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February – April 2016

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§  A"endanceregister(minimuma"endance/examrequirements)§  H2O/accesstovideolecturesworkingok?Firstimpressions?§  ShortroundofintroducCons(name,background,whyCopyrightX)§  Pleasemakeuseoftheforum§  ShortroundofintroducCons(name,background,whyCopyrightX)

§  Pleasemakeuseoftheforum…

Welcome

Syllabus§  FoundaConsofCopyright/Fairness&PersonalityTheories(17February2016)§  SubjectMa"erofCopyright(24February2016)§  Authorship/WelfareTheory(02March2016–Bram)§  <<break>>§  MechanicsofCopyright(16March2016)§  EconomicandMoralrights(23March2016)§  CopyrightExcepConsandLimitaCons(30March2016)§  <<break>>§  Copyrightinfringement/CulturalTheory(13April2016)§  Remedies(20April2016)§  Copyright,InnovaCon&Development(25April2016)

WelcomeOverarchinggoalsofCopyrightX:UCT§  Provideanoverviewaboutcopyrightlaw§  ExamineanddiscusstheimpactofcopyrightoncreaCvity§  CreateawarenessabouttheunderlyingtheoriesforcopyrightprotecCon§  Discusshowcopyrightcouldbeimproved§  Analysetheimpactoftechnologyoncopyright§  ProvideSouthAfricancontexttotheUSandglobalperspecLves

<twomorethings>

Special Event

24February13h00

Seminar1

FoundaKonsofCopyright&

FairnessandPersonalityTheories

17February2016

Overview

PartI§  HistoryofcopyrightinSouthAfrica§  InternaConalinstrumentsrelevantforSouthAfrica§  KeyrequirementsforthesubsistenceofcopyrightinSouthAfrica§  Ideas,facts,expressionPartII§  Copyrighttheories,overview§  Thefairnesstheory§  Thepersonalitytheory§  Casestudy:FiYyshadesofDorianGray

Part 0

Let’s start with this…

DoyouneedtoknowmoreabouttheSouthAfricanlegalsystem–courts,branchesoflawetc?

Let’s start with this…

Whatiscopyright?

“Copyright is the exclusive right in relation to work embodying intellectual content to do or

to authorize to do certain acts in relation to that work.”

Part I

https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20160214/08293233599/sony-music-issues-takedown-copyright-lecture-about-music-copyrights-harvard-law-

professor.shtml

History of copyright law in SA§  Roman-Dutch‘commonlaw’copyright(1803-1916)

§  1803CopyrightActoftheBatavianRepublicbecamecommonlawoftheCape,Transvaal,OrangeFreestateandNatalprovinces

§  ProvincialCopyrightActs

§  Patent,TradeMarks,DesignsandCopyrightAct9of1916§  IncorporaConoftheUnitedKingdomCopyrightActof1911plusvariaCons

§  CopyrightAct63of1965§  BasedonUnitedKingdomCopyrightActof1956whichhadrepealedthe1911

CopyrightAct.

§  CopyrightAct98of1978§  BasedonUnitedKingdomCopyrightActof1956,butdepartsonindependent

courseinthefieldopcopyright§  AmendedseveralCmessince

History of copyright law in SA

§  S43:ApplicaKontoworksmadebeforethecommencementoftheAct

ThegeneralprincipleisthattheActappliestoworksmadebeforecommencementoftheAct

butitdoesn’tcreate©inworksinwhich©couldn’texistpriorto1965,

anditdoesn’taffectownership,dura1onofcopyrightwhichalreadyexistedbefore.

Relevant international copyright treaties, aiming to harmonise copyright laws

§  BerneConvenKonfortheProtecConofLiteraryandArCsCcWorks[1886]

§  AgreementonTradeRelatedAspectsofIntellectualPropertyRights(TRIPS)[1994]§  WIPOCopyrightTreaty(WCT)[1996]§  MarrakeshTreatyonexcepConsforthevisuallyimpaired[2013]

Berne Convention

§  ProtecConforliteraryandarKsKcworks§  FocusonrightofreproducKon(s9)§  Protectsmoralrights§  Noenforcementmechanisms(“noteeth”)§  Inforce,169parCes

SouthAfrica§  Subscribedtothe1948BrusselstextoftheconvenCon(asfarassubstanCvelaw)

§  Notdirectlyboundbythefulltextofthelatest1971Paristext(soonlyboundbyprevioustexts)oftheconvenCon;butboundviaTRIPS

TRIPS

§  IncorporatesprotecKonfromBerneConvenKon§  BroadenedprotecCon:computerprograms,databases

