ghsgt prep table of content

GHSGT PREPTable of Content

Tab 1: World Studies…………………..Tab 2: U.S. History to 1865…………….Tab 3: U.S. History since 1865…………Tab 4: Civic/Citizenship………………..Tab 5: Map and Globe Skills…………...Tab 6: Information Processing Skills…..

World Studies

World StudiesThe World Studies portion of the GHSGT will test your knowledge over various people and events in World History.

Part I: World StudiesThis portion of the World Studies review presentation is a brief overview of Ancient Civilizations through the Enlightenment (1700s).

AZTEC INDIANSThey were a Mesoamerican Indian culture.-devastated by Cortez and the Spanish in the 1520’s.

INCA INDIANSThey were a South American Indian culture in Peru.-devastated by Pizarro and the Spanish in the 1530’s.

RENAISSANCEThe word, “Renaissance” means, “Rebirth.”The Renaissance was a rebirth of the classics of ancient Greece & Rome.It began in Italy in the 14th c. (1300s).

SPAIN-country that sponsored Christopher Columbus’ voyage in 1492. Ferdinand & Isabella were monarchs. “In fourteen hundred and ninety two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue.”

JOHANN GUTENBERGHe introduced movable type (the printing press) to Europe in the 15th Century (1455). This was a faster & less expensive way to copy books.First full-sized book printed> Holy Bible

PROTESTANT REFORMATION- begun by Martin Luther in 1517- attacked the beliefs of the Catholic Church.- resulted in a split in the Catholic Church (Catholics & Protestants)

GLORIOUS REVOLUTIONThis was the overthrow of James II of England in 1688, which gave Parliament control of the government-called “Glorious” because there was no bloodshed.William & Mary take over the throne.

ENLIGHTENMENTThis was an 18th c. (1700’s) intellectual movement Began in France.Enlightenment thinkers, called “philosophes” questioned accepted ways of thinking.

Part II: World Studies

This portion of the World Studies review presentation is a brief overview of the Revolutionary Period (1700s) through the Post WWII period (1900s).

THE AMERICAN REVOLUTIONThis was the first successful colonial independence movement against a European power (England), 1775-1783.Great Britain vs. American colonies

THE FRENCH REVOLUTIONThis was a revolution in France from 1789-1800 that was inspired by the American Revolution.A bloody revolution where 1000s died on the guillotine.

NAPOLEON BONAPARTEHe was a military leader who took control of France in 1800, establishing an empire over the next two decades.He was finally defeated at Waterloo, Belgium.

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONThis was a series of economic and mechanical changes beginning in Great Britain in the 1700s and spreading to the rest of the world in the 18th to 20th centuries.

KARL MARXThis was a German socialist best known for writing “The Communist Manifesto” in 1848. He is known as the father of Communism.

OTTOMAN EMPIREThis Islamic empire was finally dismantled after World War I (became Turkey). Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire were the losers in WW I.

GERMANYThis is the country that started WWII in Europe in 1939 with its invasion of Poland.Symbol of the Nazi Party was the “swastika.”

ADOLPH HITLERThis was the totalitarian leader of Nazi Germany during World War II.History blames him for the Holocaust!

BENITO MUSSOLINIHe was a leader of Italy during World War II and ally to Adolph Hitler. He created the first fascist state through the use of terror and propaganda.“Il Duce”

JAPANThis was the last of the Axis Powers (Germany, Italy, and Japan) to surrender in WWII. It was the target of atomic warfare in 1945 (Hiroshima and Nagasaki).

GANDHIThis was the leader of the Indian independence movement in the mid-20th century. known for his nonviolent protests. Martin Luther King, Jr. studied his work.

MAO ZEDONGThis was the leader of the 20th century Communist revolution in China.

COLD WAR- name given to the relations between the U.S. and the Soviet Union following WWII (second half of the 20th century)Resulted in the buildup of nuclear weapons.

NATO-an international organization created by the U.S. and its allies in 1949 to prevent attacks by the Soviet Union. North Atlantic Treaty Organization.

UNITED NATIONS-an international organization created following WWII to provide a way to negotiate disputes. The point was to make countries talk before fighting.

APARTHEIDThis was a name given to the racial discrimination policies in South Africa through most of the 20th century (1900’s).

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U.S. History to 1865

Aztecs They were a Mesoamerican Indian culture that was devastated by Cortez and the Spanish in the 1520s.

INCA INDIANSThey were a South American Indian culture that was devastated by Pizarro and the Spanish in the 1530’s.

Conquistadores

These are Spanish explorers who conquered native American cultures.

