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Experimental characterization of marine atmospheric boundary layer in the Havsul
area, Norway
10th Deep Sea Offshore Wind R&D Conference , 24./25.01.2013, Trondheim10th Deep Sea Offshore Wind R&D Conference , 24./25.01.2013, Trondheim
Konstantinos Christakosa, Joachim Reudera, Birgitte R. Furevika,b
a Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, Norwayb Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Norway
Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer (MABL)
• Average wind profiles• Wind shear over the rotor disk• Turbulence• Atmospheric stability• Wind-waves interactions
the main problem:• the lack of observational data
in the relevant altitude range (sea surface to 200m)
Source: http://www.ieawind.org/GWEC_PDF/GWEC%20Annex23.pdf
Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer (MABL)
• Average wind profiles• Wind shear over the rotor disk• Turbulence• Atmospheric stability• Wind-waves interactions
the main problem:• the lack of observational data
in the relevant altitude range (sea surface to 200m)
Remote sensing instruments
(i.e LIDAR)
Source: http://www.ieawind.org/GWEC_PDF/GWEC%20Annex23.pdf
LIDAR (LIght Detection And Ranging)
Advantages:Advantages:• Simultaneous measurements in
several heights (up to 200 m)• 3D wind velocity vector
(u, v, w)
Disadvantage :Disadvantage :• absence of temperature
measurements (vertical gradient).
Atmospheric stability?Atmospheric stability?
Stability and turbulence
affect wind energy production [1], [2]
Source: VestaVind Offshore
How can atmospheric stability be estimated? Wharton and Lundquist (2012) suggested different turbulence parameters for
classifying wind profiles by stability [2] ,[3], based on onshore data (in western North America)
Turbulence parameters
• The horizontal turbulent intensity is dimensionless parameter which is defined as the standard deviation of horizontal velocity fluctuation divided by the mean horizontal wind speed:
• The TKE is defined as the sum of the velocities variances in latitudinal (u), longitudinal (v) and vertical (w) direction divided by 2 :
I U=σU
U
TKE=12(σ u
2+σ v
2+σ w
2)
Data overview• 4 years(2008-2012) wind profile data were collected at the small island of
Storholmen which is located 8 km northwest of the island of Vigra on the west coast of Norway.
Fig.1. Location of Storholmen island (black square) in Ålesund, Norway. Source: Google Maps
Data overview• The wind speed was measured
by WindCube v.1 LIDAR at 8 height levels between 60 m and 200 m a.s.l. (above sea level)
• For higher levels the data availability was reduced due to low aerosol concentration in the air which leads to a low SNR.
Only complete 10 min. average wind profiles (75249) between 60 m and 150 m a.s.l. have been used for the presented analysis.
Source: Vestavind Offshore
Investigation of Turbulence Intensity and Wind Speed
• Log-normal distribution is applied to describe the turbulence intensity distribution for different classes of wind speed at 100 m a.s.l.
Results:
For increasing wind speed:
1. the center of distribution moves towards to lower turbulence intensities
2. The probability density for the peak value increases
Turbulence Intensity and Wind Profiles
• Average wind profiles for different classes of horizontal turbulence intensity (at 100 m a.s.l.).
• The number of profiles for each class is given in parenthesis
Results :• Clear dependency between
turbulence intensity and wind profiles
• For turbulence intensities greater than 6%, increase of U is related to decrease of turbulence intensity.
• For turbulence intensities below 9% the average profiles are closely grouped between 10m/s and 12m/s
• The wind profiles have been normalized to 1 at 100m a.s.l.
Result:• A general increase in
wind shear for decreasing turbulence intensities.
Turbulence Intensity and Wind Shear
TKE and Wind Profiles• Average wind profiles for
different classes of TKE (at 100 m a.s.l.).
• The number of profiles for each class is given in parenthesis
Results :• Clear dependency of TKE on
wind profiles• The higher the TKE, the
higher the wind speed • TKE is mainly generated by
wind shear in MABL
• The wind profiles have been normalized to 1 at 100m a.s.l.
Result:• For lower levels:
for increasing TKE, the wind shear decreasing
• For higher levels:
very little variation between TKE and wind shear
TKE and Wind Shear
Summary and outlook
• Measurements of offshore wind conditions are essential for the accurate characterization of MABL• Remote sensing instruments can provide a rich of source
data for a better understanding of turbulence of the wind field
• Turbulence parameters such as turbulence intensity and TKE are strongly related to the wind profiles
• For offshore conditions turbulence intensity seems more promising for the classification of stability
• Need for simultaneous measurements of temperature gradient and turbulence parameters for the classification of stability
References
[1] B J Vanderwende and J K Lundquist (2012) The modification of wind turbine performance by statistically distinct atmospheric regimes, Environ. Res. Lett. 7
[2] Wharton S and Lundquist J K (2012) Atmospheric stability affects wind turbine power collection, Environ. Res. Lett. 7
[3] Wharton S and Lundquist J K (2012) Assessing atmospheric stability and its impacts on rotor-disk wind characteristics at an onshore wind farm, Wind Energy 2012 15:525–546
The authors express appreciation to Vestavind Offshore AS for sharing the wind data. The leader author expresses his gratitude to NORCOWE and Statoil ASA for received travel grant.
Acknowledgements
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