§  NoprotecKonofmoralrights§  DetailedrulesregardingenforcementandDisputeSedlementmechanisms(‘teeth’)

SouthAfrica§  AsamemberoftheWTOboundbyTRIPS

WCT

§  IntroducesrightsofdistribuKon,rentalandcommunicaKontothepublic&addressescomputerprogramsasliteraryworks(art4)anddatabases(art5)

§  AnK-circumvenKonprovisions

SouthAfrica§  Signedin1997buthasnotyetraKfiedthe‘WIPOCopyrightTreaty’dueto

fearofnegaCveimpactonitssocialandeconomicdevelopment

Marrakesh Treaty

§  AddressesPublishedWorks§  PermitscreaConofso-calledaccessibleformatcopiesandallowcross-bordertransfertoimproveaccessforvisuallyimpairedpersons

§  ForthefirstCme,focuswasonlimitaKonsofcopyrightratherthanexpansionofrights

§  Notyetinforce–14parCes;20areneeded

SouthAfrica§  notsigned,notraCfied

Important elements of those international treaties

§  MinimumstandardsforprotecCon§  NaKonaltreatmentprinciple§  NoformaliKesforcopyrightprotecCon§  Three-steptest

Important elements of those international treaties

Three-steptest(ascontainedins9oftheBerneConvenCon):“Itshallbeama7erforlegisla1oninthecountriesoftheUniontopermitthe

reproduc1onofsuchworksincertainspecialcases,providedthatsuchreproduc1ondoesnotconflictwithanormalexploita1onoftheworkanddoesnotunreasonablyprejudicethelegi1mateinterestsoftheauthor.”

South Africa is not part of any regional agreements concerning copyright (e.g.,

OAPI) – but be aware of FTAs

Copyright protection is territorial!

(P)?

The Internet

Requirements for copyright protection in SA

§  Materialform§  Qualifiedperson§  Originality

Material form

§  Workmustbereducedtomaterialform(inwriCngorothermaterialform)

§  Specialcaseforbroadcastsandprogramme-carryingsignals§  Broadcastsmusthavebeenbroadcast§  Programme-carryingsignalsmusthavebeentransmi"edviasatellite

Idea/expressiondichotomy

Qualified person

§  SecCon3(1)

“CopyrightshallbeconferredbythissecCononeverywork,eligibleforcopyright,ofwhichtheauthoror,inthecaseofaworkofjointauthorship,anyoneoftheauthorsisattheCmetheworkorasubstanCalpartthereofismade,aqualifiedperson,thatis—

(a)inthecaseofanindividual,apersonwhoisaSouthAfricanciKzenorisdomiciledorresidentintheRepublic;or(b)inthecaseofajurisCcperson,abodyincorporatedunderthelawsoftheRepublic[…]”

Isthereaproblemwiththis?

Originality

Originality in the U.S.§  Lowstandard§  Notrequired:novelty,quality,noncommercial,

lawful

§  But:AccordingtoFeist,“somedegreeof

creaKvityisrequired”;merelabour(or“sweatofthebrow”)isnotsufficient.

Originality in the EU

§  Higherstandard§  Differentstandardsindifferentcountries§  But:EUDirecKves&ECJcaseshaveresultedin

someharmonisaKon…[also:seeappendix]

Originality in SA§  NotdefinedintheAct§  Loworiginalitystandard§  DoesNOTmeanworkmustbeunique,invenCveor

novel

§  Butmustbeproductoftheauthor’sownlabour§  Ma"erofdegreedependingontheamountofskill&

effortinvolvedinthemakingofthework

§  àsweatofthebrow

§  Factthataworkiscopied(andpossiblyinfringescopyright)doesNOTmeanitcannotbeoriginal(secCon2(3))“IfaworkiseligibleforcopyrightprotecCon,animprovementorrefinementofthatworkwouldsimilarlybeeligibleforcopyright,eveniftheimprovedworkinvolvedaninfringementofcopyrightintheoriginalwork,ifitsaCsfiestherequirementoforiginality.Thatwillbethecaseonlyiftheimprovementorrefinementisnotsuperficial.ThealteraContotheoriginalworkmustbesubstanKal.”(Hauptt/aSoQCopyvBrewersMarkeLngIntelligence(Pty)Ltd)

Originality in SA§  LowerstandardthanevenintheUS:creaKvityisnotrequired

§  Factsarenotprotected–butthe

expressionofsuchfactsmaywellbe…Examples:

q  ListofrailwaystaConsq  Chronologicalfixtureoffootballgamesq  Directoryoftelefaxusersq  Catalogueandpricelistq  Furtherreading:

h"p://www.ajol.info/index.php/pelj/arCcle/viewFile/101893/91942

More on Originality in the annex

Propriety of work?