EncomiendaThis was the system by which the Spanish government rewardedits governors in the Americas with title to land and permission to enslave any natives living on that land.

St. AugustineThis was the oldest continually occupied European settlement in North America. It was founded on August 28, 1565, by the Spanish.

Columbian ExchangeThis was the enormously widespread transfer of agricultural goods between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres that occurred after 1492.

Jamestown

This was the first permanent English colony in the New World.

John Smith

He was an English soldier and sailor, who is now remembered for helping to establish Jamestown, the first permanent English colony in North America.

Headright System

This was the system sponsored by English colonies to grant land to the person who purchases passage to the colony from Europe.

House of Burgesses

This was the first representative government in North America located in Virginia.

Indentured servants

In U.S. History, this is the name for people who were forced into labor for a certain period of time in return for their paid passage to North America.

Mayflower Compact

This was the first governing document of Plymouth Colony, signed by the Pilgrims in November of 1620.

Benjamin FranklinThis was a printer, scientist and inventor who helped write both the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution.

Great Awakening

This was a religious revival that promised the grace of God to all who could experience a desire for it.

French And Indian War

Battles between France and England in the new world resulting in the loss of all French possessions.

Samuel Adams

This was an American revolutionary who led the Boston Tea Party.

Sons of LibertyThis group of Patriots was formed in 1765 and urged colonial resistance to the Stamp Act using any means available… even violence.

Paul Revere

This was an American silversmith who warned of the advance of the British on Lexington and Concord.

Boston Tea PartyThis was a political protest by Boston, Massachusetts residents against the British parliament partly in response to the 1765 stamp act.

Mercantilism

This was the economic philosophy that control of imports was the key to enhancing the health of a nation and that Colonies existed to serve the home country as a source of raw materials and a market for manufactured goods.

LEXINGTON AND CONCORDBattles where first shots of the American Revolution were fired

Second Continental CongressConvened in May of 1775Drafted Olive Branch Petition to avoid war with BritainEventually declared independence over a year later

Valley ForgeSite of the headquarters of the Continental Army under George Washington during the American RevolutionSymbol of sacrifice

SaratogaThis battle marked the turning point in the American Revolution because the French entered the war on the side of the colonies

Treaty of Paris of 1783This document formally ended the American RevolutionBritain was forced to recognize American independence

Articles of ConfederationFirst constitution of the United States

Established first government

Created in 1777

Northwest OrdinanceMajor accomplishment of federal government under Articles of ConfederationProvided a way to add more states to the union

John LockeBritish philosopher who came up with idea of social contractGovernment’s only purpose was to protect man’s natural rights

Shays’ RebellionUprising of farmers in Massachusetts in 1786Feared losing land due to taxesShowed the weakness of the federal government

Philadelphia ConventionMeeting called in 1787 to AMEND the Articles of Confederation

Instead WROTE our present constitution

James MadisonAuthor of the Virginia Plan at the constitutional conventionKnown as “Father of Constitution” because of his journals

republicForm of government run by elected leadersChosen as plan for United States government at constitutional convention

Great CompromiseAt the constitutional convention in 1787, this deal used parts of Virginia Plan and New Jersey PlanCreated bicameral Congress with one house based on population and one on an equal number from each state

Bill of RightsFirst ten amendments to the constitutionWritten to protect individual against the federal government

Abigail AdamsBefore she became the 2nd “First Lady” of the United States, she urged her husband to “remember the ladies” and consider the needs and rights of women as well as men when forming the new nation.

Federalist PapersWritten by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John JayPurpose was to persuade people of New York to ratify the constitution

Alexander Hamilton“Founding Father”Author of Federalist PapersFirst secretary of treasury and architect of our first fiscal planKilled in duel with Aaron Burr

Protective tariffTax on imported goodsDesigned to prevent domestic companies from having to compete with foreign goods of lower price

Excise taxTax added to certain items to raise moneyEstablished by Alexander Hamilton Excise tax on whiskey led to Whiskey Rebellion

XYZ AffairUnder John Adams, French demanded American ambassadors pay “tribute” to see French diplomatsAlmost led to war with France

Alien and Sedition Actspassed under John Adams, these laws were supposed to suppress opposition to the governmentSerious violation of principles of free speech spelled out in first amendment of Bill of Rights

Marbury v. MadisonThis was the first decision of the Supreme Court of the United States to declare an act of Congress unconstitutional, thus establishing the doctrine of judicial review.

John MarshallThis was the “great Chief Justice,” he presided over the case of Marbury v. Madison and was remembered as the principal English colony in North America.

Louisiana Purchase

1803, American acquisition from France of the formerly Spanish region of Louisiana .This was a territory in the western U.S. bought from France for $15 million.

