getting to net zero - naseo 2019 annual meeting | naseo...

PV and the Electrical Grid | The Bullitt Center

Getting to Net Zero

September 17, 2013

PRESENTED BY:

Paul Schwer, PE, LEED AP

Scott Bevan, PE, LEED AP

PRESENTED TO: NASEO Getting to Net Zero National Forum

Set aggressive goals

Analyze the climate

Reduce energy use

Choose efficient systems

Opt for renewables

Verify performance

How? Strategies

Set aggressive goals

Analyze the climate

Reduce energy use

Choose efficient systems

Opt for renewables

Verify performance

How? Strategies

Renewable

Energy Sources

PV

The Workhorse

The earth receives more energy from the sun in just

one hour than the whole world uses in a year. *

*solarbuzz.com

Solar Resource

kWh/m2 /day

2.19

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

6.78

Los Angeles

652 kBtu/Sf/Yr

San Francisco

631 kBtu/Sf/Yr

Portland 457

kBtu/Sf/Yr

Seattle 435

kBtu/Sf/Yr

New York 528

Kbtu/Sf/Yr

Phoenix 760

kBTU/sf/yr

Solar Resource Array Tilt = Latitude

Denver 649

kBTU/sf/yr

Atlanta 604

kBTU/sf/yr

Houston 559

kBTU/sf/yr

Minneapolis 553

kBTU/sf/yr

Miami 614

kBTU/sf/yr

Electricity

Costs

First Cost Trend

Average Price of PV

Source:Barbose, Galen L, Darghouth, Naïm, Weaver, Samantha, and Wiser, Ryan H. Tracking the Sun VI: An Historical Summary of the Installed Price of Photovoltaics in the United States from 1998 to 2012. Berkeley, 2013.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

1998 2003 2008 2013 2018 2023 2028

US

$/

W

First Cost Trend Average Price of PV

Energy Storage

Making it Happen

ENERGY

EXPORT

ENERGY

IMPORT

NET ZERO

EXPORT TO GRID

IMPORT FROM GRID

Net Zero Energy

Using the Grid

Net Zero Energy

Energy Use | Solar Budget

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

40,000

Ene

rgy

(kW

h)

Energy Deficit

Energy Deficit

Energy Surplus

Solar Energy Production

Building Energy Use

Utility Grids

Transformer

Network Protector

Grid

Radial

Transformer

Network Protector

Grid

Spot Network

Transformer

Network Protector

Grid

Area Network

285 US CITIES WITH POPULATION > 100,000

300

0

100

200

US

CIT

IES

WIT

H P

OP

ULA

TIO

N >

10

0,0

00

90% OR ROUGHLY 250 US CITIES

USE SECONDARY NETWORKS

Networks Are Everywhere

• Reverse power flow not

permitted in downtown

network.

• 100 kW buffer required by

utility.

• Lost PV production

between 15-20%

Portland

Downtown Network

Edith Green-Wendell Wyatt

Edith Green-Wendell Wyatt

o 20

Transform a 512,400 square foot, 18-story, 1974 office building into a LEED Platinum cornerstone of GSA’s green building portfolio.

Budget: $ 141,000,000

Edith Green-Wendell Wyatt

Modernization Project

98% of Available Solar

Edith Green-Wendell Wyatt

Solar PV

OVER 13,000 SF OF PV 180 kW

25,000 SF CANOPY COLLECTS RAINWATER FOR TOILET FLUSHING, IRRIGATION, AND COOLING TOWERS

Edith Green-Wendell Wyatt

Rooftop PV

Number of modules 715

Unit Nom. Power 250 W

Peak System Output 179 kW

Produced Energy 209,000 kWh/yr

Panel Efficiency (STC) 14.9%

System Efficiency ~13%

PV Array

In detail

Solarworld 250W SW 250 mono

PV Array

Components

1

2

3

4

5

PV Array

Rooftop

PV Array

System Interconnection

NREL

Success Stories

PV Array

Minimum Import Relay

PV Array

Minimize Array Size

PV Array

Dynamically Controlled Inverters

-100

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

En

erg

y (

kW

h)

