behaviour and attitudes towards smoking and older brothers’ smoking behaviour

Wignyosumarto et al (1992): The prevalence rate of autism within the birth cohort was 0.12%

RISK FACTORS Risk factors are associated with an

increased probability of onset, greater severity and longer duration of major health problems.

Protective factors refer to conditions that improve people’s resistance to risk factors and disorders

Social, environmental and economic determinants• Major socioeconomic and environmental

determinants for mental health are related to macroissues such as poverty, war and inequity

Individual and family-related determinants• Individual and family-related risk and protective

factors can be biological, emotional, cognitive, behavioural, interpersonal or related to the family context