german concept of small scale manure based biogas plants – reasons for a switch from energy crops...
Post on 14-Jan-2016
221 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
German concept of small scale manure based biogas plants – Reasons for a switch from energy crops to available organic residues
Frank HofmannDepartment for International Affairs
German Biogas Association
GIZ Workshop Small scale manure biogas plants for Serbian farms, 22. and 23. September 2015
Agenda
• German Biogas Association
• Market Development in Germany
• Reasons for a switch from energy crops to small scale manure biogas plants in Germany
• Chances for Serbia
• Conclusion
Frank Hofmann 2
Structure of the German Biogas Association
Headquarters in Freising23 employees, organised in 10 departments
Board of TrusteesElected honorary spokesmen of regional groups, working groups
and advisory boards
Steering Committee7 members, elected for a 4-year-period
Berlin Office5 employees
Regional offices (North, South, East, West and Editorial Office Biogas Journal5 employees
Advisory Boards, Working GroupsAdvisory boards of plant operators, companies, the legal profession, funders; Working groups for the areas permissions, safety, feeding-
in of biogas, environment, heat, waste and fertiliser law
ove
r 40
0 h
on
ora
ry e
xper
ts
23 Regional groups in Germany
4,800 MembersOperators of biogas plants
Research Institutions
Interested private individuals
Companies and manufacturers
Lawyers
Corporate finance
Public authoritiesProviders of feedstock
Planners, advisers, laboratories Mem
ber
of
the
Eu
rop
ean
Bio
gas
Ass
oci
atio
n
(EB
A)
Frank Hofmann 3
German Biogas Association - Objectives
• 4,800 members• Promotion of the biogas sector• Promotion of a sustainable energy supply• Lobbying on federal state, federal and EU level in the following fields:
• Renewable Energy Act (EEG)• Environmental law• Creation of adequate technical rules and standards• …
• Definition of legal framework for reliable and long-term investments• Creation of adequate technical rules and standards• Promotion of R&D• Exchange of information• Members service
Frank Hofmann 4
Biogas, development in Germany
5Frank Hofmann
Number of biogas plants & installed electric capacity
6
139 159 186 274 370 450617
8501.050
1.3001.600
1.7502.050
2.680
3.5003.711
3.891
4.984
5.905
7.1757.515
7.8507.9448.005
650
1.1001.271
1.377
1.893
2.291
3.097
3.352
3.543
3.859
4.054
0
500
1.000
1.500
2.000
2.500
3.000
3.500
4.000
4.500
0
1.000
2.000
3.000
4.000
5.000
6.000
7.000
8.000
9.000
Ins
talle
d e
lec
tric
ca
pa
cit
y
Nu
mb
er
of
bio
ga
s p
lan
ts
Years
Number of biogas plants in Germany
Installed electric capacity in Megawatt [MW]
© Fachverband Biogas e.V. / German Biogas Association
Frank Hofmann
Biogas sector at a glance
7
2013* Forecast 2014** Forecast 2015**
Number of biogas plants (biogas plants with biomethane injection)
7.850 (144) 7.944 (153) 8.005 (156)
Installed electric capcity in MW 3.543 3.859 4.054
Gross electricity production in TWh per year 26,42 27,55 27,88
Housholds supplied with biogas-based electricity in millions
7,5 7,9 8,0
CO2 reduction by biogas in million tons 16,8 17,6 17,8
Turnover in Germany in Euro 7,3 Billion 7,4 Billion 7,2 Billion
Jobs in the biogas sector 41.000 41.000 39.000
© Fachverband Biogas e.V. / German Biogas Association * Own extrapolation based on country data
** Based on a expert survey
Frank Hofmann
Motivation to support RE and Biogas
8Frank Hofmann
Reasons for the energy transition in Germany
9Frank Hofmann
1. Climate and environment protection
2. Sustainable development of energy production
3. Reduction of costs for German national economy by incorporating long- term external effects
4. Conservation of fosil ressources
5. Independency from imports of fossil fuels
6. In the long term costs for fossil fuels will rise; „fuel costs“ for RE are for free or will probably increase lower
7. Technology development
8. Creation of employment, especially in rural areas
9. Development of new markerts and sales
10Frank Hofmann
Biogas and it‘s composition
=> 1.000 ppm = 0.1 Vol.%
Biogas, anaerobic digestion (AD), is a natural process by which microorganisms breake down organic material in the absence of oxigen. Biogas cosists mainly of….
component percentage
CH4 50-75 Vol. %
CO2 25-75 Vol. %
H2S 0-5.000 ppm
NH3 0-500 ppm
H2O 1-3 Vol. %Dust particles < 5
N2 0-5 Vol. %
Reasons to support biogas in Germany
11Frank Hofmann
• Biogas reduces Greenhouse Gas emissions• Avoidance of methane emissions by manure storage• Substitution of fossil fuels• Substitution of mineral fertilizer
• Biodiversity can be enhanced• Local employment, 40,000 jobs in Germany• Business creation, 7 billion € turnover• Technology development, Germany is biogas market leader• Biogas produces a fertilizer of high value• During the biogas process the material is sanitised
• seeds deactivated• Potential pathogene microorganisms reduced
• Due to the biogas process odor (smell) is reduced
Biogas utilisation options
12Frank Hofmann
Reasons for a switch from energy crop based biogas to small, manure based biogas plants
13Frank Hofmann
Biogas: Manure or Energy crops? Basics and History
14Frank Hofmann
• The bigger the biogas plant the specific cheaper the biogas production• The more manure used the cheaper the biogas production• Example: 260 cows deliver manure for about 75 kWel
• If biogas should take a substantial role in the German energy transition bigger installations should be possible
• Overproduction of food and fodder in EU leaded to set-aside land (not used agricultural land): 1993/94 15%; 1999/2000 = 10%, 2004/05 reduced to 5%
• Consideration: The land not needed for feed and fodder production can be used for energy crop cultivation
• Question: How much energy crop cultivation is sustainable?