Typical Occupied and Unoccupied Days

PV Available

PV Used (kW)

Building

Demand (kW)

Friday Saturday

Net Electricity

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

En

erg

y (

kW

h)

Month

Monthly Estimated PV Available and PV Captured

PV Available

PV Captured

Opportunity Lost More Than 35% of Possible Production Lost

BULLITT

CENTER

Seattle Downtown Network

The Power Plant

Net Zero Energy

Energy Use | Solar Budget

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

40,000

Ene

rgy

(kW

h)

Energy Deficit

Energy Deficit

Energy Surplus

Solar Energy Production

Building Energy Use

EUI 92 64,000 SF of

PV

Bullitt Center

PV Area

EUI 52 45,000 SF of

PV

Bullitt Center

PV Area

EUI 32 26,000 SF of

PV

Bullitt Center

PV Area

Bullitt Center

PV Area

EUI 16 14,000 SF of

PV

Grasshopper

Net Zero Energy - PV

Scheme II

Scheme 2 - TILTED ROOF ARRAY (15 deg tilt @ Back): ROOF (5 deg West) = 7,258sf = 123,000 kWh/yr

ROOF (15 deg Southeast) = 4,240sf = 73,000 kWh/yr

SOUTHEAST WALL = 750sf = 9,000 kWh/yr

SOUTH WALL = 4,015sf = 50,000 kWh/yr (3,500kWh/yr/row)

255,000 kWh/yr (+9K v. BASE)

Net Zero Energy - PV

Scheme III

Scheme 3 - TILTED ROOF ARRAY (25 deg tilt @ Back): ROOF (5 deg West) = 7,258sf = 123,000 kWh/yr

ROOF (25 deg Southeast) = 4,514sf = 80,000 kWh/yr

SOUTHEAST WALL = 750sf = 9,000 kWh/yr

SOUTH WALL = 4,015sf = 50,000 kWh/yr (3,500kWh/yr/row)

262,000 kWh/yr (+18K v. BASE)

Net Zero Energy – PV

Scheme Ia

Scheme 1a – South Spaced 10.5” (15 deg tilt @ North Roof): Panel Orientation Area Panel # Sanyo 205 SunPower 315 ROOF SOUTH (5 deg West): 6,272sf = (503 panels) 101,500 kWh/yr (110,500 kWh/yr)

ROOF MIDDLE (5 deg West): 611sf = (49 panels) 10,000 kWh/yr

524sf * 70% = 367sf = (42 panels) 7,000 kWh/yr

(Sliding roof section) 1,048sf * 75% = 785sf = (84 panels) 12,000 kWh/yr

ROOF NORTH (5 deg West & 15 deg SE): 4,539sf = (364 panels) 78,500 kWh/yr (85,500 kWh/yr)

SOUTH WALL: 2,918sf = (234 panels) 36,000 kWh/yr

(1276 panels) 245,000 kWh/yr (261,000 kWh/yr)

Number of modules 570

Unit Nom. Power 425 W

Peak System Output 227 kW

Produced Energy 242,000 KWH/yr

Panel Efficiency (STC)

19.7%

System Efficiency ~16%

Sunpower 425

SPR-425E-WHT-D

Building Site

Overview

OFFICE TENANT

Courtesy: Miller Hull

Typical Tenant Floor

Section Looking North

Commercial

Commercial

Office

Office

Office

Office

Commercial

Commercial

Madison St Alley

Courtesy: Miller Hull

Section Looking East

Average Building Energy Use

EPA Target Finder Score of 50 (Median EUI)

98

98

104

98

120

117

117

119

92

93

110 101

124

104

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Average Building Energy Use EPA Target Finder 50 Score Bldg Energy Use

