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By Kerry Nock
Global Aerospace Corporationhttp://www.gaerospace.com/
8 February 2001
GLOBAL CONSTELLATIONS OFSTRATOSPHERIC SCIENTIFIC
PLATFORMS
GlobalAerospace
Corporation
Global Stratospheric Balloon Constellations
Global Aerospace Corporation 2 KTN - February 2001
GlobalAerospace
Corporation
TOPICS
Concept SummaryPhase II Objectives
Benefits and Science ThemesConstellation Management
Flight SystemsSummary
CONCEPT SUMMARY
Global Stratospheric Balloon Constellations
Global Aerospace Corporation 4 KTN - February 2001
GlobalAerospace
Corporation CONCEPT• Tens to Hundreds of Small, Long-life (3-10 years)
Stratospheric Balloons or StratoSats• Uniform Global and Regional Constellations Maintained
by Trajectory Control Systems (TCS)• Flight Altitudes of 35 km Achievable With Advanced,
Lightweight, Superpressure Balloon Technology
• Provide Low-cost, Continuous, Simultaneous, Globaland Regional Earth Observations
• Provides in situ and Remote Sensing From Very LowEarth “Orbit”
BENEFITS
Global Stratospheric Balloon Constellations
Global Aerospace Corporation 5 KTN - February 2001
GlobalAerospace
Corporation CONCEPT SCHEMATICStratoSat Flight SystemGlobal Constellation
Gondola
StratoSail®TCS
SciencePod
35 km Altitude
Dropsonde
Balloon
20 km Altitude
Global Stratospheric Balloon Constellations
Global Aerospace Corporation 6 KTN - February 2001
GlobalAerospace
Corporation
KEYS TO THE CONCEPT
Affordable, Ultra Long-duration StratosphericBalloon and Payload Systems
Lightweight, Low Power Balloon TrajectoryControl Technology
Global Communications Infrastructure
PHASE II OBJECTIVES
Global Stratospheric Balloon Constellations
Global Aerospace Corporation 8 KTN - February 2001
GlobalAerospace
Corporation
PHASE II OBJECTIVES
• Explore and Develop New Earth Science ConstellationApplications and Define a Low-cost Proof-of-conceptMission
• Develop Optimized Control Strategies and Techniques forConstellation Geometry Management
• Extend and Expand the Systems Design Definition andTechnology Requirements of StratoSats
• Understand International Overflight Issues forStratospheric Constellations and Identify Approaches ThatWould Facilitate Their Operation
POTENTIAL BENEFITS ANDSCIENCE THEMES
Global Stratospheric Balloon Constellations
Global Aerospace Corporation 10 KTN - February 2001
GlobalAerospace
Corporation BENEFITS OFGLOBAL BALLOON PLATFORMS
• Good Diurnal Coverage of Entire Globe• Low Altitude Observations That Can Improve Resolution
and/or Signal-to-Noise Ratios of Measurements• Provide Frequent to Continuous Measurements• Provide Horizontal Gradients in Addition to Vertical
Profiles• Extended Duration and Low-cost Potentially Provide a
Cost-effective Method for Earth Science and/or SatelliteCalibration and Validation
Global Stratospheric Balloon Constellations
Global Aerospace Corporation 11 KTN - February 2001
GlobalAerospace
Corporation
35 km
700 km
7504 m/s
<50 m/s
Angular Nadir Rate = 11 mrad/s
Angular NadirRate = 1.4 mrad/s
StratoSat vs Satellite Remote Sensing Factors• Surface Image: R - 20-times closer• Surface Emission: R2 - 400-times better• Lidar at 15 km: R2 - 1200-times better• Integration time: ~8-times more
Satellite
StratoSat
´© Global Aerospace Corporation 2000
REMOTE SENSING
Global Stratospheric Balloon Constellations