Lewis & Clark

In 1803,, the U.S. purchased the Louisiana Territory from France. This was a huge tract of over 800,000 square miles, taking in nearly the entire mid-section of North America from present-day Texas and Louisiana up to Montana and North Dakota. This almost doubled the size of the new country.

Sacagawea A near-legendary figure in the history of the American West for her indispensible role on the Lewis and Clark Expedition, Sacagawea has become an enigma for historians seeking to trace her later life.She was the daughter of a Shoshone chief.

ImpressmentsThis was the practice of the British Navy to stop U.S. ships on the open ocean and force crewmen into British naval service.

New OrleansThis was a Battle during the War of 1812 fought after it ended, this paved the way for Andrew Jackson to presidency.

Era of Good Feelings 1815–25) Period of U.S. national unity and complacency. A Boston newspaper coined the term in 1817 to describe a nation free from the influence of European political and military events.

Monroe Doctrine

The Monroe Doctrine is a U.S. doctrine which, on December 2, 1823, proclaimed that European powers should no longer colonize or interfere with the affairs of the nations of the Americas

Spoils System The spoils system involves political activity by public employees in support of their party and the employees' removal from office if their party loses the election.

SuffrageThis is the right to vote.

National RoadIt was known by several names: the National Road, the Cumberland Road and the National Pike. It was the first federally sponsored highway and was quite a feat for its day. In Europe there had been. Construction on this began in 1811 and was the first federally funded turnpike in the U.S.

Nullification

Nullification is a constitutional theory that gives an individual state the right to declare null and void any law passed by the United States Congress which the state deems unacceptable and unconstitutional.

Indian Removal Act This granted tribes unsettled western prairie land in exchange for their territories within state borders, mainly in the Southeast.

Trail Of TearsThis was the forced migration of the Cherokee Indians to Oklahoma in 1838-39.

TranscendentalismAmerican transcendentalism was an important movement in philosophy and literature that flourished during the early to middle years of the nineteenth century (about 1836-1860). 

Mormon Trail

This was a 1200 mile route from Illinois to Salt Lake City Utah.

DOROTHEA DIX

This was a U.S. social reformer on behalf of the mentally ill.

Susan B. Anthony This was a Women’s suffrage pioneer who also urged for emancipation.

Elizabeth Cady StantonThis was a U.S. social reformer and women’s suffrage leader.

Seneca Falls DeclarationThis was crafted during a rally for women’s rights in upstate New York in 1848, and asserted that women deserved the same rights as men, rights which were guaranteed in both the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution.

Missouri Compromise– This was a

congressional agreement of 1820 which included the admission of one free and one slave state to maintain the balance of free and slave states in the Union.

Nat TurnerHe attempted to lead a slave revolt in Virginia in 1838, and though it was unsuccessful (he was executed for his violence), his actions represented a change in tone in the abolition movement

AbolitionistsPeople who fought for emancipation of the slaves and to end the slave trade.

William Lloyd GarrisonThis was a U.S. Journalist who founded the radical newspaper The Liberator, and fought to abolish slavery.

Frederick DouglassThis was a U.S. abolitionist who founded the North Star.

Underground RailroadThis was a system of secret “safe-houses” and hiding places to aid runaway slaves escape.

Harriet Beecher StoweThis was a U.S. philanthropist who wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin.

Compromise of 1850This was an agreement that California would be admitted to the Union, the slave trade in the District of Columbia would be restricted, and the Fugitive Slave Law would be enforced.

Kansas-Nebraska ActIn 1854 Stephen A. Douglas introduced this to the Senate, to allow states to enter the Union with or without slavery.

Dred Scott DecisionThis was a 1857 Supreme Court decision that a slave, because he was not a citizen, could not sue for his freedom..

Border StatesThese were slave states which did not secede from the Union prior to the US Civil War.

Emancipation ProclamationAbraham Lincoln’s order that all slaves who were located in seceded states were to be freed.

Jefferson DavisThis politician from Mississippi was once Secretary of War for President Franklin Pierce, thought he is more known for being the first and only President of the Confederate States of America.

Sherman’s March to the SeaThis was a military campaign embarked upon by the United States Army in late 1864 which destroyed property along a wide swath south from Atlanta to the Atlantic Ocean in order to punish the Confederates for starting the war.

Ulysses S. GrantThis Union General made a name for himself at the siege at Vicksburg, though he later defeated Robert E. Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia to end the Civil War.He would later be the 18th President of the United States (1869–1877).

Andrew Johnson17th president of the U.S., clashed with Radical Republicans over Reconstruction programs; was impeached, then acquitted in 1868 by one vote.