§  Willthelawprotectworkswhichareconsideredimproper,indecentorlackinginpropriety?

§  NothinginCopyrightActaboutpropriety§  DividedopinionsonwhetherproprietyisacondiConforsubsistenceofawork,or

onlyaffectstheenforcementofcopyright

Database Directive

§  DirecCve96/9/ECof11March1996§  Adatabaseisoriginalifitis“theauthor'sownintellectualcreaCon”(inthe

selecConorarrangementsofcontents)§  andnoothercriteriasuchas“aestheCcorqualitaCvecriteria”shallbeapplied§  ButallowsprotecConof“investmentinobtaining,verifyingorpresenCngthe

contents”Sources:Recital15etseq.andArt.3(1)

Appendix - originality

Software Directive

§  DirecCve91/250/EECof14May1991,now2009/24/ECof23April2009(codifiedversion)

§  Acomputerprogramisoriginalifitis“theauthor'sownintellectualcreaCon”§  and“noothercriteriasuchasqualitaCveoraestheCcmeritsshallbeapplied”Sources:Recital8andArt.1(3)

Copyright Term Directive

§  DirecCve93/98/EEC,nowbyDirecCve2006/116/ECof12December2006(codifiedversion)

§  Aphotographisoriginalifitis“theauthor'sownintellectualcreaCon”§  and“noothercriteriasuchasmeritorpurpose”shallbeapplied§  ButallowsprotecConfor“other”photographsSources:Recital16andArt.6

European Court of Justice (1)

§  CaseC‑5/08InfopaqInternaLonal[2009](Infopaq)§  CopyrightwithinthemeaningofArCcle2(a)ofDirecCve2001/29isliabletoapply

onlyinrelaContoasubject-ma"erwhichisoriginalinthesensethatitisitsauthor’sownintellectualcreaCon(par.37)

§  Itisonlythroughthechoice,sequenceandcombinaConofthosewordsthattheauthormayexpresshiscreaCvityinanoriginalmannerandachievearesultthatisanintellectualcreaCon.

§  11consecuCvewords(“maynotberuledoutthat…”)

European Court of Justice (2)

§  CaseC‑393/09BezpečnostnísoQwarováasociace[2010](BSA);§  …thegraphicuserinterfacecan,asawork,beprotectedbycopyrightifitisits

author’sownintellectualcreaCon(part.46)§  WheretheexpressionofthosecomponentsisdictatedbytheirtechnicalfuncCon

thecriterionisnotmet,sincedifferentmethodsofimplemenCnganideaaresolimitedthattheideaandtheexpressionbecomeindissociable(idea-expressionmerger)(par.49).

European Court of Justice (3)

§  JoinedCasesC‑403/08andC‑429/08FootballAssociaLonPremierLeagueandOthers[2011](FAPL)

§  SporCngeventscannotberegardedasintellectualcreaCons…especiallyfootballmatches,whicharesubjecttorulesofthegame,leavingnoroomforcreaCvefreedom(Par.98)

European Court of Justice (4)

§  CaseC‑145/10Painer[2011](Painer)§  AnintellectualcreaConisanauthor’sownifitreflectstheauthor’spersonality,

whichisthecaseistheauthorwasabletoexpresshiscreaCveabiliCesintehproducConoftheworkbymakingfreeandcreaCvechoices(par.88)

§  Asregardsportraitphotographs,thephotographercanmakefreeandcreaCvechoicesinseveralmoments:inthepreparaConphease,whentakingthephotographandwhenselecCngthesnapshot

European Court of Justice (5)

§  CaseC‑604/10FootballDatacovYahoo[2012](FootballDatacovYahoo)§  …thefactthatthesewngupofthedatabaserequired,irrespecCveofthecreaCon

ofthedatawhichitcontains,significantlabourandskillofitsauthor…cannotassuchjusCfytheprotecConofitbycopyright…ifthatlabourandthatskilldonotexpressanyoriginalityintheselecConorarrangementofthatdata

OriginalityinEUcopyrightlawAuthor:ThomasMargoni–Lastrevised:18December2014

Copyright © 2014 Thomas Margoni. This case study is licensed under the CreaCve Commons A"ribuCon-NonCommercial-ShareAlike4.0License, thetermsofwhichareavailableath"p://creaCvecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/.