35%

EU

I k

Btu

/sf/

yr

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

PV Production by City

Solar Power Generation at Horizontal

75%

kW

h/

kW

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

“Best” Building Energy Use EPA Target Finder 100 Score Bldg Energy Use

37%

EU

I k

Btu

/sf/

yr

Energy Use & PV Production

National Solar Harvest vs. Median EUI

Seattle

Portland

San Francisco

Los Angeles

Denver

Phoenix

Houston

Atlanta

Chicago

New York Boston

St. Louis

Miami

Minneapolis

85

90

95

100

105

110

115

120

125

950 1050 1150 1250 1350 1450 1550 1650

En

erg

y S

tar M

ed

ian

EU

I

Solar Harvest kWh/kW

Target Finder Score of 100

% of Roof Area to Achieve Net Zero

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

0 50 100 150 200

Roof % Needed for Net Zero

1 Story

2 Story

3 Story

Seattle - 29.2

Portland - 29.3

San Francisco - 27.4

Los Angeles - 27.7

Minneapolis - 37

Phoenix - 32.8

Denver - 31

Houston - 30.1

Atlanta - 29.3

Miami - 31.1

St. Louis - 35.5

Chicago - 35.9

New York - 34.8

Boston - 35

kB

tu/

sf/

year

Bullitt Center Equivalent Buildings

% of Roof Area to Achieve Net Zero

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

50 100 150 200Roof % Needed for Net Zero

3 Story

4 Story

5 Story

6 Story

Seattle - 16

Portland - 16.1

San Francisco - 15

Los Angeles - 15.2

Minneapolis - 20.3

Phoenix - 18

Denver - 17

Houston - 16.5

Atlanta - 16.1

Miami - 17

St. Louis - 19.5

Chicago - 19.7

New York - 19.1

Boston - 19.2

kB

tu/

sf/

year

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0

AverageBuilding

(Energy StarScore = 50)

Seattle EnergyCode Building

LEED PlatinumBuilding (19

Energy Credits)

PV Budget ProposedBuilding

kB

tu/

sf/

year

PV Roof

Domest Hot Water

Elevator

Vent Fans

Pumps & Aux

Space Cooling

Space Heating

Plug Loads

IT Server

Lights

230,000 kWh 229,000 kWh

Net Zero Energy in Seattle

Energy Use + Solar Budget

92

52

32

83

% S

avin

gs

Typical Building Proposed Building

Fans 5%

Net Zero Energy

Energy Consumption

TOTAL

SAVINGS 83%

HEAT 1%

PLUG

LOADS 11%

LIGHTS

3%

DOM. HOT

WATER 1% FANS 1%

LIGHTS

15%

SPACE

HEATING 40%

COOLING

7%

DOMEST.

HOT WATER

1%

PUMPS &

AUX

5%

FANS

10% PLUG

LOADS 19%

COOKING

3%

Proposed Building Energy Use

Building Envelope

Envelope 2012 Seattle Code

Bullitt Center

Roof R-38 R-38

Wall R-19 R-21.4

Glazing

R-2.5

R-4 VT = 0.53

Infiltration 0.40 cfm/sf (New)

.24 cfm/sf

Goals

Envelope + Lighting (watts/sf)