Black CodesSpecial laws passed by southern state governments immediately after the Civil War. They were designed to control former slaves, and to subvert the intent of the Thirteenth Amendment.

Poll TaxA special fee a person must pay in order to vote. Used in the Post-Reconstruction South to deny the right to vote to the newly freed slaves.

Jim Crow LawsLaws designed to separate blacks and whites which were degrading to African Americans.

Ku Klux KlanA “secret society” pledged to defend the “social and political superiority of the white race against aggressions of an inferior race.”

CarpetbaggersAn insulting nickname for a Northern Republican who moved to the South after the Civil War. The name references their inexpensive luggage.

ScalawagsNative white Southern politicians who joined the Republican party after the war and advocated the acceptance of and compliance with congressional Reconstruction.

U.S. History since 1865

Thomas EdisonKnown as the “Wizard of Menlo Park,” he is famous for his hundred of inventions, including the incandescent light bulb, phonograph, the Dictaphone, and hundreds of others.

John D. RockefellerThe New York industrialist who made hundreds of millions of dollars in the 19th century with this Standard Oil Company and pioneered the corporate strategy of vertical integration.

Andrew CarnegieThis Scottish-born American industrialist made his fortune in the steel industry.He also was known for giving away millions of dollars to charities at the end of the 19th century.

Gospel of WealthThis was the hypothesis that wealth was the great end and aim of man, the one thing needful.

MonopolyThis is a when one company controls the market for a certain product, there is no competition.

AntitrustThese are laws and regulations designed to protect trade and commerce from unfair business practices.Sherman Antitrust Act

Robber BaronsAmerican capitalists of the latter part of the 19th century who became wealthy through exploitation (as of natural resources, governmental influence, or low wage scales).Rockefeller, Carnegie

Social DarwinismThis was the theory that people are subject to natural selection and wealth was a sign of superiority.

Laissez-FaireFrench term that means “allow to do”, the philosophy that government should stay out of the market and let business forces control the economy.

NativismIn the late 19th century, this political and social movement swept through the United States, its followers believing that all people who were not born in the U.S. and were of European heritage should be banned from the country.

Chinese Exclusion ActThis law, passed in 1882, forbade any laborers from China to enter the United States for 10 years. It was meant to protect U.S. jobs in the expanding West, but its racial overtones were symptoms of larger problems.

UrbanizationThis is a rise in a society's city population.

Jane AddamsShe was a founder of Hull House, a settlement house that helped immigrants of the late 19th century become acclimated to life in the United States, and was a pioneer in the field of social work.

Horatio AlgerThis was a United States author of inspirational adventure stories for boys; virtue and hard work overcome poverty.

Compromise of 1877This was the solution to the contested Presidential election of 1876 and furthermore brought an end to the period of Reconstruction following the Civil War.

Booker T. WashingtonThis was a U.S. educator and reformer. He became perhaps the most prominent African American leader of his time.

Atlanta CompromiseThis classic statement on race relations by Booker T. Washington made in 1895 at the Atlanta Exposition asserted that vocational education coupled with economic security was more valuable than social equality or political office.

Plessy v. FergusonThis was a U.S. Supreme Court decision that established the legality of racial segregation so long as facilities were “separate but equal.”

Manifest DestinyThe argument that God had ordained that United States was destined to expand across the entire continent of North America.

Gold RushThe most important event to attract settlers west was the discovery of gold at Sutter’s Mill, California in 1849.

Oregon TrailOverland trail linking Independence, Missouri and Oregon which was used by many pioneers during the 1840’s.

Homestead ActLegislation passed in 1862 allowing any citizen or applicant for citizenship over 21 years old and head of a family to acquire 160 acres of public land by living on it and cultivating it for five years

Buffalo SoldiersThis is the nickname given to black soldiers with the U.S. Cavalry who helped to spread the U.S. westward in the decades following the Civil War.

George CusterU.S. Cavalry General whose unwise and reckless conduct got him and over 200 soldier of the Seventh Cavalry killed at the Battle of Little Big Horn

Ghost DanceA Native American movement in the 1890s that believed a ritualistic ceremony would result in the reanimation of Indian dead and the defeat of the white invaders into the West

GrangersThis was a group of American farmers who united in the late 19th century to lobby Congress to pass laws protecting them from unfair business practices of large industry.

U.S. History since 1865

Populist

 This was the movement that advocated state control of railroads and currency expansion.

Open Door Policy

 This is a U.S. foreign policy that all countries should have equal access with China

Spanish American War

 This was a conflict in which the U.S. gained many island territories, especially Puerto Rico and the Philippines.