Global Aerospace Corporation 12 KTN - February 2001
GlobalAerospace
Corporation PROMISING EARTHSCIENCE THEMES
• Climate Change Studies– Water Vapor and Global Circulation in the Tropics– Radiative Studies in the Tropics
– Global Radiation Balance
• Ozone Studies– Mid-latitude Ozone Loss– Arctic Ozone Loss– Global Distribution of Ozone
• Global Circulation and Age of Air• Global Ocean Productivity• Weather and Adaptive Sampling
– Hurricane Forecasting and Tracking– Tropospheric Winds– Forecasting Weather from Ocean Basins & Remote Areas
• Hazard Detection and Monitoring
CONSTELLATION MANAGEMENT
GLOBAL CONSTELLATIONMANAGEMENT
FREE FLIGHT SIMPLE CONTROL
ASSUMPTIONS• 100 StratoSats @ 35 km• 82 day Simulation• 5 m/s Control
Global Stratospheric Balloon Constellations
Global Aerospace Corporation 15 KTN - February 2001
GlobalAerospace
Corporation CONSTELLATIONGEOMETRY MAINTENANCE
• Balloons Drift in the Typical and Pervasive ZonalStratospheric Flow Pattern
• Trajectory Control System Applies a Small, ContinuousForce to Nudge the Balloon in Desired Direction
• Balloons Are in Constant Communications With a CentralOperations Facility
• Stratospheric Wind Assimilations and Forecasts AreCombined With Balloon Models to Predict BalloonTrajectories
• Balloon TCS Are Periodically Commanded to AdjustTrajectory Control Steering to Maintain OverallConstellation Geometry
Global Stratospheric Balloon Constellations
Global Aerospace Corporation 16 KTN - February 2001
GlobalAerospace
Corporation
FLIGHT SYSTEMS
Global Stratospheric Balloon Constellations
Global Aerospace Corporation 17 KTN - February 2001
GlobalAerospace
Corporation
FLIGHT SYSTEM FEATURES
• Sample Payload for Climate Change Studies in Tropics• ~70,000 m3 Advanced Lightweight Pumpkin Balloon• 5 kW Solar Array Integrated into Balloon Envelope• Satellite Telecommunications at 2.4 Kb/s and 6 Mb/s• Advanced Balloon Trajectory Control System• Tethered Science Pods
ADVANCED TRAJECTORYCONTROL
AD
VA
NC
ED
TR
AJE
CT
OR
YC
ON
TR
OL
SY
ST
EM
BALLOON
Global Stratospheric Balloon Constellations
Global Aerospace Corporation 21 KTN - February 2001
GlobalAerospace
Corporation BALLOON VEHICLE DESIGN
• Euler Elastica Pumpkin Design• 68,765 m3, 59/35 m Eq/Pole Dia.,
Equivalent to 51 m dia. Sphere• Advanced Composite Film, 15 µm thick,
15 g/m2 Areal Density• 140 gores each 1.34 m Max Width• Polybenzoxazole (PBO) or Zylon® Load
Tendons At Gore Seams• Balloon Mass of 236 kg
NASA ULDBScale Model Tests
Baseline StratoSat Balloon Design
Global Stratospheric Balloon Constellations
Global Aerospace Corporation 22 KTN - February 2001
GlobalAerospace
Corporation
JUNE 2000 FLIGHT TEST
GONDOLA
Global Stratospheric Balloon Constellations
Global Aerospace Corporation 24 KTN - February 2001
GlobalAerospace
Corporation STRATOSAT GONDOLADESIGN
• Designed for Example Climate Change SciencePayload
• 2x1x0.5 m Electronics Compartment With Louvers forDaytime Cooling
• Electronics Attached to Single Vertical Plate• LIDAR Telescopes Externally Attached to WEB• TCS Wing Assembly (TWA) Stowed Below Gondola at
Launch Before Winch-down• Science Pods on Tether
EXAMPLESTRATOSAT GONDOLA
PARACHUTE
SATELLITERADOME
ELECTRONICSCOMPARTMENT
LIDARTELESCOPE
TCS WINGASSEMBLY
SCIENCE PODS
THERMALCONTROLLOUVERS
TCS WINCH-DOWNASSEMBLY
Global Stratospheric Balloon Constellations
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GlobalAerospace