Daylighting

75 watts

75 watts

100 watts

250 watts

20” CFL-LCD 20” CFL-LCD

Reducing Plug Loads 2007

40 watts

40 watts

80 watts

160 watts

22” CFL-LCD 22” CFL-LCD

Reducing Plug Loads

2009

14 watts

14 watts

14 watts

42 watts

22” LED-LCD

Reducing Plug Loads 2013

22” LED-LCD

Reducing Plug Loads 2013

18 watts

18 watts

20 watts total

56 watts

24” LED 24” LED

QTY W/ea HRS / DAY

ENERGY (kWh/Day) Days/yr kWh/yr

Collocated Server

IT Equipment 1 2212 24.00 53 365 19,379

Kitchen

Refrigerator 6.5 200 12 16 365 5,694

Microwave 6.5 1000 1.56 10 252 2,555

Coffee Pot 6.5 1000 3 20 252 4,914

Dishwasher 6.5 500 2 7 252 1,638

Open Office

Laptop Computer 35 40 8 11 252 2,822

PC 112 51 8 46 252 11,515

Thin Client 26 20 8 4 252 1,048

Monitor 286 25 8 57 252 14,414

Personal Misc (per person) 173 15 6.1 16 252 3,989

Conference Room

TV display or projector 15.0 110 8 13 252 3,326

Copy Room

Copier 8.6 1100 3.91 37 252 9,321

Misc. Equipment

Ceiling Fan 31 290 1.5 13 252 3,398

84,016

Product Inventory 2013

BUDGET

Daily kWh 0.3

Annual KWh 84016

Budget 84768

STATUS APPROVED

Hourly natural ventilation analysis

Multi-zone

Single-sided, cross-flow, stack-drive ventilation

Accounts for thermal mass effects

“Operates” building openings based on user inputs

Comfort Analysis

Tool: Bentley Tas

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

2nd

No Cooling

2nd

RadiantCooling

4th South

No Cooling

4th South

RadiantCooling

Nu

mb

er o

f H

ou

rs

>85

84 to 85

83 to 84

82 to 83

81 to 82

80 to 81

79 to 80

78 to 79

77 to 78

76 to 77

75 to 76

Comfortable with Ceiling Fans

Comfortable

Not Comfortable

Bullitt Center Comfort Study

Total Hour Space Temperature Falls in 1°F Bins

Passive Cooling

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

12:0

0 A

M

2:0

0 A

M

4:0

0 A

M

6:0

0 A

M

8:0

0 A

M

10:0

0 A

M

12:0

0 P

M

2:0

0 P

M

4:0

0 P

M

6:0

0 P

M

8:0

0 P

M

10:0

0 P

M

12:0

0 A

M

2:0

0 A

M

4:0

0 A

M

6:0

0 A

M

8:0

0 A

M

10:0

0 A

M

12:0

0 P

M

2:0

0 P

M

4:0

0 P

M

6:0

0 P

M

8:0

0 P

M

10:0

0 P

M

12:0

0 A

M

2:0

0 A

M

4:0

0 A

M

6:0

0 A

M

8:0

0 A

M

10:0

0 A

M

12:0

0 P

M

2:0

0 P

M

4:0

0 P

M

6:0

0 P

M

8:0

0 P

M

10:0

0 P

M

°F

Zone Temperature for South Office Space w/o Mechanical Cooling August 9th-11th (Thurs-Sat)

85˚F

Outside Air

Passive Cooling

50556065707580859095

100105110115

12:0

0 A

M

2:0

0 A

M

4:0

0 A

M

6:0

0 A

M

8:0

0 A

M

10:0

0 A

M

12:0

0 P

M

2:0

0 P

M

4:0

0 P

M

6:0

0 P

M

8:0

0 P

M

10:0

0 P

M

12:0

0 A

M

2:0

0 A

M

4:0

0 A

M

6:0

0 A

M

8:0

0 A

M

10:0

0 A

M

12:0

0 P

M

2:0

0 P

M

4:0

0 P

M

6:0

0 P

M

8:0

0 P

M

10:0

0 P

M

12:0

0 A

M

2:0

0 A

M

4:0

0 A

M

6:0

0 A

M

8:0

0 A

M

10:0

0 A

M

12:0

0 P

M

2:0

0 P

M

4:0

0 P

M

6:0

0 P

M

8:0

0 P

M

10:0

0 P

M

°F

Zone Temperature for South Office Space w/o Mechanical Cooling August 9th-11th (Thurs-Sat)

85˚F

Outside Air

No Operable Windows

Passive Cooling

50556065707580859095

100105110115

12:0

0 A

M

2:0

0 A

M

4:0

0 A

M

6:0

0 A

M

8:0

0 A

M

10:0

0 A

M

12:0

0 P

M

2:0

0 P

M

4:0

0 P

M

6:0

0 P

M

8:0

0 P

M

10:0

0 P

M

12:0

0 A

M

2:0

0 A

M

4:0

0 A

M

6:0

0 A

M

8:0

0 A

M

10:0

0 A

M

12:0

0 P

M

2:0

0 P

M

4:0

0 P

M

6:0

0 P

M

8:0

0 P

M

10:0

0 P

M

12:0

0 A

M

2:0

0 A

M

4:0

0 A

M

6:0

0 A

M

8:0

0 A

M

10:0

0 A

M

12:0

0 P

M

2:0

0 P

M

4:0

0 P

M

6:0

0 P

M

8:0

0 P

M

10:0

0 P

M

°F

Zone Temperature for South Office Space w/o Mechanical Cooling August 9th-11th (Thurs-Sat)