Yellow JournalismThis use of sensationalized news in newspaper publishing to attract readers, increase circulation and profits was instrumental in the entry of the United States into the Spanish American War.

Rough Riders

 This was a regiment in the Spanish-American War organized and led by Theodore Roosevelt that included cowboys, miners, policemen, and college athletes.

Theodore Roosevelt

 This was a 26th President of the United States; hero of the Spanish-American War; Panama canal was built during his administration; said `Speak softly but carry a big stick` (1858-1919). He was considered by many to be the nation's first conservation President.

Roosevelt Corollary

 This policy reasserted the U.S. position as protector of the Western Hemisphere.

Panama Canal

 This connects the Atlantic and Pacific oceans through Central America.

Dollar Diplomacy

 These are international relations influenced by economic considerations.

Muckrakers

 This group of authors and journalists wrote of horrible working conditions in American industry in the early 20th century, resulting in more governmental protection of workers.

Progressive Movement

 This was a political reform movement in the late 19th and early 20th centuries to protect working class citizens.

Square Deal  This was a Roosevelt's plans to help safeguard the rights of workers.

Conservation Movement

 This was an American invention of John Audubon and others who wished to protect natural habitat from man in the 19th century. They lobbied consistently for parks and human exclusion from the wild.

Woodrow Wilson

 28th President of the United States; led the United States in World War I and secured the formation of the League of Nations (1856-1924).

New Freedom

 This was Woodrow Wilson's plan to break up monopolies and regulate business.

Federal Reserve

 This is the central banking authority in the United States, which supervises commercial banks by monitoring accounts and controlling interest rates.

Sixteenth Amendment

 This amendment made personal income tax permanent..

Income Tax

 This is a tax levied on net personal or business income.

Seventeenth Amendment

 This amendment provided for the direct election of U.S. senators.

Nineteenth Amendment

 This amendment gave women the right to vote.

Women’s Suffrage

 This was a movement to give females the right to vote.

Isolationism

 This is a policy of nonparticipation in international affairs.

Lusitania

 The sinking of this ship brought the U.S. into WWI.

Zimmerman Note

 Germany sent this to Mexico instructing an ambassador to convince Mexico to go to war with the U.S.

Interventionism  This is a policy of advocating participation in foreign countries affairs.

Treaty of VersaillesThis was an international agreement signed in 1919 that ended WWI. Because of the proposal of the League of Nations, the United States Senate never ratified the treaty.

Eighteenth AmendmentAmendment prohibiting the sale and manufacture of alcohol21st amendment repealed this amendment

ProhibitionOutlawing the sale and manufacture of alcoholWritten into the constitution as the 18th amendmentEnded by passage of 21st amendment

GangsterismBrought about by the passage of the 18th amendmentOrganized crime led by rival gangsAl Capone was the most famous gangster of the period

Red ScarePeriod following World War I characterized by widespread fear of communist takeover of the United StatesA second Red Scare occurred after World War II

Sacco and VanzettiOccurred in 1920’s during height of Red ScareTwo Italian immigrants were found guilty of murder Victims of social and political prejudice

FlappersNickname given to women in the 1920’s who wore short dresses, short hair and partied like menThrew off traditions of how women should behave

Scopes TrialFamous case of 1920’sCame about because of teaching of evolutionShowed tension between traditionalists and modernists

Charles LindberghFirst man to fly solo non-stop across the AtlanticFlight occurred in 1927 in plane named “The Spirit of St. Louis”Became great hero

Harlem RenaissancePeriod of artistic activity in New York’s Harlem districtLangston Hughes, Louis Armstrong and others gained national attention

SpeculationMaking high risk investments in the hope of achieving great gainsMany people speculated by buying stock in the 1920’s

Babe RuthKnown as the “Sultan of Swat”Played for New York YankeesHeld home run record until 1974Restored popularity to baseball after scandal of World Series of 1919

Great DepressionPeriod of economic crisis lasting from 1929-1939Worldwide in scopeCaused mainly by overproduction of the 1920’s

Dust BowlTerm given to area of Great Plains most affected by Great Drought of 1930’sMany farmers of the area were forced to move to California, as described in The Grapes of Wrath

Bonus ArmyGroup of veterans marched on Washington, D.C. in 1932 demanding bonuses for fighting in World War IHoover sent in troops, making him seem very unsympathetic

New DealProgram for reviving the economy during the Great DepressionBegun by Franklin RooseveltMade up of the three r’s – relief, recovery, reform

WPACreated as part of the New Deal to stimulate the economyProvided useful jobs for unemployed people to preserve their self-respect

Social SecurityThis federal program which was part of FDR’s New Deal was passed in 1935 and gave income support to people who are unemployed, disabled, or over the age of 65.