Corporation STRATOSAT FLIGHTSYSTEM MASS
Subsystem Mass, kgBalloon 236Helium 87Power 19Telecomm 5Mechanical 30Guidance & Control 1Robotic Controller 1Trajectory Control 81Science 56Science Reserve 44Total 560
INTERNATIONAL OVERFLIGHTCONSIDERATIONS
Global Stratospheric Balloon Constellations
Global Aerospace Corporation 28 KTN - February 2001
GlobalAerospace
Corporation INTERNATIONALOVERFLIGHT
Current Scientific Balloon Flights
Overflight Often Allowed, However Not All Countries Allow Overflightand This List Changes Depending on World Political Conditions
Possible Future Political Pathways
Build on the 1992 Treaty on Open Skies
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Cooperation
World Pollution Is a Global Problem Which Will Demand GlobalMonitoring Capability That Global Constellations Can Provide
Growing Interest in Providing Method for All Countries of the Worldto Participate in Global Observations
Global Stratospheric Balloon Constellations
Global Aerospace Corporation 29 KTN - February 2001
GlobalAerospace
Corporation
COSTS
Global Stratospheric Balloon Constellations
Global Aerospace Corporation 30 KTN - February 2001
GlobalAerospace
Corporation LAUNCH VEHICLE COSTS
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
0 100 200 300 400 500
Launch Vehicle Cost vs. Launch Vehicle Specific CostsSp
ecif
ic C
ost
to 2
00 k
m L
EO
, $/k
g
Launch Cost, FY99$M
Pegasus Xl
Taurus 2110
Athena I
STS
Titan IV B NUS
Atlas IIASDelta II 7320
Athena II
Delta IIIDelta II 7920
Atlas IIIATitan IIGAtlas IIIB
ULDB
Global Stratospheric Balloon Constellations
Global Aerospace Corporation 31 KTN - February 2001
GlobalAerospace
Corporation COST ASSUMPTIONS• FY99$• 100 StratoSat Constellation• 133 StratoSats Initially Fabricated and Assembled• 10-year StratoSat Lifetime• 3% Per Year Stratosat Mortality Rate• Commercial Telecom Providers for Data Return at 5 Mb for $1• Balloon Costs Are Function of Material Costs (Proportional to Envelope Area)
and Fabrication Labor (Proportional to Total Gore Seam Length)• Upgrade of Stratospheric Environmental Data Providers Assimilation and
Forecast Systems• Constellation Development Costs Include Stratosat Flight and Operations
Systems Design• Emplacement Requires One Year• Constellation Emplacement Costs Include Stratosat Flight Systems
Procurement, Launch and Operations Costs• Constellation Maintenance Costs Include Stratosat Flight Systems
Replenishment and Operations Costs
Global Stratospheric Balloon Constellations
Global Aerospace Corporation 32 KTN - February 2001
GlobalAerospace
Corporation
COST SUMMARY
SUMMARY
Global Stratospheric Balloon Constellations
Global Aerospace Corporation 34 KTN - February 2001
GlobalAerospace
Corporation SUMMARY• The StratoSat System Is a New Class of in situ Platform
Providing:– Low-cost, Continuous, Simultaneous, Global and Regional
Observations Options– In Situ and Remote Sensing From Very Low Earth “Orbit”
• Global and Regional Stratospheric Constellations MayOffer a Unique Opportunity to Expand ScientificKnowledge of the Earth System
• There Has Been Strong Involvement of the NASA EarthScience Community
• International Pathways Exist
• A Proof-of-Concept Mission Is One Essential First Step onthe Path Toward Scientific Balloon Constellations
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