85˚F

Outside Air

No Operable Windows

Manual Windows

Passive Cooling

50556065707580859095

100105110115

12:0

0 A

M

2:0

0 A

M

4:0

0 A

M

6:0

0 A

M

8:0

0 A

M

10:0

0 A

M

12:0

0 P

M

2:0

0 P

M

4:0

0 P

M

6:0

0 P

M

8:0

0 P

M

10:0

0 P

M

12:0

0 A

M

2:0

0 A

M

4:0

0 A

M

6:0

0 A

M

8:0

0 A

M

10:0

0 A

M

12:0

0 P

M

2:0

0 P

M

4:0

0 P

M

6:0

0 P

M

8:0

0 P

M

10:0

0 P

M

12:0

0 A

M

2:0

0 A

M

4:0

0 A

M

6:0

0 A

M

8:0

0 A

M

10:0

0 A

M

12:0

0 P

M

2:0

0 P

M

4:0

0 P

M

6:0

0 P

M

8:0

0 P

M

10:0

0 P

M

°F

Zone Temperature for South Office Space w/o Mechanical Cooling August 9th-11th (Thurs-Sat)

85˚F

Outside Air

No Operable Windows

Actuated Windows w/ Night Flush

Manual Windows

Architect: Miller|Hull

Bullitt Center HVAC System Overview

Radiant Floor

Irresistible Stair

Irresistible Stair

Financial Considerations

Market Rate Lease Rates – Seattle Class A

Class A ($/sf)

Bullitt Center ($/sf)

Triple Net Lease ~$30-40 ~$30

Operating Cost ~$10 ~$8

$265 / SF Does not include PV, water

system, or city infrastructure improvements.

$350 / SF Includes City infrastructure improvements and costs

associated with the PV array.

Financial Considerations

Direct Construction Costs

How’s Bullitt Doing?

Energy production 5% more than predicted

Building energy use 10% less than predicted

Seattle Living Building Pilot Ordinance • 10 foot building height bonus

• Additional height for PV and “rooftop features” (skylights)

• Elimination of on site commercial loading berth

Term Permit • PV over right-of-way

• Greywater infiltration in right-of-way

How Public Policy Can Help

Living Building Challenge

Beyond Net Zero Rocky Mountain Institute Headquarters

Building EUI

z

Snow Loss

Transportation

Beyond Net Zero In the Rocky Mountains

1 Parking Space 9x18’

PV Production 1.6 kW

EV Travel 30 miles/day

= =

Conclusion

Paul Schwer, PE, LEED AP Paul.Schwer@pae-engineers.com

Scott Bevan, PE, LEED AP Scott.Beven@pae-engineers.com

Jonathan Rowe jonathan.rowe@autodesk.com

Brad Jacobsen B.Jacobson@ehdd.com

Bike Rack

What’s Next

pizeoelectrics

biophilia

buildings that give back

ho

w d

o y

ou

mea

sure

h

ealt

h?

gaming to reduce energy

modular construction / fabrication

food waste to energy

phytoremediation

Gaming to Reduce Energy

PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS

Phase Changing Materials

US Photovoltaic Solar Resource

Electricity Price by Region

14 watts

14 watts

32 watts

60 watts

22” LED-LCD 22” LED-LCD

Reducing Plug Loads

2010

First Cost Trend

Average Price of PV

Source:Barbose, Galen L, Darghouth, Naïm, Weaver, Samantha, and Wiser, Ryan H. Tracking the Sun VI: An Historical Summary of the Installed Price of Photovoltaics in the United States from 1998 to 2012. Berkeley, 2013.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

1998 2003 2008 2013 2018 2023 2028 2033 2038 2043 2048

US

$/

W

First Cost Trend Average Price of PV