TVACreated by Congress as one of the major public works projects of the New DealBuilt a system of dams for hydroelectricity in the south

TotalitarianismA centralized government that does not allow opposing political opinionsHas “total” control over lives of citizensRise of totalitarianism led to World War II

Adolf HitlerTotalitarian leader of Germany during World War IIHis invasion of Poland in 1939 began World War IIAllied with Italy and Japan to form Axis nations

HolocaustAct of genocide carried out by the German government against the Jews under HitlerMillions were tortured and killed

BlitzkriegRapid attack method used by Germans in World War IIUsing this tactic, Hitler was able to take over many countries very quickly

Winston ChurchillBritish prime minister during World War IIAlong with Franklin Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin, made up the Allied leaders

Pearl HarborU.S. naval base in HawaiiAttacked by Japan unexpectedly on December 7, 1941Caused U.S. to declare war on Japan

Allied Powers in World War IINations united in the fight against Germany, Italy, and Japan in World War IIMajor Allied Powers were Britain, the Soviet Union, and the U.S.

Axis PowersAlliance of nations that fought against the Allied Powers in World War IIMade up of Germany, Italy, and Japan

Normandy Invasion Operation Overlord, the Allied invasion of western Europe that began on June 6, 1944

Nüremburg War Trials Nazi World War II criminals were tried during these before an international tribunal

United Nations

This is an international organization created following World War II to provide a way to negotiate disputes.

Marshall Plan

Following World War II, this called for giving away billions of dollars in aid to help rebuild war-torn Europe, with the purpose of creating a viable trading partner and post-war allies.

Cold War

This was a name given to the relations between the U.S. & the Soviet Union in the second half of the 20th century which saw the buildup of nuclear arms.

Berlin Airlift

This was a delivery of supplies in a German city to circumvent the Soviet blockade

Truman Doctrine This said that the United States would aid any nation in resisting the growing threat of communism and became the guiding force of American foreign policy during the Cold War.

NATO

This is an international organization created by the U.S. and its allies in 1949 to prevent attacks by the Soviet Union. ( North Atlantic Treaty Organisation).

Warsaw Pact

This was a military alliance between the Soviet Union and the countries of Eastern Europe

McCarthyism This was unscrupulously accusing people of disloyalty to the United States (as by saying they were Communists, usually with sketchy or no evidence).

Korean War

This was a national conflict in an Asian country aided by Russia in the North and the U.S. in the South (1950-1953).

Douglas MacArthur This was a United States general who served as chief of staff and commanded Allied forces in the South Pacific during World War II; he accepted the surrender of Japan (1880-1964).

Dwight Eisenhower This was a United States general who supervised the invasion of Normandy and the defeat of Nazi Germany; 34th President of the United States (1890-1961).

Brown v. Board of Education This Supreme Court case, decided in 1954, declared that the segregation doctrine of “separate but equal,” was not Constitutional when applied to the public school system.

NAACP This is the oldest and largest U.S. civil rights organization. Members of this have referred to it as The National Association. The letters stands for National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.

Letter from a Birmingham JailThis document was written by Martin Luther King while incarcerated and laid out the rationale for his peaceful civil right’s campaign.

John F. Kennedy The 35th President of the United States, he was known for authorizing the failed “Bay of Pigs” invasion, successfully leading the country during the “Cuban Missile Crisis,” and for being assassinated while in Dallas, Texas, in November of 1963.

Civil Rights Act of 1964 Signed into law by President Johnson, this bill protected African Americans and women from job discrimination and any discrimination in public places.

Great Society

This is the name given to President Lyndon B. Johnson’s domestic programs, among them VISTA, Job Corps, Head Start, the “War on Poverty,” and the Medicare and Medicaid programs.

Malcolm X

Often associated with confrontational Civil Rights protest, he was a leader in the Nation of Islam in the United States, an early advocate of “Black Power,” but became a more moderate voice in the Civil Rights movement before his assassination in 1965

Feminist Movement

This is the movement aimed at equal rights for women.

Environmentalism This is an advocacy for or work toward protecting nature from destruction or pollution.

Pacifists These are people opposed to violence to attain end goals.

NAFTA agreement signed in 1993 to reduce tariffs between the United States, Canada, and Mexico

sun belt This is the term given to states in the southern and warmer parts of the country that saw a tremendous increase in population and industry in the years following World War II.

Civic/CitizenshipThe following terms cover the basics of the structure and function of government, the role of the citizen, legal rights and responsibilities, and Constitutional amendments.