Cultivation of energy plants in Germany
15
Source: FvB based on FNR 2015
Crops for biogas:1.27 mio. ha = 8% of agricultural area
Overall cultivation area: roughly 12 mio. ha Energy Crops: 2 mio. ha =
16% of cultivation
area
Frank Hofmann
Feedstock in German biogas plants
16
% by weight % by energy output
Source: Motoringbericht DBFZ, June 2014
Energycrops
Biowaste
Liquid & solid manure
Industrial & agricultural residues
Dr. Stefan Rauh 26.06.2015
Inside the biogas fermenter
Frank Hofmann 17
Manure based biogas plants:Advantages and disadvantages I
18Frank Hofmann
Manure offers a cheap input material but with low biogas yields: • Biogas yield about 15 – 25 m³/t manure, 60% methane • Example: Running a biogas plant with the manure of 100 cows would
result in 10-15 kWel• Nearly zero costs (if available at the farm) or only transportation costs
Cost for biogas and electricity production is highly depending on the size• The bigger the biogas plant the cheaper the biogas• FiT for small biogas plants (< 75 kWel): 23.73 ct/kWh, moderate
development
Manure based biogas plants:Advantages and disadvantages II
19Frank Hofmann
Manure treatment in a biogas plant reduces methane emissions from storage and is a climate friendly input material• Avoided CH4-emissions per m³ cow manure: 27 kg CO2eq
• Avoided CH4-emissions per dairy cow (per year): 675 kg CO2eq
• => Manure based biogas plants can reduce CO2eq from storage and substitute fossil energy.
• Manure based biogas plants avoid Green-House Gases (GHG) at moderate costs
Costs for GHG avoidance
Dr. Stefan Rauh 26.06.2015
20
Percentage: Content of manure in the input
Energy crop based biogas plants:Advantages and disadvantages I
21Frank Hofmann
• Energy crops have high biogas yields • Biogas yield about 160 – 240 m³/t manure, about 50% methane
but
• Growing Energy crops is connected with • Costs: e.g. about 30 €/t maize• Mineral fertilizer, pesticides• Use of agricultural land
• Discussion food vs fuel• Discussion (i)LUC• Discussion too much maize?
How much agricultural area should be used for energy crops?
Residues and wastes as input material for biogas
Frank Hofmann 22
• Residues and by product on a farm deliver favourable co-substrates• Often at (nearly) zero costs. Costs are depending on: quality, other
uses, availability…• Good biogas yields• Availability is limited• Fuel vs fodder discussion
• Wastes, like sorted houshold wastes• Costs depend on quality and local conditions, earnings for waste
treatment possible• Good biogas yields• Additional technology needed, e.g. sanitizazion, • Extended permission regulation
Small manure biogas plants for Serbia?
23
• Origen: Axpo-Kompogas / Büchl Entsorgungswirtschaft GmbH; BioIN GmbH
Dr. Stefan Rauh 26.06.2015
Investment costs and options for their reduction
Frank Hofmann 24
• Typical investment costs for small biogas plants (75 kWel)• (4,000) – 12,000 €/kWel• average 8,100 €/kWel• „Bauherren Modell“ average 5,500 €/kWel
• Options for cost reduction• Usage of existing components, like tanks• Use of landscape (downflow of material)• Reliability: Availability reduces specific costs• Low (no) cost material as substartes (agricultural residies, not sellable
fruits, leaves, etc)• Higher yields possible, especially in organic farming
Conclusions
Frank Hofmann 25
Arguments for policy makers to support small, manure based biogas plants
Frank Hofmann 26
• Greenhouse Gas emission reduction• Fuel production in Serbia, avoidence of fossil fuel imports• Conservation of Serbian fuel ressources• Decentralised energy production• Biogas can balance power demand and supply• Local development and employment; about 5 – 15 employees per
installed Mwel• Taxes• Environmental advantages
Arguments for farmers to invest in small, manure based biogas plants
Frank Hofmann 27
• New business opportunities• Fertilizer production• Residues like manure, fruits that cannot be sold, parts of the plant
that are not sold (like leaves) become a value as fuel for the biogas plant
• Less smell• Opportunities for the village, employment, own energy production
Conclusions for Serbia
28Frank Hofmann
• Manure based biogas plants should be supported• Avoidance GHG emissions• Renewable Energy development• Rural development• New business chances for farmers
• FiT to be adapted • In Germany FiT for small biogas plants (< 75 kWel): 23.73 ct/kWh,
moderate development
• Manure based biogas plants should use co-fermentation material
or• Purly manure based biogas plants are limited to huge farms (above
1,000 cattle) to limit costs
Frank Hofmann 29
Thank you for your attention
Frank HofmannDepartment for International AffairsFachverband Biogas e.V.Frank.hofmann@biogas.org
top related