SOVEREIGNTYThis is the absolute power of a government within its own territory.

FEDERALISMThis system of government has powers divided between the central government and regional governments, with central government being supreme.

CENTRAL GOVERNMENT

STATE GOVERNMENTS

LOCAL GOVERNMENTS

LIMITED GOVERNMENTThis is a ruling body that is not all powerful, but is restricted in what it may do by certain rights guaranteed to the people which may not be abolished or taken away from the people.

CHECKS AND BALANCESThis is the system of overlapping powers among legislative, executive, and judicial branches to allow each branch to oversee the actions of the others.The presidents veto power is an example of checks and balances.

POPULAR SOVEREIGNTYThis is the belief that the ultimate power of the government rests on the will of the people themselves.

SEPARATION OF POWERSThis is the policy that the law making, executive, and judicial powers be held by different groups and people.

JUDICIAL EXECUTIVE

LEGISLATIVE

GOVERNMENT

DUE PROCESSThis is a policy that the government’s actions towards its citizens must follow established rules and procedures.

DIRECT DEMOCRACYThis is a system of government in which the people participate directly in making all public policy.

REPUBLICThis is a form of government run by elected officials.

ELECTEDOFFICIALSRUN THE

GOVERNMENT

PEOPLEDECIDE

IF THEY LIKETHE WAY THINGSARE BEING RUN

PEOPLE ELECT

OFFICIALS

EXCLUSIVE POWERSThese are powers that can only be executed by the federal government.

DELEGATED POWERSPowers specifically given to the government by the Constitution. They are also called the Enumerated Powers.

CONCURRENT POWERSPowers that are held by both the federal and state governments.

STATE GOVERNMENTFEDERAL GOVERNMENT

RESERVED POWERSThese are powers that are held for the states to execute, not for the federal government.

ELASTIC CLAUSEThis is a statement in the Constitution granting Congress the power to pass all laws necessary and proper for carrying out the enumerated list of powers.

POLICE POWERSThese are powers of a government to promote safety, public health, and welfare of its citizens.

IMPLIED POWERSPowers that are not expressed but that the government may be inferred to have from another power.

BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENTLegislative – makes lawsExecutive – carries out or executes the lawsJudicial – interprets what the law means

EXECUTIVE

JUDICIAL

LEGISLATIVE

JURISDICTIONThis is the authority of a court to hear a case. APPELLATE

CONCURRENT

ORIGINAL

JUDICIAL REVIEWThis is the power of a court to review a law or an official act of a government employee or agent for constitutionality or for the violation of basic principles of justice.

ELECTIONSPrimary election-an election in which the political parties choose their candidates to run for office.General election-this is an election in which the people choose from among the candidates nominated by the various political parties.

RECALLThis is the process the people use to remove an elected official from office.

POLL TAXThis payment was meant to keep certain groups of people (mainly former slaves and African-Americans) from being allowed to vote.

LOBBYINGThese are actions of an interest group or agents to influence the policy of the government.

ALIENThis is a person who is not a citizen of the state or country in which they reside.

NATURALIZATIONThis is the process by which one becomes a citizen of a country if that person was not born in that country or their parents were not citizens of that country.

AMENDMENT PROCESSThis is a method by which the Constitution may be changed or added to.17th Direct Election of Senators18th Prohibition of Alcohol19th Women’s Voting Rights

AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION

FirstFreedom of speech, assembly, religion, the press and to petition the government SecondThe right to bear arms ThirdNo quartering of troops in homes except in time of war FourthNo search without a warrant FifthDue process and protection of property

SixthTrial by jury SeventhJury trial in civil cases EighthNo cruel and unusual punishment NinthRights not specifically mentioned in the constitution should not be assumed not to exist TenthRights of the states

BILL OF RIGHTS

AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION11thSovereign immunity 12thElectoral college reform 13thSlavery abolished 14thEqual protection under law and due process of law 15thRight to vote shall not be abridged because of color or previous servitude

16thIncome Tax 17thElection of senators 18thProhibition 19thWomen's suffrage 20thTerms of office for president and Congress

Map and Globe Skills

GEOGRAPHYThis is the study of the earth, the people on it, and the relationships between them

ABSOLUTE LOCATIONThis is the exact location of a place on the earth’s surface. It is given in terms of latitude and longitude.

GRIDThis is a pattern of regular sections identified by numbers and letters to help locate objects on a map.

LATITUDE or PARALLELThese are lines on a map that tell distance north or south of the Equator. They are horizontal on most maps and globes

EQUATORThis is zero degrees latitude and separates the Earth into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.

NORTH POLEThis is 90 degrees North latitude.

LONGITUDE OR MERIDIANThese are lines on a map or globe that tell distance east or west of the prime meridian.

PRIME MERIDIANThis is zero degrees longitude.

HEMISPHEREThis is one half of the earth.

GLOBEThis is the most accurate model of the earth.

PROJECTIONThis is a technique of showing the round earth on a flat piece of paper.

PHYSICAL MAPThis is a type of map that shows things like rivers, mountains, relief and elevation.

POLITICAL MAPThis is a type of map which shows man-made features like cities and national boundaries.

POPULATION DENSITY MAPThis is a type of map which shows the average number of people living in a certain area.

CONTOUR MAPThis is a kind of map that uses lines connecting areas of equal elevation.

RELIEFThis is the difference between the highest and lowest points of land in an area.

ELEVATIONThis is the height above or below elevation.

SEA LEVELThis is the base height used for measuring elevation.

CARDINAL DIRECTIONS/COMPASS ROSE

This is North, South, East, and West.A compass rose is a map tool indicating the four cardinal directions

LEGENDThis is the map tool that explains the meaning of the map’s symbols.

SCALEThis indicates the relationship between distance on a map and the actual distance on Earth.

CONTINENTSThese are the seven large land masses on the Earth.

ISTHMUSThis is a narrow strip of land connecting two larger masses of land.

ARCHIPELAGOThis is a string of islands.

BAYThis is a body of water partially enclosed by land but with a wide mouth, affording access to the sea.

GULFThis is a large area of a sea or ocean partially enclosed by land, especially a long landlocked portion of sea opening through a strait.

CANALThis is an artificial waterway or artificially improved river used for travel, shipping or irrigation.

STRAITThis is a narrow channel joining two larger bodies of water.

CLIMATEThese are the general weather conditions of an area over a long period of time.

TEMPERATE ZONEThis is the part of the earth which lies between either tropic and the corresponding polar circle.

TROPICSThis is either of two parallels of latitude on the earth, one is 23 ½ degrees north of the equator and the other is 23 ½ degrees south of the equator. They are called the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn.

DESERTThis is a dry, often sandy region of little rainfall, extreme temperatures, and sparse vegetation.

ARIDThis is a climate that has insufficient rainfall to support trees or woody plants.

DYNASTYThis is a ruling family whose members govern one after another over a long period of time.

EMPIREThis is a group of countries under a single authority.

REGIONThis is an area with common characteristics on a globe or map.

TIME ZONESThis is any of the 24 regions of the globe throughout which the same standard time is used.

Information Processing SkillsThis portion of the GHSGT will require you to perform the following skills:

1. IDENTIFY THE MAIN IDEA2. LOCATE INFORMATION3. DISTINGUISH BETWEEN FACT AND FICTION4. INTERPRET GRAPHIC AIDS5. COMPUTE THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TIME ZONES6. DISTINGUISH BETWEEN PRIMARY AND SECONDARY

SOURCES7. ANALYZE VIEWPOINTS8. IDENTIFY CAUSE AND EFFECT RELATIONSHIPSKnowledge of the following terms will help you perform

these skills.

VIRGINIA STATUTE OF RELIGIOUS FREEDOM

This was written by Thomas Jefferson in 1786. It guarantees the freedom of religion. Freedom of religion is one of the basic freedoms found in the 1st amendment to the Constitution.

KING’S LETTER FROM A BIRMINGHAM JAIL

This was written in 1963 to defend the author’s peaceful civil rights campaign. Remember that Dr. King was influenced by Gandhi.

ARTIFACTThis is any object manufactured, used or modified by humans.

AUTHENTICITYThis is the ability to ensure that the given information was in fact produced by the entity whose name it carries and that it was not forged or modified.

BIASThis is the interpretation of historical events with opinion.

CREDIBILITYThis is the quality of being plausible, believable, dependable, or worthy of confidence.

DIARYThis is a daily written record of (usually personal) experiences and observations.

FLOW CHARTThis is the graphical representation of a sequence of operations using symbols to represent the operations.

HISTORICAL DATAThese are any items that provide information from past events.

JOURNALThis is a ledger in which transactions or events have been recorded as they occurred.

LETTERThis is a written message addressed to a person or organization.

PARALLEL TIMELINESThese are two or more timelines used to compare developments in different areas in the same time frame.

PRIMARY SOURCEThese are original manuscripts, records, or documents produced at the time an event occurred.

SECONDARY SOURCEThese are works that are not original manuscripts or contemporary records, but they do critique, comment on, or build upon primary sources.

TIMELINESThis is a visualization of a sequence of events showing their chronological relationship.